INTEGRATION

SUBTOPIC :

Integration
Basic Rules of Integration
The integral of ex , ax and eax+b
The integral of [1/x] and [1/(ax+b)]
Techniques of integration (Substitution)
Techniques of integration (by parts)
Techniques of integration (Partial fraction)
Definite Integrals
Definite Integrals (Application)
Integration
y = f(x)
If we differentiate both sides with respect to x
dy
 f (x)
dx
When we integrate both sides with respect to x
dy
 dx dx   f ( x)dx
y =  f ( x)dx
(this is known as indefinite integral )

y = f(x) + c , where c is a constant

Integration

INTEGRATION

The process of finding antiderivative is called

n antidifferentiation or integration.
9.1(a) Integration

Definition

A function F is called an antiderivative of a

function f if the derivative of F is f.
Integration
Basic Rules of Integration
1)  kdx  x  c , where k is a constant and
c is an arbitrary constant
Example:

 2 dx  2 x  c
Integration

Basic Rules of Integration

n 1
x
2)  x n dx   c , n  1
n 1

Example:

21 3
x x
 dx  2  1  c  3  c
2
x
 Rules 1 and 2 can be
summarized as

 kx dx  k  x dx , n  1
n n

n 1
x
k c
n 1
 When n = 0 we have  kdx  x  c
Integration

Basic Rules of Integration

3)  k f(x)dx  k  f(x)dx

Example:

 x2  1 
1

4
 dx = 4 x 1 / 2 dx  4  1  + c
x   2  1

= 8x1/2 + c
= 8 x + c.
Integration

Basic Rules of Integration

4)  [ f(x)  g(x) ] dx   f(x) dx   g(x) dx

Example:

 ( x  x 2
)dx  
 x dx  x 2 dx

x 2 x3
  c
2 3
Integration

CAUTION

1)  [ f ( x) g ( x)]dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx

2)  [ f ( x) g ( x)]dx  f ( x) g ( x)dx

f ( x)  f ( x)dx
3)  dx 
g ( x)  g ( x)dx
Integration

Example 1
Evaluate the following integrals :
1
a)  x 3
dx

b)  x dx
Integration

Solution
-3  1
a  1
 x3 dx 
x
 dx   3  1  c
x -3

 
1
2
c n  -3
2x
1 1
3
b  x 2
x dx   x 1/2
dx   2
1 1
c  x2 c
2 3
2  1
 ( x)  c
3
n  2 
3
Integration

Example 2
Evaluate the following integrals
4
a)  x
dx


1/ 2
b) 3 x dx

1
c)  2 x 3 dx

3/ 4
d) 7t dt
Integration

Solution
 x2  1 
1

4
a)  dx = 4 x 1 / 2 dx  4  1  + c
x   2  1

= 8x1/2 + c
= 8 x + c.
Integration

b  3x1/ 2 dx c  1
 2 x3 dx

1 3
1   x dx
 3 x dx
2
2
 x 
1 1 
 1 x
3  1 
2 
 3 1 c 2   3  1 
 2  1
 
1 2
  x
= 2x 3/2 + c 4
d   7t 3/ 4
dt
3
 7  t dt
4

 34  1 
 t c
7 3
 4  1
 

7
 4t  c
4
Integration
Example 3
Evaluate the following integrals.

  2
a) ( x x ) dx

b)  (3x6 - 2x2 + 7x + 5) dx

 7 
c)   y 3 / 4 - 3 y  4 y  dy

x 5  2x 2 1
d)  x 4
dx
Integration

Solution
b   3x6  2 x2  7 x  5 dx

a) (x  x 2 )dx
 

  x dx   x 2 dx  3 x6 d x  2 x2 dx  7 x dx   5 dx

x2 x3 x7 x3 x2
  C 3 2 7  5x  C
2 3 7 3 2
Integration

 7 
c 
  y3 / 4 - 3 y  4 y dy

 
 7 y 3 / 4dy   y 1 / 3dy  4 y 1 / 2dy

7 y 1 / 4 y 4 / 3 4y 3 / 2
   C
1/ 4 4/ 3 3/ 2
4/ 3 3/ 2
3 y 8 y
 28y 1 / 4   C
4 3
Integration

x 5  2x 2  1
d  
x4

  xdx  2 x 2dx   x 4dx

x 2 2 x 3
   C
2 x 3
Integration

Example 4
3
Find the antiderivative F(x) of f(x) = x that satisfies F(1) = 2.
9.1(b) Integration

