PFR 13/02/2020 Pg.

PFR 13/02/2020

m
00
6.0
, 9
00
x6.0
16

IPE 360
S 275

7.000 m
4.500 m

HE 340 A

18.000 m

1. Design codes

EN1990:2002, Eurocode 0 Basis of Structural Design

EN1991-1-1:2002, Eurocode 1-1 Actions on structures
EN1991-1-3:2003, Eurocode 1-3 Snow loads
EN1991-1-4:2005, Eurocode 1-4 Wind actions
EN1993-1-1:2005, Eurocode 3 1-1 Design of steel structures
EN1993-1-3:2005, Eurocode 3 1-3 Cold-formed members
EN1993-1-5:2006, Eurocode 3 1-5 Plated structural elements
EN1993-1-8:2005, Eurocode 3 1-8 Design of Joints
CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009, Design of fastenings in concrete, General
CEN/TS 1992-4-2:2009, Design of fastenings, Headed Fasteners
EN1992-1-1:2004, Eurocode 2 Reinforced concrete
EN1997-1-1:2004, Eurocode 7 Geotechnical design

2. Basic data

2.1. Geometry of frame structure

Bay width L = 18.000 m
Total height(max) H = 7.000 m
Column height H1 = 4.500 m
Total length B = 96.000 m (16x6.000m)
Spacing of frames s = 6.000 m
Roof slope α = 15.52°
Haunch size L1 =L/10.0= 1.800 m
Cladding Sheeting thickness tw=0.750 mm, Profile depth hw=40.0 mm
Purlin spacing = 1.000 m
Purlin laterally restrained, Continuous purlin

2.2. Steel sections

Column section HE 340 A - S 275
Rafter section IPE 360 - S 275
Purlin section Z25030 - S 275
Transverse restraint system L100x100x10 - S 275
Lateral bracing of columns Lm1= 3.960 m
Torsional restrains of rafters Lm2= 6.000 m
Compression stiffener at the bottom of haunch

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2.3. Steel joints

Type of connection End-plate connection, non-preloaded bolts
Category of connection Category A: Bearing type
Category D: Non-preloded
End Plate Thickness tp=20 mm, S 355
Bolts M30, Grade 10.9

2.4. Column base and foundation

Base plate steel grade Thickness tp=30 mm, S 355
Anchor bolts M24, Grade 5.6
Concrete of foundation C25/30-B500C
Concrete cover Cnom= 35 mm
Soil bearing capacity quk= 0.200 kN/mm²
Unit weight of soil γk = 20.00 kN/m³
Foundation depth hf= 2.000 m
Water table height hw= 1.500 m

3. Materials and Code parameters

3.1. Materials
Steel: S 275 (EN1993-1-1, §3.2)
t<= 40 mm, Yield strength fy= 275 N/mm², Ultimate strength fu= 430 N/mm²
40mm<t<= 80 mm, Yield strength fy= 255 N/mm², Ultimate strength fu= 410 N/mm²
Modulus of elasticity E=210000 N/mm², Poisson ratio ν=0.30, Unit mass ρ= 7850 Kg/m³

Partial factors for materials (EN1993-1-1, §6.1)

γΜ0= 1.00, γΜ1= 1.00, γΜ2= 1.25

4. Loads

4.1. Permanent loads (EN1991-1-1 )

Self weight of purlins and finishing gk1 = 0.200+0.097/1.000= 0.297kN/m²
Self weight of ceiling under the roof gk2 = 0.000kN/m² gk =gk1+gk2 = 0.297kN/m²
Spacing of frames s = 6.000 m
Roof load on frame (gk1+gk2)·s = 0.297x6.000= 1.78kN/m
Self weight of rafters G(IPE 360)= 0.56kN/m
Permanent load on frame Gk = 1.78+0.56= 2.34kN/m
Self weight of columns G(HE 340 A)= 1.03kN/m

Gk=2 Load G (Permanent load)

N/m
k=2.34k .34k
N/m
G

4.2. Imposed loads (EC1 EN1991-1-1:2002 Tab.6.10)

Roof slope α = 15.52°
Imposed load (category H) qk = 0.40kN/m²
Roof load on frame qk·s = 0.40x6.000= 2.40kN/m

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qk=2.40kN/m qk=2.40kN/m
Load Qk (Imposed load)

4.3. Snow load (EC1 EN1991-1-3:2003 )

Snow load on the ground (EN1991-1-3 §4, Annex C)

Characteristic value of snow load on the ground: sk=2.000 kN/m²

Snow load on the roof (EC1 EN1991-1-3:2003 §5)

pitched roof (EC1-1-3 §5.3.3))
Angle of pitch of roof : α1=15.524° 2.0
Angle of pitch of roof : α2=15.524°
1.6
Exposure coefficient : Ce=1.000 (EC1-1-3 §5.2(7))
Thermal coefficient : Ct=1.000 (EC1-1-3 §5.2(8)) 1.0
Shape coefficients μ1(α1)=μ1(α2)=0.800 (EC1-1-3 T.5.2)) 0.8

S(α1)=μ1(α1)·Ce·Ct·Sk=0.800x1.000x1.000x2.000=1.600kN/m² μ1

S(α2)=μ1(α2)·Ce·Ct·Sk=0.800x1.000x1.000x2.000=1.600kN/m²
0° 15°30°45°60° α

Snow load (EC1 EN1991-1-3:2003, §5.2, §5.3.3)

Load case (I) , S(Left)= S(α1) =1.600 kN/m², S(Right)= S(α2)= 1.600 kN/m²
Load case (II) , S(Left)= 0.5xS(α1)=0.800 kN/m², S(Right)= S(α2)= 1.600 kN/m²
Load case (III), S(Left)= S(α1)= 1.600 kN/m², S(Right)= 0.5xS(α2)=0.800 kN/m²

4.4. Snow load on frame (EC1 EN1991-1-3:2003 )

Snow load on the ground sk= 2.000 kN/m²

Snow load on the roof Sk= 0.8x2.000x1.00x1.00=1.600 kN/m²
Spacing of frames s= 6.000 m
Snow load on frame Sk1= 1.600x6.000/cos15.52°=9.96kN/m
Sk2=0.5x1.600x6.000/cos15.52°=4.98kN/m
Load case(I) Sk1= 9.96 kN/m, Sk2=9.96 kN/m
Load case(II) Sk1= 9.96 kN/m, Sk2=4.98 kN/m
Load case(III) Sk1= 4.98 kN/m, Sk2=9.96 kN/m

Sk=9.96kN/m Sk=9.96kN/m
Load Qs1 (Snow load)

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Sk=9.96kN/m Load Qs2 (Snow load)
Sk=4.98kN/m

Sk=9.96kN/m
Load Qs3 (Snow load)
Sk=4.98kN/m

4.5. Wind load (EC1 EN1991-1-4:2005 )

Wind peak velocity pressure q(z)=Ce(z)·qb =Ce(z)·(0.625)·Vb² (EN1991-1-4, §4.5)

q(z)=Ce(z)·(½
ρ)·Vb²=Ce(z)·0.625·Vb²=0.900 kN/m²

Wind forces on duopitch roof, wind direction: 0.00 (EN1991-1-4, §7.2.5)

Wind pressure coefficients Cpe (EN1991-1-4, Tab. 7.4a)

7.607.60
1.401.40
3.50

wind direction: θ=0.00 F

b=96.00m, d=18.00m, h=7.00m, e=min(b,2h)=14.00m
e/4=3.50m, e/10=1.40m, e/2=7.00m
Pitch angle : α=15.524 α=15.52°
96.00m

7.00m
Zone : F, A= 5.09m², Cpe,10=-0.89, Cpe,1=-1.98 GHJI
Zone : F, A= 5.09m², Cpe,10=+0.22, Cpe,1=+0.22
Zone : G, A= 129.32m², Cpe,10=-0.79, Cpe,1=-1.50
Zone : G, A= 129.32m², Cpe,10=+0.22, Cpe,1=+0.22
18.00m

Zone : H, A= 757.23m², Cpe,10=-0.30, Cpe,1=-0.30

3.50

F
Zone : H, A= 757.23m², Cpe,10=+0.21, Cpe,1=+0.21
18.00m
Zone : I, A= 757.23m², Cpe,10=-0.40, Cpe,1=-0.40
Zone : I, A= 757.23m², Cpe,10=+0.00, Cpe,1=+0.00
Zone : J, A= 139.49m², Cpe,10=-0.98, Cpe,1=-1.47
Zone : J, A= 139.49m², Cpe,10=+0.00, Cpe,1=+0.00

Wind pressure on roof surfaces we=q(z)·Cpe=0.900xCpe [kN/m²] (EN1991-1-4, 5.1)

F G H I J
we,10 we,1 we,10 we,1 we,10 we,1 we,10 we,1 we,10 we,1
-0.797 -1.784 -0.711 -1.350 -0.267 -0.267 -0.360 -0.360 -0.884 -1.319
+0.196 +0.196 +0.196 +0.196 +0.186 +0.186 +0.000 +0.000 +0.000 +0.000

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Wind forces on vertical walls (EN1991-1-4, §7.2.2)

Wind pressure coefficients Cpe ABC (EN1991-1-4, Tab.7.1)

h/d=4.50/18.00=0.250, e=9.00m
Zone : A, ( 1.80xh), Cpe,10=-1.20, Cpe,1=-1.40

96.00m
Zone : B, ( 7.20xh), Cpe,10=-0.80, Cpe,1=-1.10 DE

Zone : C, ( 9.00xh), Cpe,10=-0.50, Cpe,1=-0.50

18.00m
Zone : D, ( 96.00xh), Cpe,10= 0.70, Cpe,1= 1.00
Zone : E, ( 96.00xh), Cpe,10=-0.30, Cpe,1=-0.30
ABC

Wind pressure on wall surfaces we=q(z)·Cpe [kN/m²] (EN1991-1-4, 5.1)

A B C D E
we,10 we,1 we,10 we,1 we,10 we,1 we,10 we,1 we,10 we,1
z= 4.50~ 0.00m, -1.080 -1.260 -0.720 -0.990 -0.450 -0.450 0.630 0.900 -0.270 -0.270

4.6. Wind load on frame (EC1 EN1991-1-4:2005 )

Wind pressure on vertical surface wk= 0.900 kN/m²

Wind internal pressure wi= 0.000 kN/m²
Spacing of frames s= 6.000 m
Left column Wk1= 0.630x6.000= 3.78kN/m, Wk1= 0.630x6.000= 3.78kN/m
Left rafter Wk2=-0.267x6.000= -1.60kN/m, Wk2= 0.186x6.000= 1.12kN/m
Right rafter Wk3=-0.360x6.000= -2.16kN/m, Wk3= 0.000x6.000= 0.00kN/m
Right column Wk4=-0.270x6.000= -1.62kN/m, Wk4=-0.270x6.000= -1.62kN/m

Load Qw1 (Wind load)

wk=-
kN/m 2.16
k=-1.60 kN/m
w
-1.62
3.78

Load Qw2 (Wind load)

N/m wk=0
k=1.12k .00k
w N/m
-1.62
3.78

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5. Design values of Actions (EN1990 NA Romania SR, §6.4, §6.5)

5.1. Load combination factors (EN1990 Tab.A1.1)

Category H (roofs) Qk ψο=0.00, ψ1=0.00, ψ2=0.00

Snow loads on buildings Qs ψο=0.50, ψ1=0.20, ψ2=0.00
Wind loads on buildings Qw ψο=0.60, ψ1=0.20, ψ2=0.00

5.2. Ultimate Limit State (ULS) (EQU) (EN1990 §6.4.3.2, T.A1.2A)

Ed = γG·Gk + γQ·Qk1 + γQ·

ψ ο·Qk2 (Eq.6.10)
γG,sup=1.10 (Unfavorable)
γG,inf=0.90 (Favorable )
γQ =1.50 (Unfavorable)
γQ =0.00 (Favorable )

Load combinations (ULS)(EQU),

Permanent load Gk, Imposed load Qk, Snow load Qs1,Qs2,Qs3, Wind load Qw1,Qw2
L.C. 101: 1.10Gk+1.50Qk (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 102: 1.10Gk+1.50Qs1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 103: 1.10Gk+1.50Qs2 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 104: 1.10Gk+1.50Qs3 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 105: 1.10Gk+1.50Qw1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 106: 1.10Gk+1.50Qw2 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 111: 0.90Gk+1.50Qw1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 121: 1.10Gk+1.50Qs1+0.60x1.50Qw1= 1.10xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 122: 1.10Gk+1.50Qs1+0.60x1.50Qw2= 1.10xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 123: 1.10Gk+1.50Qs2+0.60x1.50Qw1= 1.10xGk+1.50Qs2+0.90Qw1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 124: 1.10Gk+1.50Qs2+0.60x1.50Qw2= 1.10xGk+1.50Qs2+0.90Qw2 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 125: 1.10Gk+1.50Qs3+0.60x1.50Qw1= 1.10xGk+1.50Qs3+0.90Qw1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 126: 1.10Gk+1.50Qs3+0.60x1.50Qw2= 1.10xGk+1.50Qs3+0.90Qw2 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 127: 1.10Gk+1.50Qw1+0.50x1.50Qs1= 1.10xGk+1.50Qw1+0.75Qs1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 128: 1.10Gk+1.50Qw1+0.50x1.50Qs2= 1.10xGk+1.50Qw1+0.75Qs2 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 129: 1.10Gk+1.50Qw1+0.50x1.50Qs3= 1.10xGk+1.50Qw1+0.75Qs3 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 130: 1.10Gk+1.50Qw2+0.50x1.50Qs1= 1.10xGk+1.50Qw2+0.75Qs1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 131: 1.10Gk+1.50Qw2+0.50x1.50Qs2= 1.10xGk+1.50Qw2+0.75Qs2 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 132: 1.10Gk+1.50Qw2+0.50x1.50Qs3= 1.10xGk+1.50Qw2+0.75Qs3 (Eq.6.10)

5.3. Ultimate Limit State (ULS) (STR) (EN1990 §6.4.3.2, T.A1.2B)

Ed = γG·Gk + γQ·Qk1 + γQ·ψ ο·Qk2 (Eq.6.10)

Ed = γG·Gk + γQ·
ψ ο·Qk1 + γQ· ψ ο·Qk2 (Eq.6.10a)
Ed = ξ·
γG·Gk + γQ·Qk1 + γQ· ψ ο·Qk2 (Eq.6.10b)
γG,sup=1.35 (Unfavorable)
γG,inf=1.00 (Favorable )
γQ =1.50 (Unfavorable)
γQ =0.00 (Favorable )
ξ=0.850, ξ·
γG=0.850x1.35=1.15

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Load combinations (ULS)(STR),

Permanent load Gk, Imposed load Qk, Snow load Qs1,Qs2,Qs3, Wind load Qw1,Qw2
L.C. 201: 1.35Gk+1.50Qk (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 202: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 203: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs2 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 204: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs3 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 205: 1.35Gk+1.50Qw1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 206: 1.35Gk+1.50Qw2 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 210: 1.00Gk+1.50Qw1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 211: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs1+0.60x1.50Qw1= 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 212: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs1+0.60x1.50Qw2= 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 213: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs2+0.60x1.50Qw1= 1.35xGk+1.50Qs2+0.90Qw1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 214: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs2+0.60x1.50Qw2= 1.35xGk+1.50Qs2+0.90Qw2 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 215: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs3+0.60x1.50Qw1= 1.35xGk+1.50Qs3+0.90Qw1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 216: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs3+0.60x1.50Qw2= 1.35xGk+1.50Qs3+0.90Qw2 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 217: 1.35Gk+1.50Qw1+0.50x1.50Qs1= 1.35xGk+1.50Qw1+0.75Qs1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 218: 1.35Gk+1.50Qw1+0.50x1.50Qs2= 1.35xGk+1.50Qw1+0.75Qs2 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 219: 1.35Gk+1.50Qw1+0.50x1.50Qs3= 1.35xGk+1.50Qw1+0.75Qs3 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 220: 1.35Gk+1.50Qw2+0.50x1.50Qs1= 1.35xGk+1.50Qw2+0.75Qs1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 221: 1.35Gk+1.50Qw2+0.50x1.50Qs2= 1.35xGk+1.50Qw2+0.75Qs2 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 222: 1.35Gk+1.50Qw2+0.50x1.50Qs3= 1.35xGk+1.50Qw2+0.75Qs3 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 231: 1.35Gk+1.50x0.50Qs1 +1.50x0.60Qw1= 1.35xG+0.75Qs1+0.90Qw1 (Eq.6.10a)
L.C. 232: 1.35Gk+1.50x0.50Qs1 +1.50x0.60Qw2= 1.35xG+0.75Qs1+0.90Qw2 (Eq.6.10a)
L.C. 233: 1.35Gk+1.50x0.50Qs2 +1.50x0.60Qw1= 1.35xG+0.75Qs2+0.90Qw1 (Eq.6.10a)
L.C. 234: 1.35Gk+1.50x0.50Qs2 +1.50x0.60Qw2= 1.35xG+0.75Qs2+0.90Qw2 (Eq.6.10a)
L.C. 235: 1.35Gk+1.50x0.50Qs3 +1.50x0.60Qw1= 1.35xG+0.75Qs3+0.90Qw1 (Eq.6.10a)
L.C. 236: 1.35Gk+1.50x0.50Qs3 +1.50x0.60Qw2= 1.35xG+0.75Qs3+0.90Qw2 (Eq.6.10a)
L.C. 251: 0.850x1.35Gk+1.50Qs1+1.50x0.60Qw1= 1.15xG+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw1 (Eq.6.10b)
L.C. 252: 0.850x1.35Gk+1.50Qs1+1.50x0.60Qw2= 1.15xG+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2 (Eq.6.10b)
L.C. 253: 0.850x1.35Gk+1.50Qs2+1.50x0.60Qw1= 1.15xG+1.50Qs2+0.90Qw1 (Eq.6.10b)
L.C. 254: 0.850x1.35Gk+1.50Qs2+1.50x0.60Qw2= 1.15xG+1.50Qs2+0.90Qw2 (Eq.6.10b)
L.C. 255: 0.850x1.35Gk+1.50Qs3+1.50x0.60Qw1= 1.15xG+1.50Qs3+0.90Qw1 (Eq.6.10b)
L.C. 256: 0.850x1.35Gk+1.50Qs3+1.50x0.60Qw2= 1.15xG+1.50Qs3+0.90Qw2 (Eq.6.10b)
L.C. 257: 0.850x1.35Gk+1.50Qw1+1.50x0.50Qs1= 1.15xG+1.50Qw1+0.75Qs1 (Eq.6.10b)
L.C. 258: 0.850x1.35Gk+1.50Qw1+1.50x0.50Qs2= 1.15xG+1.50Qw1+0.75Qs2 (Eq.6.10b)
L.C. 259: 0.850x1.35Gk+1.50Qw1+1.50x0.50Qs3= 1.15xG+1.50Qw1+0.75Qs3 (Eq.6.10b)
L.C. 260: 0.850x1.35Gk+1.50Qw2+1.50x0.50Qs1= 1.15xG+1.50Qw2+0.75Qs1 (Eq.6.10b)
L.C. 261: 0.850x1.35Gk+1.50Qw2+1.50x0.50Qs2= 1.15xG+1.50Qw2+0.75Qs2 (Eq.6.10b)
L.C. 262: 0.850x1.35Gk+1.50Qw2+1.50x0.50Qs3= 1.15xG+1.50Qw2+0.75Qs3 (Eq.6.10b)

5.4. Serviceability Limit State (SLS) (EN1990 §6.5.3, T.A1.4)

Ed = Gk + Qk1 + ψο·Qk2 + ψο·Qk3 (Characteristic combination) (Eq.6.14)

Ed = Gk + ψ1·Qk1 + ψ2·Qk2 + ψ2·Qk3 (Frequent combination) (Eq.6.15)
Ed = Gk + ψ2·Qk1 + ψ2·Qk2 + ψ2·Qk3 (Quasi-permanent combination) (Eq.6.16)

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Load combinations (SLS)

Permanent load Gk, Imposed load Qk, Snow load Qs1,Qs2,Qs3, Wind load Qw1,Qw2
L.C. 301: Gk + Qk (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 302: Gk + Qs1 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 303: Gk + Qs2 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 304: Gk + Qs3 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 305: Gk + Qw1 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 306: Gk + Qw2 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 311: Gk + Qs1 + 0.60Qw1 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 312: Gk + Qs1 + 0.60Qw2 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 313: Gk + Qs2 + 0.60Qw1 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 314: Gk + Qs2 + 0.60Qw2 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 315: Gk + Qs3 + 0.60Qw1 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 316: Gk + Qs3 + 0.60Qw2 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 317: Gk + Qw1 + 0.50Qs1 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 318: Gk + Qw1 + 0.50Qs2 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 319: Gk + Qw1 + 0.50Qs3 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 320: Gk + Qw2 + 0.50Qs1 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 321: Gk + Qw2 + 0.50Qs2 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 322: Gk + Qw2 + 0.50Qs3 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 331: Gk + 0.20Qs1 + 0.00Qw1 (Eq.6.15a)
L.C. 332: Gk + 0.20Qs1 + 0.00Qw2 (Eq.6.15a)
L.C. 333: Gk + 0.20Qs2 + 0.00Qw1 (Eq.6.15a)
L.C. 334: Gk + 0.20Qs2 + 0.00Qw2 (Eq.6.15a)
L.C. 335: Gk + 0.20Qs3 + 0.00Qw1 (Eq.6.15a)
L.C. 336: Gk + 0.20Qs3 + 0.00Qw2 (Eq.6.15a)
L.C. 337: Gk + 0.20Qw1 + 0.00Qs1 (Eq.6.15a)
L.C. 338: Gk + 0.20Qw1 + 0.00Qs2 (Eq.6.15a)
L.C. 339: Gk + 0.20Qw1 + 0.00Qs3 (Eq.6.15a)
L.C. 340: Gk + 0.20Qw2 + 0.00Qs1 (Eq.6.15a)
L.C. 341: Gk + 0.20Qw2 + 0.00Qs2 (Eq.6.15a)
L.C. 342: Gk + 0.20Qw2 + 0.00Qs3 (Eq.6.15a)
L.C. 351: Gk + 0.00Qs1 + 0.00Qw1 (Eq.6.16a)
L.C. 352: Gk + 0.00Qs1 + 0.00Qw2 (Eq.6.16a)
L.C. 353: Gk + 0.00Qs2 + 0.00Qw1 (Eq.6.16a)
L.C. 354: Gk + 0.00Qs2 + 0.00Qw2 (Eq.6.16a)
L.C. 355: Gk + 0.00Qs3 + 0.00Qw1 (Eq.6.16a)
L.C. 356: Gk + 0.00Qs3 + 0.00Qw2 (Eq.6.16a)

5.5. Ultimate Limit State (ULS)Seismic situation

Ed = Gk + Aed + ψ2·Qk1 + ψ2·Qk2 + ψ2·Qk3 (Eq.6.12b)

Snow load Qs, Wind load Qw, Seismic load Aed
L.C. 601: Gk + 0.20Qs1 + Aed (Eq.6.14a)

SteelPortalFrameEC3 Fe ne rbahce 8
software by RUNET (c)
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PFR 13/02/2020 Pg. 9

5.6. Summary of load combination

Permanent load Gk, Imposed load Qk, Snow load Qs1,Qs2,Qs3, Wind load Qw1,Qw2
1 L.C. 101 (ULS)(EQU) 1.10Gk+1.50Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
2 L.C. 102 (ULS)(EQU) 1.10Gk+0.00Qk+1.50Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
3 L.C. 103 (ULS)(EQU) 1.10Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+1.50Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
4 L.C. 104 (ULS)(EQU) 1.10Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+1.50Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
5 L.C. 105 (ULS)(EQU) 1.10Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+1.50Qw1+0.00Qw2
6 L.C. 106 (ULS)(EQU) 1.10Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+1.50Qw2
7 L.C. 111 (ULS)(EQU) 0.90Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+1.50Qw1+0.00Qw2
8 L.C. 121 (ULS)(EQU) 1.10Gk+0.00Qk+1.50Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.90Qw1+0.00Qw2
9 L.C. 122 (ULS)(EQU) 1.10Gk+0.00Qk+1.50Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.90Qw2
10 L.C. 123 (ULS)(EQU) 1.10Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+1.50Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.90Qw1+0.00Qw2
11 L.C. 124 (ULS)(EQU) 1.10Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+1.50Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.90Qw2
12 L.C. 125 (ULS)(EQU) 1.10Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+1.50Qs3+0.90Qw1+0.00Qw2
13 L.C. 126 (ULS)(EQU) 1.10Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+1.50Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.90Qw2
14 L.C. 127 (ULS)(EQU) 1.10Gk+0.00Qk+0.75Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+1.50Qw1+0.00Qw2
15 L.C. 128 (ULS)(EQU) 1.10Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.75Qs2+0.00Qs3+1.50Qw1+0.00Qw2
16 L.C. 129 (ULS)(EQU) 1.10Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.75Qs3+1.50Qw1+0.00Qw2
17 L.C. 130 (ULS)(EQU) 1.10Gk+0.00Qk+0.75Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+1.50Qw2
18 L.C. 131 (ULS)(EQU) 1.10Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.75Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+1.50Qw2
19 L.C. 132 (ULS)(EQU) 1.10Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.75Qs3+0.00Qw1+1.50Qw2

20 L.C. 201 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+1.50Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2

