A REPORT OF SIX WEEKS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

at

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD

OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

(Electronics & Communication Engineering)

May- June 2019

SUBMITTED BY:

NAME: ANKIT OJHA

UNIVERSITY ROLL NO.:17BEC1168

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Chandigarh University

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CERTIFICATE BY COMPANY

CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION

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I “ANKIT OJHA” hereby declare that I have undertaken six weeks industrial at “EME

Technologies” during a period from May 2019 to June 2019 in partial fulfillment of

requirements for the award of degree of B.Tech (Electronics and Communication Engineering)

at CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, MOHALI. The work which is being presented in the

training report submitted to Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, MOHALI is an authentic record of training work.

Signature of the Student

 The six weeks industrial training Viva–Voce Examination of__________________ has been
held on ____________ and accepted.

 Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External Examiner

ABSTRACT
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This paper is about Radar System controlled via Arduino. This RADAR system consists of an

ultra-sonic sensor and servo motor, these are the major components of the system. Basic

working of the system is that it have to detect objects in its defined range. Ultra-sonic sensor is

attached to the servo motor it rotates about 180 degree and gives visual representation on the

software called processing IDE. Processing IDE gives graphical representation and it also gives

angle or position of the object and distance of the object. This system is controlled through

Arduino. Arduino UNO board is sufficed to control ultrasonic sensor and also to interface the

sensor and display device. While researching, we learned about existing navigation and

obstacle detection innovations and different systems where ultrasonic sensors are used

efficiently. Main application of this RADAR system comes into different field of navigation,

positioning, object identification, mapping, spying or tracking and different applications. These

less investment system are also suitable for indoor applications.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind

support and help of many individuals and organizations. I would like to extend my sincere

thanks to all of them.

I am highly indebted to EME Technologies for their guidance and constant supervision as well

as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for their support in

completing the project.

I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents for their kind co-operation and

encouragement which help me in completion of this project.

I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to industry persons for giving me such

attention and time.

Ankit Ojha

(17BEC1168)

ABOUT THE COMPANY

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EME Technologies a software company is managed by a team of dedicated, committed and
highly qualified software & hardware professional. The company is fortunate enough to have
been associated with expert and experienced faculty in the fields of Software, Hardware and
Web Technologies, Embedded System, PCB Designing, Networking, AutoCad, automation and
many more.

The “EME Technologies”, is located in Mohali in 7 Phase and in Chandigarh.

EMETECHNOLOGIES are Offshore Outsourcing Consultants with a leading edge technology
focus on delivering the best and most cost-effective solutions to their clients in various areas of
web development services and solutions.

The team at EME Technologies consists of over 30 highly skilled professionals associated with
Information Technology. EME Technologies delivers total solutions for software development
and maintenance needs, serving companies from the smallest of start-ups to the largest of the
Global 2000. We specialize in offshore software development and web applications.

At EME Technologies a talented group of designers and interface engineers are masters at
effectively conveying a consistent corporate message and brand while concentrating on
ensuring a pleasant and useful user experience. They help in effectively market the company by
utilizing their skills in web strategy, creative interface design, corporate branding and logo
design, online marketing strategy and copywriting.

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 CONTENTS
Topic Page No.

Certificate by Company/Industry/Institute 1
Candidate’s Declaration 2
Abstract 3
Acknowledgement 4
About the Company/ Industry / Institute 5
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 8-9
1.1 A Brief Introduction 8
1.2 RADAR 9
1.3 Organization of report 9

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 10

2.1 The Idea 10

CHAPTER 3 LIST OF COMPONENTS USED 11-15

3.1 Introduction to arduino UNO 11
3.2 AVR ATMEGA 12
3.3 Crystal Oscillator 13
3.4 Servo Motor 14
3.5 Voltage Regulator 15
3.6 Ultrasonic Sensor 15
CHAPTER 4 TRAINING WORK UNDERTAKEN 16-21
4.1 Making own Arduino Uno Board 16
4.2 Connecting the Servo Motor 17
4.3 Connecting the Ultrasonic Sensor 17-18
4.4 Using the Arduino IDE 19-20
4.5 Using the Processing Software 20-21
CHAPTER 5 FINAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 22
5.1 Final Project 1 22
5.2 Final Project 2 22
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 23-24
6.1 Driverless Car 23
6.2 Airforce Applications 23-24
6.3 Naval Applications 24
REFERENCES 25

