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Synchronous Motor

The document discusses the different types of AC motors, including induction motors and synchronous motors. It then focuses on synchronous motors, describing their construction, operation, speed characteristics, counter-EMF generation, equivalent circuit model, power equations, losses and efficiency. Specific rotor types like salient pole rotors are also covered. The document provides detailed information on the key technical aspects and working principles of synchronous motors.

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Cristele Mae Garcia
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369 views

Synchronous Motor

The document discusses the different types of AC motors, including induction motors and synchronous motors. It then focuses on synchronous motors, describing their construction, operation, speed characteristics, counter-EMF generation, equivalent circuit model, power equations, losses and efficiency. Specific rotor types like salient pole rotors are also covered. The document provides detailed information on the key technical aspects and working principles of synchronous motors.

Uploaded by

Cristele Mae Garcia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TYPES OF AN AC MOTOR

•INDUCTION MOTOR

•SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
• High operating efficiency

• Reliable

• Controllable power factor

• Relative low sensitivity to


voltage dips

• Constant speed
Specific applications

• Driving pumps or compressors

• Fans

• Pulverizer

• And other large loads to assist


in power factor corrections
Constructions of Synchronous Machine

The important parts of S.M.


• Stator
• Rotor
• Miscellaneous
Constructions of Synchronous Machine

Stator
- Also called as the armature
- Carries armature winding in which the voltage is generated
- When energized from a three-phase supply develops a rotating
magnetic field in the same manner as described in induction
motor
-consists of various parts like stator frame, stator core, stator
winding, and cooling arrangement.
Constructions of Synchronous Machine

Rotor
- Rotating part of the machine
- Energized from a DC source to form electromagnets that locks
into synchronism with poles of opposite polarity produced by the
rotating flux of the stator
- There are two types of rotor construction, namely the salient pole
type and cylindrical rotor type.
Main features of S.M.
1. Synchronous motors are inherently not self starting

2. The speed of operation is in synchronism with the supply


frequency

3. Motor has the unique characteristics of operating under any


electrical power factor
Operation of S.M.

• The squirrel-cage Amortisseur winding in the


stator produces Starting Torque and Accelerating
Torque to bring the synchronous motor up to
speed
Operation of S.M.

• When the motor speed reaches approximately


97% of nameplate RPM, the DC field current is
applied to the rotor producing Pull-in torque and
the rotor will pull-in step or synchronize with the
rotating flux field in the stator. The motor will
run at synchronous speed and produce
Synchronous torque.
Operation of S.M.

• After synchronism, the pull-out torque cannot be


exceeded or the motor will pull-out-of-step.
Occasionally, if the overload is momentary. The
motor will “slip-a-pole” and resynchronize.
Operation of S.M.
Speed of synchronous motor
-• The speed of the rotor is same as the rotating magnetic field
• It is basically a fixed speed motor because it has only one
speed, which is synchronous speed and therefore no
intermediate speed is there or in other words it’s in
synchronism with the supply frequency.
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒇
Ns =
𝑷
Where: Ns = synchronous speed, rpm
f = supply frequency, Hz
P = number of poles
Speed of synchronous motor
-• At locked rotor, s =1.0, causing the rotor frequency to equal to
the applied frequency.
fr = sfs

Where: fr = rotor frequency,Hz


s = slip
fs = supply frequency or stator frequency, Hz
Counter-EMF
-• The rotor magnets sweeping the stator conductors, generate a speed-
voltage, called a counter-emf (cemf), that acts in opposition to the applied
voltage. The speed if proportional to the field flux and speed of rotation.
Ef = nsϕmaxkf
𝑵𝒇 𝑰𝒇
Ef = ns 𝑹 kf

Where: Ef = excitation voltage/phase,V


ns = synchronous speed,rpm
Φf = pole flux, Wb
nf = number of turns of conductor in the field
If = DC field current,A
R = reluctance of magnetic circuit, A-t/Wb
Kf = constant
Armature reaction voltage
-• Rotating armature-reaction flux sweeping the stator
conductors, generates a speed voltage called the armature-
reaction voltage.
Ear = nsϕarka

Where: Ear = armature-reaction voltage,V


ns = synchronous speed,rpm
Φar = armature-reaction flux, Wb
Ka = constant
Armature reaction voltage
-• Neglecting the effects of magnetic saturation, the armature-
reaction flux is proportional to the armature current.
Ear = IajXar

Where: Ear = armature-reaction voltage,V


Ia = armature current,A
jXar = armature-reaction reactance, Ω/phase
Equivalent Ckt model and phasor
-• One phase of cylindrical rotor synchronous motor.
Vt = IaRa + IajXl + IajXar + Ef
Vt = Ef + IaZs

Where: Ra = armature-resistance,Ω/phase
Xl = armature leakage reactance,Ω/phase
Xs = synchronous reactance, Ω/phase
Zs = synchronous impedance,Ω/phase
Vt = applied voltage/phase,V
Synchronous motor power equation
-• The magnet power/phase developed by the synchronous motor
Pin,1ϕ = VtIacos(θi)
,𝑽𝒕 𝑬𝒇
Pin,1ϕ = 𝑿𝒔
sinδ

For three-phase power, just multiply by three(3)


Synchronous losses and efficiency
-• A power-flow diagram that illustrates the flow of power through
a synchronous motor from stator and rotor input to shaft
output
Plosses = Pscl + Pcore + Pfcl + Pf,w + Pstray , W
𝑷𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕
η =
𝑷𝒊𝒏 :𝑷𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
Where: Pscl = stator conductor loss
Pfcl = field conductor loss
Pcore = core loss
Pf,w = friction and windage loss
Pstray = stray power loss
Salient pole motor
-• A power-flow diagram that illustrates the flow of power through
a synchronous motor from stator and rotor input to shaft
output
,𝑽𝒕 𝑬𝒇 𝑿𝒅 ,𝑿𝒒
Psalient,1ϕ = sinδ – V2t [ ] sin2δ
𝑿𝒔 𝟐𝑿𝒅 𝑿𝒒

magnet power reluctance power

Where: Xd = direct axis synchronous reactance, Ω/phase


Xq = quadrature-axis synchronous reactance, Ω/phase
References
-• Electronic machines(Theory, Operation, Applications, Adjustments and Control) 2nd edition;Charles I. Hubert
• electrical4u.com/synchronous-motor-working-principle
• Google.com
• circuitglobe.com/construction-of-synchronous-machine.html
• Synchronous motor; Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl

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