21 L.C. 202 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+1.50Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
22 L.C. 203 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+1.50Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
23 L.C. 204 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+1.50Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
24 L.C. 205 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+1.50Qw1+0.00Qw2
25 L.C. 206 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+1.50Qw2
26 L.C. 210 (ULS)(STR) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+1.50Qw1+0.00Qw2
27 L.C. 211 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+1.50Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.90Qw1+0.00Qw2
28 L.C. 212 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+1.50Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.90Qw2
29 L.C. 213 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+1.50Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.90Qw1+0.00Qw2
30 L.C. 214 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+1.50Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.90Qw2
31 L.C. 215 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+1.50Qs3+0.90Qw1+0.00Qw2
32 L.C. 216 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+1.50Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.90Qw2
33 L.C. 217 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+0.75Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+1.50Qw1+0.00Qw2
34 L.C. 218 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.75Qs2+0.00Qs3+1.50Qw1+0.00Qw2
35 L.C. 219 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.75Qs3+1.50Qw1+0.00Qw2
36 L.C. 220 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+0.75Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+1.50Qw2
37 L.C. 221 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.75Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+1.50Qw2
38 L.C. 222 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.75Qs3+0.00Qw1+1.50Qw2
39 L.C. 231 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+0.75Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.90Qw1+0.00Qw2
40 L.C. 232 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+0.75Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.90Qw2
41 L.C. 233 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.75Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.90Qw1+0.00Qw2
42 L.C. 234 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.75Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.90Qw2
43 L.C. 235 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.75Qs3+0.90Qw1+0.00Qw2
44 L.C. 236 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.75Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.90Qw2
45 L.C. 251 (ULS)(STR) 1.15Gk+0.00Qk+1.50Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.90Qw1+0.00Qw2
46 L.C. 252 (ULS)(STR) 1.15Gk+0.00Qk+1.50Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.90Qw2
47 L.C. 253 (ULS)(STR) 1.15Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+1.50Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.90Qw1+0.00Qw2
48 L.C. 254 (ULS)(STR) 1.15Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+1.50Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.90Qw2
49 L.C. 255 (ULS)(STR) 1.15Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+1.50Qs3+0.90Qw1+0.00Qw2
50 L.C. 256 (ULS)(STR) 1.15Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+1.50Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.90Qw2
51 L.C. 257 (ULS)(STR) 1.15Gk+0.00Qk+0.75Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+1.50Qw1+0.00Qw2
52 L.C. 258 (ULS)(STR) 1.15Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.75Qs2+0.00Qs3+1.50Qw1+0.00Qw2
53 L.C. 259 (ULS)(STR) 1.15Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.75Qs3+1.50Qw1+0.00Qw2
54 L.C. 260 (ULS)(STR) 1.15Gk+0.00Qk+0.75Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+1.50Qw2
55 L.C. 261 (ULS)(STR) 1.15Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.75Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+1.50Qw2
56 L.C. 262 (ULS)(STR) 1.15Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.75Qs3+0.00Qw1+1.50Qw2

57 L.C. 301 (SLS) 1.00Gk+1.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2

58 L.C. 302 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+1.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
59 L.C. 303 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+1.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
60 L.C. 304 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+1.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
61 L.C. 305 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+1.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
62 L.C. 306 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+1.00Qw2
63 L.C. 311 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+1.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.60Qw1+0.00Qw2
64 L.C. 312 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+1.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.60Qw2
65 L.C. 313 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+1.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.60Qw1+0.00Qw2
66 L.C. 314 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+1.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.60Qw2
67 L.C. 315 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+1.00Qs3+0.60Qw1+0.00Qw2
68 L.C. 316 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+1.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.60Qw2
69 L.C. 317 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.50Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+1.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
70 L.C. 318 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.50Qs2+0.00Qs3+1.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
71 L.C. 319 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.50Qs3+1.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
72 L.C. 320 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.50Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+1.00Qw2
73 L.C. 321 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.50Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+1.00Qw2
74 L.C. 322 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.50Qs3+0.00Qw1+1.00Qw2
75 L.C. 331 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.20Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
76 L.C. 332 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.20Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
77 L.C. 333 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.20Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
78 L.C. 334 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.20Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
79 L.C. 335 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.20Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
80 L.C. 336 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.20Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
81 L.C. 337 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.20Qw1+0.00Qw2
82 L.C. 338 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.20Qw1+0.00Qw2
83 L.C. 339 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.20Qw1+0.00Qw2
84 L.C. 340 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.20Qw2
85 L.C. 341 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.20Qw2
86 L.C. 342 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.20Qw2
87 L.C. 351 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
88 L.C. 352 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
89 L.C. 353 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
90 L.C. 354 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
91 L.C. 355 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2
92 L.C. 356 (SLS) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2

93 L.C. 601 (SEISM) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.20Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1+0.00Qw2 + Aed

SteelPortalFrameEC3 Fe ne rbahce 9
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6. Steel sections

6.1. Column section

300

16.5
Steel cross-section properties
27
Cross-section HE 340 A-S 275 HE340A 9.5
y

330
Dimensions of cross section
Depth of cross section h= 330.00 mm
Width of cross section b= 300.00 mm
Web depth hw= 313.50 mm
Depth of straight portion of web dw= 243.00 mm
Web thickness tw= 9.50 mm z
Flange thickness tf= 16.50 mm
Radius of root fillet r= 27.00 mm
Mass = 105.00 Kg/m

Properties of cross section

b
Area A= 13350 mm 2
z
Second moment of area Iy=276.90x10 6 mm 4 Iz=74.360x10 6
mm4
tf
Section modulus Wy=1678.0x10 3 mm 3 Wz=496.00x10 3 mm 3
r
Plastic section modulus Wpy=1850.0x10 3 mm 3 Wpz=755.90x10 3 mm 3
Radius of gyration iy= 144.0 mm iz= 74.6 mm tw
Shear area Avz= 4498 mm 2 Avy= 9900 mm 2 y y h
Torsional constant It= 1.272x10 6 mm 4 ip= 162 mm
3 3
Torsional modulus Wt=77.088x10 mm
Warping constant Iw=1824.4x10 9 mm 6
z

6.2. Rafter section

Steel cross-section properties 170

12.7
Cross-section IPE 360-S 275 18
Dimensions of cross section 8
Depth of cross section h= 360.00 mm
IPE360
y

360
Width of cross section b= 170.00 mm
Web depth hw= 347.30 mm
Depth of straight portion of web dw= 298.60 mm
Web thickness tw= 8.00 mm
Flange thickness tf= 12.70 mm
Radius of root fillet r= 18.00 mm
Mass = 57.10 Kg/m z

Properties of cross section

b
Area A= 7273 mm 2
z
Second moment of area Iy=162.70x10 6 mm 4 Iz=10.430x10 6 mm 4 tf
Section modulus Wy=903.60x10 3 mm 3 Wz=122.80x10 3 mm 3 r
Plastic section modulus Wpy=1019.0x10 3 mm 3 Wpz=191.10x10 3 mm 3
Radius of gyration iy= 149.6 mm iz= 37.9 mm
tw
Shear area Avz= 3514 mm 2 Avy= 4318 mm 2
y y h
Torsional constant It= 0.373x10 6 mm 4 ip= 154 mm
3 3
Torsional modulus Wt=29.387x10 mm
Warping constant Iw=313.58x10 9 mm 6
z

SteelPortalFrameEC3 Fe ne rbahce 10
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PFR 13/02/2020 Pg. 11

6.3. Haunch section at haunch end

Steel cross-section properties 170

12.7
Welded section
18
Cross-section haunch-end-S 275
8
Dimensions of cross section
haunch-end
y

720
Depth of cross section h= 720.00 mm
Width of cross section b= 170.00 mm
Web depth hw= 707.30 mm
Depth of straight portion of web dw= 643.69 mm
Web thickness tw= 8.00 mm
Flange thickness tf= 12.70 mm
Radius of root fillet r= 18.00 mm z
Mass = 77.57 Kg/m

Properties of cross section

Area A= 9875 mm 2
b
Second moment of area Iy=763.52x10 6 mm 4 Iz=10.429x10 6
mm4 z
Section modulus Wy=2120.9x10 3 mm 3 Wz=122.69x10 3 mm 3
tf
Plastic section modulus Wpy=2492.0x10 3 mm 3 Wpz=194.63x10 3 mm 3 r
Radius of gyration iy= 278.1 mm iz= 32.5 mm tw
Shear area Avz= 5658 mm 2 Avy= 4318 mm 2 y y h
Torsional constant It= 0.347x10 6 mm 4 ip= 280 mm
3 3
Torsional modulus Wt=27.300x10 mm
Warping constant Iw=1300.6x10 9 mm 6
Weld a= 18.0x10 9 mm
z

6.4. Haunch section at haunch-middle

Steel cross-section properties 170

12.7
Welded section
18
Cross-section haunch-middle-S 275
8
Dimensions of cross section
haunch-middle
y

540
Depth of cross section h= 540.00 mm
Width of cross section b= 170.00 mm
Web depth hw= 527.30 mm
Depth of straight portion of web dw= 463.69 mm
Web thickness tw= 8.00 mm
Flange thickness tf= 12.70 mm
Radius of root fillet r= 18.00 mm z
Mass = 66.26 Kg/m

Properties of cross section

Area A= 8435 mm 2
b
Second moment of area Iy=391.06x10 6 mm 4 Iz=10.421x10 6
mm4 z
Section modulus Wy=1448.4x10 3 mm 3 Wz=122.60x10 3 mm 3
tf
Plastic section modulus Wpy=1668.1x10 3 mm 3 Wpz=191.75x10 3 mm 3 r
Radius of gyration iy= 215.3 mm iz= 35.1 mm tw
Shear area Avz= 4218 mm 2 Avy= 4318 mm 2 y y h
Torsional constant It= 0.316x10 6 mm 4 ip= 218 mm
3 3
Torsional modulus Wt=24.881x10 mm
Warping constant Iw=722.86x10 9 mm 6
Weld a= 18.00x10 9 mm
z

SteelPortalFrameEC3 Fe ne rbahce 11
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13/02/2020 12:51:52
PFR 13/02/2020 Pg. 12

7. Finite Element Analysis (EN1993-1-1, §5.1)

The 2-dimensional finite element program FRAME2Dexpres© RUNET is used for the analysis.
The column bases are assumed to be pinned.
The connection of rafter to column are assumed to be fully rigid.
The increased stiffness of the haunches is taken into account.
The global or local imperfections are taken into account by equivalent loads.

Linear-elastic analysis is used for the design of static loads.

7.1. Data used for elastic analysis

Nodal points
Node x [mm] y[mm]
1 0 0
2 0 4500
3 9000 7000
4 18000 4500
5 18000 0
Supports
Node kind ux[mm] uy[mm] ur[rad]
1 pin ux=uy=0
5 pin ux=uy=0
Elements
Element node 1 node 2 length(mm) angle(°) E(GPa) A(mm2 ) I(mm 4 )
1 1 2 4500 90.00 210 13350 276900x10 3
2 2 3 9341 15.52 210 7273 162700x10 3
3 3 4 9341 344.48 210 7273 162700x10 3
4 4 5 4500 270.00 210 13350 276900x10 3

Finite element
3 model (FEM) Linear elastic analysis

2 3
2 4

1 4

1 5

SteelPortalFrameEC3 Fe ne rbahce 12
software by RUNET (c)
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PFR 13/02/2020 Pg. 13

7.2. Element uniform loads, q perpendicular to element, qy vertical, qx horisontal [kN/m]

Left column 1 Left rafter 2 Right rafter 3 Right column 4
L.C. q qy qx q qy qx q qy qx q qy qx
101 ULS-EQU 0.00 1.13 0 0.00 6.17 0 0.00 6.17 0 0.00 1.13 0
102 ULS-EQU 0.00 1.13 0 0.00 17.52 0 0.00 17.52 0 0.00 1.13 0
103 ULS-EQU 0.00 1.13 0 0.00 17.52 0 0.00 10.05 0 0.00 1.13 0
104 ULS-EQU 0.00 1.13 0 0.00 10.05 0 0.00 17.52 0 0.00 1.13 0
105 ULS-EQU 5.67 1.13 0 -2.40 2.57 0 -3.24 2.57 0 -2.43 1.13 0
106 ULS-EQU 5.67 1.13 0 1.68 2.57 0 0.00 2.57 0 -2.43 1.13 0
111 ULS-EQU 5.67 0.93 0 -2.40 2.11 0 -3.24 2.11 0 -2.43 0.93 0
121 ULS-EQU 3.40 1.13 0 -1.44 17.52 0 -1.94 17.52 0 -1.46 1.13 0
122 ULS-EQU 3.40 1.13 0 1.01 17.52 0 0.00 17.52 0 -1.46 1.13 0
123 ULS-EQU 3.40 1.13 0 -1.44 17.52 0 -1.94 10.05 0 -1.46 1.13 0
124 ULS-EQU 3.40 1.13 0 1.01 17.52 0 0.00 10.05 0 -1.46 1.13 0
125 ULS-EQU 3.40 1.13 0 -1.44 10.05 0 -1.94 17.52 0 -1.46 1.13 0
126 ULS-EQU 3.40 1.13 0 1.01 10.05 0 0.00 17.52 0 -1.46 1.13 0
127 ULS-EQU 5.67 1.13 0 -2.40 10.05 0 -3.24 10.05 0 -2.43 1.13 0
128 ULS-EQU 5.67 1.13 0 -2.40 10.05 0 -3.24 6.31 0 -2.43 1.13 0
129 ULS-EQU 5.67 1.13 0 -2.40 6.31 0 -3.24 10.05 0 -2.43 1.13 0
130 ULS-EQU 5.67 1.13 0 1.68 10.05 0 0.00 10.05 0 -2.43 1.13 0
131 ULS-EQU 5.67 1.13 0 1.68 10.05 0 0.00 6.31 0 -2.43 1.13 0
132 ULS-EQU 5.67 1.13 0 1.68 6.31 0 0.00 10.05 0 -2.43 1.13 0
201 ULS-STR 0.00 1.39 0 0.00 6.76 0 0.00 6.76 0 0.00 1.39 0
202 ULS-STR 0.00 1.39 0 0.00 18.10 0 0.00 18.10 0 0.00 1.39 0
203 ULS-STR 0.00 1.39 0 0.00 18.10 0 0.00 10.63 0 0.00 1.39 0
204 ULS-STR 0.00 1.39 0 0.00 10.63 0 0.00 18.10 0 0.00 1.39 0
205 ULS-STR 5.67 1.39 0 -2.40 3.16 0 -3.24 3.16 0 -2.43 1.39 0
206 ULS-STR 5.67 1.39 0 1.68 3.16 0 0.00 3.16 0 -2.43 1.39 0
210 ULS-STR 5.67 1.03 0 -2.40 2.34 0 -3.24 2.34 0 -2.43 1.03 0
211 ULS-STR 3.40 1.39 0 -1.44 18.10 0 -1.94 18.10 0 -1.46 1.39 0
212 ULS-STR 3.40 1.39 0 1.01 18.10 0 0.00 18.10 0 -1.46 1.39 0
213 ULS-STR 3.40 1.39 0 -1.44 18.10 0 -1.94 10.63 0 -1.46 1.39 0
214 ULS-STR 3.40 1.39 0 1.01 18.10 0 0.00 10.63 0 -1.46 1.39 0
215 ULS-STR 3.40 1.39 0 -1.44 10.63 0 -1.94 18.10 0 -1.46 1.39 0
216 ULS-STR 3.40 1.39 0 1.01 10.63 0 0.00 18.10 0 -1.46 1.39 0
217 ULS-STR 5.67 1.39 0 -2.40 10.63 0 -3.24 10.63 0 -2.43 1.39 0
218 ULS-STR 5.67 1.39 0 -2.40 10.63 0 -3.24 6.90 0 -2.43 1.39 0
219 ULS-STR 5.67 1.39 0 -2.40 6.90 0 -3.24 10.63 0 -2.43 1.39 0
220 ULS-STR 5.67 1.39 0 1.68 10.63 0 0.00 10.63 0 -2.43 1.39 0
221 ULS-STR 5.67 1.39 0 1.68 10.63 0 0.00 6.90 0 -2.43 1.39 0
222 ULS-STR 5.67 1.39 0 1.68 6.90 0 0.00 10.63 0 -2.43 1.39 0
231 ULS-STR 3.40 1.39 0 -1.44 10.63 0 -1.94 10.63 0 -1.46 1.39 0
232 ULS-STR 3.40 1.39 0 1.01 10.63 0 0.00 10.63 0 -1.46 1.39 0
233 ULS-STR 3.40 1.39 0 -1.44 10.63 0 -1.94 6.90 0 -1.46 1.39 0
234 ULS-STR 3.40 1.39 0 1.01 10.63 0 0.00 6.90 0 -1.46 1.39 0
235 ULS-STR 3.40 1.39 0 -1.44 6.90 0 -1.94 10.63 0 -1.46 1.39 0
236 ULS-STR 3.40 1.39 0 1.01 6.90 0 0.00 10.63 0 -1.46 1.39 0
251 ULS-STR 3.40 1.18 0 -1.44 17.64 0 -1.94 17.64 0 -1.46 1.18 0
252 ULS-STR 3.40 1.18 0 1.01 17.64 0 0.00 17.64 0 -1.46 1.18 0
253 ULS-STR 3.40 1.18 0 -1.44 17.64 0 -1.94 10.16 0 -1.46 1.18 0
254 ULS-STR 3.40 1.18 0 1.01 17.64 0 0.00 10.16 0 -1.46 1.18 0
255 ULS-STR 3.40 1.18 0 -1.44 10.16 0 -1.94 17.64 0 -1.46 1.18 0
256 ULS-STR 3.40 1.18 0 1.01 10.16 0 0.00 17.64 0 -1.46 1.18 0
257 ULS-STR 5.67 1.18 0 -2.40 10.16 0 -3.24 10.16 0 -2.43 1.18 0
258 ULS-STR 5.67 1.18 0 -2.40 10.16 0 -3.24 6.43 0 -2.43 1.18 0
259 ULS-STR 5.67 1.18 0 -2.40 6.43 0 -3.24 10.16 0 -2.43 1.18 0
260 ULS-STR 5.67 1.18 0 1.68 10.16 0 0.00 10.16 0 -2.43 1.18 0
261 ULS-STR 5.67 1.18 0 1.68 10.16 0 0.00 6.43 0 -2.43 1.18 0
262 ULS-STR 5.67 1.18 0 1.68 6.43 0 0.00 10.16 0 -2.43 1.18 0
301 SLS 0.00 1.03 0 0.00 4.74 0 0.00 4.74 0 0.00 1.03 0
302 SLS 0.00 1.03 0 0.00 12.30 0 0.00 12.30 0 0.00 1.03 0
303 SLS 0.00 1.03 0 0.00 12.30 0 0.00 7.32 0 0.00 1.03 0
304 SLS 0.00 1.03 0 0.00 7.32 0 0.00 12.30 0 0.00 1.03 0
305 SLS 3.78 1.03 0 -1.60 2.34 0 -2.16 2.34 0 -1.62 1.03 0
306 SLS 3.78 1.03 0 1.12 2.34 0 0.00 2.34 0 -1.62 1.03 0
311 SLS 2.27 1.03 0 -0.96 12.30 0 -1.30 12.30 0 -0.97 1.03 0
312 SLS 2.27 1.03 0 0.67 12.30 0 0.00 12.30 0 -0.97 1.03 0
313 SLS 2.27 1.03 0 -0.96 12.30 0 -1.30 7.32 0 -0.97 1.03 0
314 SLS 2.27 1.03 0 0.67 12.30 0 0.00 7.32 0 -0.97 1.03 0
315 SLS 2.27 1.03 0 -0.96 7.32 0 -1.30 12.30 0 -0.97 1.03 0
316 SLS 2.27 1.03 0 0.67 7.32 0 0.00 12.30 0 -0.97 1.03 0
317 SLS 3.78 1.03 0 -1.60 7.32 0 -2.16 7.32 0 -1.62 1.03 0
318 SLS 3.78 1.03 0 -1.60 7.32 0 -2.16 4.83 0 -1.62 1.03 0
319 SLS 3.78 1.03 0 -1.60 4.83 0 -2.16 7.32 0 -1.62 1.03 0
320 SLS 3.78 1.03 0 1.12 7.32 0 0.00 7.32 0 -1.62 1.03 0
321 SLS 3.78 1.03 0 1.12 7.32 0 0.00 4.83 0 -1.62 1.03 0
322 SLS 3.78 1.03 0 1.12 4.83 0 0.00 7.32 0 -1.62 1.03 0
331 SLS 0.00 1.03 0 0.00 4.33 0 0.00 4.33 0 0.00 1.03 0
332 SLS 0.00 1.03 0 0.00 4.33 0 0.00 4.33 0 0.00 1.03 0
333 SLS 0.00 1.03 0 0.00 4.33 0 0.00 3.34 0 0.00 1.03 0
334 SLS 0.00 1.03 0 0.00 4.33 0 0.00 3.34 0 0.00 1.03 0
335 SLS 0.00 1.03 0 0.00 3.34 0 0.00 4.33 0 0.00 1.03 0
336 SLS 0.00 1.03 0 0.00 3.34 0 0.00 4.33 0 0.00 1.03 0
337 SLS 0.76 1.03 0 -0.32 2.34 0 -0.43 2.34 0 -0.32 1.03 0
338 SLS 0.76 1.03 0 -0.32 2.34 0 -0.43 2.34 0 -0.32 1.03 0
339 SLS 0.76 1.03 0 -0.32 2.34 0 -0.43 2.34 0 -0.32 1.03 0
340 SLS 0.76 1.03 0 0.22 2.34 0 0.00 2.34 0 -0.32 1.03 0
341 SLS 0.76 1.03 0 0.22 2.34 0 0.00 2.34 0 -0.32 1.03 0
342 SLS 0.76 1.03 0 0.22 2.34 0 0.00 2.34 0 -0.32 1.03 0
351 SLS 0.00 1.03 0 0.00 2.34 0 0.00 2.34 0 0.00 1.03 0
352 SLS 0.00 1.03 0 0.00 2.34 0 0.00 2.34 0 0.00 1.03 0
353 SLS 0.00 1.03 0 0.00 2.34 0 0.00 2.34 0 0.00 1.03 0
354 SLS 0.00 1.03 0 0.00 2.34 0 0.00 2.34 0 0.00 1.03 0
355 SLS 0.00 1.03 0 0.00 2.34 0 0.00 2.34 0 0.00 1.03 0
356 SLS 0.00 1.03 0 0.00 2.34 0 0.00 2.34 0 0.00 1.03 0
601 SEISM 0.00 1.03 0 0.00 4.33 0 0.00 4.33 0 0.00 1.03 0

SteelPortalFrameEC3 Fe ne rbahce 13
software by RUNET (c)
13/02/2020 12:51:52
PFR 13/02/2020 Pg. 14

8. Results of static-linear-elastic analysis

8.1. Displacements [mm]
Hor. defl. Column Vert. defl. Apex Bending Defl. Rafter
L.C. Dx mm Dy mm w mm
101 ULS-EQU 10.640 39.250 3.452
102 ULS-EQU 30.193 111.369 9.794
103 ULS-EQU 34.511 87.618 20.447
104 ULS-EQU 34.510 87.618 20.446
105 ULS-EQU 20.817 1.369 10.910
106 ULS-EQU 28.774 19.405 15.444
111 ULS-EQU 21.623 4.345 10.648
121 ULS-EQU 39.571 100.727 15.474
122 ULS-EQU 44.796 113.192 18.194
123 ULS-EQU 43.889 76.977 26.129
124 ULS-EQU 49.114 89.441 28.850
125 ULS-EQU 22.375 76.977 12.632
126 ULS-EQU 27.599 89.441 12.364
127 ULS-EQU 32.945 46.132 15.086
128 ULS-EQU 35.104 34.257 20.414
129 ULS-EQU 24.347 34.257 7.670
130 ULS-EQU 41.653 66.906 19.621
131 ULS-EQU 43.812 55.031 24.948
132 ULS-EQU 33.054 55.031 12.205

201 ULS-STR 11.649 42.970 3.779

202 ULS-STR 31.201 115.088 10.121
203 ULS-STR 35.519 91.338 20.774
204 ULS-STR 35.518 91.338 20.773
205 ULS-STR 21.075 2.350 11.237
206 ULS-STR 29.782 23.125 15.771
210 ULS-STR 21.220 2.857 10.779
211 ULS-STR 40.579 104.447 15.801
212 ULS-STR 45.804 116.911 18.521
213 ULS-STR 44.897 80.696 26.456
214 ULS-STR 50.122 93.161 29.177
215 ULS-STR 23.383 80.696 12.959
216 ULS-STR 28.608 93.161 12.691
217 ULS-STR 33.953 49.852 15.413
218 ULS-STR 36.112 37.976 20.741
219 ULS-STR 25.355 37.976 7.997
220 ULS-STR 42.661 70.626 19.948
221 ULS-STR 44.820 58.750 25.275
222 ULS-STR 34.063 58.750 12.532
231 ULS-STR 27.701 56.946 11.624
232 ULS-STR 32.926 69.410 14.345
233 ULS-STR 29.860 45.070 16.952
234 ULS-STR 35.084 57.535 19.673
235 ULS-STR 19.103 45.070 4.816
236 ULS-STR 24.327 57.535 6.929
251 ULS-STR 39.773 101.471 15.539
252 ULS-STR 44.997 113.936 18.260
253 ULS-STR 44.091 77.721 26.195
254 ULS-STR 49.315 90.185 28.915
255 ULS-STR 22.577 77.721 12.698
256 ULS-STR 27.801 90.185 12.430
257 ULS-STR 33.147 46.876 15.151
258 ULS-STR 35.306 35.001 20.479
259 ULS-STR 24.549 35.001 7.735
260 ULS-STR 41.854 67.650 19.686
261 ULS-STR 44.013 55.775 25.014
262 ULS-STR 33.256 55.775 12.270

301 SLS 8.169 30.134 2.650

302 SLS 21.204 78.213 6.878
303 SLS 24.083 62.380 13.980
304 SLS 24.082 62.380 13.980
305 SLS 14.453 3.055 7.622
306 SLS 20.258 16.904 10.645
311 SLS 27.456 71.119 10.664
312 SLS 30.939 79.429 12.478
313 SLS 30.335 55.285 17.768
314 SLS 33.818 63.595 19.582
315 SLS 15.992 55.285 8.770
316 SLS 19.475 63.595 8.592
317 SLS 23.039 34.722 10.406
318 SLS 24.478 26.805 13.958
319 SLS 17.307 26.805 5.462
320 SLS 28.844 48.572 13.429
321 SLS 30.283 40.655 16.981
322 SLS 23.112 40.655 8.485
331 SLS 7.467 27.545 2.422
332 SLS 7.467 27.545 2.422
333 SLS 8.043 24.379 3.842
334 SLS 8.043 24.379 3.842
335 SLS 8.043 24.379 3.842
336 SLS 8.043 24.379 3.842
337 SLS 6.117 12.514 2.571
338 SLS 6.117 12.514 2.571
339 SLS 6.117 12.514 2.571
340 SLS 7.278 15.284 3.175
341 SLS 7.278 15.284 3.175
342 SLS 7.278 15.284 3.175
351 SLS 4.033 14.878 1.308
352 SLS 4.033 14.878 1.308
353 SLS 4.033 14.878 1.308
354 SLS 4.033 14.878 1.308
355 SLS 4.033 14.878 1.308
356 SLS 4.033 14.878 1.308