Solution
4/3
F x    3
3 x
x dx   x1/3 dx  c
4

F 1   c  2
3
4
3 5
c  2 
4 4
3x 3 / 4
 Fx  
5

4 4
Integration

Exercises
Find each indefinite integral:
1
x 1 2
x c
1)  2 dx x
x
9 5
x 2 2 1 2
 x ( x  ) dx x  x c
3
2)
2 9 5

3 x 3

3) 
2 2
dx 6 x  x c
x 3
The Integration of 1/x and 1/(ax + b)

1
 x dx  ln | x | c
Example :
2 1
a)  dx  2 dx  2 ln | x | c
x x
1 1 1 1
b)  dx   dx  ln | x | c
3x 3 x 3
 The Integration of 1/(ax + b)

1 1
 ax  b dx  a ln | ax  b | c
Example :

5
1)  dx
2x  3
3
2)  dx
3x  1
 Example 1

5
1)  dx
2x  3
5 1
 2 x  3 dx  5 2 x  3 dx
1 
 5 ln | 2 x  3 |  C
2 
5
 ln | 2 x  3 | C
2
Example 2

3
2)  dx
3x  1
3 1
 3x  1 dx  3 3x  1 dx
1 
 3 ln | 3x  1 |  C
3 
 ln | 3x  1 | C
 EXERCISES

Find,

 (2  x
2 2
a) ) dx

5 x
b)  2 dx
2x
5
c)  dx
2  3x
 Integral of Exponential Functions

 e dx  e c
x x

when f ( x)  ax  b only
Example :

 3e
x
dx  3 e dx  3e  c
x x
 Integral of Exponential
Functions

axb 1 axb
e dx  e c
a
Example :
1 2x
a)  e dx  e  c
2x
2
3 x 2 1 3 x 2
b)  e dx  e c
3
15 x 1 15 x
c)  e dx  e c
5
 Integral of Exponential
Functions
x
a
 a dx  ln a  c
x

Example : x
3
a)  3 dx 
x
c
ln 3
3x
2
b)  2 dx 
3x
c
3 ln 2
 Exersices:
Find the integral of the exponential functions below,
Answers:
 2e
3x 2 3x
1) dx  e C
3
3 x 1 3x 2 e3x 1
2)  3x  e dx 
2

3
C

3x
3  C
x
3) dx ln 3

2 3 x 4 2 3 x
4)  4 dx 
 3 ln 4
C
 CONCLUSION
Integral of Exponential Functions are,

e
1
x
dx  e  Cx
 x dx  ln | x | C

1 axb 1 1
e
axb
dx  e C  ax  b dx  a ln | ax  b | C
a

x
a
 a dx  ln a  C
x
 9.2 Integration (Substitution Technique)

 f ( g ( x)). g ' ( x) dx   f (u ) du
 F (u )  c
 F ( g ( x))  c

Step 1 : Substitute u = g(x)  du = g’(x) dx


to obtain the integral f (u ) du
Step 2 : Integrate f(u) with respect to u
Step 3 : Replace u by g(x) in the result
Integration (Substitution Technique)

Example 1
Find the integration of  (3x  2) 4 dx
Solution


4
As we can see that it is similar to x dx
Except that it is replaced by a liner function (3x + 2)
Let , u = (3x + 2)


4 du
u dx We get , 3
dx
du
dx 
3
Integration (Substitution Technique)
Therefore,
1 4
 u dx  3  u du
4

1  u 5 
  C
3 5 
5
u
 C
15
Thus,
(3 x  2) 5
  dx  C
4
(3 x 2)
15
Integration (Substitution Technique)
Example 2
Find,
 (4 x  3)(2 x  3x  5) dx
2 3

Solution:
du
let u  2 x  3 x  5
2
 4x  3
dx
1
therefore,  (4 x  3)(u ) 3
du
4x  3
1 4
 u dx  4 u  C
3

2
( 2 x  3 x  5) 4
    dx  C
2 3
( 4 x 3)( 2 x 3 x 5)
4
Integration (Substitution Technique)
Example 3
Find, 2x
 x 2  3 dx
Solution:
du
let u  x  3
2
 2x
dx
2 x du 1
therefore,     du  ln | u | C
u 2x u
2x
 x 2  3 dx  ln | x  3 | C
2
Integration (Substitution Technique)
Example 4
Find, 3x  4 x
2
 x3  2x 2  1 dx
Solution:
du
let u  x  2 x  1
3 2
 3 x 2
 4x
dx
therefore, 
3 x 2
 4 x du 1
 2   du
u 3x  4 x u
 ln | u | C
3x 2  4 x
 x3  2x 2  1    1 | C
3 2
dx ln | x 2 x
Integration (Substitution Technique)