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 A Brief Introduction

Today’s the developing world shows various adventures in every field. In each field the
small requirements are very essential to develop big calculations. By using different
sources we can modify it as our requirements and implement in various field. In earlier
days the measurements are generally occur through measuring devices. But now a day’s
digitalization as is on height. Therefore we use a proper display unit for measurement of
distance. We can use sources such as sound waves which are known as ultrasonic waves
using ultrasonic sensors and convert this sound wave for the measurement of various
units such as distance, speed. This technique of distance measurement using ultrasonic
in air includes continuous pulse echo method, a burst of pulse is sent for transmission
medium and is reflected by an object kept at specific distance. The time taken for the
sound wave to propagate from transmitter to receiver is proportional to the distance of
the object. In this distance measurement system we had ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04
interfaced with arduino UnoR3. Programming and hardware part of ultrasonic sensor
interfacing with arduino UnoR3.
1.2 RADAR 

A RADAR is an object detection system which uses radio waves to determine the range,
altitude, direction, or speed of objects. Radar systems come in a variety of sizes and have
different performance specifications. Some radar systems are used for air-traffic control at
airports and others are used for long range surveillance and early-warning systems. A radar
system is the heart of a missile guidance system. Small portable radar systems that can be
maintained and operated by one person are available as well as systems that occupy several
large rooms.

1.3 Organization of the Report

The report is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction of the project
covered. It contains the basics of a RADAR and the other tools and components used for
completion of this project.

Chapter 2 aims at the literature survey of the project consisting of the basic idea of the project,
and how we got the idea to make this project, all the help like websites, journals etc.

Chapter 3 covers the list of the components used in the projects and how to use them.

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Chapter 4 covers the implementation of the project like boot loading to make own Arduino
board, software used and the problems faced during the course of action.

Finally, Chapter 5 deals with the present as well as the future scope of the project, like how we
can make use of this project for the betterment of the mankind.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 ‘The Idea’

Army, Navy and the Air Force make use of this technology. The use of such technology has
been seen recently in the self-parking car systems launched by AUDI, FORD etc. And even the
upcoming driverless cars by Google like Prius and Lexus.

The project made by us can be used in any systems the customer may want to use like in a car,
a bicycle or anything else. The use of Arduino in the project provides even more flexibility of
usage of the above-said module according to the requirements.

The idea of making an Ultrasonic RADAR came as a part of a study carried out on the working
and mechanism of “Automobiles of Future”. Also, being students of ECE, we have always
been curious about the latest ongoing technology in the world like Arduino, Raspberry Pi,
Beagle-Bone boards etc. An hence this time we were able to get a hold of one of the Arduino
boards, Arduino UNO R3. So, knowing about the power and vast processing capabilities of the
Arduino, we thought of making it big and a day to day application specific module that can be
used and configured easily at any place and by anyone.

Figure 2.1 Arduino UNO R3 and Raspberry Pi boards

Moreover, in this fast moving world there is an immense need for the tools that can be used for
the betterment of the mankind rather than devastating their lives. Hence, we decided to make
some of the changes and taking the advantage of the processing capabilities of Arduino [1], we
decided to make up the module more application specific.

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 CHAPTER 3

List of Components Used

3.1 Introduction to Arduino Uno

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital
Input /Output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16MHz
ceramic resonator, USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to computer with a
USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from
all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it
features the Atmega16U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. Changes in Uno R3-

1. Pin out: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new pins
placed near to the reset pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage
provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible with both the board that uses
the AVR, which operates with 5v and with the Arduino due that operates with 3.3v.

2. Stronger RESET circuit.

3. ATmega16U2 replace the 8U2.

"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The
Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the
latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for
a comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino Boards.

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 Figure 3.1 Arduino UNO R3 Board

Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage 7-12V
(recommended)
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Table 3.1 Features of Arduino at a Glance

3.2 AVR ATmega328

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The ATmega328 is a single chip micro-controller created by Atmel and belongs to the mega
AVR series. The high-performance Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines
32 KB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1 KB EEPROM, 2 KB SRAM, 23
general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible
timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial
programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, serial-port, a 6-channel 10 bit
Analog to Digital converter programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator and five
software selectable power saving modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts. By
executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the device achieves throughputs
approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, balancing power consumption and processing speed.