SteelPortalFrameEC3 Fe ne rbahce 14
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PFR 13/02/2020 Pg. 15

8.2. Reactions at the supports

Horizontal Force Hed [kN], Vertical Force Ved [kN], Moment Med [kNm]
Left support 1 Right support 2
L.C. Hed,1 kN Ved,1 kN Med,1 kNm Hed,2 kN Ved,2 kN Med,2 kNm
101 ULS-EQU 30.6 62.8 0.0 -30.6 62.8 0.0
102 ULS-EQU 86.7 168.7 0.0 -86.7 168.7 0.0
103 ULS-EQU 68.2 151.3 0.0 -68.2 116.4 0.0
104 ULS-EQU 68.2 116.4 0.0 -68.2 151.3 0.0
105 ULS-EQU -23.8 0.4 0.0 -14.7 7.1 0.0
106 ULS-EQU -8.2 34.6 0.0 -32.5 38.8 0.0
111 ULS-EQU -26.1 -4.9 0.0 -12.4 1.8 0.0
121 ULS-EQU 64.8 151.5 0.0 -87.9 155.5 0.0
122 ULS-EQU 74.1 172.0 0.0 -98.5 174.5 0.0
123 ULS-EQU 46.3 134.1 0.0 -69.4 103.2 0.0
124 ULS-EQU 55.7 154.5 0.0 -80.0 122.2 0.0
125 ULS-EQU 46.3 99.2 0.0 -69.4 138.1 0.0
126 ULS-EQU 55.7 119.6 0.0 -80.0 157.1 0.0
127 ULS-EQU 13.2 70.2 0.0 -51.7 76.9 0.0
128 ULS-EQU 3.9 61.5 0.0 -42.5 50.7 0.0
129 ULS-EQU 3.9 44.0 0.0 -42.5 68.2 0.0
130 ULS-EQU 28.8 104.4 0.0 -69.4 108.6 0.0
131 ULS-EQU 19.6 95.6 0.0 -60.2 82.4 0.0
132 ULS-EQU 19.6 78.2 0.0 -60.2 99.9 0.0

201 ULS-STR 33.4 69.4 0.0 -33.4 69.4 0.0

202 ULS-STR 89.6 175.4 0.0 -89.6 175.4 0.0
203 ULS-STR 71.1 157.9 0.0 -71.1 123.0 0.0
204 ULS-STR 71.1 123.0 0.0 -71.1 157.9 0.0
205 ULS-STR -20.9 7.0 0.0 -17.6 13.7 0.0
206 ULS-STR -5.3 41.2 0.0 -35.4 45.4 0.0
210 ULS-STR -25.0 -2.2 0.0 -13.6 4.4 0.0
211 ULS-STR 67.6 158.1 0.0 -90.8 162.1 0.0
212 ULS-STR 77.0 178.6 0.0 -101.4 181.2 0.0
213 ULS-STR 49.2 140.7 0.0 -72.3 109.8 0.0
214 ULS-STR 58.5 161.2 0.0 -82.9 128.8 0.0
215 ULS-STR 49.2 105.8 0.0 -72.3 144.7 0.0
216 ULS-STR 58.5 126.3 0.0 -82.9 163.7 0.0
217 ULS-STR 16.0 76.8 0.0 -54.6 83.5 0.0
218 ULS-STR 6.8 68.1 0.0 -45.3 57.3 0.0
219 ULS-STR 6.8 50.7 0.0 -45.3 74.8 0.0
220 ULS-STR 31.7 111.0 0.0 -72.3 115.2 0.0
221 ULS-STR 22.4 102.3 0.0 -63.1 89.1 0.0
222 ULS-STR 22.4 84.8 0.0 -63.1 106.5 0.0
231 ULS-STR 30.7 88.3 0.0 -53.8 92.3 0.0
232 ULS-STR 40.1 108.8 0.0 -64.4 111.4 0.0
233 ULS-STR 21.4 79.6 0.0 -44.6 66.2 0.0
234 ULS-STR 30.8 100.1 0.0 -55.2 85.2 0.0
235 ULS-STR 21.4 62.2 0.0 -44.6 83.6 0.0
236 ULS-STR 30.8 82.6 0.0 -55.2 102.6 0.0
251 ULS-STR 65.3 152.8 0.0 -88.5 156.8 0.0
252 ULS-STR 74.7 173.3 0.0 -99.1 175.9 0.0
253 ULS-STR 46.8 135.4 0.0 -70.0 104.5 0.0
254 ULS-STR 56.2 155.9 0.0 -80.6 123.5 0.0
255 ULS-STR 46.8 100.5 0.0 -70.0 139.4 0.0
256 ULS-STR 56.2 121.0 0.0 -80.6 158.4 0.0
257 ULS-STR 13.7 71.5 0.0 -52.3 78.2 0.0
258 ULS-STR 4.5 62.8 0.0 -43.0 52.0 0.0
259 ULS-STR 4.5 45.4 0.0 -43.0 69.5 0.0
260 ULS-STR 29.4 105.7 0.0 -70.0 109.9 0.0
261 ULS-STR 20.1 97.0 0.0 -60.8 83.8 0.0
262 ULS-STR 20.1 79.5 0.0 -60.8 101.2 0.0

301 SLS 23.5 48.9 0.0 -23.5 48.9 0.0

302 SLS 60.9 119.6 0.0 -60.9 119.6 0.0
303 SLS 48.6 107.9 0.0 -48.6 84.7 0.0
304 SLS 48.6 84.7 0.0 -48.6 107.9 0.0
305 SLS -12.8 7.3 0.0 -12.9 11.8 0.0
306 SLS -2.4 30.1 0.0 -24.7 32.9 0.0
311 SLS 46.3 108.1 0.0 -61.7 110.7 0.0
312 SLS 52.5 121.7 0.0 -68.8 123.4 0.0
313 SLS 33.9 96.4 0.0 -49.4 75.8 0.0
314 SLS 40.2 110.1 0.0 -56.4 88.5 0.0
315 SLS 33.9 73.2 0.0 -49.4 99.1 0.0
316 SLS 40.2 86.8 0.0 -56.4 111.8 0.0
317 SLS 11.9 53.9 0.0 -37.6 58.3 0.0
318 SLS 5.7 48.1 0.0 -31.4 40.9 0.0
319 SLS 5.7 36.4 0.0 -31.4 52.5 0.0
320 SLS 22.3 76.6 0.0 -49.4 79.5 0.0
321 SLS 16.1 70.8 0.0 -43.2 62.0 0.0
322 SLS 16.1 59.2 0.0 -43.2 73.7 0.0
331 SLS 21.4 45.1 0.0 -21.4 45.1 0.0
332 SLS 21.4 45.1 0.0 -21.4 45.1 0.0
333 SLS 19.0 42.8 0.0 -19.0 38.1 0.0
334 SLS 19.0 42.8 0.0 -19.0 38.1 0.0
335 SLS 19.0 38.1 0.0 -19.0 42.8 0.0
336 SLS 19.0 38.1 0.0 -19.0 42.8 0.0
337 SLS 6.7 22.7 0.0 -11.8 23.6 0.0
338 SLS 6.7 22.7 0.0 -11.8 23.6 0.0
339 SLS 6.7 22.7 0.0 -11.8 23.6 0.0
340 SLS 8.8 27.2 0.0 -14.2 27.8 0.0
341 SLS 8.8 27.2 0.0 -14.2 27.8 0.0
342 SLS 8.8 27.2 0.0 -14.2 27.8 0.0
351 SLS 11.6 26.5 0.0 -11.6 26.5 0.0
352 SLS 11.6 26.5 0.0 -11.6 26.5 0.0
353 SLS 11.6 26.5 0.0 -11.6 26.5 0.0
354 SLS 11.6 26.5 0.0 -11.6 26.5 0.0
355 SLS 11.6 26.5 0.0 -11.6 26.5 0.0
356 SLS 11.6 26.5 0.0 -11.6 26.5 0.0

SteelPortalFrameEC3 Fe ne rbahce 15
software by RUNET (c)
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PFR 13/02/2020 Pg. 16

8.3. Axial forces Ned [kN]

Left column 1 Left rafter 2 Right rafter 3 Right column 4
L.C. Ned,1 Ned,2 Ned,3 Ned,4
101 ULS-EQU -60.2 -37.2 -37.2 -60.2
102 ULS-EQU -166.2 -105.4 -105.4 -166.2
103 ULS-EQU -148.7 -82.9 -82.9 -113.8
104 ULS-EQU -113.8 -82.9 -82.9 -148.7
105 ULS-EQU 2.1 2.8 -1.0 -4.5
106 ULS-EQU -32.0 -21.4 -26.5 -36.3
111 ULS-EQU 7.0 5.7 1.9 0.3
121 ULS-EQU -149.0 -94.4 -96.7 -153.0
122 ULS-EQU -169.4 -109.0 -112.1 -172.0
123 ULS-EQU -131.5 -71.9 -74.2 -100.6
124 ULS-EQU -152.0 -86.5 -89.6 -119.6
125 ULS-EQU -96.6 -71.9 -74.2 -135.5
126 ULS-EQU -117.1 -86.5 -89.6 -154.5
127 ULS-EQU -67.7 -42.1 -45.9 -74.3
128 ULS-EQU -58.9 -30.9 -34.7 -48.2
129 ULS-EQU -41.5 -30.9 -34.7 -65.6
130 ULS-EQU -101.8 -66.3 -71.5 -106.1
131 ULS-EQU -93.1 -55.1 -60.3 -79.9
132 ULS-EQU -75.6 -55.1 -60.3 -97.3

201 ULS-STR -66.3 -40.7 -40.7 -66.3

202 ULS-STR -172.2 -108.9 -108.9 -172.2
203 ULS-STR -154.8 -86.5 -86.5 -119.9
204 ULS-STR -119.9 -86.5 -86.5 -154.8
205 ULS-STR -3.9 -0.7 -4.5 -10.6
206 ULS-STR -38.1 -24.9 -30.1 -42.3
210 ULS-STR 4.6 4.2 0.4 -2.1
211 ULS-STR -155.0 -97.9 -100.2 -159.0
212 ULS-STR -175.5 -112.5 -115.6 -178.0
213 ULS-STR -137.5 -75.5 -77.7 -106.7
214 ULS-STR -158.0 -90.0 -93.1 -125.7
215 ULS-STR -102.6 -75.5 -77.7 -141.6
216 ULS-STR -123.1 -90.0 -93.1 -160.6
217 ULS-STR -73.7 -45.6 -49.5 -80.4
218 ULS-STR -65.0 -34.4 -38.2 -54.2
219 ULS-STR -47.5 -34.4 -38.2 -71.7
220 ULS-STR -107.9 -69.9 -75.0 -112.1
221 ULS-STR -99.1 -58.6 -63.8 -85.9
222 ULS-STR -81.7 -58.6 -63.8 -103.4
231 ULS-STR -85.2 -53.0 -55.3 -89.2
232 ULS-STR -105.7 -67.5 -70.6 -108.2
233 ULS-STR -76.5 -41.7 -44.0 -63.0
234 ULS-STR -97.0 -56.3 -59.4 -82.1
235 ULS-STR -59.0 -41.7 -44.0 -80.5
236 ULS-STR -79.5 -56.3 -59.4 -99.5
251 ULS-STR -150.2 -95.1 -97.4 -154.2
252 ULS-STR -170.7 -109.7 -112.8 -173.2
253 ULS-STR -132.7 -72.6 -74.9 -101.8
254 ULS-STR -153.2 -87.2 -90.3 -120.9
255 ULS-STR -97.8 -72.6 -74.9 -136.7
256 ULS-STR -118.3 -87.2 -90.3 -155.8
257 ULS-STR -68.9 -42.8 -46.6 -75.6
258 ULS-STR -60.1 -31.6 -35.4 -49.4
259 ULS-STR -42.7 -31.6 -35.4 -66.8
260 ULS-STR -103.0 -67.0 -72.2 -107.3
261 ULS-STR -94.3 -55.8 -61.0 -81.1
262 ULS-STR -76.8 -55.8 -61.0 -98.5
301 SLS -46.6 -28.5 -28.5 -46.6
302 SLS -117.2 -74.0 -74.0 -117.2
303 SLS -105.6 -59.1 -59.1 -82.3
304 SLS -82.3 -59.1 -59.1 -105.6
305 SLS -5.0 -1.9 -4.4 -9.5
306 SLS -27.8 -18.0 -21.5 -30.6
311 SLS -105.8 -66.7 -68.2 -108.4
312 SLS -119.4 -76.4 -78.5 -121.1
313 SLS -94.1 -51.7 -53.2 -73.5
314 SLS -107.8 -61.4 -63.5 -86.2
315 SLS -70.9 -51.7 -53.2 -96.8
316 SLS -84.5 -61.4 -63.5 -109.5
317 SLS -51.6 -31.8 -34.4 -56.0
318 SLS -45.7 -24.3 -26.9 -38.6
319 SLS -34.1 -24.3 -26.9 -50.2
320 SLS -74.3 -48.0 -51.4 -77.2
321 SLS -68.5 -40.5 -43.9 -59.7
322 SLS -56.9 -40.5 -43.9 -71.3
331 SLS -42.8 -26.1 -26.1 -42.8
332 SLS -42.8 -26.1 -26.1 -42.8
333 SLS -40.5 -23.1 -23.1 -35.8
334 SLS -40.5 -23.1 -23.1 -35.8
335 SLS -35.8 -23.1 -23.1 -40.5
336 SLS -35.8 -23.1 -23.1 -40.5
337 SLS -20.3 -11.6 -12.1 -21.2
338 SLS -20.3 -11.6 -12.1 -21.2
339 SLS -20.3 -11.6 -12.1 -21.2
340 SLS -24.9 -14.9 -15.6 -25.5
341 SLS -24.9 -14.9 -15.6 -25.5
342 SLS -24.9 -14.9 -15.6 -25.5
351 SLS -24.2 -14.1 -14.1 -24.2
352 SLS -24.2 -14.1 -14.1 -24.2
353 SLS -24.2 -14.1 -14.1 -24.2
354 SLS -24.2 -14.1 -14.1 -24.2
355 SLS -24.2 -14.1 -14.1 -24.2
356 SLS -24.2 -14.1 -14.1 -24.2

SteelPortalFrameEC3 Fe ne rbahce 16
software by RUNET (c)
13/02/2020 12:51:52
PFR 13/02/2020 Pg. 17

8.4. Shearing forces Ved [kN]

Left column 1 Left rafter 2 Right rafter 3 Right column 4
L.C. VedA,1 VedB,1 VedA,2 VedC,2 VedB,2 VedA,3 VedC,3 VedB,3 VedA,4 VedB,4
101 ULS-EQU -30.6 -30.6 47.4 36.7 -8.2 8.2 -36.7 -47.4 30.6 30.6
102 ULS-EQU -86.7 -86.7 134.5 104.1 -23.2 23.2 -104.1 -134.5 86.7 86.7
103 ULS-EQU -68.2 -68.2 122.6 92.2 -35.1 1.4 -71.6 -89.0 68.2 68.2
104 ULS-EQU -68.2 -68.2 89.0 71.6 -1.4 35.1 -92.2 -122.6 68.2 68.2
105 ULS-EQU 23.8 -1.7 -5.0 -5.1 -5.7 -8.0 -2.3 -0.9 3.8 14.7
106 ULS-EQU 8.2 -17.3 23.8 16.3 -15.1 -3.6 -22.3 -26.7 21.5 32.5
111 ULS-EQU 26.1 0.6 -8.6 -7.9 -5.1 -8.6 0.5 2.7 1.5 12.4
121 ULS-EQU -64.8 -80.1 119.6 91.8 -24.6 16.4 -96.3 -123.2 81.3 87.9
122 ULS-EQU -74.1 -89.4 136.9 104.7 -30.2 19.0 -108.3 -138.6 92.0 98.5
123 ULS-EQU -46.3 -61.6 107.8 80.0 -36.4 -5.4 -63.7 -77.7 62.8 69.4
124 ULS-EQU -55.7 -71.0 125.0 92.8 -42.1 -2.7 -75.7 -93.2 73.5 80.0
125 ULS-EQU -46.3 -61.6 74.1 59.3 -2.8 28.2 -84.4 -111.3 62.8 69.4
126 ULS-EQU -55.7 -71.0 91.4 72.1 -8.4 30.9 -96.4 -126.8 73.5 80.0
127 ULS-EQU -13.2 -38.7 52.4 39.3 -15.6 1.9 -46.7 -58.3 40.8 51.7
128 ULS-EQU -3.9 -29.4 46.5 33.4 -21.5 -9.0 -30.4 -35.5 31.5 42.5
129 ULS-EQU -3.9 -29.4 29.6 23.0 -4.7 7.8 -40.7 -52.3 31.5 42.5
130 ULS-EQU -28.8 -54.3 81.1 60.7 -25.0 6.3 -66.7 -84.1 58.5 69.4
131 ULS-EQU -19.6 -45.1 75.2 54.7 -30.9 -4.5 -50.4 -61.3 49.3 60.2
132 ULS-EQU -19.6 -45.1 58.4 44.4 -14.1 12.3 -60.7 -78.1 49.3 60.2

201 ULS-STR -33.4 -33.4 51.9 40.2 -9.0 9.0 -40.2 -51.9 33.4 33.4
202 ULS-STR -89.6 -89.6 139.0 107.6 -24.0 24.0 -107.6 -139.0 89.6 89.6
203 ULS-STR -71.1 -71.1 127.1 95.7 -35.8 2.2 -75.0 -93.5 71.1 71.1
204 ULS-STR -71.1 -71.1 93.5 75.0 -2.2 35.8 -95.7 -127.1 71.1 71.1
205 ULS-STR 20.9 -4.6 -0.5 -1.6 -6.5 -7.2 -5.8 -5.4 6.7 17.6
206 ULS-STR 5.3 -20.2 28.2 19.7 -15.9 -2.8 -25.7 -31.2 24.4 35.4
210 ULS-STR 25.0 -0.5 -6.8 -6.5 -5.4 -8.3 -0.9 0.9 2.6 13.6
211 ULS-STR -67.6 -83.0 124.1 95.3 -25.4 17.1 -99.8 -127.7 84.2 90.8
212 ULS-STR -77.0 -92.3 141.4 108.1 -31.0 19.8 -111.7 -143.1 94.9 101.4
213 ULS-STR -49.2 -64.5 112.3 83.5 -37.2 -4.6 -67.2 -82.2 65.7 72.3
214 ULS-STR -58.5 -73.9 129.5 96.3 -42.8 -2.0 -79.2 -97.6 76.4 82.9
215 ULS-STR -49.2 -64.5 78.6 62.8 -3.6 29.0 -87.9 -115.8 65.7 72.3
216 ULS-STR -58.5 -73.9 95.9 75.6 -9.2 31.7 -99.9 -131.3 76.4 82.9
217 ULS-STR -16.0 -41.6 56.9 42.8 -16.4 2.7 -50.1 -62.8 43.7 54.6
218 ULS-STR -6.8 -32.3 50.9 36.8 -22.3 -8.2 -33.9 -40.0 34.4 45.3
219 ULS-STR -6.8 -32.3 34.1 26.5 -5.5 8.6 -44.2 -56.8 34.4 45.3
220 ULS-STR -31.7 -57.2 85.6 64.1 -25.7 7.1 -70.1 -88.6 61.4 72.3
221 ULS-STR -22.4 -48.0 79.7 58.2 -31.7 -3.8 -53.9 -65.8 52.2 63.1
222 ULS-STR -22.4 -48.0 62.9 47.9 -14.9 13.1 -64.2 -82.6 52.2 63.1
231 ULS-STR -30.7 -46.0 66.8 50.9 -15.5 7.2 -55.4 -70.3 47.2 53.8
232 ULS-STR -40.1 -55.4 84.0 63.8 -21.1 9.9 -67.3 -85.8 57.9 64.4
233 ULS-STR -21.4 -36.7 60.8 45.0 -21.4 -3.6 -39.1 -47.5 38.0 44.6
234 ULS-STR -30.8 -46.1 78.1 57.8 -27.0 -1.0 -51.1 -63.0 48.6 55.2
235 ULS-STR -21.4 -36.7 44.0 34.7 -4.6 13.2 -49.4 -64.4 38.0 44.6
236 ULS-STR -30.8 -46.1 61.3 47.5 -10.2 15.8 -61.4 -79.8 48.6 55.2
251 ULS-STR -65.3 -80.6 120.5 92.5 -24.7 16.5 -97.0 -124.1 81.9 88.5
252 ULS-STR -74.7 -90.0 137.8 105.4 -30.4 19.2 -109.0 -139.5 92.5 99.1
253 ULS-STR -46.8 -62.2 108.7 80.7 -36.6 -5.3 -64.4 -78.6 63.4 70.0
254 ULS-STR -56.2 -71.5 125.9 93.5 -42.2 -2.6 -76.4 -94.1 74.1 80.6
255 ULS-STR -46.8 -62.2 75.0 60.0 -3.0 28.4 -85.1 -112.2 63.4 70.0
256 ULS-STR -56.2 -71.5 92.3 72.8 -8.6 31.0 -97.1 -127.7 74.1 80.6
257 ULS-STR -13.7 -39.2 53.3 40.0 -15.7 2.0 -47.4 -59.2 41.3 52.3
258 ULS-STR -4.5 -30.0 47.4 34.1 -21.7 -8.8 -31.1 -36.4 32.1 43.0
259 ULS-STR -4.5 -30.0 30.5 23.7 -4.9 8.0 -41.4 -53.2 32.1 43.0
260 ULS-STR -29.4 -54.9 82.0 61.4 -25.1 6.5 -67.3 -85.0 59.1 70.0
261 ULS-STR -20.1 -45.6 76.1 55.4 -31.1 -4.4 -51.1 -62.2 49.8 60.8
262 ULS-STR -20.1 -45.6 59.3 45.1 -14.2 12.4 -61.4 -79.0 49.8 60.8
301 SLS -23.5 -23.5 36.4 28.2 -6.3 6.3 -28.2 -36.4 23.5 23.5
302 SLS -60.9 -60.9 94.4 73.1 -16.3 16.3 -73.1 -94.4 60.9 60.9
303 SLS -48.6 -48.6 86.5 65.2 -24.2 1.8 -51.4 -64.1 48.6 48.6
304 SLS -48.6 -48.6 64.1 51.4 -1.8 24.2 -65.2 -86.5 48.6 48.6
305 SLS 12.8 -4.2 1.5 0.3 -4.6 -4.5 -3.5 -5.4 5.6 12.9
306 SLS 2.4 -14.6 20.6 14.6 -10.9 -1.5 -18.5 -22.6 17.4 24.7
311 SLS -46.3 -56.5 84.5 64.9 -17.2 11.7 -67.9 -86.9 57.3 61.7
312 SLS -52.5 -62.7 96.0 73.5 -21.0 13.5 -75.9 -97.2 64.4 68.8
313 SLS -33.9 -44.1 76.6 57.0 -25.1 -2.8 -46.2 -56.6 45.0 49.4
314 SLS -40.2 -50.4 88.1 65.6 -28.9 -1.0 -54.2 -66.9 52.1 56.4
315 SLS -33.9 -44.1 54.2 43.3 -2.7 19.6 -60.0 -79.0 45.0 49.4
316 SLS -40.2 -50.4 65.7 51.8 -6.5 21.4 -68.0 -89.3 52.1 56.4
317 SLS -11.9 -28.9 39.7 29.9 -11.2 2.1 -34.8 -43.6 30.3 37.6
318 SLS -5.7 -22.7 35.8 25.9 -15.2 -5.2 -24.0 -28.5 24.1 31.4
319 SLS -5.7 -22.7 24.6 19.1 -4.0 6.0 -30.9 -39.7 24.1 31.4
320 SLS -22.3 -39.3 58.9 44.2 -17.5 5.1 -48.1 -60.8 42.1 49.4
321 SLS -16.1 -33.1 54.9 40.2 -21.4 -2.2 -37.3 -45.7 35.9 43.2
322 SLS -16.1 -33.1 43.7 33.3 -10.2 9.0 -44.2 -56.9 35.9 43.2
331 SLS -21.4 -21.4 33.3 25.7 -5.7 5.7 -25.7 -33.3 21.4 21.4
332 SLS -21.4 -21.4 33.3 25.7 -5.7 5.7 -25.7 -33.3 21.4 21.4
333 SLS -19.0 -19.0 31.7 24.2 -7.3 2.8 -21.4 -27.2 19.0 19.0
334 SLS -19.0 -19.0 31.7 24.2 -7.3 2.8 -21.4 -27.2 19.0 19.0
335 SLS -19.0 -19.0 27.2 21.4 -2.8 7.3 -24.2 -31.7 19.0 19.0
336 SLS -19.0 -19.0 27.2 21.4 -2.8 7.3 -24.2 -31.7 19.0 19.0
337 SLS -6.7 -10.1 14.7 11.2 -3.4 1.6 -12.2 -15.4 10.4 11.8
338 SLS -6.7 -10.1 14.7 11.2 -3.4 1.6 -12.2 -15.4 10.4 11.8
339 SLS -6.7 -10.1 14.7 11.2 -3.4 1.6 -12.2 -15.4 10.4 11.8
340 SLS -8.8 -12.2 18.5 14.0 -4.7 2.2 -14.8 -18.9 12.8 14.2
341 SLS -8.8 -12.2 18.5 14.0 -4.7 2.2 -14.8 -18.9 12.8 14.2
342 SLS -8.8 -12.2 18.5 14.0 -4.7 2.2 -14.8 -18.9 12.8 14.2
351 SLS -11.6 -11.6 18.0 13.9 -3.1 3.1 -13.9 -18.0 11.6 11.6
352 SLS -11.6 -11.6 18.0 13.9 -3.1 3.1 -13.9 -18.0 11.6 11.6
353 SLS -11.6 -11.6 18.0 13.9 -3.1 3.1 -13.9 -18.0 11.6 11.6
354 SLS -11.6 -11.6 18.0 13.9 -3.1 3.1 -13.9 -18.0 11.6 11.6
355 SLS -11.6 -11.6 18.0 13.9 -3.1 3.1 -13.9 -18.0 11.6 11.6
356 SLS -11.6 -11.6 18.0 13.9 -3.1 3.1 -13.9 -18.0 11.6 11.6
A:left end, C:haunch end, B: right end