As we can see from example 3 and 4 , we find that


2 x dx  ln | x 2  3 | c
x 2 3
2
3x  4 x dx  ln | x 3  2 x 2  1 | c
 x  2x 1
3 2

thus , we can write

f ' ( x)
 f ( x)
dx  ln | f ( x) | c , f ( x)  0
Integration (Substitution Technique)
Exercise 1
Determine the integrals below
6 x  1
3

 6 x  1 dx
2

a) C
A 9

b) 
3t  4
1
3

dt
8
N 3t 1
3
4 
9
C
2
S 9
t 3

W
x
2 x3 1 x3
c) e dx E e C
R 3
x S

2
(1  x)  2(1  x) 2  C
3 1
d) dx 2

1 x 3
Integration (Substitution Technique)

Solution :

c)  x e
2 x3
dx a)  6 x  1 dx
 let u  e x3  let u  6 x  1
2 x3 du
 du  3x e dx  du  6dx   dx
6
du 2 x3
  x e dx 1
  6 x  1dx   u du
3 6
1 1  2 32 
  x e dx   du
2 x3
  u C
3 6 3 
1 1 x3 (6 x  1)
3

 u C  e C 
2

C
3 3 9
Integration (By Parts Technique)

 u dv  uv   v du
We need to make a judicious choice of u and dv to
make the right-hand side of the integration by parts
rule becomes the one you know how to integrate

Try this……. LoPet Lo – Logarithm

P – Polynomial
e – Exponential
t – trigonometric
Integration (By Parts Technique)
Example 5

Evaluate
 x x  1dx
Solution
dv
There are two choices we can make for u and
dx
First we let u  x  1 and dv  x dx
2
du 1 x
Then  ( x  1) 1 2 and v 
dx 2 2
and integration by parts yields
x2 x2
 x x  1dx  2 x 1   ( x  1) 1 2 dx
4
We note that the problem is getting more
complicated. Therefore, this choice of u and dv
is not suitable.
Integration (By Parts Technique)

A second choice is
dv
u=x and  x 1
dx
du 2
1 and v  ( x  1) 3 2
dx 3
Substitution in formula yields
2 2
 x x  1dx  x ( x  1) 3 2
  ( x  1) 32
dx
3 3
2 2 2
 ( x  1)  . ( x  1) 5 2  C
32
3 3 5
2 4
 ( x  1)  ( x  1)  C
32 52
3 15
Integration (By Parts Technique)

Example 6
2 x  4
Find  3xe dx
Solution
dv 2 x 4
Set u = 3x and e
dx
2 x  4
du e
3 v
dx 2
Integration (By Parts Technique)

Solution (Continue…)
Using formula of integration by parts,
we obtain
2 x  4
2 x  4 3 3e
 3xe dx =  xe2 x4   dx
2 2

3 2 x 4 3  e 2 x  4 
c
=  xe 
2 2   2 

3 2 x  4 3 2 x  4
=  xe  e c
2 4
Integration (By Parts Technique)

Example 7

4
Find  x ln xdx
Solution
dv
Let u = lnx and x 4
dx
du 1 x5
 v
dx x 5
Therefore…
Integration (By Parts Technique)

Solution (Continue…)

x5 x5 1
4
 x ln xdx = ln x   . dx
5 5 x
5
x 1 4
= ln x   x dx
5 5
x5 x5
= ln x  c
5 25
Integration (By Parts Technique)

Example 8

Determine  2 x ln( 4 x  3)dx

Solution
dv
Let u = ln (4x – 3) and  2x
dx
du 4 2x 2
 and v  x2
dx 4 x  3 2
Then…
Integration (By Parts Technique)

Solution (Continue…)
Therefore
4
 2 x ln( 4 x  3) dx = x 2
ln( 4 x  3)   .
x 2
dx
4x  3
2
4 x
= x ln( 4 x  3)  
2
dx
2 4x  3
4x
To evaluate  dx
4x  3
we can either use integration by substitution
or change it into a proper fraction first
(Using long division).
4x2 3 94
 dx   x   dx
4x  3 4 4x  3
Integration (By Parts Technique)