Figure 3.2 ATmega328

3.3 Crystal Oscillator

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a

vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very
precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz
wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize
frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric
resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits incorporating them became known as
crystal oscillators, but other piezoelectric materials including polycrystalline ceramics are used
in similar circuits.

Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to hundreds of
megahertz. More than two billion crystals are manufactured annually. Most are used for
consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and cell phones. Quartz

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crystals are also found inside test and measurement equipment, such as counters, signal
generators, and oscilloscopes.

Figure 3.3 Crystal Oscillator (16 MHz)

3.4 Servo Motor

A servomotor is a rotary actuator that allows for precise control of angular position, velocity
and acceleration. It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position feedback. It
also requires a relatively sophisticated controller, often a dedicated module designed
specifically for use with servomotors.

Servomotors are not a different class of motor, on the basis of fundamental operating principle,
but uses servomechanism to achieve closed loop control with a generic open loop motor.

Servomotors are used in applications such as robotics, CNC machinery or automated

manufacturing.

Figure 3.4 Servo Motor

3.5 Voltage Regulator

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant

voltage level.

With the exception of shunt regulators, all modern electronic voltage regulators operate by
comparing the actual output voltage to some internal fixed reference voltage. Any difference is
amplified and used to control the regulation element. This forms a negative feedback servo
control loop. If the output voltage is too low, the regulation element is commanded to produce a
higher voltage. The 78XX series of three-terminal positive regulator are available in the TO-
220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide
range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe
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operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is
provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed
voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable
voltages and currents.

Figure 3.5 Voltage Regulator (7805)

3.6 Ultrasonic Sensor

Ultrasonic sensors (also known as transceivers when they both send and receive, but more
generally called transducers) work on a principle similar to radar or sonar which evaluate
attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves respectively.
Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is
received back by the sensor. Sensors calculate the time interval between sending the signal and
receiving the echo to determine the distance to an object.This technology can be used for
measuring wind speed and direction (anemometer), tank or channel level, and speed through air
or water. For measuring speed or direction a device uses multiple detectors and calculates the
speed from the relative distances to particulates in the air or water. To measure tank or channel
level, the sensor measures the distance to the surface of the fluid. Further applications
include: humidifiers, sonar, medical ultra sonography, burglar alarms and non-destructive
testing.

Figure 3.6 Ultrasonic Sensor

CHAPTER 4

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Training Work Undertaken

4.1 Making own Arduino Uno Board/Boot Loading the ATmega328

Since, we believe in learning by doing. So, we decided to make our own arduino board instead
of using the readymade board. So, the steps required to make an arduino board are as follows:

 Boot loading an Atmega328 using the Arduino board by uploading the boot loader program
to the Microcontroller.

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 Figure 4.1 Boot loading Atmega328 using Arduino Uno

 Making the connections on a general purpose PCB, connecting the crystal osicillator,
capacitors, connectors for the connections to Arduino board etc.

 Providing the power supply, usually 5 volts.

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 Arduino is ready for use.

Figure 4.2 Circuit diagram for Boot Loading ATmeg328

After you have done all this, then only the minimum circuitry like crystal oscillator, capacitors,
connectors, power supply is required to complete the board. The same circuit can be made on
the PCB, either designed or general purpose. Since, Arduino is an Open-Source. Hence, it is
easy to make and can have any enhancements as per the requirements.

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4.2 Connecting the Servo Motor

Figure 4.3 Connecting the Servo Motor

A servomotor is a rotary actuator that allows for precise control of angular position, velocity
and acceleration.

A normal servo motor has three terminals:

1.VCC

2. GND

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3. PULSE

A servo motor works at normally 4.8 to 6 volts. Gnd is provided by connecting it to the Ground
of the Arduino. The total time for a servo motor pulse is usually 20ms. To move it to one end of
say 0 degree angle, a 1ms pulse is used and to move it to other end i.e 180 degree, a 2ms pulse
is applied. Hence, according to this to move the axis of the servo motor to the center, a pulse of
time 1.5 ms should be applied. For this, the pulse wire of the servo motor is connected to the
Arduino that provides the digital pulses for pulse width modulation of the pulse. Hence, by
programming for a particular pulse interval the servo motor can be controlled easily.