SteelPortalFrameEC3 Fe ne rbahce 17
software by RUNET (c)
13/02/2020 12:51:52
PFR 13/02/2020 Pg. 18

8.5. Bending moments Med [kNm]

Left column 1 Right column 4
L.C. MedA,1 MedM,1 MedB,1 MedA,4 MedM,4 MedB,4
101 ULS-EQU 0.0 -68.7 -137.5 -137.5 -68.7 0.0
102 ULS-EQU 0.0 -195.1 -390.1 -390.1 -195.1 0.0
103 ULS-EQU 0.0 -153.5 -306.9 -306.9 -153.5 0.0
104 ULS-EQU 0.0 -153.5 -306.9 -306.9 -153.5 0.0
105 ULS-EQU 0.0 50.0 49.8 -41.6 -20.8 0.0
106 ULS-EQU 0.0 5.9 -20.6 -121.5 -60.7 0.0
111 ULS-EQU 0.0 30.1 60.2 -31.2 -15.6 0.0
121 ULS-EQU 0.0 -162.9 -325.8 -380.7 -190.4 0.0
122 ULS-EQU 0.0 -184.0 -368.1 -428.6 -214.3 0.0
123 ULS-EQU 0.0 -121.3 -242.6 -297.5 -148.8 0.0
124 ULS-EQU 0.0 -142.4 -284.9 -345.4 -172.7 0.0
125 ULS-EQU 0.0 -121.3 -242.6 -297.5 -148.8 0.0
126 ULS-EQU 0.0 -142.4 -284.9 -345.4 -172.7 0.0
127 ULS-EQU 0.0 -58.3 -116.6 -208.0 -104.0 0.0
128 ULS-EQU 0.0 -37.5 -75.0 -166.4 -83.2 0.0
129 ULS-EQU 0.0 -37.5 -75.0 -166.4 -83.2 0.0
130 ULS-EQU 0.0 -93.5 -187.0 -287.9 -143.9 0.0
131 ULS-EQU 0.0 -72.7 -145.4 -246.3 -123.1 0.0
132 ULS-EQU 0.0 -72.7 -145.4 -246.3 -123.1 0.0

201 ULS-STR 0.0 -75.3 -150.5 -150.5 -75.3 0.0

202 ULS-STR 0.0 -201.6 -403.1 -403.1 -201.6 0.0
203 ULS-STR 0.0 -160.0 -319.9 -319.9 -160.0 0.0
204 ULS-STR 0.0 -160.0 -319.9 -319.9 -160.0 0.0
205 ULS-STR 0.0 38.6 36.8 -54.7 -27.3 0.0
206 ULS-STR 0.0 2.5 -33.6 -134.5 -67.2 0.0
210 ULS-STR 0.0 55.0 55.0 -36.4 -18.2 0.0
211 ULS-STR 0.0 -169.4 -338.9 -393.7 -196.9 0.0
212 ULS-STR 0.0 -190.6 -381.1 -441.6 -220.8 0.0
213 ULS-STR 0.0 -127.8 -255.7 -310.5 -155.3 0.0
214 ULS-STR 0.0 -149.0 -297.9 -358.4 -179.2 0.0
215 ULS-STR 0.0 -127.8 -255.7 -310.5 -155.3 0.0
216 ULS-STR 0.0 -149.0 -297.9 -358.4 -179.2 0.0
217 ULS-STR 0.0 -64.8 -129.6 -221.1 -110.5 0.0
218 ULS-STR 0.0 -44.0 -88.0 -179.5 -89.7 0.0
219 ULS-STR 0.0 -44.0 -88.0 -179.5 -89.7 0.0
220 ULS-STR 0.0 -100.0 -200.0 -300.9 -150.4 0.0
221 ULS-STR 0.0 -79.2 -158.4 -259.3 -129.6 0.0
222 ULS-STR 0.0 -79.2 -158.4 -259.3 -129.6 0.0
231 ULS-STR 0.0 -86.2 -172.5 -227.3 -113.7 0.0
232 ULS-STR 0.0 -107.4 -214.7 -275.2 -137.6 0.0
233 ULS-STR 0.0 -65.4 -130.9 -185.7 -92.9 0.0
234 ULS-STR 0.0 -86.6 -173.1 -233.6 -116.8 0.0
235 ULS-STR 0.0 -65.4 -130.9 -185.7 -92.9 0.0
236 ULS-STR 0.0 -86.6 -173.1 -233.6 -116.8 0.0
251 ULS-STR 0.0 -164.2 -328.4 -383.3 -191.7 0.0
252 ULS-STR 0.0 -185.3 -370.7 -431.2 -215.6 0.0
253 ULS-STR 0.0 -122.6 -245.3 -300.1 -150.1 0.0
254 ULS-STR 0.0 -143.7 -287.5 -348.0 -174.0 0.0
255 ULS-STR 0.0 -122.6 -245.2 -300.1 -150.1 0.0
256 ULS-STR 0.0 -143.7 -287.5 -348.0 -174.0 0.0
257 ULS-STR 0.0 -59.6 -119.2 -210.6 -105.3 0.0
258 ULS-STR 0.0 -38.8 -77.6 -169.0 -84.5 0.0
259 ULS-STR 0.0 -38.8 -77.6 -169.0 -84.5 0.0
260 ULS-STR 0.0 -94.8 -189.6 -290.5 -145.2 0.0
261 ULS-STR 0.0 -74.0 -148.0 -248.9 -124.4 0.0
262 ULS-STR 0.0 -74.0 -148.0 -248.9 -124.4 0.0
301 SLS 0.0 -52.8 -105.5 -105.5 -52.8 0.0
302 SLS 0.0 -137.0 -274.0 -274.0 -137.0 0.0
303 SLS 0.0 -109.3 -218.5 -218.5 -109.3 0.0
304 SLS 0.0 -109.3 -218.5 -218.5 -109.3 0.0
305 SLS 0.0 21.7 19.3 -41.7 -20.8 0.0
306 SLS 0.0 0.7 -27.6 -94.9 -47.4 0.0
311 SLS 0.0 -115.6 -231.1 -267.7 -133.9 0.0
312 SLS 0.0 -129.6 -259.3 -299.6 -149.8 0.0
313 SLS 0.0 -87.8 -175.7 -212.2 -106.1 0.0
314 SLS 0.0 -101.9 -203.8 -244.2 -122.1 0.0
315 SLS 0.0 -87.8 -175.7 -212.2 -106.1 0.0
316 SLS 0.0 -101.9 -203.8 -244.2 -122.1 0.0
317 SLS 0.0 -45.8 -91.6 -152.6 -76.3 0.0
318 SLS 0.0 -31.9 -63.9 -124.9 -62.4 0.0
319 SLS 0.0 -31.9 -63.9 -124.9 -62.4 0.0
320 SLS 0.0 -69.3 -138.6 -205.8 -102.9 0.0
321 SLS 0.0 -55.4 -110.8 -178.1 -89.0 0.0
322 SLS 0.0 -55.4 -110.8 -178.1 -89.0 0.0
331 SLS 0.0 -48.2 -96.5 -96.5 -48.2 0.0
332 SLS 0.0 -48.2 -96.5 -96.5 -48.2 0.0
333 SLS 0.0 -42.7 -85.4 -85.4 -42.7 0.0
334 SLS 0.0 -42.7 -85.4 -85.4 -42.7 0.0
335 SLS 0.0 -42.7 -85.4 -85.4 -42.7 0.0
336 SLS 0.0 -42.7 -85.4 -85.4 -42.7 0.0
337 SLS 0.0 -18.9 -37.8 -50.0 -25.0 0.0
338 SLS 0.0 -18.9 -37.8 -50.0 -25.0 0.0
339 SLS 0.0 -18.9 -37.8 -50.0 -25.0 0.0
340 SLS 0.0 -23.6 -47.2 -60.7 -30.3 0.0
341 SLS 0.0 -23.6 -47.2 -60.7 -30.3 0.0
342 SLS 0.0 -23.6 -47.2 -60.7 -30.3 0.0
351 SLS 0.0 -26.1 -52.1 -52.1 -26.1 0.0
352 SLS 0.0 -26.1 -52.1 -52.1 -26.1 0.0
353 SLS 0.0 -26.1 -52.1 -52.1 -26.1 0.0
354 SLS 0.0 -26.1 -52.1 -52.1 -26.1 0.0
355 SLS 0.0 -26.1 -52.1 -52.1 -26.1 0.0
356 SLS 0.0 -26.1 -52.1 -52.1 -26.1 0.0
A:left end, C:haunch end, M: span, B: right end

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Left rafter 2 Right rafter 3

L.C. MedA,2 MedC2 MedM,2 MedB,2 MedA,3 MedM,3 MedC3 MedB,3
101 ULS-EQU -137.5 -61.8 51.3 45.7 45.7 51.3 -61.8 -137.5
102 ULS-EQU -390.1 -175.4 145.5 129.6 129.6 145.5 -175.4 -390.1
103 ULS-EQU -306.9 -113.6 138.3 101.9 101.9 102.0 -162.4 -306.9
104 ULS-EQU -306.9 -162.4 102.0 101.9 101.9 138.3 -113.6 -306.9
105 ULS-EQU 49.8 40.2 24.9 0.0 0.0 -20.8 -38.8 -41.6
106 ULS-EQU -20.6 15.4 47.3 19.9 19.9 -50.8 -77.4 -121.5
111 ULS-EQU 60.2 45.4 28.4 -3.5 -3.5 -34.2 -34.1 -31.2
121 ULS-EQU -325.8 -135.5 137.7 118.1 118.1 127.1 -183.2 -380.7
122 ULS-EQU -368.1 -150.7 155.6 130.1 130.1 140.8 -206.4 -428.6
123 ULS-EQU -242.6 -73.7 133.5 90.5 90.5 -103.5 -170.2 -297.5
124 ULS-EQU -284.9 -88.9 151.9 102.5 102.5 -121.5 -193.4 -345.4
125 ULS-EQU -242.6 -122.5 91.0 90.5 90.5 117.2 -121.4 -297.5
126 ULS-EQU -284.9 -137.7 105.8 102.5 102.5 130.7 -144.5 -345.4
127 ULS-EQU -116.6 -34.1 72.0 55.3 55.3 55.5 -113.6 -208.0
128 ULS-EQU -75.0 -3.2 73.3 41.4 41.4 -62.5 -107.1 -166.4
129 ULS-EQU -75.0 -27.6 44.5 41.4 41.4 46.2 -82.7 -166.4
130 ULS-EQU -187.0 -59.4 102.6 75.2 75.2 77.3 -152.2 -287.9
131 ULS-EQU -145.4 -28.5 103.4 61.4 61.4 -92.4 -145.7 -246.3
132 ULS-EQU -145.4 -52.9 74.2 61.4 61.4 69.1 -121.3 -246.3
201 ULS-STR -150.5 -67.7 56.1 50.0 50.0 56.1 -67.7 -150.5
202 ULS-STR -403.1 -181.3 150.4 133.9 133.9 150.4 -181.3 -403.1
203 ULS-STR -319.9 -119.4 143.1 106.2 106.2 106.5 -168.3 -319.9
204 ULS-STR -319.9 -168.3 106.5 106.2 106.2 143.1 -119.4 -319.9
205 ULS-STR 36.8 34.9 20.5 4.3 4.3 -25.2 -44.6 -54.7
206 ULS-STR -33.6 9.6 50.9 24.2 24.2 -55.1 -83.2 -134.5
210 ULS-STR 55.0 43.1 26.6 -1.7 -1.7 -36.8 -36.4 -36.4
211 ULS-STR -338.9 -141.4 142.5 122.5 122.5 131.9 -189.1 -393.7
212 ULS-STR -381.1 -156.5 160.4 134.4 134.4 145.6 -212.2 -441.6
213 ULS-STR -255.7 -79.5 138.1 94.8 94.8 -107.9 -176.1 -310.5
214 ULS-STR -297.9 -94.7 156.5 106.8 106.8 -125.8 -199.3 -358.4
215 ULS-STR -255.7 -128.4 95.6 94.8 94.8 121.9 -127.2 -310.5
216 ULS-STR -297.9 -143.6 110.6 106.8 106.8 135.5 -150.4 -358.4
217 ULS-STR -129.6 -39.9 76.7 59.6 59.6 60.1 -119.5 -221.1
218 ULS-STR -88.0 -9.0 77.5 45.8 45.8 -66.9 -113.0 -179.5
219 ULS-STR -88.0 -33.5 49.3 45.8 45.8 51.0 -88.5 -179.5
220 ULS-STR -200.0 -65.3 107.3 79.5 79.5 82.0 -158.1 -300.9
221 ULS-STR -158.4 -34.3 107.8 65.7 65.7 -96.8 -151.6 -259.3
222 ULS-STR -158.4 -58.8 79.0 65.7 65.7 74.0 -127.1 -259.3
231 ULS-STR -172.5 -66.5 80.8 67.2 67.2 70.3 -114.3 -227.3
232 ULS-STR -214.7 -81.7 98.9 79.2 79.2 83.9 -137.4 -275.2
233 ULS-STR -130.9 -35.6 79.4 53.4 53.4 -66.2 -107.8 -185.7
234 ULS-STR -173.1 -50.8 97.8 65.3 65.3 -84.1 -130.9 -233.6
235 ULS-STR -130.9 -60.1 55.4 53.4 53.4 63.8 -83.3 -185.7
236 ULS-STR -173.1 -75.2 72.1 65.3 65.3 77.6 -106.5 -233.6
251 ULS-STR -328.4 -136.7 138.7 119.0 119.0 128.0 -184.4 -383.3
252 ULS-STR -370.7 -151.9 156.6 130.9 130.9 141.8 -207.6 -431.2
253 ULS-STR -245.3 -74.8 134.4 91.4 91.4 -104.4 -171.4 -300.1
254 ULS-STR -287.5 -90.0 152.8 103.3 103.3 -122.3 -194.6 -348.0
255 ULS-STR -245.2 -123.7 91.9 91.4 91.4 118.1 -122.5 -300.1
256 ULS-STR -287.5 -138.9 106.7 103.3 103.3 131.7 -145.7 -348.0
257 ULS-STR -119.2 -35.3 72.9 56.1 56.1 56.4 -114.8 -210.6
258 ULS-STR -77.6 -4.3 74.1 42.3 42.3 -63.4 -108.3 -169.0
259 ULS-STR -77.6 -28.8 45.4 42.3 42.3 47.2 -83.8 -169.0
260 ULS-STR -189.6 -60.6 103.6 76.0 76.0 78.2 -153.4 -290.5
261 ULS-STR -148.0 -29.6 104.3 62.2 62.2 -93.3 -146.9 -248.9
262 ULS-STR -148.0 -54.1 75.1 62.2 62.2 70.1 -122.5 -248.9

301 SLS -105.5 -47.5 39.4 35.1 35.1 39.4 -47.5 -105.5
302 SLS -274.0 -123.2 102.2 91.0 91.0 102.2 -123.2 -274.0
303 SLS -218.5 -82.0 97.3 72.6 72.6 72.8 -114.5 -218.5
304 SLS -218.5 -114.5 72.8 72.6 72.6 97.3 -82.0 -218.5
305 SLS 19.3 20.9 21.0 4.6 4.6 -18.5 -32.7 -41.7
306 SLS -27.6 4.0 35.4 17.9 17.9 -38.5 -57.8 -94.9
311 SLS -231.1 -96.6 97.0 83.4 83.4 89.9 -128.4 -267.7
312 SLS -259.3 -106.7 108.9 91.3 91.3 99.0 -143.8 -299.6
313 SLS -175.7 -55.4 93.9 64.9 64.9 -73.6 -119.7 -212.2
314 SLS -203.8 -65.5 106.2 72.9 72.9 -85.6 -135.2 -244.2
315 SLS -175.7 -87.9 65.5 64.9 64.9 83.2 -87.2 -212.2
316 SLS -203.8 -98.1 75.6 72.9 72.9 92.3 -102.6 -244.2
317 SLS -91.6 -29.0 53.0 41.4 41.4 41.9 -82.0 -152.6
318 SLS -63.9 -8.4 53.4 32.2 32.2 -46.3 -77.7 -124.9
319 SLS -63.9 -24.6 34.8 32.2 32.2 36.0 -61.4 -124.9
320 SLS -138.6 -45.8 73.4 54.7 54.7 56.5 -107.7 -205.8
321 SLS -110.8 -25.2 73.6 45.5 45.5 -66.3 -103.4 -178.1
322 SLS -110.8 -41.5 54.6 45.5 45.5 51.3 -87.1 -178.1
331 SLS -96.5 -43.4 36.0 32.0 32.0 36.0 -43.4 -96.5
332 SLS -96.5 -43.4 36.0 32.0 32.0 36.0 -43.4 -96.5
333 SLS -85.4 -35.1 34.8 28.4 28.4 29.6 -41.7 -85.4
334 SLS -85.4 -35.1 34.8 28.4 28.4 29.6 -41.7 -85.4
335 SLS -85.4 -41.7 29.6 28.4 28.4 34.8 -35.1 -85.4
336 SLS -85.4 -41.7 29.6 28.4 28.4 34.8 -35.1 -85.4
337 SLS -37.8 -14.6 17.8 14.8 14.8 15.4 -25.2 -50.0
338 SLS -37.8 -14.6 17.8 14.8 14.8 15.4 -25.2 -50.0
339 SLS -37.8 -14.6 17.8 14.8 14.8 15.4 -25.2 -50.0
340 SLS -47.2 -17.9 21.8 17.4 17.4 18.5 -30.3 -60.7
341 SLS -47.2 -17.9 21.8 17.4 17.4 18.5 -30.3 -60.7
342 SLS -47.2 -17.9 21.8 17.4 17.4 18.5 -30.3 -60.7
351 SLS -52.1 -23.4 19.4 17.3 17.3 19.4 -23.4 -52.1
352 SLS -52.1 -23.4 19.4 17.3 17.3 19.4 -23.4 -52.1
353 SLS -52.1 -23.4 19.4 17.3 17.3 19.4 -23.4 -52.1
354 SLS -52.1 -23.4 19.4 17.3 17.3 19.4 -23.4 -52.1
355 SLS -52.1 -23.4 19.4 17.3 17.3 19.4 -23.4 -52.1
356 SLS -52.1 -23.4 19.4 17.3 17.3 19.4 -23.4 -52.1
A:left end, C:haunch end, M: span, B: right end

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L.C. 202 Displacements mm L.C. 202 Bend. moments kNm

-403.1 kNm -403.1 kNm
133.9 kNm
δx=31.2 mm δx=31.2 mm -403.1 kNm -403.1 kNm
δy=115.1 mm

L.C. 202 Shear forces kN L.C. 202 Axial forces kN

139.0 kN

-131.6 kN

-131.6 kN
-139.0 kN

-89.6 kN 89.6 kN -175.4 kN -175.4 kN

L.C. 203 Displacements mm L.C. 203 Bend. moments kNm

-319.9 kNm 106.2 kNm -319.9 kNm

δx=14.0 mm δx=35.5 mm -319.9 kNm -319.9 kNm
δy=91.3 mm

L.C. 203 Shear forces kN L.C. 203 Axial forces kN

127.1 kN

-109.1 kN

-93.5 kN -99.8 kN

-71.1 kN 71.1 kN -157.9 kN -123.0 kN

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L.C. 205 Displacements mm L.C. 205 Bend. moments kNm

δy=2.4 mm 4.3 kNm

δx=19.8 mm δx=21.1 mm 36.8 kNm -54.7

-54.7kNm
kNm
36.8 kNm

L.C. 205 Shear forces kN L.C. 205 Axial forces kN

-0.5 kN -4.6 kN

-5.4 kN -8.4 kN

20.9 kN 17.6 kN -7.0 kN -13.7 kN

L.C. 210 Displacements mm L.C. 210 Bend. moments kNm

δy=2.9 mm -1.7 kNm

δx=21.2 mm δx=19.7 mm 55.0 kNm -36.4kNm

-36.4 kNm
55.0 kNm

L.C. 210 Shear forces kN L.C. 210 Axial forces kN

-6.8 kN 1.3 kN

0.9 kN -2.5 kN

25.0 kN 13.6 kN 2.2 kN -4.4 kN

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L.C. 211 Displacements mm L.C. 211 Bend. moments kNm

-338.9 kNm -393.7 kNm

122.5 kNm
δx=16.0 mm δx=40.6 mm -338.9 kNm -393.7 kNm
δy=104.4 mm

L.C. 211 Shear forces kN L.C. 211 Axial forces kN

124.1 kN

-120.6 kN

-122.9 kN
-127.7 kN

-67.6 kN 90.8 kN -158.1 kN -162.1 kN

L.C. 212 Displacements mm L.C. 212 Bend. moments kNm

-381.1 kNm -441.6 kNm
134.4 kNm
δx=17.5 mm δx=45.8 mm -381.1 kNm -441.6 kNm
δy=116.9 mm

L.C. 212 Shear forces kN L.C. 212 Axial forces kN

141.4 kN

-135.1 kN

-138.2 kN
-143.1 kN

-77.0 kN 101.4 kN -178.6 kN -181.2 kN

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L.C. 217 Displacements mm L.C. 217 Bend. moments kNm

59.6 kNm
-221.1 kNm
δx=6.9 mm δx=34.0 mm -129.6kNm
-129.6 kNm -221.1 kNm
δy=49.9 mm

L.C. 217 Shear forces kN L.C. 217 Axial forces kN

56.9 kN

-58.9 kN

-62.8 kN -62.7 kN

-16.0 kN 54.6 kN -76.8 kN -83.5 kN

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m
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9. Design of Purlins

Z25030
Purlin laterally restrained, Z25030 S 275
Continuous purlin, L= 6.000 m, s= 1.000 m

°
.52Â
α=15

m
1.000
m
1.000

9.1. Materials, Purlins

Steel: S 275 (EN1993-1-1, §3.2)

t<= 40 mm, Yield strength fy= 275 N/mm², Ultimate strength fu= 430 N/mm²
40mm<t<= 80 mm, Yield strength fy= 255 N/mm², Ultimate strength fu= 410 N/mm²
Modulus of elasticity E=210000 N/mm², Poisson ratio ν=0.30, Unit mass ρ= 7850 Kg/m³

Partial safety factors for actions (EN1990, Annex A1)

γG,sup= 1.35, γQ= 1.50, γG,inf= 1.00, ψ0= 0.70

Partial factors for materials (EN1993-1-1, §6.1)

γΜ0= 1.00, γΜ1= 1.00, γΜ2= 1.25

9.2. Loading, Purlins (EN1991-1-1 )

Roof loads
Roof slope α = 15.52°
Load of roof covering gk1 = 0.200 kN/m² (EN1991-1-1 §5)
Imposed load (category H) qk = 0.400 kN/m² (EN1991-1-1 §6.3.4.2)
Snow load qsk = 1.600 kN/m² (EN1991-1-3 §5.3)
Wind pressure wk = 0.000 kN/m² (EN1991-1-4 §7.2)
Wind uplift wk =-0.360 kN/m²

Load on purlin
Purlin spacing s= 1.000 m
Load of roof covering Gk1= 1.000x0.200= 0.20kN/m
Purlin weight Gk2= 0.10 kN/m
Permanent load Gk =Gk1+Gk2=0.20+0.10=0.30 kN/m
Imposed load (category H) Qkk= 1.000x0.400= 0.40kN/m
Snow load Qsk= 1.000x1.600= 1.60kN/m
Wind uplift Qwk=-1.000x0.360=-0.36kN/m

Load on purlin main axis(z) and transverse direction(y)

Permanent load Gk,z = 0.30xcos(15.52)= 0.29kN/m, Gk,y = 0.30xsin(15.52)= 0.08kN/m
Imposed load (category H) Qkk,z= 0.40xcos(15.52)= 0.39kN/m, Qkk,y= 0.40xsin(15.52)= 0.11kN/m
Snow load Qsk,z= 1.60xcos(15.52)= 1.54kN/m, Qsk,y= 1.60xsin(15.52)= 0.43kN/m
Wind pressure Qwk,z= 0.00kN/m, Qwk,y= 0.00kN/m
Wind uplift Qwk,z= - 0.36kN/m, Qwk,y= 0.00kN/m

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9.3. Design values of Actions, Load combinations, Purlins

Ultimate Limit State, Load combinations (EN1990 §6.4.3.2, T.A1.2A, T.A1.2B)

Sagging γG,sup·Gk,z+
γQ·Qk,z+γQ·
ψ ο·Qwk,z= 1.35x0.29 +1.50x1.54 +1.50x0.60x0.00 = 2.70kN/m
Hogging γG,inf·Gk,z-
γQ·Qwk,z = 1.00x0.29 -1.50x0.36 = -0.25kN/m
Transverse γG,sup·Gk,y+
γQ·Qk,y = 1.35x0.08 +1.50x0.43 = 0.75kN/m

Serviceability Limit State (SLS), Load combinations (EN1990 §6.5.3, T.A1.4)

Sagging Gk,z+Qk,z+ψο·Qwk,z = 0.29+1.54+0.60x0.00 = 1.83kN/m
Hogging Gk,z+Qwk,z = 0.29-0.36 = -0.07kN/m

9.4. Design actions, Purlins

Design actions, Ultimate Limit State

Sagging Myed,o= 0.078x 2.70x6.000²= 7.59kNm, Myed,s=-0.105x 2.70x6.000²= -10.22kNm
Vzed=0.605x2.70x6.000= 9.81kN
Hogging Myed,o=-0.078x 0.25x6.000²= -0.70kNm, Myed,s= 0.105x 0.25x6.000²= 0.95kNm
Vzed=0.605x0.25x6.000= 0.91kN
Transverse Laterally restrained

Design actions, Serviceability Limit State (SLS)

Sagging Myed,o= 0.078x 1.83x6.000²= 5.14kNm, Myed,s=-0.105x 1.83x6.000²= -6.92kNm
Hogging Myed,o=-0.078x 0.07x6.000²= -0.20kNm, Myed,s= 0.105x 0.07x6.000²= 0.27kNm

9.5. Steel cross-section properties, Purlins

Cross-section Z25030-S 275

3
Dimensions of cross section
Depth of cross section h= 250.00 mm Z25030
Width of cross section b= 73.00 mm
73
Web depth hw= 247.00 mm
y