Solution (Continue…)
4x 2 3 9 4
 dx =  x  dx
4x  3 4 4x  3
Therefore
 2 x ln( 4 x  3)dx
1 9
= x ln( 4 x  3)   4 x  3 
2
dx
4 4x  3
1  4 x 2
9 ln( 4 x  3) 
= x ln( 4 x  3)    3x  c
2
4 2 4 

2
x 3x 9
= x ln( 4 x  3)    ln( 4 x  3)  c
2
2 4 16
Integration (By Parts Technique)

Example 9
2 x
Find  x e dx
Solution
dv
Set u= x2 and e x
dx
du
 2x and v = ex
dx

Using formula, we have

= x e   2 xe dx
2 x 2 x x
 x e dx
Integration (By Parts Technique)

Solution (Continue…)
x
We find  xe dx by parts.
Again setting
dv
u = xe and  ex
dx
du
1 and v  ex
dx
therefore
 xe dx = xe   e dx
x x x
Integration (By Parts Technique)

Solution (Continue…)
Consequently,

2 x
 x e dx = x 2 e x   2 xe x dx

= x 2 x
e  2 xex
 x
 dx
e 
2 x
= x e  2 xe  2e  c
x x
Integration (By Parts Technique)
Example 10

Evaluate
 dx
x
x3
Solution
dv
Let u=x and  3x
dx x
3
Then du  dx and v  ln 3
Substitution in formula, yields
x x
3 3
 dx  x ln 3   ln 3 dx
x
x3
x3 x 3x
  2
c
ln 3 (ln 3)
Integration (By Parts Technique)

Example 11

Find  2  x e dx
2 x

Solution :
dv
Set u=2+ x2 and e x
dx
du
 2x and
dx ve x

Using formula, we have

 2  x2 e xdx = 2  x2 e x   2xexdx
Integration (By Parts Technique)

Solution (Continue…)

 xe dx
x
We find by parts.
Again setting
dv
u=x and  ex
dx
du
1 and v = ex
dx
therefore

 dx xex   e x dx
x
xe =
Integration (By Parts Technique)

Solution (Continue…)
Consequently,

 2  x
2
e dx =
x 2  x2 ex   2xexdx
= 2  x e  2xe   e dx
2 x x x

= 2  x e
2 x
 2 xe  2e  c
x x

= x 2 e x  2 xe x  4e x  c
Integration (By Parts Technique)
Exercise 2

Find the integrals below

2x 2x
a) 
2x xe e
xe dx  C
A 2 4
N 3x  1 
 x3
x
b) dx
S x C
ln 3  ln 3 
W
c)  x x  1 dx
2 4
E x( x  1)  ( x  1) 2  C
3 5
2

R 3 15
S x2 x2
d)  x ln x dx 2
ln x 
4
C
Integration (By Partial Fractions)

9.2 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

C. Integration By Partial Fractions

(A) Proper Fractions

(power of f(x)  power of g(x) )

Integration (By Partial Fractions)

Example 1
Evaluate 5x  3
 x 2  2 x  3 dx
Solution:
By using partial fraction method,
5x  3 A B Where, A  2, B  3
 
x  2x  3 x  1 x  3
2

Thus, 5x  3 2 3
 x 2  2 x  3 dx   x  1 dx   x  3 dx
 2 ln x  1  3 ln x  3  c
Integration (By Partial Fractions)

Example 2
6x  7
Evaluate  ( x  2) 2 dx
Solution:
By using partial fraction method,
6x  7 A B
  Where, A  6, B  5
( x  2) 2 x  2 ( x  2) 2
Thus, 6x  7 6 5
 ( x  2) 2
dx  
x2
dx  
( x  2) 2
dx
dx
 6 dx  5 ( x  2) 2 dx
x2
 6 ln x  2  5( x  2) 1  c
B) Improper Fractions

(power of f(x)  power of g(x) )

Integration (By Partial Fractions)

Example 3
2 x3  4 x 2  x  3
Evaluate
 x2  2x  3 dx
Solution:
First, we divide the denominator into the numerator to get a
polynomial plus a proper fraction
2 x3  4 x 2  x  3 5x  3
 2 x 
x2  2x  3 x2  2x  3

2 x3  4 x 2  x  3 5x  3
 x  2x  3
2
dx   2 xdx   2
x  2x  3
dx

Answer:  x 2  2 ln x  1  3 ln x  3  c
Integration (By Partial Fractions)

6
1. Evaluate  x 2  4x  3 dx

x2  x  5
2. Integratethe function  2 dx with respect to x
x x

Answers
x 1 x
1. 3 ln c 2. x  5 ln c
x3 x 1