4.3 Connecting the Ultrasonic Sensor

An Ultrasonic Sensor consists of three wires. One for Vcc, second for Gnd and the third for
pulse signal. The ultrasonic sensor is mounted on the servo motor and both of them further
connected to the Arduino board. The ultrasonic sensor uses the reflection principle for its
working. When connected to the Arduino, the arduino provides the pulse signal to the
ultrasonic sensor which then sends the ultrasonic wave in forward direction. Hence, whenever
there is any obstacle detected or present in front, it reflects the waves which are received by the
ultrasonic sensor. If detected, the signal is sent to the arduino and hence to the PC/laptop to the
processing software that shows the presence of the obstacle on the rotating RADAR screen
with distance and the angle at which it has been detected.

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 Figure 4.4: Connecting Ultrasonic Sensor to Arduino

Figure 4.5 Working of Ultrasonic Sensor

4.4 Using the Arduino IDE

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application written

in Java, and is derived from the IDE for the Processing programming language and
the Wiring projects. It is designed to introduce programming to artists and other newcomers
unfamiliar with software development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax
highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and
uploading programs to the board with a single click. A program or code written for Arduino is
called a "sketch".

Arduino programs are written in C or C++. The Arduino IDE comes with a software
library called "Wiring" from the original Wiring project, which makes many common
input/output operations much easier. Users only need define two functions to make a run able
cyclic executive program:

 Setup(): a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize settings
 Loop(): a function called repeatedly until the board powers off.
Open the Arduino IDE software and select the board in use. To select the board:

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 Go to Tools.

 Select Board.

 Under board, select the board being used, in this case Arduino Uno.

 Go to Tools and to Port and select the port at which the arduino board is connected.

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 Figure 4.6 Selecting the Board in Arduino IDE

Write the code in the space provided and click on compile. Once the code is compiled, click on
upload to upload the sketch to the Arduino board.

4.5 Using the Processing Software

Processing is an open source programming language and integrated development

environment (IDE) built for the electronic arts, new media art, and visual design communities
with the purpose of teaching the fundamentals of computer programming in a visual context,
and to serve as the foundation for electronic sketchbooks. The project was initiated in 2001
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by Casey Reas and Benjamin Fry, both formerly of the Aesthetics and Computation Group at
the MIT Media Lab. One of the stated aims of Processing is to act as a tool to get non-
programmers started with programming, through the instant gratification of visual feedback.
The language builds on the Java language, but uses a simplified syntax and graphics
programming model.

CHAPTER 5
Final Result and Discussion

5.1 Final Project 1

Figure 5.1 Arduino Uno(self made)

5.2 Final Project 2

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 Figure 5.2 SONAR Project using Ultrasonic Sensor

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF PROJECT

6.1 Driverless Car

The idea of making an Ultrasonic RADAR appeared to us while viewing the technology used
in defense, be it Army, Navy or Air Force and now even used in the automobiles employing
features like automatic/driverless parking systems, accident prevention during driving etc. The
applications of such have been seen recently in the self-parking car systems launched by AUDI,
FORD etc. And even the upcoming driverless cars by Google like Prius and Lexus.

The project made by us can be used in any systems you may want to use like in a car, a bicycle
or anything else. The use of Arduino in the project provides the flexibility of usage of the
above-said module according to the requirements.

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 Figure 6.1 Driverless Car by “GOOGLE”

6.2 Applications in Air Force

In aviation, aircraft are equipped with radar devices that warn of aircraft or other obstacles in or
approaching their path, display weather information, and give accurate altitude readings. The
first commercial device fitted to aircraft was a 1938 Bell Lab unit on some United Air
Lines aircraft. Such aircraft can land in fog at airports equipped with radar-assisted ground-
controlled approach systems in which the plane's flight is observed on radar screens while
operators radio landing directions to the pilot.

Figure 6.2 Air Force Applications

6.3 Naval Applications

Marine radars are used to measure the bearing and distance of ships to prevent collision with
other ships, to navigate, and to fix their position at sea when within range of shore or other

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fixed references such as islands, buoys, and lightships. In port or in harbor, vessel traffic
service radar systems are used to monitor and regulate ship movements in busy waters.

Figure 6.3 Naval Applications

REFERENCES
[1] http://www.arduino.cc/

[2] http://www.arduinoproducts .cc/

[3] http://www.atmel.com/atmega328/

[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:16MHZ_Crystal.jpg

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