250
Depth of straight portion of web dw= 234.00 mm
Web thickness tw= 3.00 mm
Flange thickness tf= 3.00 mm
Radius of root fillet r= 5.00 mm
Mass = 9.84 Kg/m

Properties of cross section

z
2
Area A= 1261 mm
Second moment of area Iy=11.421x10 6 mm 4 Iz= 0.195x10 6 mm 4
Section modulus Wy=89.360x10 3 mm 3 Wz= 2.664x10 3 mm 3
Plastic section modulus Wpy=89.360x10 3 mm 3 Wpz= 2.664x10 3 mm 3
Radius of gyration iy= 95.2 mm iz= 12.4 mm
Shear area Avz= 741 mm 2 Avy= 438 mm 2
Torsional constant It= 0.004x10 6 mm 4 ip= 96 mm
3 3
Torsional modulus Wt= 1.476x10 mm
Warping constant Iw= 2.967x10 9 mm 6

9.6. Serviceability Limit State (SLS), Purlins (EN1993-1-1, §7)

Purlin deflections, Sagging

Loading G+Q: w= 1.83x6000 4 /(153.6x2.1x10 5 x11.421x10 6 )= 6.44mm = L/932<L/200
Loading Q: w= 1.54x6000 4 /(153.6x2.1x10 5 x11.421x10 6 )= 5.42mm = L/1107<L/250
Purlin deflections, Hogging
Loading G+Q: w=-0.07x6000 4 /(153.6x2.1x10 5 x11.421x10 6 )= -0.25mm = L/24038<L/200
Loading Q: w=-0.36x6000 4 /(153.6x2.1x10 5 x11.421x10 6 )= -1.27mm = L/4736<L/250

Purlin deflections, Serviceability Limit State (SLS), Is verified

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9.7. Classification of steel cross-section, Bending My (Purlin section) (EN1993-1-1, §5.5)

fy
Web +
c=250.0-2x3.0-2x5.0=234.0 mm, t=3.0 mm, c/t=234.0/3.0=78.00 c
S 275 , t= 3.0<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm², ε=(235/275) 0.5 =0.92 c/2
83ε=83x0.92=76.36<c/t=78.00<=124ε=124x0.92=114.08
fy
The web is class 3 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

Flange
c=***=73.0 mm, t=3.0 mm, c/t=73.0/3.0=24.33
S 275 , t= 3.0<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm², ε=(235/275) 0.5 =0.92 +
c/t=24.33>14ε=14x0.92=12.88
The flange is class 4 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2) c

Overall classification of cross-section is Class 4, Bending My,ed

Effective cross-section properties of Class 4 cross-sections (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.2.5)

Effective area Aeff=1261 mm²

Flange
-
λ p=(b/t)/[28.40ε Ö (Kσ)] (EN1993-1-5, §4.4.2, Eq.4.2, Tabl.4.1)
-
b=c=73.0mm, t=3.0mm, ε=0.92, ψ=1.00, Kσ=0.43, λ p=1.420
-
λ p=1.420>0.673 ρ=[1-0.188/1.420]/1.420=0.611 (ρ<1.0), ceff=ρ·c=0.611x73=44.6 mm

Effective area Aeff=0-1x(73.0-44.6)x3.00=-85 mm²

emy ½(250.0-3.0)x(0/-85-1)=-123.50 mm, Iy,eff= 0.000x106 mm 4
Effective section modulus Wy,eff= 0.000x10 6 /(250.0/2+-123.50)= 0.000x10 3 mm³

9.8. Resistance of cross-section, Purlin section (EN1993-1-1, §6.2)

Effective cross-section properties of Class 4 cross-sections (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.2.5)

Effective area Aeff=1261 mm²

emy=0.00 mm, Iy,eff=11.421x10 6 mm 4
Effective section modulus Wy,eff=11.421x10 6 /(250.0/2+0.00)=91.365x10 3 mm³

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for bending moment y-y (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.5)
My.ed= 10.22 kNm
Bending Resistance γ Μ0=[10 -6 ]x91.365x10 3 x275/1.00= 25.13kNm
Mcy,rd=Weffy·fy/
My,ed= 10.22 kNm < 25.13 kNm =My,rd=Mply,rd, Is verified
My,ed/My,rd= 10.22/25.13= 0.407<1

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for shear z (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.6)

Vz.ed= 9.81 kN
Av=hw.t=247.0x3.0=741mm²
Plastic Shear Resistance Vpl,z,rd= Av(fy/ Ö 3)/γΜ0= [10 -3 ]x741x(275/1.73)/1.00= 117.65kN
Vz,ed= 9.81 kN < 117.65 kN =Vz,rd=Vpl,z,rd, Is verified
Vz,ed/Vz,rd= 9.81/117.65= 0.083<1

hw/tw=(250.0-2x3.0)/3.0=247.0/3.0=82.33>72x0.92/1.00=72ε/η=66.24 (η=1.00)
S 275 , t= 3.0<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm², ε=(235/275) 0.5 =0.92
Shear buckling resistance must be verified (EC3 §6.2.6.6)

Shear buckling resistance (EC3 EN1993-1-5:2006, §5)

-
λ w=(234.0/3.0)/(37.4x0.92x Ö (5.34))=0.981, Kτ=5.34 (EC3-1-5 §5, Eq.5.6, A.3)
-
0.83/η <= λ w=0.981 < 1.08, χv=0.83/0.981=0.846 (η=1.00) (EC3-1-5 Tab.5.1)
Vb,rd=χv·fyw·hw·t/(
Ö 3γM1)=0.001x275x0.846x234.0x3.0/(1.73x1.00)=94.31kN (EC3-1-5 Tab.5.1)
Ved=10 kN < 94=Vb,rd kN, Is verified
Ved/Vb,rd= 9.81/94.31= 0.104<1

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Ultimate Limit State, Verification for axial force, shear and bending (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.9)
N.ed= 0.00kN, Vz.ed= 9.81kN, My.ed= 10.22kNm
Mc,y,rd=25.13kNm, Vpl,z,rd=94.31kN
Ned=0 kN, Effect of axial force is neglected (EC3 §6.2.9.1 Eq.6.33, Eq.6.34, Eq.6.35)
Ved=9.81kN <= 0.50x94.31=0.50xVpl,rd=47.15kN
Effect of shear force is neglected (EC3 §6.2.8.2)

9.9. Lateral restraining of sheeting, Purlins (EC3 EN1993-1-3:2005, §10.1)

Sheeting thickness tw=0.750 mm, Profile depth hw=40.0 mm

Shear stiffness of sheeting (EN1993-1-3, §10.1.1Eq.10.1b)
S=t 1.5 (50+10b 0.33 )s/hw=0.750 1.5 x(50+10x6000 0.33 x1000/40.0=3763 kNm/m
Minimum required shear stiffness, for lateraly restrained purlin (§10.1.1Eq.10.1a)
5
Smin=[π²E·Iw/L²+G·It+ π²E·Iz(h/2)²/L²]·70/h= π²x2.1x10
[ x2.967x10 9 /6000²
+8.1x10 4 x0.004x10 6 +π²x2.1x105 x0.195x10 6 x125²/6000²]x70/250²]x[10 -3
]=788kNm/m
s=3763 kNm/m > 788 kNm/m
The sheeting can be considered as sufficientely stiff to restrain the purlins

Rotational restraint given by the sheeting Cd=1/(1/Cd,a+1/Cd,c) (EN1993-1-3, §10.1.5.2)

4
Cd,c=k·E·Ieff/s, k=2, Ieff=0.3x0.75x39.25²=347mm /m, s=1000mm (Eq.10.16)
Cd,c=[10 -3 ]2x2.1x10 5 x346.6/1000=145.6 kNm/m
Cd,a=C100·kba·kt·kbr·ka·kbt (EN1993-1-3, Eq.10.17)
C100=2.0, kba=1.25x250/100=3.13, kt=(0.75/0.75) 1.5 =1.00, kbr=1.0, ka=1.0, kbt=1.0
Cd,a=2.0x3.13x1.00x1.0x1.0x1.0=6.3kNm/m
Cd=Cd,a= 6.0kNm/m

9.10. Lateral torsional buckling (Purlin laterally restrained) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.2)

Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling (EC3 §6.3.2.2.2, EN1993:2002 AnnexC)
Timoshenko,S.P, Gere,J.M, Theory of elastic stability, McGraw-Hill, 1961
Mcr=C1·[
π²EIz/(kL)²]{
Ö [(kz/kw)²(Iw/Iz)+(kL)²GIt,eq/(
π²EIz)+(C2·zg-C3·zj)²] -(C2·zg-C3·zj)}
Method of computation C1,C2,C3 : ECCS 119/Galea SN030a-EN-EU Access Steel 2006
μ=Mo/M=qL²/8M=-1.19, ψ=Mb/Ma=0.00, C1=1.629, C2=0.805
G=E/(2(1+ν))=210000/(2(1+0.30))=80769=8.1x10 4 N/mm², It,eq=It+Cd·(kL)²/(
π²G)

Hogging
k·L=6000mm, zg=-125mm, zj=0mm (EN1993:2002 Eq.C.11)
ky=1.0, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=1.629, C2=0.805, C3=0.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]1.629x[π²x2.1x105 x0.195x10 6 /6000²]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)²x(2.967x109 /0.195x10 6 )
+6000²x8.1x104 x0.275x10 6 /(π²x2.1x105 x0.195x10 6 )
+(-0.805x125)²]0.5 -(-0.805x125) }= 27.7 kNm
It,eq=(0.004x10 6 +10 3 x6.0x6000²/(π²8.1x104 ))= 0.275x10 6 mm 4

-
λ ,lt= Ö (Wpl,y·fy/Mcr)=Ö {[10 -6 ]x91.365x10 3 x275/27.7}=0.952 (EC3 Eq.6.56)
h/b=250/73=3.42>2.00 buckling curve: c
imperfection factor: α,lt=0.49, β=0.75, χ,lt=0.668 (T.6.3, T.6.5, Fig.6.4)
- - -
Φ,lt=0.5[1+α,lt( λ ,lt- λ ,lto)+β λ ,lt²]=0.5x[1+0.49x(0.952-0.40)+0.75x0.952²]=0.975
-
χ,lt=1/[Φ,lt+ Ö (Φ,lt²-β λ ,lt²)]=1/[0.975+Ö (0.975²-0.75x0.975²)]=0.668
- -
Reduction factor χ,lt=1/[Φ,lt+ Ö (Φ,lt²- β λ ,lt²)], χ,lt<=1.0, 1/ λ ,lt², χ,lt=0.668 (Eq.6.57)

γΜ1= 0.668x[10 -6 ]x91.365x10 3 x275/1.00=16.78kNm

Mb,rd=χ,lt·Weff,y·fy/ (EC3 Eq.6.55)
My,ed= 0.95 kNm < 16.78 kNm =Mb,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mb,rd= 0.95/16.78= 0.057<1

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10. Global analysis (EN1993-1-1, §5.2)

10.1. Effects of deformed geometry of the structure (EN1993-1-1, §5.2.1)

αcr=(Hnhf/Ved)(h/δh,ed) (Eq.5.2)
From elastic analysis we obtain, L.C. 212: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs1+0.60x1.50Qw2= 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Vertical reaction at the base of column Ved= 181.2 kN
Horizontal reaction at the base of column Hed= 101.4 kN
Axial force at rafters Nred= 138.2 kN
Notional horizontal force applied at the top of the columns Hnhf= 1.0 kN
Horizontal deflection at column top for notional force δh,ed= 1.88 mm

αcr=(1.0/181.2)(4500/1.88)=13.23 (Eq.5.2)

Check axial compression of rafters. Axial compression is significant if (§5.2.1,(4)B)

λ = Ö (A·fy/Ncr) > 0.3Ö (A·fy/Ned), Ned>0.09Ncr (§5.2.1 Eq.5.3)
Development length of the rafter pair from column to column L=18000/cos15.52° =18682mm
π²x210x162.70x106 /(18682)²=966.2kN
Ncr=π²EI/L²=
Maximum axial force in the rafters Ned=138.2 kN, L.C. 212: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs1+0.60x1.50Qw2
λ= Ö (7273x275/966232) =1.44 > 0.3 Ö (7273x275/138212)=1.14
Axial compression of rafters is significant, we use a better estimate as suggested by
Lim,J.B.P., King, C.M at al. (2005), Structural Engineer, 83(21), 43-49
αcr,est = 0.8[1-Ned/Ncr]αcr=0.8x(1-138.2/966.2)x13.23 = 9.07

αcr=9.07 > 3 (Eq.5.1)

Approximate second-order elastic analysis may be used (§5.2.2(5))
Amplification factor for design moments δ=1/(1-1/αcr)=1/(1-1/9.07)=1.12 (Eq.5.4)

10.2. Imperfections for global analysis (EN1993-1-1, §5.3.2)

φ=φο·
αh· δ=(1/200)x0.943x0.866x1.124=4.588x10 -3 =1/218
αm· (Eq.5.5)
φο=1/200, αh=2/ Ö h=2/ Ö 4.500=0.943 2/3<=αh<=1.0, αm= Ö (0.5(1+1/2))=0.866
Sway imperfection may be disregarded where Hed>0.15Ved (§5.3.2(4) Eq.5.7)
Effect of initial sway imperfection Heq=4.588x10 -3 xVed (§5.3.2 (5))

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10.3. Sway imperfections for columns (EN1993-1-1, §5.3.2)

Reactions at the supports, Horizontal Force Hed [kN], Vertical Force Ved [kN]

Left support 1 Right support 2 Hed1+Hed2 Ved1+Ved2 φ·Ved

Hed,1 Ved,1 Hed,2 Ved,2 Hed Ved Hed/Vhe Heq kN
201 ULS-STR 33.4 69.4 -33.4 69.4 0.0 138.8 0.00 0.318
202 ULS-STR 89.6 175.4 -89.6 175.4 0.0 350.7 0.00 0.805
203 ULS-STR 71.1 157.9 -71.1 123.0 0.0 280.9 0.00 0.725
204 ULS-STR 71.1 123.0 -71.1 157.9 0.0 280.9 0.00 0.725
205 ULS-STR -20.9 7.0 -17.6 13.7 -38.5 20.8 1.86 0.000
206 ULS-STR -5.3 41.2 -35.4 45.4 -40.6 86.6 0.47 0.000
210 ULS-STR -25.0 -2.2 -13.6 4.4 -38.5 2.2 17.44 0.000
211 ULS-STR 67.6 158.1 -90.8 162.1 -23.1 320.3 0.07 0.744
212 ULS-STR 77.0 178.6 -101.4 181.2 -24.4 359.8 0.07 0.831
213 ULS-STR 49.2 140.7 -72.3 109.8 -23.1 250.5 0.09 0.645
214 ULS-STR 58.5 161.2 -82.9 128.8 -24.4 290.0 0.08 0.739
215 ULS-STR 49.2 105.8 -72.3 144.7 -23.1 250.5 0.09 0.664
216 ULS-STR 58.5 126.3 -82.9 163.7 -24.4 290.0 0.08 0.751
217 ULS-STR 16.0 76.8 -54.6 83.5 -38.5 160.4 0.24 0.000
218 ULS-STR 6.8 68.1 -45.3 57.3 -38.5 125.5 0.31 0.000
219 ULS-STR 6.8 50.7 -45.3 74.8 -38.5 125.5 0.31 0.000
220 ULS-STR 31.7 111.0 -72.3 115.2 -40.6 226.2 0.18 0.000
221 ULS-STR 22.4 102.3 -63.1 89.1 -40.6 191.3 0.21 0.000
222 ULS-STR 22.4 84.8 -63.1 106.5 -40.6 191.3 0.21 0.000
231 ULS-STR 30.7 88.3 -53.8 92.3 -23.1 180.7 0.13 0.424
232 ULS-STR 40.1 108.8 -64.4 111.4 -24.4 220.2 0.11 0.511
233 ULS-STR 21.4 79.6 -44.6 66.2 -23.1 145.8 0.16 0.000
234 ULS-STR 30.8 100.1 -55.2 85.2 -24.4 185.3 0.13 0.459
235 ULS-STR 21.4 62.2 -44.6 83.6 -23.1 145.8 0.16 0.000
236 ULS-STR 30.8 82.6 -55.2 102.6 -24.4 185.3 0.13 0.471
251 ULS-STR 65.3 152.8 -88.5 156.8 -23.1 309.7 0.07 0.720
252 ULS-STR 74.7 173.3 -99.1 175.9 -24.4 349.2 0.07 0.807
253 ULS-STR 46.8 135.4 -70.0 104.5 -23.1 239.9 0.10 0.621
254 ULS-STR 56.2 155.9 -80.6 123.5 -24.4 279.4 0.09 0.715
255 ULS-STR 46.8 100.5 -70.0 139.4 -23.1 239.9 0.10 0.640
256 ULS-STR 56.2 121.0 -80.6 158.4 -24.4 279.4 0.09 0.727
257 ULS-STR 13.7 71.5 -52.3 78.2 -38.5 149.8 0.26 0.000
258 ULS-STR 4.5 62.8 -43.0 52.0 -38.5 114.9 0.34 0.000
259 ULS-STR 4.5 45.4 -43.0 69.5 -38.5 114.9 0.34 0.000
260 ULS-STR 29.4 105.7 -70.0 109.9 -40.6 215.6 0.19 0.000
261 ULS-STR 20.1 97.0 -60.8 83.8 -40.6 180.7 0.22 0.000
262 ULS-STR 20.1 79.5 -60.8 101.2 -40.6 180.7 0.22 0.000

10.4. Internal forces and bending moments with imperfection effect

10.5. Axial forces Ned [kN]
Left column 1 Left rafter 2 Right rafter 3 Right column 4
L.C. Ned,1 Ned,2 Ned,3 Ned,4
201 ULS-STR -66.2 -40.8 -40.8 -66.3
202 ULS-STR -172.0 -109.2 -109.3 -172.4
203 ULS-STR -154.6 -86.7 -86.8 -120.1
204 ULS-STR -119.7 -86.7 -86.8 -155.0
205 ULS-STR -3.9 -0.7 -4.5 -10.6
206 ULS-STR -38.1 -24.9 -30.1 -42.3
210 ULS-STR 4.6 4.2 0.4 -2.1
211 ULS-STR -154.8 -98.2 -100.6 -159.2
212 ULS-STR -175.3 -112.7 -115.9 -178.2
213 ULS-STR -137.4 -75.7 -78.0 -106.8
214 ULS-STR -157.9 -90.2 -93.4 -125.9
215 ULS-STR -102.5 -75.7 -78.0 -141.7
216 ULS-STR -123.0 -90.2 -93.4 -160.8
217 ULS-STR -73.7 -45.6 -49.5 -80.4
218 ULS-STR -65.0 -34.4 -38.2 -54.2
219 ULS-STR -47.5 -34.4 -38.2 -71.7
220 ULS-STR -107.9 -69.9 -75.0 -112.1
221 ULS-STR -99.1 -58.6 -63.8 -85.9
222 ULS-STR -81.7 -58.6 -63.8 -103.4
231 ULS-STR -85.1 -53.1 -55.5 -89.3
232 ULS-STR -105.6 -67.7 -70.8 -108.4
233 ULS-STR -76.5 -41.7 -44.0 -63.0
234 ULS-STR -96.8 -56.4 -59.6 -82.2
235 ULS-STR -59.0 -41.7 -44.0 -80.5
236 ULS-STR -79.4 -56.4 -59.6 -99.6
251 ULS-STR -150.0 -95.4 -97.7 -154.4
252 ULS-STR -170.5 -109.9 -113.1 -173.4
253 ULS-STR -132.6 -72.8 -75.2 -102.0
254 ULS-STR -153.0 -87.4 -90.6 -121.0
255 ULS-STR -97.7 -72.8 -75.2 -136.9
256 ULS-STR -118.1 -87.4 -90.6 -155.9
257 ULS-STR -68.9 -42.8 -46.6 -75.6
258 ULS-STR -60.1 -31.6 -35.4 -49.4
259 ULS-STR -42.7 -31.6 -35.4 -66.8
260 ULS-STR -103.0 -67.0 -72.2 -107.3
261 ULS-STR -94.3 -55.8 -61.0 -81.1
262 ULS-STR -76.8 -55.8 -61.0 -98.5

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10.6. Shearing forces Ved [kN]

Left column 1 Left rafter 2 Right rafter 3 Right column 4
L.C. VedA,1 VedB,1 VedA,2 VedC,2 VedB,2 VedA,3 VedC,3 VedB,3 VedA,4 VedB,4
201 ULS-STR -33.3 -33.3 51.8 40.0 -9.1 8.9 -40.2 -51.9 33.6 33.6
202 ULS-STR -89.1 -89.1 138.7 107.3 -24.3 23.9 -107.7 -139.1 89.9 89.9
203 ULS-STR -70.7 -70.7 126.8 95.4 -36.1 2.1 -75.1 -93.6 71.4 71.4
204 ULS-STR -70.7 -70.7 93.2 74.8 -2.5 35.7 -95.8 -127.2 71.4 71.4
205 ULS-STR 20.9 -4.6 -0.5 -1.6 -6.5 -7.2 -5.8 -5.4 6.7 17.6
206 ULS-STR 5.3 -20.2 28.2 19.7 -15.9 -2.8 -25.7 -31.2 24.4 35.4
210 ULS-STR 25.0 -0.5 -6.8 -6.5 -5.4 -8.3 -0.9 0.9 2.6 13.6
211 ULS-STR -67.2 -82.5 123.9 95.1 -25.6 17.0 -99.9 -127.8 84.5 91.1
212 ULS-STR -76.5 -91.8 141.1 107.9 -31.3 19.7 -111.9 -143.3 95.2 101.7
213 ULS-STR -48.8 -64.1 112.0 83.2 -37.4 -4.7 -67.3 -82.2 66.0 72.5
214 ULS-STR -58.1 -73.4 129.2 96.0 -43.1 -2.1 -79.3 -97.7 76.7 83.2
215 ULS-STR -48.8 -64.1 78.4 62.6 -3.8 28.9 -88.0 -115.9 66.0 72.5
216 ULS-STR -58.1 -73.4 95.6 75.4 -9.5 31.6 -100.0 -131.4 76.7 83.2
217 ULS-STR -16.0 -41.6 56.9 42.8 -16.4 2.7 -50.1 -62.8 43.7 54.6
218 ULS-STR -6.8 -32.3 50.9 36.8 -22.3 -8.2 -33.9 -40.0 34.4 45.3
219 ULS-STR -6.8 -32.3 34.1 26.5 -5.5 8.6 -44.2 -56.8 34.4 45.3
220 ULS-STR -31.7 -57.2 85.6 64.1 -25.7 7.1 -70.1 -88.6 61.4 72.3
221 ULS-STR -22.4 -48.0 79.7 58.2 -31.7 -3.8 -53.9 -65.8 52.2 63.1
222 ULS-STR -22.4 -48.0 62.9 47.9 -14.9 13.1 -64.2 -82.6 52.2 63.1
231 ULS-STR -30.4 -45.7 66.6 50.8 -15.6 7.2 -55.4 -70.4 47.4 54.0
232 ULS-STR -39.7 -55.1 83.8 63.6 -21.3 9.8 -67.4 -85.9 58.1 64.6
233 ULS-STR -21.4 -36.7 60.8 45.0 -21.4 -3.6 -39.1 -47.5 38.0 44.6
234 ULS-STR -30.5 -45.8 77.9 57.7 -27.2 -1.0 -51.1 -63.1 48.8 55.4
235 ULS-STR -21.4 -36.7 44.0 34.7 -4.6 13.2 -49.4 -64.4 38.0 44.6
236 ULS-STR -30.5 -45.8 61.1 47.3 -10.4 15.8 -61.5 -79.9 48.8 55.4
251 ULS-STR -64.9 -80.2 120.3 92.3 -25.0 16.4 -97.1 -124.2 82.2 88.7
252 ULS-STR -74.2 -89.5 137.5 105.1 -30.6 19.1 -109.1 -139.7 92.9 99.4
253 ULS-STR -46.5 -61.8 108.5 80.5 -36.8 -5.3 -64.5 -78.7 63.7 70.2
254 ULS-STR -55.8 -71.1 125.7 93.3 -42.5 -2.7 -76.5 -94.2 74.3 80.9
255 ULS-STR -46.5 -61.8 74.8 59.8 -3.2 28.3 -85.2 -112.3 63.7 70.2
256 ULS-STR -55.8 -71.1 92.0 72.6 -8.8 30.9 -97.2 -127.8 74.3 80.9
257 ULS-STR -13.7 -39.2 53.3 40.0 -15.7 2.0 -47.4 -59.2 41.3 52.3
258 ULS-STR -4.5 -30.0 47.4 34.1 -21.7 -8.8 -31.1 -36.4 32.1 43.0
259 ULS-STR -4.5 -30.0 30.5 23.7 -4.9 8.0 -41.4 -53.2 32.1 43.0
260 ULS-STR -29.4 -54.9 82.0 61.4 -25.1 6.5 -67.3 -85.0 59.1 70.0
261 ULS-STR -20.1 -45.6 76.1 55.4 -31.1 -4.4 -51.1 -62.2 49.8 60.8
262 ULS-STR -20.1 -45.6 59.3 45.1 -14.2 12.4 -61.4 -79.0 49.8 60.8
A:left end, C:haunch end, B: right end
10.7. Bending moments Med [kNm]
Left column 1 Right column 4
L.C. MedA,1 MedM,1 MedB,1 MedA,4 MedM,4 MedB,4
201 ULS-STR 0.0 -74.8 -149.6 -151.1 -75.5 0.0
202 ULS-STR 0.0 -200.5 -400.9 -404.5 -202.3 0.0
203 ULS-STR 0.0 -159.0 -317.9 -321.2 -160.6 0.0
204 ULS-STR 0.0 -159.0 -317.9 -321.2 -160.6 0.0
205 ULS-STR 0.0 38.6 36.8 -54.7 -27.3 0.0
206 ULS-STR 0.0 2.5 -33.6 -134.5 -67.2 0.0
210 ULS-STR 0.0 55.0 55.0 -36.4 -18.2 0.0
211 ULS-STR 0.0 -168.4 -336.8 -395.0 -197.5 0.0
212 ULS-STR 0.0 -189.4 -378.8 -443.1 -221.5 0.0
213 ULS-STR 0.0 -126.9 -253.9 -311.7 -155.8 0.0
214 ULS-STR 0.0 -147.9 -295.9 -359.7 -179.9 0.0
215 ULS-STR 0.0 -126.9 -253.8 -311.7 -155.8 0.0
216 ULS-STR 0.0 -147.9 -295.8 -359.7 -179.9 0.0
217 ULS-STR 0.0 -64.8 -129.6 -221.1 -110.5 0.0
218 ULS-STR 0.0 -44.0 -88.0 -179.5 -89.7 0.0
219 ULS-STR 0.0 -44.0 -88.0 -179.5 -89.7 0.0
220 ULS-STR 0.0 -100.0 -200.0 -300.9 -150.4 0.0
221 ULS-STR 0.0 -79.2 -158.4 -259.3 -129.6 0.0
222 ULS-STR 0.0 -79.2 -158.4 -259.3 -129.6 0.0
231 ULS-STR 0.0 -85.6 -171.3 -228.1 -114.0 0.0
232 ULS-STR 0.0 -106.6 -213.3 -276.1 -138.1 0.0
233 ULS-STR 0.0 -65.4 -130.9 -185.7 -92.9 0.0
234 ULS-STR 0.0 -85.9 -171.8 -234.4 -117.2 0.0
235 ULS-STR 0.0 -65.4 -130.9 -185.7 -92.9 0.0
236 ULS-STR 0.0 -85.9 -171.8 -234.4 -117.2 0.0
251 ULS-STR 0.0 -163.2 -326.5 -384.6 -192.3 0.0
252 ULS-STR 0.0 -184.2 -368.4 -432.6 -216.3 0.0
253 ULS-STR 0.0 -121.8 -243.5 -301.2 -150.6 0.0
254 ULS-STR 0.0 -142.8 -285.5 -349.2 -174.6 0.0
255 ULS-STR 0.0 -121.7 -243.5 -301.2 -150.6 0.0
256 ULS-STR 0.0 -142.7 -285.5 -349.3 -174.6 0.0
257 ULS-STR 0.0 -59.6 -119.2 -210.6 -105.3 0.0
258 ULS-STR 0.0 -38.8 -77.6 -169.0 -84.5 0.0
259 ULS-STR 0.0 -38.8 -77.6 -169.0 -84.5 0.0
260 ULS-STR 0.0 -94.8 -189.6 -290.5 -145.2 0.0
261 ULS-STR 0.0 -74.0 -148.0 -248.9 -124.4 0.0
262 ULS-STR 0.0 -74.0 -148.0 -248.9 -124.4 0.0
A:left end, C:haunch end, M: span, B: right end

