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2-The Variable Load

1) The power station aims to supply required power to consumers at maximum efficiency by running generators at rated capacity. Electrical energy cannot be stored and must be generated as needed. 2) Load curves show the actual load over time compared to an ideal load curve. Terms like load factor, capacity factor, and plant use factor are defined to evaluate plant performance based on average and peak loads. 3) In the example, the load factor and other factors are calculated for a power plant based on given load data and plant capacity information. The average load, energy supplied annually, demand factor, and diversity factor are estimated.

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182 views

2-The Variable Load

1) The power station aims to supply required power to consumers at maximum efficiency by running generators at rated capacity. Electrical energy cannot be stored and must be generated as needed. 2) Load curves show the actual load over time compared to an ideal load curve. Terms like load factor, capacity factor, and plant use factor are defined to evaluate plant performance based on average and peak loads. 3) In the example, the load factor and other factors are calculated for a power plant based on given load data and plant capacity information. The average load, energy supplied annually, demand factor, and diversity factor are estimated.

Uploaded by

PotatoFry
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The Variable Load

Objectives of a Power Station


The power station is constructed, commissioned and operated
to supply required power to consumers with generators running at
rated capacity for maximum efficiency.

The fundamental problem in generation, transmission and


distribution of electrical energy is the fact that electrical energy can
not be stored. It must be generated, transmitted and distributed as
and when needed.
Load Curves

1. Ideal Load Curve 2. Realized Load Curve


Terms
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
1. 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟


𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 =
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑊 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 8,760
𝑦𝑟

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑


2. 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 =
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑊 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 × 8,760
𝑦𝑟
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑘𝑊 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
3. 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑘𝑊 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑


4. 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛


5. 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑


6. 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦×𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
Example 1.
A power station supplies the following loads to the consumers

Estimate the ff:


a) Load Factor
b) Load Factor for a 30MW stand by Power Plant in excess of 70MW
c) Use Factor
Solution:
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑦
a)𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑘𝑊 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ×24 ℎ𝑟
=
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑦
Where:
30𝑀𝑊 × 6ℎ𝑟 + 70𝑀𝑊 × 4ℎ𝑟 + 40𝑀𝑊 × 2ℎ𝑟 + 60𝑀𝑊 × 4ℎ𝑟 + 100𝑀𝑊 × 4ℎ𝑟 + 80𝑀𝑊 × 2ℎ𝑟 + 60𝑀𝑊 × 2ℎ𝑟
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
24ℎ𝑟
1560 𝑀𝑊 − ℎ𝑟
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
24ℎ𝑟
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 65 𝑀𝑊

65 𝑀𝑊
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 0.65
100 𝑀𝑊

b) Load factor for a 30MW standby Power Plant in excess of 70MW


20𝑀𝑊 × 2ℎ𝑟 + 30𝑀𝑊 × 4ℎ𝑟 + 10𝑀𝑊 × 2ℎ𝑟
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏𝑦 = = 0.75
30𝑀𝑊 × 8ℎ𝑟
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 × 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
24ℎ𝑟

1,560𝑀𝑊 − ℎ𝑟
=
24ℎ𝑟

= 65𝑀𝑊

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑐) 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑏𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 =
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

180𝑀𝑊−ℎ𝑟
8ℎ𝑟
=
30𝑀𝑊

= 0.75
Example 2
The peak load on a power plant is 60MW. The loads having the
maximum demands of 30MW, 20MW, 10MW, and 14MW are
connected to the plant. The capacity of the power plant is 80MW and
the annual load factor is 0.5
Estimate:
a) Average Load
b) Energy Supplied per year
c) Demand Factor
d) Diversity Factor
Given:
Plant Capacity = 80MW
Peak Load = 60MW
Individual Capacity = 30MW, 20MW, 10MW, 14MW
Load of the substation

Solution:
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
a)𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
= 0.50
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 0.5 × 60𝑀𝑊
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 30𝑀𝑊
b) Energy Generated per year = Average Load × 8,760 hr/yr
ℎ𝑟
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 30𝑀𝑊 × 8,760
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝑀𝑊 − ℎ𝑟
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 262,800
𝑦𝑟
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
c) 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

60 𝑀𝑊
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 0.813
30𝑀𝑊 + 20𝑀𝑊 + 10𝑀𝑊 + 14𝑀𝑊

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑


d) 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

30𝑀𝑊 + 20𝑀𝑊 + 10𝑀𝑊 + 14𝑀𝑊


𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 1.23
60𝑀𝑊

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