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Left rafter 2 Right rafter 3

L.C. MedA,2 MedC2 MedM,2 MedB,2 MedA,3 MedM,3 MedC3 MedB,3
201 ULS-STR -149.6 -67.0 56.1 49.8 49.8 55.9 -68.1 -151.1
202 ULS-STR -400.9 -179.5 150.4 133.5 133.5 149.8 -182.5 -404.5
203 ULS-STR -317.9 -117.9 143.3 105.9 105.9 106.1 -169.4 -321.2
204 ULS-STR -317.9 -166.7 106.2 105.9 105.9 142.5 -120.5 -321.2
205 ULS-STR 36.8 34.9 20.5 4.3 4.3 -25.2 -44.6 -54.7
206 ULS-STR -33.6 9.6 50.9 24.2 24.2 -55.1 -83.2 -134.5
210 ULS-STR 55.0 43.1 26.6 -1.7 -1.7 -36.8 -36.4 -36.4
211 ULS-STR -336.8 -139.8 142.6 122.1 122.1 131.5 -190.2 -395.0
212 ULS-STR -378.8 -154.8 160.5 134.0 134.0 145.1 -213.5 -443.1
213 ULS-STR -253.9 -78.1 138.3 94.5 94.5 -108.6 -177.1 -311.7
214 ULS-STR -295.9 -93.1 156.8 106.5 106.5 -126.6 -200.4 -359.7
215 ULS-STR -253.8 -127.0 95.4 94.5 94.5 121.5 -128.2 -311.7
216 ULS-STR -295.8 -142.0 110.4 106.4 106.4 135.0 -151.5 -359.7
217 ULS-STR -129.6 -39.9 76.7 59.6 59.6 60.1 -119.5 -221.1
218 ULS-STR -88.0 -9.0 77.5 45.8 45.8 -66.9 -113.0 -179.5
219 ULS-STR -88.0 -33.5 49.3 45.8 45.8 51.0 -88.5 -179.5
220 ULS-STR -200.0 -65.3 107.3 79.5 79.5 82.0 -158.1 -300.9
221 ULS-STR -158.4 -34.3 107.8 65.7 65.7 -96.8 -151.6 -259.3
222 ULS-STR -158.4 -58.8 79.0 65.7 65.7 74.0 -127.1 -259.3
231 ULS-STR -171.3 -65.6 80.8 67.0 67.0 70.1 -114.9 -228.1
232 ULS-STR -213.3 -80.6 99.0 78.9 78.9 83.6 -138.2 -276.1
233 ULS-STR -130.9 -35.6 79.4 53.4 53.4 -66.2 -107.8 -185.7
234 ULS-STR -171.8 -49.8 97.9 65.1 65.1 -84.6 -131.6 -234.4
235 ULS-STR -130.9 -60.1 55.4 53.4 53.4 63.8 -83.3 -185.7
236 ULS-STR -171.8 -74.2 72.1 65.1 65.1 77.3 -107.2 -234.4
251 ULS-STR -326.5 -135.1 138.7 118.7 118.7 127.6 -185.5 -384.6
252 ULS-STR -368.4 -150.1 156.7 130.6 130.6 141.3 -208.8 -432.6
253 ULS-STR -243.5 -73.5 134.6 91.1 91.1 -105.1 -172.3 -301.2
254 ULS-STR -285.5 -88.5 153.1 103.0 103.0 -123.1 -195.6 -349.2
255 ULS-STR -243.5 -122.3 91.7 91.1 91.1 117.7 -123.5 -301.2
256 ULS-STR -285.5 -137.3 106.6 103.0 103.0 131.2 -146.8 -349.3
257 ULS-STR -119.2 -35.3 72.9 56.1 56.1 56.4 -114.8 -210.6
258 ULS-STR -77.6 -4.3 74.1 42.3 42.3 -63.4 -108.3 -169.0
259 ULS-STR -77.6 -28.8 45.4 42.3 42.3 47.2 -83.8 -169.0
260 ULS-STR -189.6 -60.6 103.6 76.0 76.0 78.2 -153.4 -290.5
261 ULS-STR -148.0 -29.6 104.3 62.2 62.2 -93.3 -146.9 -248.9
262 ULS-STR -148.0 -54.1 75.1 62.2 62.2 70.1 -122.5 -248.9
A:left end, C:haunch end, M: span, B: right end

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11. Serviceability Limit State (SLS) (EN1993-1-1, §7)

11.1. Vertical deflection at the apex (EN1993-1-1, §7.2.1)

Maximum vertical deflection, L.C. 312: Gk + Qs1 + 0.60Qw2 Dy= 79.4 mm=18000/227=L/227
Vertical deflection due to imposed load only Dy= 15.3 mm=18000/284=L/1176
Vertical deflection due to snow only Dy= 63.3 mm=18000/284=L/284
Limit for vertical deflection L/200, Is verified

11.2. Horizontal deflection at the top of column (EN1993-1-1, §7.2.2)

Maximum horizontal deflection, L.C. 304: Gk + Qs3 Dx= 24.1 mm= 4500/187=h/187
Horizontal deflection due to wind only Dx= 16.8 mm= 4500/268=h/268
Limit for horizontal deflection H/150, Is verified

11.3. Dynamic effects (EN1993-1-1, §7.2.3)

Eigenfrequencies and Eigenperiods of the structure
Mass of building, for loading: L.C. 601: Gk + 0.20Qs1
1 f= 1.873 Hz T= 0.534 sec
2 f= 3.394 Hz T= 0.295 sec
3 f= 8.746 Hz T= 0.114 sec
4 f= 21.788 Hz T= 0.046 sec
5 f= 33.878 Hz T= 0.030 sec
6 f= 55.965 Hz T= 0.018 sec
7 f= 97.639 Hz T= 0.010 sec
8 f= 118.897 Hz T= 0.008 sec
9 f= 124.061 Hz T= 0.008 sec
10 f= 184.363 Hz T= 0.005 sec
11 f= 197.028 Hz T= 0.005 sec

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12. Column verification (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6)

Profile : HE 340 A-S 275

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Ned = 181.4 kN
Ved = 101.7 kN
Myed = 443.1 kNm, Mzed =0.0 kNm
Myed = 391.5 kNm (Column top under the haunch)
Buckling length,In-plane buckling Lcr,y =17366mm (Unbraced members) (EC3 §5.5.2.(7))
Buckling length,Out-of-plane buckling Lcr,z =3960mm (Column height without haunch)
Buckling length,Torsional buckling Lcr,t =3960mm
Buckling length,Lateral torsional buckling Lcr,lt=3960mm

12.1. Classification of steel cross-section, Column (EN1993-1-1, §5.5)

Maximum and minimum cross-section stresses σ=Ned/Ael ± Myed/Wel.y ± Mzed/Wel.z

σ=[10 3 ]181.40/13350 ± [106 ]443.10/1678.0x10³ ± [10
6
]0.00/496.0x10³
σ1=278 N/mm², σ2=-250 N/mm² (compression positive)

Web
c=330.0-2x16.5-2x27.0=243.0 mm, t=9.5 mm, c/t=243.0/9.5=25.58 fy
S 275 , t= 9.5<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm², ε=(235/275) 0.5 =0.92 +
αc
Position of neutral axis for combined Bending and compression
c
Ned/(2tw·fy/
γM0)=181400/(2x9.5x275/1.00)=34.7 mm
α=(243.0/2+34.7)/243.0=0.643>0.5
fy
c/t=25.58<=396x0.92/(13x0.643-1)=49.52
The web is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

Flange
c=300.0/2-9.5/2-27.0=118.3 mm, t=16.5 mm, c/t=118.3/16.5=7.17
S 275 , t=16.5<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm², ε=(235/275) 0.5 =0.92 +
c/t=7.17<=9ε=9x0.92=8.28
The flange is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2) c

Overall classification of cross-section is Class 1, Bending and compression Nc,ed+My,ed

12.2. Resistance of cross-section, Column (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.2)

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for compression (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.4)

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Nc.ed=181.40 kN
Compression Resistance Nplrd= γ Μ0=[10 -3 ]x13350x275/1.00=3671.25kN
A·fy/
Ned= 181.40 kN < 3671.25 kN =Nc,rd=Nplrd, Is verified
Ned/Nc,rd= 181.40/3671.25= 0.049<1

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for bending moment y-y (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.5)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
My.ed=443.10 kNm
Bending Resistance γ Μ0=[10 -6 ]x1850.0x10 3 x275/1.00= 508.75kNm
Mply,rd=Wply·fy/
My,ed= 443.10 kNm < 508.75 kNm =My,rd=Mply,rd, Is verified
My,ed/My,rd= 443.10/508.75= 0.871<1

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for shear z (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.6)

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Vz.ed=101.70 kN
Av=A-2b·tf+(tw+2r)tf=13350-2x300.0x16.5+(9.5+2x27.0)x16.5=4498mm² (EC3 §6.2.6.3)
Av= 4498mm² > η·hw·tw= 1.00x(330.0-2x16.5)x9.5=1.00x313.5x9.5= 2978mm²
Plastic Shear Resistance Vpl,z,rd= Av(fy/ Ö 3)/γΜ0= [10 -3 ]x4498x(275/1.73)/1.00= 714.11kN
Vz,ed= 101.70 kN < 714.11 kN =Vz,rd=Vpl,z,rd, Is verified
Vz,ed/Vz,rd= 101.70/714.11= 0.142<1

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hw/tw=(330.0-2x16.5)/9.5=313.5/9.5=33.00<=72x0.92/1.00=72ε/η=66.24 (η=1.00)
S 275 , t= 9.5<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm², ε=(235/275) 0.5 =0.92
Shear buckling resistance is not necessary to be verified (EC3 §6.2.6.6)

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for axial force, shear and bending (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.9)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
N.ed= 181.40kN (Compression), Vz.ed= 101.70kN, My.ed= 443.10kNm
Nplrd=3671.25kN, Mpl,y,rd=508.75kNm, Vpl,z,rd=714.11kN
Ned=181.40kN <= 0.25x3671.25=0.25xNplrd=917.81kN
Ned=181.40kN <= [10 -3 ]x0.5x313.5x9.5x275/1.00=0.5hw·tw·fy/
γM0=409.51 kN
n=Ned/Nplrd=181/3671= 0.049
Effect of axial force is neglected (EC3 §6.2.9.1 Eq.6.33, Eq.6.34, Eq.6.35)
Ved=101.70kN <= 0.50x714.11=0.50xVpl,rd=357.05kN
Effect of shear force is neglected (EC3 §6.2.8.2)

My,ed= 443.10 kNm < 508.75 kNm =Mply,rd, Is verified

My,ed/Mply,rd= 443.10/508.75= 0.871<1

12.3. Buckling length, In-plane buckling,Columns (EN1993-1-1, §5.2.2.8)

αcr=9.07, 10>αcr=9.07>=3, (Eq.5.1)

Buckling length, Unbraced members (ENV1993-1-1,AnnexE)
kc=Ic/h=276900000/4500=61533 mm³
k11=1.5Ic/L=1.5x162700000/18000=13558 mm³
η1=Kc/(Kc+k11+k12)=61533/(61533+13558)=0.82, η2=1.00 (E 1,2)
0.5
l/L=[(1-0.2(η1+η2)-0.12η1·
η2)/(1-0.8(η1+η2)+0.60η1·
η2)] =3.86 (E 7)
Lcr,y=3.86x4500=17366 mm

12.4. Flexural Buckling, Column (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.1)

Nc,ed=181.40 kN, Lcr,y=17.366 m, Lcr,z=3.960 m
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Buckling lengths: Lcr,y=3.859x4500=17366mm, Lcr,z=0.880x4500=3960mm
Non-dimensional slenderness (Cross-section Class: 1 ) (EC3 §6.3.1.3)
-
λ y= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,y)=(Lcr,y/iy)·(1/
λ1)=(17366/144.0)x(1/86.39)=1.396
-
λ z= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,z)=(Lcr,z/iz)·(1/
λ1)=(3960/ 74.6)x(1/86.39)=0.614
λ1=π Ö (E/fy)=93.9ε=86.39, ε= Ö (235/fy)=0.92

h/b=330/300=1.10<1.20, tf=16.5mm<=100 mm
y-y buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: αy=0.34, χy=0.383 (T.6.2,T.6.1,Fig.6.4)
- -
Φy=0.5[1+αy( λ y-0.2)+ λ y²]=0.5x[1+0.34x(1.396-0.2)+1.396²]=1.678
-
χy=1/[Φy+ Ö (Φy²-λ y²)]=1/[1.678+Ö (1.678²-1.396²)]=0.383 <=1χy=0.383
z-z buckling curve:c, imperfection factor: αz=0.49, χz=0.777
- -
Φz=0.5[1+αz( λ z-0.2)+ λ z²]=0.5x[1+0.49x(0.614-0.2)+0.614²]=0.790
-
χz=1/[Φz+ Ö (Φz²-λ z²)]=1/[0.790+Ö (0.790²-0.614²)]=0.777 <=1χz=0.777

- - -
Reduction factor χ=1/[Φ+ Ö (Φ²-λ ²)], χ<=1.0, Φ=0.5[1+α( λ -0.2)+ λ ²], χ=0.383 (EC3 Eq.6.49)
-3
Nb,rd=χ·A·fy/
γΜ1= 0.383x[10 ]x13350x275/1.00=1406.09kN (EC3 Eq.6.47)
Nc,ed= 181.40 kN < 1406.09 kN =Nb,rd, Is verified
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 181.40/1406.09= 0.129<1

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12.5. Lateral torsional buckling, Column (ULS) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.2)

My,ed=391.46 kN, L=4.500m, Lcr,y=17.366m, Lcr,z=3.960m, Lcr,lt=3.960m
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling (EC3 §6.3.2.2.2, EN1993:2002 AnnexC)
Timoshenko,S.P, Gere,J.M, Theory of elastic stability, McGraw-Hill, 1961
Mcr=C1·[ π²EIz/(kL)²]{
Ö [(kz/kw)²(Iw/Iz)+(kL)²GIt/( π²EIz)+(C2·zg-C3·zj)²] -(C2·zg-C3·zj)}
Method of computation C1,C2,C3 : ECCS 119/Galea SN030a-EN-EU Access Steel 2006
ψ=Mb/Ma=0.0/-391.5=0.00, C1=1.770, C2=0.000, C3=1.000,
4
G=E/(2(1+ν))=210000/(2(1+0.30))=80769=8.1x10 N/mm²
k·L=3960mm, zg=h/2=330/2=165mm, zj=0mm (EN1993:2002 Eq.C.11)
ky=3.9, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=1.770, C2=0.000, C3=1.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]1.770x[π²x2.1x105 x74.360x10 6 /3960²]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)²x(1824.4x109 /74.360x10 6 )
+3960²x8.1x104 x1.272x10 6 /(π²x2.1x105 x74.360x10 6 )] 0.5 }= 3253.8 kNm

-
λ ,lt= Ö (Wpl,y·fy/Mcr)=Ö {[10 -6 ]x1850.0x10 3 x275/3253.8}=0.395 (EC3 Eq.6.56)
-
λ ,lt<= 0.40, χ,lt=1.00 (EC3 §6.3.2.2.4)

-
χ,lt,mod=χ,lt/f, χ,lt,mod<=1, χ,lt,mod<=1/ λ ,lt²=1/0.395²=6.40 (EC3 §6.3.2.3(2),Eq.6.58)
Kc=1/(1.33-0.33ψ)=0.752, ψ=0.00 (EC3 Tab.6.6)
-
f=1-0.5(1-kc)[1-2.0( λ ,lt-0.8)²]=1-0.5x(1-0.752)[1-2.0x(0.395-0.8)²]=0.917, f<=1.0
χ,lt,mod=χ,lt/f=1.000/0.917=1.091, χ,lt,mod<=1.0, χ,lt,mod<=6.40, χ,lt,mod=1.000

γΜ1= 1.000x[10 -6 ]x1850.0x10 3 x275/1.00=508.75kNm

Mb,rd=χ,lt·Wpl,y·fy/ (EC3 Eq.6.55)
My,ed= 391.46 kNm < 508.75 kNm =Mb,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mb,rd= 391.46/508.75= 0.769<1

12.6. Axial force and bending moment, Column (ULS) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.3)
Ned=181.40 kN, My,ed=391.46 kNm

Ned/(χy·Nrk/ γ Μ1)+kyy·My,ed/(
χLT·My,rk/ γ Μ1)<=1 (EC3 Eq.6.61)
Ned/(χz·Nrk/ γ Μ1)+kzy·My,ed/(
χLT·My,rk/ γ Μ1)<=1 (EC3 Eq.6.62)
Nrk=A·fy=[10-3 ]x13350x275=3671.2 kN (Tab.6.7)
My,rk=Wpl,y·fy=[10-6 ]x1850.0x10 3 x275=508.7 kNm
χy·Nrk/
γ Μ1=χy·A·fy/γΜ1= 0.383x[10 -3 ]x13350x275/1.00=1406.1kN
-3
χz·Nrk/
γ Μ1=χz·A·fy/γΜ1= 0.777x[10 ]x13350x275/1.00=2852.6kN
χLT·My,rk/ γΜ1= 1.000x[10 -6 ]x1850.0x10 3 x275/1.00=508.7kNm
γ Μ1=χLT·Wpl,y·fy/

Interaction factors, Method of computation: Method 1 Annex A (EC3 AnnexA)

kyy=Cmy·CmLT(
μy/(1-Ned/Ncr,y)(1/Cyy), μy=(1-Ned/Ncr,y)/(1-χy·Ned/Ncr,y) (EC3 Tab.A.1)
kzy=Cmy·CmLT(
μz/(1-Ned/Ncr,y)(1/Czy)0.60 Ö (wy/wz), μz=(1-Ned/Ncr,z)/(1-χz·Ned/Ncr,z)

-3
Ncr,y=π²
Ε Ιy/lcr,y²=3.14²x[10 ]x210000x276.90x10 6 /17366²= 1903 kN
Ε Ιz/lcr,z²=3.14²x[10]x210000x74.360x10 6 / 3960²= 9828 kN
Ncr,z=π² -3

Ncr,t=(1/ip²)x(G·It +π² Ε Ιw/Lcr,t²) (EC3 NCCI SN003b-EN-EU)

Ncr,t=[10 -3 ]x(1/162²)[80769x 1.272x106 +π²x210000x1824.4x109 /15282²]=4520 kN

μy=(1-Ned/Ncr,y)/(1-χy·Ned/Ncr,y)=(1- 181.4/ 1903)/(1-0.383x 181.4/ 1903)=0.939

μz=(1-Ned/Ncr,z)/(1-χz·Ned/Ncr,z)=(1- 181.4/ 9828)/(1-0.777x 181.4/ 9828)=0.996
alt=1-It/Iy>=0=1- 1.272x10 6 /276.90x10 6 =0.995 (EC3 Annex A.1)

wy=Wpl,y/Wel,y<=1.50, wy= 1.850x10 6 / 1.678x10 6 =1.103 <= 1.50 (EC3 Annex A.1)
wz=Wpl,z/Wel,z<=1.50, wz= 0.756x10 6 / 0.496x10 6 =1.524 > 1.50 , wz=1.50
npl=Ned/(Nrk/γΜ1)=181.40/(3671.20/1.00)=0.049

-
λ max=max(1.396,0.614)=1.400 (EC3 Annex A.1)
Mcr,o=(1.00/1.77)x3253.80=1838.3, C1=1.00
-
λ o= Ö ([10 -6 ]x1850.0x10 3 x275/1838.3)=0.530
-
λ o,lim=0.2 Ö C1 [(1-Ned/Ncr,z)(1-Ned/Ncr,t)] 0.25 (EC3 Annex A.1)
-
λ o,lim=0.2 Ö 1.770 [(1-181.4/9828)(1-181.4/4520)] 0.25 =0.262
εy=(My,ed/Ned)(A/Wel)=([10 3 ]x391.46/181.40)x(13350.0/1678.0x10 3 )=17.17

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Cmy,o=0.79+0.21ψ+0.36(ψ-0.33)x(181.40/1903.0)=1.023, (ψ=1.00) (EC3 Annex A, T.A.1)

- -
λ o=0.530 > λ o,lim=0.262
Cmy=Cmy,o+(1-Cmy,o)( Ö εy·alt)/(1+Ö εy·alt)=
=1.023+(1-1.023)x( Ö 17.169x0.995)/(1+ Ö 17.169x0.995) = 1.004
Cmlt=Cmy²·alt/Ö [(1-Ned/Ncr,z)(1-Ned/Ncr,t)] >=1
Cmlt=1.004²x0.995/Ö [(1-181.4/9828.0)(1-181.4/4520.0)]=1.033, Cmlt=1.033

- -
Cyy=1+(wy-1)[(2-1.6Cmy²·λ max/wy-1.6Cmy²·λ max²/wy)npl-blt]>=Wel,y/Wpl,y (Annex A, T.A.1)
-
blt=0.5alt·λ o²[My,ed/(
χ,lt·Mpl,y,rd)](Mz,ed/Mpl,z,rd) =
=0.5x0.995x0.530²[391.5/(1.000x461.5)](0.0/136.4) = 0.000
Cyy=1+(1.103-1)[(2-1.6x1.004²x1.400/1.103-1.6x1.004²x1.400²/1.103)x0.049-0.000]=0.985
Cyy>=1678.0x10 3 /1850.0x10 3 =0.907, Cyy=0.985

-
Czy=1+(wy-1)[(2-14.0Cmy²· λ max²/wy5 )npl-dlt]>=0.6 Ö (wy/wz)(Wel,y/Wpl,y) (Annex A, T.A.1)
- -
dlt=2alt·[λ o/(0.1+ λ z 4 )][My,ed/(Cmy· χ,lt·Mpl,y,rd)][Mz,ed/(Cmz·Mpl,z,rd)]=
=20.995x[0.530/(0.1+0.614 4 )][391.5/(1.004x1.000x461.5)][0.0/(0.000x136.4)]=0.000
5
Czy=1+(1.103-1)[(2-14.0x1.004²x1.400²/1.103 )0.049-0.000]=0.925
Czy>=0.6 Ö (1.103/1.500)(1678.0x10 /1850.0x10 3 )=0.467, Czy=0.925
3

Cyy=0.985, Czy=0.925 (Annex A, T.A.1)

kyy=1.004x1.033x0.939/(1-181.40/1903.0)x(1/0.985)=1.093
kzy=1.004x1.033x0.996/(1-181.40/1903.0)x(1/0.925)x0.6x Ö (1.103/1.500)=0.635

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Ned/(χy·Nrk/
γ Μ1)+kyy·My,ed/(
χLT·My,rk/
γ Μ1)= (EC3 Eq.6.61)
181.4/(0.383x3671.2/1.00)+1.093x391.5/(1.000x508.7/1.00)=0.129+0.841=0.970
0.970< 1.000, Is verified
Ned/(χz·Nrk/
γ Μ1)+kzy·My,ed/(
χLT·My,rk/
γ Μ1)= (EC3 Eq.6.62)
181.4/(0.777x3671.2/1.00)+0.635x391.5/(1.000x508.7/1.00)=0.064+0.489=0.552
0.552< 1.000, Is verified

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13. Rafter verification (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6)

L .C . 2 1 2 B e n d . m o m e n ts k N m - 4 4 3 .1 k N m
-3 7 8 .8 k N m 1 3 4 .0
1 6 0 .3 1 14 43 5. 7. 1 - 2 1 3 .5
-1 5 4 .8

1 8 0 0 6 0 0 0

R a fte r e n d - s p a n r e g
R i ao fnt e r m id - s p a n r e g io n

Profile : IPE 360-S 275

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Ned = 115.9 kN
Ved = 111.9 kN
Myed = 213.5 kNm, Mzed =0.0 kNm
Myed = 160.5 kNm (at mid-span)
Myed = -213.5 kNm (at haunch-start)
Myed = -419.5 kNm (at haunch end)
Myed = -443.1 kNm (at column axis point)

Maximum design valuesRafter-Uplift conditions: L.C. 210: 1.00Gk+1.50Qw1

Ned = 0.4 kN
Ved = 8.3 kN
Myed = -36.8 kNm

13.1. Classification of steel cross-section, Rafter (EN1993-1-1, §5.5)

Maximum and minimum cross-section stresses σ=Ned/Ael ± Myed/Wel.y ± Mzed/Wel.z

σ=[10 3 ]115.90/7273 ± [106 ]213.50/903.6x10³ ± [10
6
]0.00/122.8x10³
σ1=252 N/mm², σ2=-220 N/mm² (compression positive)

Web
c=360.0-2x12.7-2x18.0=298.6 mm, t=8.0 mm, c/t=298.6/8.0=37.33 fy
S 275 , t= 8.0<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm², ε=(235/275) 0.5 =0.92 +
αc
Position of neutral axis for combined Bending and compression
c
Ned/(2tw·fy/
γM0)=115900/(2x8.0x275/1.00)=26.3 mm
α=(298.6/2+26.3)/298.6=0.588>0.5
fy
c/t=37.33<=396x0.92/(13x0.588-1)=54.81
The web is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

Flange
c=170.0/2-8.0/2-18.0=63.0 mm, t=12.7 mm, c/t=63.0/12.7=4.96
S 275 , t=12.7<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm², ε=(235/275) 0.5 =0.92 +
c/t=4.96<=9ε=9x0.92=8.28
The flange is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2) c

Overall classification of cross-section is Class 1, Bending and compression Nc,ed+My,ed

13.2. Resistance of cross-section, Rafter (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.2)

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for compression (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.4)

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Nc.ed=115.90 kN
Compression Resistance Nplrd= γ Μ0=[10 -3 ]x7273x275/1.00=2000.08kN
A·fy/
Ned= 115.90 kN < 2000.08 kN =Nc,rd=Nplrd, Is verified
Ned/Nc,rd= 115.90/2000.08= 0.058<1

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Ultimate Limit State, Verification for bending moment y-y (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.5)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
My.ed=213.50 kNm
Bending Resistance γ Μ0=[10 -6 ]x1019.0x10 3 x275/1.00= 280.22kNm
Mply,rd=Wply·fy/
My,ed= 213.50 kNm < 280.22 kNm =My,rd=Mply,rd, Is verified
My,ed/My,rd= 213.50/280.22= 0.762<1

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for shear z (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.6)

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Vz.ed=111.90 kN
Av=A-2b·tf+(tw+2r)tf=7273-2x170.0x12.7+(8.0+2x18.0)x12.7=3514mm² (EC3 §6.2.6.3)
Av= 3514mm² > η·hw·tw= 1.00x(360.0-2x12.7)x8.0=1.00x347.3x8.0= 2778mm²
Plastic Shear Resistance Vpl,z,rd= Av(fy/ Ö 3)/γΜ0= [10 -3 ]x3514x(275/1.73)/1.00= 557.89kN
Vz,ed= 111.90 kN < 557.89 kN =Vz,rd=Vpl,z,rd, Is verified
Vz,ed/Vz,rd= 111.90/557.89= 0.201<1

hw/tw=(360.0-2x12.7)/8.0=347.3/8.0=43.41<=72x0.92/1.00=72ε/η=66.24 (η=1.00)
S 275 , t= 8.0<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm², ε=(235/275) 0.5 =0.92
Shear buckling resistance is not necessary to be verified (EC3 §6.2.6.6)

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for axial force, shear and bending (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.9)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
N.ed= 115.90kN (Compression), Vz.ed= 111.90kN, My.ed= 213.50kNm
Nplrd=2000.08kN, Mpl,y,rd=280.22kNm, Vpl,z,rd=557.89kN
Ned=115.90kN <= 0.25x2000.08=0.25xNplrd=500.02kN
Ned=115.90kN <= [10 -3 ]x0.5x347.3x8.0x275/1.00=0.5hw·tw·fy/
γM0=382.03 kN
n=Ned/Nplrd=116/2000= 0.058
Effect of axial force is neglected (EC3 §6.2.9.1 Eq.6.33, Eq.6.34, Eq.6.35)
Ved=111.90kN <= 0.50x557.89=0.50xVpl,rd=278.95kN
Effect of shear force is neglected (EC3 §6.2.8.2)

My,ed= 213.50 kNm < 280.22 kNm =Mply,rd, Is verified

My,ed/Mply,rd= 213.50/280.22= 0.762<1

13.3. Buckling resistance, Rafter mid-span region (Ultimate Limit State)

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Ned = 115.9 kN
Ved = 143.3 kN
Myed = 145.1 kNm, Mzed =0.0 kNm
Rafter length Lr= Ö [(18000/2)²+(7000-4500)²]=9086 mm
Buckling length,In-plane buckling
αcr=9.07, Ned=115.9kN, Lcr,y=π Ö [EI/αcr·Ned] >= Lr=9086 mm
6 3
Lcr,y=π Ö [210000x162.70x10 /(9.07x115.9x10 )=17907mm], Lcr,y=17907mm
Buckling length,In-plane buckling Lcr,y=17907mm (System length)
Buckling length,Out-of-plane buckling Lcr,z=1000mm (Purlin spacing)

13.4. Flexural Buckling, Rafter mid-span region (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.1)
Nc,ed=115.95 kN, Lcr,y=17.907 m, Lcr,z=1.000 m
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Buckling lengths: Lcr,y=1.971x9086=17907mm, Lcr,z=0.110x9086=1000mm
Non-dimensional slenderness (Cross-section Class: 1 ) (EC3 §6.3.1.3)
-
λ y= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,y)=(Lcr,y/iy)·(1/
λ1)=(17907/149.6)x(1/86.39)=1.386
-
λ z= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,z)=(Lcr,z/iz)·(1/
λ1)=(1000/ 37.9)x(1/86.39)=0.306
λ1=π Ö (E/fy)=93.9ε=86.39, ε= Ö (235/fy)=0.92

h/b=360/170=2.12>=1.20, tf=12.7mm<=40 mm
y-y buckling curve:a, imperfection factor: αy=0.21, χy=0.425 (T.6.2,T.6.1,Fig.6.4)
- -
Φy=0.5[1+αy( λ y-0.2)+ λ y²]=0.5x[1+0.21x(1.386-0.2)+1.386²]=1.585
-
χy=1/[Φy+ Ö (Φy²-λ y²)]=1/[1.585+Ö (1.585²-1.386²)]=0.425 <=1χy=0.425
z-z buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: αz=0.34, χz=0.962
- -
Φz=0.5[1+αz( λ z-0.2)+ λ z²]=0.5x[1+0.34x(0.306-0.2)+0.306²]=0.565
-
χz=1/[Φz+ Ö (Φz²-λ z²)]=1/[0.565+Ö (0.565²-0.306²)]=0.962 <=1χz=0.962

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- - -
Reduction factor χ=1/[Φ+ Ö (Φ²-λ ²)], χ<=1.0, Φ=0.5[1+α( λ -0.2)+ λ ²], χ=0.425 (EC3 Eq.6.49)
γΜ1= 0.425x[10 -3 ]x7273x275/1.00=850.03kN
Nb,rd=χ·A·fy/ (EC3 Eq.6.47)
Nc,ed= 115.95 kN < 850.03 kN =Nb,rd, Is verified
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 115.95/850.03= 0.136<1

13.5. Lateral torsional buckling, Rafter mid-span region (ULS) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.2)
My,ed=145.15 kN, L=9.086m, Lcr,y=17.907m, Lcr,z=1.000m, Lcr,lt=1.000m
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling (EC3 §6.3.2.2.2, EN1993:2002 AnnexC)
Timoshenko,S.P, Gere,J.M, Theory of elastic stability, McGraw-Hill, 1961
Mcr=C1·[ π²EIz/(kL)²]{
Ö [(kz/kw)²(Iw/Iz)+(kL)²GIt/( π²EIz)+(C2·zg-C3·zj)²] -(C2·zg-C3·zj)}
Method of computation C1,C2,C3 : ECCS 119/Galea SN030a-EN-EU Access Steel 2006
μ=Mo/M=qL²/8M=2.3/134.0=0.02, ψ=Mb/Ma=-91.8/134.0=-0.68, C1=2.205, C2=0.069
4
G=E/(2(1+ν))=210000/(2(1+0.30))=80769=8.1x10 N/mm²
k·L=1000mm, zg=h/2=360/2=180mm, zj=0mm (EN1993:2002 Eq.C.11)
ky=1.0, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=2.205, C2=0.069, C3=0.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]2.205x[π²x2.1x105 x10.430x10 6 /1000²]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)²x(313.58x109 /10.430x10 6 )
+1000²x8.1x104 x0.373x10 6 /(π²x2.1x105 x10.430x10 6 )
+(0.069x180)²]0.5 -(0.069x180) }= 7880.9 kNm

-
λ ,lt= Ö (Wpl,y·fy/Mcr)=Ö {[10 -6 ]x1019.0x10 3 x275/7880.9}=0.189 (EC3 Eq.6.56)
-
λ ,lt<= 0.40, χ,lt=1.00 (EC3 §6.3.2.2.4)

-
χ,lt,mod=χ,lt/f, χ,lt,mod<=1, χ,lt,mod<=1/ λ ,lt²=1/0.189²=28.12 (EC3 §6.3.2.3(2),Eq.6.58)
Kc=1.00 (EC3 Tab.6.6)
-
f=1-0.5(1-kc)[1-2.0( λ ,lt-0.8)²]=1-0.5x(1-1.000)[1-2.0x(0.189-0.8)²]=1.000, f<=1.0
χ,lt,mod=χ,lt/f=1.000/1.000=1.000, χ,lt,mod<=1.0, χ,lt,mod<=28.12, χ,lt,mod=1.000

γΜ1= 1.000x[10 -6 ]x1019.0x10 3 x275/1.00=280.22kNm

Mb,rd=χ,lt·Wpl,y·fy/ (EC3 Eq.6.55)
My,ed= 145.15 kNm < 280.22 kNm =Mb,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mb,rd= 145.15/280.22= 0.518<1

13.6. Axial force and bending moment, Rafter mid-span region (ULS) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.3)
Ned=115.95 kN, My,ed=145.15 kNm

Ned/(χy·Nrk/ γ Μ1)+kyy·My,ed/(
χLT·My,rk/ γ Μ1)<=1 (EC3 Eq.6.61)
Ned/(χz·Nrk/ γ Μ1)+kzy·My,ed/(
χLT·My,rk/ γ Μ1)<=1 (EC3 Eq.6.62)
Nrk=A·fy=[10-3 ]x7273x275=2000.1 kN (Tab.6.7)
My,rk=Wpl,y·fy=[10-6 ]x1019.0x10 3 x275=280.2 kNm
χy·Nrk/
γ Μ1=χy·A·fy/γΜ1= 0.425x[10 -3 ]x7273x275/1.00=850.0kN
-3
χz·Nrk/
γ Μ1=χz·A·fy/γΜ1= 0.962x[10 ]x7273x275/1.00=1924.1kN
χLT·My,rk/ γΜ1= 1.000x[10 -6 ]x1019.0x10 3 x275/1.00=280.2kNm
γ Μ1=χLT·Wpl,y·fy/

Interaction factors, Method of computation: Method 1 Annex A (EC3 AnnexA)

kyy=Cmy·CmLT(
μy/(1-Ned/Ncr,y)(1/Cyy), μy=(1-Ned/Ncr,y)/(1-χy·Ned/Ncr,y) (EC3 Tab.A.1)
kzy=Cmy·CmLT(
μz/(1-Ned/Ncr,y)(1/Czy)0.60 Ö (wy/wz), μz=(1-Ned/Ncr,z)/(1-χz·Ned/Ncr,z)

-3
Ncr,y=π²
Ε Ιy/lcr,y²=3.14²x[10 ]x210000x162.70x10 6 /17907²= 1052 kN
-3
Ncr,z=π²
Ε Ιz/lcr,z²=3.14²x[10 ]x210000x10.430x10 6 / 1000²= 21617 kN
Ncr,t=(1/ip²)x(G·It +π² Ε Ιw/Lcr,t²) (EC3 NCCI SN003b-EN-EU)
Ncr,t=[10 -3 ]x(1/154²)[80769x 0.373x106 +π²x210000x313.58x109 /1971²]=8296 kN

μy=(1-Ned/Ncr,y)/(1-χy·Ned/Ncr,y)=(1- 115.9/ 1052)/(1-0.425x 115.9/ 1052)=0.934

μz=(1-Ned/Ncr,z)/(1-χz·Ned/Ncr,z)=(1- 115.9/ 21617)/(1-0.962x 115.9/ 21617)=1.000
alt=1-It/Iy>=0=1- 0.373x10 6 /162.70x10 6 =0.998 (EC3 Annex A.1)

wy=Wpl,y/Wel,y<=1.50, wy= 1.019x10 6 / 0.904x10 6 =1.128 <= 1.50 (EC3 Annex A.1)
wz=Wpl,z/Wel,z<=1.50, wz= 0.191x10 6 / 0.123x10 6 =1.556 > 1.50 , wz=1.50
npl=Ned/(Nrk/γΜ1)=115.95/(2000.10/1.00)=0.058

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-
λ max=max(1.386,0.306)=1.390 (EC3 Annex A.1)
Mcr,o=(1.00/2.20)x7880.90=3574.2, C1=1.00
-
λ o= Ö ([10 -6 ]x1019.0x10 3 x275/3574.2)=0.280
-
λ o,lim=0.2 Ö C1 [(1-Ned/Ncr,z)(1-Ned/Ncr,t)] 0.25 (EC3 Annex A.1)
-
λ o,lim=0.2 Ö 2.205 [(1-115.9/21617)(1-115.9/8296)] 0.25 =0.296
εy=(My,ed/Ned)(A/Wel)=([10 3 ]x145.15/115.95)x(7273.0/903.60x10 3 )=10.08

Cmy,o=0.79+0.21ψ+0.36(ψ-0.33)x(115.95/1052.0)=1.027, (ψ=1.00) (EC3 Annex A, T.A.1)

- -
λ o=0.280 <= λ o,lim=0.296
Cmy=Cmy,o=1.027, Cmz=Cmz,o=1.000, Cmlt=1.00

- -
Cyy=1+(wy-1)[(2-1.6Cmy²·λ max/wy-1.6Cmy²·λ max²/wy)npl-blt]>=Wel,y/Wpl,y (Annex A, T.A.1)
-
blt=0.5alt·λ o²[My,ed/(
χ,lt·Mpl,y,rd)](Mz,ed/Mpl,z,rd) =
=0.5x0.998x0.280²[0.0/(1.000x248.5)](0.0/33.8) = 0.000
Cyy=1+(1.128-1)[(2-1.6x1.027²x1.390/1.128-1.6x1.027²x1.390²/1.128)x0.058-0.000]=0.978
Cyy>=903.60x10 3 /1019.0x10 3 =0.887, Cyy=0.978

-
Czy=1+(wy-1)[(2-14.0Cmy²· λ max²/wy5 )npl-dlt]>=0.6 Ö (wy/wz)(Wel,y/Wpl,y) (Annex A, T.A.1)
- - 4
dlt=2alt·[λ o/(0.1+ λ z )][My,ed/(Cmy· χ,lt·Mpl,y,rd)][Mz,ed/(Cmz·Mpl,z,rd)]=
=20.998x[0.280/(0.1+0.306 4 )][0.0/(1.027x1.000x248.5)][0.0/(1.000x33.8)]=0.000
5
Czy=1+(1.128-1)[(2-14.0x1.027²x1.390²/1.128 )0.058-0.000]=0.899
Czy>=0.6 Ö (1.128/1.500)(903.60x10 /1019.0x10 3 )=0.461, Czy=0.899
3

Cyy=0.978, Czy=0.899 (Annex A, T.A.1)

kyy=1.027x1.000x0.934/(1-115.95/1052.0)x(1/0.978)=1.102
kzy=1.027x1.000x1.000/(1-115.95/1052.0)x(1/0.899)x0.6x Ö (1.128/1.500)=0.668

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Ned/(χy·Nrk/
γ Μ1)+kyy·My,ed/(
χLT·My,rk/
γ Μ1)= (EC3 Eq.6.61)
115.9/(0.425x2000.1/1.00)+1.102x145.1/(1.000x280.2/1.00)=0.136+0.571=0.707
0.707< 1.000, Is verified
Ned/(χz·Nrk/
γ Μ1)+kzy·My,ed/(
χLT·My,rk/
γ Μ1)= (EC3 Eq.6.62)
115.9/(0.962x2000.1/1.00)+0.668x145.1/(1.000x280.2/1.00)=0.060+0.346=0.406
0.406< 1.000, Is verified

13.7. Buckling resistance, Rafter end-span region (Ultimate Limit State)

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Ned = 138.6 kN
Ved = 143.3 kN
Myed = 213.5 kNm, Mzed =0.0 kNm
Rafter length Lr= Ö [(18000/2)²+(7000-4500)²]=9086 mm
Buckling length,In-plane buckling Lcr,y=17907mm (System length)
Buckling length,Out-of-plane buckling Lcr,z=6000mm (Torsional restrains of rafters)

13.8. Flexural Buckling, Rafter end-span region (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.1)
Nc,ed=138.58 kN, Lcr,y=17.907 m, Lcr,z=6.000 m
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Buckling lengths: Lcr,y=1.971x9086=17907mm, Lcr,z=0.660x9086=6000mm
Non-dimensional slenderness (Cross-section Class: 1 ) (EC3 §6.3.1.3)
-
λ y= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,y)=(Lcr,y/iy)·(1/
λ1)=(17907/149.6)x(1/86.39)=1.386
-
λ z= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,z)=(Lcr,z/iz)·(1/
λ1)=(6000/ 37.9)x(1/86.39)=1.834
λ1=π Ö (E/fy)=93.9ε=86.39, ε= Ö (235/fy)=0.92

h/b=360/170=2.12>=1.20, tf=12.7mm<=40 mm
y-y buckling curve:a, imperfection factor: αy=0.21, χy=0.425 (T.6.2,T.6.1,Fig.6.4)
- -
Φy=0.5[1+αy( λ y-0.2)+ λ y²]=0.5x[1+0.21x(1.386-0.2)+1.386²]=1.585
-
χy=1/[Φy+ Ö (Φy²-λ y²)]=1/[1.585+Ö (1.585²-1.386²)]=0.425 <=1χy=0.425
z-z buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: αz=0.34, χz=0.244
- -
Φz=0.5[1+αz( λ z-0.2)+ λ z²]=0.5x[1+0.34x(1.834-0.2)+1.834²]=2.460
-
χz=1/[Φz+ Ö (Φz²-λ z²)]=1/[2.460+Ö (2.460²-1.834²)]=0.244 <=1χz=0.244

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- - -
Reduction factor χ=1/[Φ+ Ö (Φ²-λ ²)], χ<=1.0, Φ=0.5[1+α( λ -0.2)+ λ ²], χ=0.244 (EC3 Eq.6.49)
γΜ1= 0.244x[10 -3 ]x7273x275/1.00=488.02kN
Nb,rd=χ·A·fy/ (EC3 Eq.6.47)
Nc,ed= 138.58 kN < 488.02 kN =Nb,rd, Is verified
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 138.58/488.02= 0.284<1

13.9. Lateral torsional buckling, Rafter end-span region (ULS) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.2)
My,ed=213.47 kN, L=9.086m, Lcr,y=17.907m, Lcr,z=6.000m, Lcr,lt=6.000m
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling (EC3 §6.3.2.2.2, EN1993:2002 AnnexC)
Timoshenko,S.P, Gere,J.M, Theory of elastic stability, McGraw-Hill, 1961
Mcr=C1·[ π²EIz/(kL)²]{
Ö [(kz/kw)²(Iw/Iz)+(kL)²GIt/( π²EIz)+(C2·zg-C3·zj)²] -(C2·zg-C3·zj)}
Method of computation C1,C2,C3 : ECCS 119/Galea SN030a-EN-EU Access Steel 2006
μ=Mo/M=qL²/8M=-81.5/213.5=-0.38, ψ=Mb/Ma=143.7/-213.5=-0.67, C1=2.636, C2=0.374
4
G=E/(2(1+ν))=210000/(2(1+0.30))=80769=8.1x10 N/mm²
k·L=6000mm, zg=h/2=360/2=180mm, zj=0mm (EN1993:2002 Eq.C.11)
ky=1.0, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=2.636, C2=0.374, C3=0.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]2.636x[π²x2.1x105 x10.430x10 6 /6000²]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)²x(313.58x109 /10.430x10 6 )
+6000²x8.1x104 x0.373x10 6 /(π²x2.1x105 x10.430x10 6 )
+(0.374x180)²]0.5 -(0.374x180) }= 354.3 kNm

-
λ ,lt= Ö (Wpl,y·fy/Mcr)=Ö {[10 -6 ]x1019.0x10 3 x275/354.3}=0.889 (EC3 Eq.6.56)
h/b=360/170=2.12>2.00 buckling curve: c
imperfection factor: α,lt=0.49, β=0.75, χ,lt=0.708 (T.6.3, T.6.5, Fig.6.4)
- - -
Φ,lt=0.5[1+α,lt( λ ,lt- λ ,lto)+β λ ,lt²]=0.5x[1+0.49x(0.889-0.40)+0.75x0.889²]=0.916
-
χ,lt=1/[Φ,lt+ Ö (Φ,lt²-β λ ,lt²)]=1/[0.916+Ö (0.916²-0.75x0.916²)]=0.708
- -
Reduction factor χ,lt=1/[Φ,lt+ Ö (Φ,lt²- β λ ,lt²)], χ,lt<=1.0, 1/ λ ,lt², χ,lt=0.708 (Eq.6.57)

-
χ,lt,mod=χ,lt/f, χ,lt,mod<=1, χ,lt,mod<=1/ λ ,lt²=1/0.889²=1.26 (EC3 §6.3.2.3(2),Eq.6.58)
Kc=1/(1.33-0.33ψ)=0.752, ψ=0.00 (EC3 Tab.6.6)
-
f=1-0.5(1-kc)[1-2.0( λ ,lt-0.8)²]=1-0.5x(1-0.752)[1-2.0x(0.889-0.8)²]=0.878, f<=1.0
χ,lt,mod=χ,lt/f=0.708/0.878=0.806, χ,lt,mod<=1.0, χ,lt,mod<=1.26, χ,lt,mod=0.806

γΜ1= 0.806x[10 -6 ]x1019.0x10 3 x275/1.00=225.86kNm

Mb,rd=χ,lt·Wpl,y·fy/ (EC3 Eq.6.55)
My,ed= 213.47 kNm < 225.86 kNm =Mb,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mb,rd= 213.47/225.86= 0.945<1

13.10. Axial force and bending moment, Rafter end-span region (ULS) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.3)
Ned=138.58 kN, My,ed=213.47 kNm

Ned/(χy·Nrk/ γ Μ1)+kyy·My,ed/(
χLT·My,rk/ γ Μ1)<=1 (EC3 Eq.6.61)
Ned/(χz·Nrk/ γ Μ1)+kzy·My,ed/(
χLT·My,rk/ γ Μ1)<=1 (EC3 Eq.6.62)
Nrk=A·fy=[10-3 ]x7273x275=2000.1 kN (Tab.6.7)
My,rk=Wpl,y·fy=[10-6 ]x1019.0x10 3 x275=280.2 kNm
χy·Nrk/
γ Μ1=χy·A·fy/γΜ1= 0.425x[10 -3 ]x7273x275/1.00=850.0kN
-3
χz·Nrk/
γ Μ1=χz·A·fy/γΜ1= 0.244x[10 ]x7273x275/1.00=488.0kN
χLT·My,rk/ γΜ1= 0.806x[10 -6 ]x1019.0x10 3 x275/1.00=225.9kNm
γ Μ1=χLT·Wpl,y·fy/

Interaction factors, Method of computation: Method 1 Annex A (EC3 AnnexA)

kyy=Cmy·CmLT(
μy/(1-Ned/Ncr,y)(1/Cyy), μy=(1-Ned/Ncr,y)/(1-χy·Ned/Ncr,y) (EC3 Tab.A.1)
kzy=Cmy·CmLT(
μz/(1-Ned/Ncr,y)(1/Czy)0.60 Ö (wy/wz), μz=(1-Ned/Ncr,z)/(1-χz·Ned/Ncr,z)

-3
Ncr,y=π²
Ε Ιy/lcr,y²=3.14²x[10 ]x210000x162.70x10 6 /17907²= 1052 kN
Ε Ιz/lcr,z²=3.14²x[10]x210000x10.430x10 6 / 6000²=
Ncr,z=π² -3
600 kN
Ncr,t=(1/ip²)x(G·It +π² Ε Ιw/Lcr,t²) (EC3 NCCI SN003b-EN-EU)
Ncr,t=[10 -3 ]x(1/154²)[80769x 0.373x106 +π²x210000x313.58x109 /11824²]=1462 kN

μy=(1-Ned/Ncr,y)/(1-χy·Ned/Ncr,y)=(1- 138.6/ 1052)/(1-0.425x 138.6/ 1052)=0.920

μz=(1-Ned/Ncr,z)/(1-χz·Ned/Ncr,z)=(1- 138.6/ 600)/(1-0.244x 138.6/ 600)=0.815
alt=1-It/Iy>=0=1- 0.373x10 6 /162.70x10 6 =0.998 (EC3 Annex A.1)

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wy=Wpl,y/Wel,y<=1.50, wy= 1.019x10 6 / 0.904x10 6 =1.128 <= 1.50 (EC3 Annex A.1)
wz=Wpl,z/Wel,z<=1.50, wz= 0.191x10 6 / 0.123x10 6 =1.556 > 1.50 , wz=1.50
npl=Ned/(Nrk/γΜ1)=138.58/(2000.10/1.00)=0.069

-
λ max=max(1.386,1.834)=1.830 (EC3 Annex A.1)
Mcr,o=(1.00/2.64)x354.30=134.4, C1=1.00
-
λ o= Ö ([10 -6 ]x1019.0x10 3 x275/134.4)=1.440
-
λ o,lim=0.2 Ö C1 [(1-Ned/Ncr,z)(1-Ned/Ncr,t)] 0.25 (EC3 Annex A.1)
-
λ o,lim=0.2 Ö 2.636 [(1-138.6/600)(1-138.6/1462)] 0.25 =0.297
εy=(My,ed/Ned)(A/Wel)=([10 3 ]x213.47/138.58)x(7273.0/903.60x10 3 )=12.40

Cmy,o=0.79+0.21ψ+0.36(ψ-0.33)x(138.58/1052.0)=1.032, (ψ=1.00) (EC3 Annex A, T.A.1)

- -
λ o=1.440 > λ o,lim=0.297
Cmy=Cmy,o+(1-Cmy,o)( Ö εy·alt)/(1+Ö εy·alt)=
=1.032+(1-1.032)x( Ö 12.399x0.998)/(1+ Ö 12.399x0.998) = 1.007
Cmlt=Cmy²·alt/Ö [(1-Ned/Ncr,z)(1-Ned/Ncr,t)] >=1
Cmlt=1.007²x0.998/Ö [(1-138.6/600.0)(1-138.6/1462.0)]=1.213, Cmlt=1.213

- -
Cyy=1+(wy-1)[(2-1.6Cmy²·λ max/wy-1.6Cmy²·λ max²/wy)npl-blt]>=Wel,y/Wpl,y (Annex A, T.A.1)
-
blt=0.5alt·λ o²[My,ed/(
χ,lt·Mpl,y,rd)](Mz,ed/Mpl,z,rd) =
=0.5x0.998x1.440²[0.0/(0.806x248.5)](0.0/33.8) = 0.000
Cyy=1+(1.128-1)[(2-1.6x1.007²x1.830/1.128-1.6x1.007²x1.830²/1.128)x0.069-0.000]=0.952
Cyy>=903.60x10 3 /1019.0x10 3 =0.887, Cyy=0.952

-
Czy=1+(wy-1)[(2-14.0Cmy²· λ max²/wy5 )npl-dlt]>=0.6 Ö (wy/wz)(Wel,y/Wpl,y) (Annex A, T.A.1)
- - 4
dlt=2alt·[λ o/(0.1+ λ z )][My,ed/(Cmy· χ,lt·Mpl,y,rd)][Mz,ed/(Cmz·Mpl,z,rd)]=
=20.998x[1.440/(0.1+1.834 4 )][0.0/(1.007x0.806x248.5)][0.0/(0.000x33.8)]=0.000
5
Czy=1+(1.128-1)[(2-14.0x1.007²x1.830²/1.128 )0.069-0.000]=0.788
Czy>=0.6 Ö (1.128/1.500)(903.60x10 /1019.0x10 3 )=0.461, Czy=0.788
3

Cyy=0.952, Czy=0.788 (Annex A, T.A.1)

kyy=1.007x1.213x0.920/(1-138.58/1052.0)x(1/0.952)=1.360
kzy=1.007x1.213x0.815/(1-138.58/1052.0)x(1/0.788)x0.6x Ö (1.128/1.500)=0.757

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Ned/(χy·Nrk/
γ Μ1)+kyy·My,ed/(
χLT·My,rk/
γ Μ1)= (EC3 Eq.6.61)
138.6/(0.425x2000.1/1.00)+1.360x213.5/(0.806x280.2/1.00)=0.163+1.286=1.449
1.449> 1.000, Is NOT verified
Ned/(χz·Nrk/
γ Μ1)+kzy·My,ed/(
χLT·My,rk/
γ Μ1)= (EC3 Eq.6.62)
138.6/(0.244x2000.1/1.00)+0.757x213.5/(0.806x280.2/1.00)=0.284+0.716=0.999
0.999< 1.000, Is verified

13.11. Buckling resistance, Rafter-Uplift conditions (Ultimate Limit State)

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Ned = 0.4 kN
Ved = 8.3 kN
Myed = 36.8 kNm, Mzed =0.0 kNm
Rafter length Lr= Ö [(18000/2)²+(7000-4500)²]=9086 mm
Buckling length,In-plane buckling Lcr,y=17907mm (System length)
Buckling length,Out-of-plane buckling Lcr,z=6000mm (Torsional restrains of rafters)

13.12. Flexural Buckling, Rafter-Uplift conditions (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.1)
Nc,ed=0.44 kN, Lcr,y=17.907 m, Lcr,z=6.000 m
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Buckling lengths: Lcr,y=1.971x9086=17907mm, Lcr,z=0.660x9086=6000mm
Non-dimensional slenderness (Cross-section Class: 1 ) (EC3 §6.3.1.3)
-
λ y= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,y)=(Lcr,y/iy)·(1/
λ1)=(17907/149.6)x(1/86.39)=1.386
-
λ z= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,z)=(Lcr,z/iz)·(1/
λ1)=(6000/ 37.9)x(1/86.39)=1.834
λ1=π Ö (E/fy)=93.9ε=86.39, ε= Ö (235/fy)=0.92

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h/b=360/170=2.12>=1.20, tf=12.7mm<=40 mm
y-y buckling curve:a, imperfection factor: αy=0.21, χy=0.425 (T.6.2,T.6.1,Fig.6.4)
- -
Φy=0.5[1+αy( λ y-0.2)+ λ y²]=0.5x[1+0.21x(1.386-0.2)+1.386²]=1.585
-
χy=1/[Φy+ Ö (Φy²-λ y²)]=1/[1.585+Ö (1.585²-1.386²)]=0.425 <=1χy=0.425
z-z buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: αz=0.34, χz=0.244
- -
Φz=0.5[1+αz( λ z-0.2)+ λ z²]=0.5x[1+0.34x(1.834-0.2)+1.834²]=2.460
-
χz=1/[Φz+ Ö (Φz²-λ z²)]=1/[2.460+Ö (2.460²-1.834²)]=0.244 <=1χz=0.244

- - -
Reduction factor χ=1/[Φ+ Ö (Φ²-λ ²)], χ<=1.0, Φ=0.5[1+α( λ -0.2)+ λ ²], χ=0.244 (EC3 Eq.6.49)
-3
Nb,rd=χ·A·fy/
γΜ1= 0.244x[10 ]x7273x275/1.00=488.02kN (EC3 Eq.6.47)
Nc,ed= 0.44 kN < 488.02 kN =Nb,rd, Is verified
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 0.44/488.02= 0.001<1

13.13. Lateral torsional buckling, Rafter-Uplift conditions (ULS) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.2)

My,ed=36.83 kN, L=9.086m, Lcr,y=17.907m, Lcr,z=6.000m, Lcr,lt=6.000m
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 210: 1.00Gk+1.50Qw1

Hogging
k·L=6000mm, zg=-180mm, zj=0mm (EN1993:2002 Eq.C.11)
ky=2.0, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=1.000, C2=0.000, C3=1.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]1.000x[π²x2.1x105 x10.430x10 6 /6000²]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)²x(313.58x109 /10.430x10 6 )
+6000²x8.1x104 x0.373x10 6 /(π²x2.1x105 x10.430x10 6 )] 0.5 }= 170.1 kNm

-
λ ,lt= Ö (Wpl,y·fy/Mcr)=Ö {[10 -6 ]x1019.0x10 3 x275/170.1}=1.284 (EC3 Eq.6.56)
h/b=360/170=2.12>2.00 buckling curve: c
imperfection factor: α,lt=0.49, β=0.75, χ,lt=0.483 (T.6.3, T.6.5, Fig.6.4)
- - -
Φ,lt=0.5[1+α,lt( λ ,lt- λ ,lto)+β λ ,lt²]=0.5x[1+0.49x(1.284-0.40)+0.75x1.284²]=1.334
-
χ,lt=1/[Φ,lt+ Ö (Φ,lt²-β λ ,lt²)]=1/[1.334+Ö (1.334²-0.75x1.334²)]=0.483
- -
Reduction factor χ,lt=1/[Φ,lt+ Ö (Φ,lt²- β λ ,lt²)], χ,lt<=1.0, 1/ λ ,lt², χ,lt=0.483 (Eq.6.57)

-
χ,lt,mod=χ,lt/f, χ,lt,mod<=1, χ,lt,mod<=1/ λ ,lt²=1/1.284²=0.61 (EC3 §6.3.2.3(2),Eq.6.58)
Kc=1.00 (EC3 Tab.6.6)
-
f=1-0.5(1-kc)[1-2.0( λ ,lt-0.8)²]=1-0.5x(1-1.000)[1-2.0x(1.284-0.8)²]=1.000, f<=1.0
χ,lt,mod=χ,lt/f=0.483/1.000=0.483, χ,lt,mod<=1.0, χ,lt,mod<=0.61, χ,lt,mod=0.483

γΜ1= 0.483x[10 -6 ]x1019.0x10 3 x275/1.00=135.35kNm

Mb,rd=χ,lt·Wpl,y·fy/ (EC3 Eq.6.55)
My,ed= 36.83 kNm < 135.35 kNm =Mb,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mb,rd= 36.83/135.35= 0.272<1

*** Rafter verification(ULS), Is NOT verified ***

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14. Haunch verification (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6)

The haunch is fabricated by cutting and welding of an IPE 360 section - S 275
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
at haunch end at haunch-middle at haunch-start
Ned = 138.6 kN Ned = 134.2 kN Ned = 129.9 kN
Ved = 143.3 kN Ved = 127.6 kN Ved = 111.9 kN
Myed = 419.5 kNm Myed = 321.2 kNm Myed = 213.5 kNm

Buckling length,In-plane buckling Lcr,y=1800mm

Buckling length,Out-of-plane buckling Lcr,z=1800mm

14.1. Classification of steel cross-section, at haunch end (EN1993-1-1, §5.5)

Maximum and minimum cross-section stresses σ=Ned/Ael ± Myed/Wel.y ± Mzed/Wel.z

σ=[10 3 ]138.60/9875 ± [106 ]419.50/2120.9x10³ ± [10
6
]0.00/122.7x10³
σ1=212 N/mm², σ2=-184 N/mm² (compression positive)

Web
c=720.0-2x12.7-2x18.0=658.6 mm, t=8.0 mm, c/t=658.6/8.0=82.32 fy
S 275 , t= 8.0<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm², ε=(235/275) 0.5 =0.92 +
αc
Position of neutral axis for combined Bending and compression
c
Ned/(2tw·fy/
γM0)=138600/(2x8.0x275/1.00)=31.5 mm
α=(658.6/2+31.5)/658.6=0.548>0.5
fy
c/t=82.32>456x0.92/(13x0.548-1)=68.53
The web is not class 1 or 2

σ=Ned/A±Myed·(0.5d)/Iy,σ1=195 N/mm², σ2=-167 N/mm²

fy
ψ=-167/195=-0.860 > -1
+
c/t=82.32 <= 42x0.92/(0.67+0.33x-0.860)=100.05
c
The web is class 3 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)
c/2

ψ fy
Flange
c=170.0/2-8.0/2-18.0=63.0 mm, t=12.7 mm, c/t=63.0/12.7=4.96
S 275 , t=12.7<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm², ε=(235/275) 0.5 =0.92 +
c/t=4.96<=9ε=9x0.92=8.28
The flange is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2) c

Overall classification of cross-section is Class 3, Bending and compression Nc,ed+My,ed

14.2. Resistance of cross-section, at haunch end (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.2)

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for compression (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.4)

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Nc.ed=138.60 kN
Compression Resistance Nplrd= γ Μ0=[10 -3 ]x9875x275/1.00=2715.57kN
A·fy/
Ned= 138.60 kN < 2715.57 kN =Nc,rd=Nplrd, Is verified
Ned/Nc,rd= 138.60/2715.57= 0.051<1

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for bending moment y-y (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.5)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
My.ed=419.50 kNm
Bending Resistance γ Μ0=[10 -6 ]x2120.9x10 3 x275/1.00= 583.24kNm
Mely,rd=Wely·fy/
My,ed= 419.50 kNm < 583.24 kNm =My,rd=Mply,rd, Is verified
My,ed/My,rd= 419.50/583.24= 0.719<1

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Ultimate Limit State, Verification for shear z (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.6)

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Vz.ed=143.30 kN
Av=A-2b·tf+(tw+2r)tf=9875-2x170.0x12.7+(8.0+2x18.0)x12.7=6116mm² (EC3 §6.2.6.3)
Av= 6116mm² > η·hw·tw= 1.00x(720.0-2x12.7)x8.0=1.00x707.3x8.0= 5658mm²
Plastic Shear Resistance Vpl,z,rd= Av(fy/ Ö 3)/γΜ0= [10 -3 ]x6116x(275/1.73)/1.00= 970.98kN
Vz,ed= 143.30 kN < 970.98 kN =Vz,rd=Vpl,z,rd, Is verified
Vz,ed/Vz,rd= 143.30/970.98= 0.148<1

hw/tw=(720.0-2x12.7)/8.0=707.3/8.0=88.41>72x0.92/1.00=72ε/η=66.24 (η=1.00)
S 275 , t= 8.0<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm², ε=(235/275) 0.5 =0.92
Shear buckling resistance must be verified (EC3 §6.2.6.6)

Shear buckling resistance (EC3 EN1993-1-5:2006, §5)

-
λ w=(658.6/8.0)/(37.4x0.92x Ö (5.34))=1.035, Kτ=5.34 (EC3-1-5 §5, Eq.5.6, A.3)
-
0.83/η <= λ w=1.035 < 1.08, χv=0.83/1.035=0.802 (η=1.00) (EC3-1-5 Tab.5.1)
Vb,rd=χv·fyw·hw·t/(
Ö 3γM1)=0.001x275x0.802x658.6x8.0/(1.73x1.00)=670.61kN (EC3-1-5 Tab.5.1)
Ved=143 kN < 671=Vb,rd kN, Is verified
Ved/Vb,rd= 143.30/670.61= 0.214<1

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for axial force, shear and bending (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.9)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
N.ed= 138.60kN (Compression), Vz.ed= 143.30kN, My.ed= 419.50kNm
Nplrd=2715.57kN, Mel,y,rd=583.24kNm, Vpl,z,rd=670.61kN
Ned=138.60kN <= 0.25x2715.57=0.25xNplrd=678.89kN
Ned=138.60kN <= [10 -3 ]x0.5x707.3x8.0x275/1.00=0.5hw·tw·fy/
γM0=778.03 kN
n=Ned/Nplrd=139/2716= 0.051
Effect of axial force is neglected (EC3 §6.2.9.1 Eq.6.33, Eq.6.34, Eq.6.35)
Ved=143.30kN <= 0.50x670.61=0.50xVpl,rd=335.30kN
Effect of shear force is neglected (EC3 §6.2.8.2)

Maximum and minimum cross-section stresses σ=Ned/Ael ± Myed/Wel.y ± Mzed/Wel.z

σ=[10 3 ]0.00/9875 ± [106 ]419.50/2120.9x10³ ± [10
6
]0.00/122.7x10³
σ1=198 N/mm², σ2=-198 N/mm² (compression positive)
σx.ed=198 < 275/1.00=275=fy/γΜ0 N/mm², Is verified (EC3 Eq.6.42)

14.3. Out-of-plane buckling, at haunch end (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.2.4)
We check an equivalent T-section for the compressive part of the haunch section
The equivalent T-section is made of the bottom flange and 1/3 of the compressed part of the web
Properties of equivalent T-section
Depth of cross section hf = 120 mm
Width of cross section bf = 170 mm
Web thickness tw = 8.00 mm
Flange thickness tf = 12.70 mm
2
Area Af = 3017 mm
6 4
Second moment of area If,z = 5.200x10 mm
Radius of gyration if,z = Ö ( 5.200x10 6 /3017) =41.5 mm

Compression in the T-section

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
3
Ned,f=Ned·Af/A+Med·Af/Wel,y=138.6x3017/9875+419.5x3017x10/2120.9x10 3 =639.2kN

-
λ z= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,z)=(Lcr,z/iz)·(1/
λ1)=(1800/ 41.5)x(1/86.39)=0.502
f,z-f,z buckling curve:c, imperfection factor: αf,z=0.49, χf,z=0.842 (T.6.2,T.6.1,Fig.6.4)
- -
Φf,z=0.5[1+αf,z( λ f,z-0.2)+ λ f,z²]=0.5x[1+0.49x(0.502-0.2)+0.502²]=0.700
-
χf,z=1/[Φf,z+ Ö (Φf,z²-λ f,z²)]=1/[0.700+Ö (0.700²-0.502²)]=0.842 <=1χf,z=0.842
Nb,rd=χz·A·fy/ γΜ1= 0.842x3017x275/1.00=698.68kN (EC3 Eq.6.47)
Nc,ed= 639.18 kN < 698.68 kN =Nb,rd, Is verified
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 639.18/698.68= 0.915<1

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14.4. Classification of steel cross-section, at haunch-middle (EN1993-1-1, §5.5)

Maximum and minimum cross-section stresses σ=Ned/Ael ± Myed/Wel.y ± Mzed/Wel.z

σ=[10 3 ]134.20/8435 ± [106 ]321.20/1448.4x10³ ± [10
6
]0.00/122.6x10³
σ1=238 N/mm², σ2=-206 N/mm² (compression positive)

Web
c=540.0-2x12.7-2x18.0=478.6 mm, t=8.0 mm, c/t=478.6/8.0=59.83 fy
S 275 , t= 8.0<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm², ε=(235/275) 0.5 =0.92 +
αc
Position of neutral axis for combined Bending and compression
c
Ned/(2tw·fy/
γM0)=134200/(2x8.0x275/1.00)=30.5 mm
α=(478.6/2+30.5)/478.6=0.564>0.5
f
396x0.920/(13x0.564-1)=57.57<c/t=59.83<=456x0.920/(13x0.564-1)=66.29 y
The web is class 2 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

Flange
c=170.0/2-8.0/2-18.0=63.0 mm, t=12.7 mm, c/t=63.0/12.7=4.96
S 275 , t=12.7<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm², ε=(235/275) 0.5 =0.92 +
c/t=4.96<=9ε=9x0.92=8.28
The flange is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2) c

Overall classification of cross-section is Class 2, Bending and compression Nc,ed+My,ed

14.5. Resistance of cross-section, at haunch-middle (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.2)

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for compression (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.4)

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Nc.ed=134.20 kN
Compression Resistance Nplrd= γ Μ0=[10 -3 ]x8435x275/1.00=2319.57kN
A·fy/
Ned= 134.20 kN < 2319.57 kN =Nc,rd=Nplrd, Is verified
Ned/Nc,rd= 134.20/2319.57= 0.058<1

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for bending moment y-y (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.5)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
My.ed=321.20 kNm
Bending Resistance γ Μ0=[10 -6 ]x1668.1x10 3 x275/1.00= 458.72kNm
Mply,rd=Wply·fy/
My,ed= 321.20 kNm < 458.72 kNm =My,rd=Mply,rd, Is verified
My,ed/My,rd= 321.20/458.72= 0.700<1

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for shear z (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.6)

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
Vz.ed=127.60 kN
Av=A-2b·tf+(tw+2r)tf=8435-2x170.0x12.7+(8.0+2x18.0)x12.7=4676mm² (EC3 §6.2.6.3)
Av= 4676mm² > η·hw·tw= 1.00x(540.0-2x12.7)x8.0=1.00x527.3x8.0= 4218mm²
Plastic Shear Resistance Vpl,z,rd= Av(fy/ Ö 3)/γΜ0= [10 -3 ]x4676x(275/1.73)/1.00= 742.35kN
Vz,ed= 127.60 kN < 742.35 kN =Vz,rd=Vpl,z,rd, Is verified
Vz,ed/Vz,rd= 127.60/742.35= 0.172<1

hw/tw=(540.0-2x12.7)/8.0=527.3/8.0=65.91<=72x0.92/1.00=72ε/η=66.24 (η=1.00)
S 275 , t= 8.0<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm², ε=(235/275) 0.5 =0.92
Shear buckling resistance is not necessary to be verified (EC3 §6.2.6.6)

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for axial force, shear and bending (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.9)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
N.ed= 134.20kN (Compression), Vz.ed= 127.60kN, My.ed= 321.20kNm
Nplrd=2319.57kN, Mpl,y,rd=458.72kNm, Vpl,z,rd=742.35kN
Ned=134.20kN <= 0.25x2319.57=0.25xNplrd=579.89kN
Ned=134.20kN <= [10 -3 ]x0.5x527.3x8.0x275/1.00=0.5hw·tw·fy/
γM0=580.03 kN
n=Ned/Nplrd=134/2320= 0.058
Effect of axial force is neglected (EC3 §6.2.9.1 Eq.6.33, Eq.6.34, Eq.6.35)
Ved=127.60kN <= 0.50x742.35=0.50xVpl,rd=371.17kN
Effect of shear force is neglected (EC3 §6.2.8.2)

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My,ed= 321.20 kNm < 458.72 kNm =Mply,rd, Is verified

My,ed/Mply,rd= 321.20/458.72= 0.700<1

14.6. Out-of-plane buckling, at haunch-middle (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.2.4)

We check an equivalent T-section for the compressive part of the haunch section
The equivalent T-section is made of the bottom flange and 1/3 of the compressed part of the web
Properties of equivalent T-section
Depth of cross section hf = 90 mm
Width of cross section bf = 170 mm
Web thickness tw = 8.00 mm
Flange thickness tf = 12.70 mm
2
Area Af = 2777 mm
6 4
Second moment of area If,z = 5.200x10 mm
Radius of gyration if,z = Ö ( 5.200x10 6 /2777) =43.3 mm

Compression in the T-section

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 212: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2
3
Ned,f=Ned·Af/A+Med·Af/Wel,y=134.2x2777/8435+321.2x2777x10/1448.4x10 3 =660.1kN

-
λ z= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,z)=(Lcr,z/iz)·(1/
λ1)=(1800/ 43.3)x(1/86.39)=0.482
f,z-f,z buckling curve:c, imperfection factor: αf,z=0.49, χf,z=0.853 (T.6.2,T.6.1,Fig.6.4)
- -
Φf,z=0.5[1+αf,z( λ f,z-0.2)+ λ f,z²]=0.5x[1+0.49x(0.482-0.2)+0.482²]=0.685
-
χf,z=1/[Φf,z+ Ö (Φf,z²-λ f,z²)]=1/[0.685+Ö (0.685²-0.482²)]=0.853 <=1χf,z=0.853
Nb,rd=χz·A·fy/ γΜ1= 0.853x2777x275/1.00=651.51kN (EC3 Eq.6.47)
Nc,ed= 660.14 kN > 651.51 kN =Nb,rd, Is NOT verified
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 660.14/651.51= 1.013>1

*** Haunch verification(ULS), Is NOT verified ***

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Connections

15. Connection data (EN1993-1-8 )

15.1. Bolt connection data (eave, apex) (EN1993-1-8 )

Type of connection End-plate connection, non-preloaded bolts

Category of connection Category A: Bearing type (EC3-1-8 §3.4.1)
Category D: Non-preloded (EC3-1-8 §3.4.2)
End Plate Thickness tp=20 mm, S 355
Plate of Apex connecion 200x687x20 mm, S 355
Plate of Eave connecion 200x897x20 mm, S 355
Bolts M30, Strength grade 10.9
Bolt diameter d = 30 mm
Diameter of holes do = 33 mm
Nominal area πd²/4 =
πx30²/4= 706.9 mm²
Tensile stress area As = 561.0 mm²
Bolt strength grade 10.9, fyb=900N/mm², fub=1000N/mm² (EC3-1-8 §3.1.1)

15.2. Edge distances and spacing of bolts (eave, apex) (EN1993-1-8, §3.5, Tab.3.3)

Minimum edge distances e1=1.2do=1.2x33=40 mm

e2=1.2do=1.2x33=40 mm
Maximum edge distances e1=4t+40=4x16.5+40=107 mm
e2=4t+40=4x16.5+40=107 mm
Minimum spacing of bolts p1=2.2do=2.2x33=73 mm
p2=2.4do=2.4x33=80 mm
Maximum spacing of bolts p1=min(14t,200)=min(14x16.5,200)=200 mm
p2=min(14t,200)=min(14x16.5,200)=200 mm
Distance of plate edge to bolt line e1=e2=ex= 50 mm
Distance of section edge to bolt line ec= 46 mm
Distance of flange enge to bolt line ef= 50 mm
Pitch between bolt rows p1=p3=p= 100 mm
Spacing between cross centers p2=g =w= 100 mm
Flange to end-plate weld atf>= 0.55tf=0.55x12.7= 7 mm
Web to end-plate weld aw>= 0.55tw=0.55x 8.0= 6 mm

15.3. Design resistance of individual bolts (eave, apex) (EC3-1-8 §3.6.1, Tab.3.4)

Bolt strength grade=10.9, fub =1000N/mm², As=561.0mm²,γM2=1.25

Tension resistance of bolts Ft,rd=k2·fub·As/ γM2, (k2=0.90 )
Ft,rd=[10 -3 ]x0.90x1000x561.0/1.25=404 kN
Shear resistance of bolts Fv,rd=αν·fub·As/ γM2, (αν=0.50)
Fv,rd=[10 -3 ]x0.50x1000x561.0/1.25=224 kN

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16. Apex connection

16.1. Basic data (Apex connection)

Design forces of connection (Apex connection)

Maximum design values for actions (L.C. 212: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs1+0.60x1.50Qw2= 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2)
Ned = -78.4 kN
Ved = 54.2 kN
Med = 134.0 kNm

16.2. Connection data (Apex connection)

Bolt connection data 50 100 50

End Plate 200x687x20 mm, S 355

50
Bolts M30, Bolt strength grade 10.9

113
Number of Bolts top 2x1=2
bottom 2x3=6
Total number of bolts =8

374
Diameter of holes do = 33 mm
Shear plane of bolt through the threated portion

687

113
Edge distances and spacing of bolts

100
226
Distance of plate edge to bolt line e1=e2=ex= 50 mm
Distance of section edge to bolt line ec= 46 mm

113
Distance of flange enge to bolt line ef= 50 mm

50
Pitch between bolt rows p1=p3=p= 100 mm
Spacing between cross centers p2=g =w= 100 mm 200
Flange to end-plate weld atf>= 0.55tf=0.55x12.7= 7 mm
Web to end-plate weld aw>= 0.55tw=0.55x 8.0= 6 mm

16.3. Connection geometry of end-plate (Apex connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.1, Fig.6.2)

e=ex=50 mm, emin=50 mm

mx,x=(100-8.0-2x0.8x6x Ö 2)/2= 39.2 mm
mx,y=50-0.8x7x Ö 2= 42.1 mm
nx,x= emin <=1.25mx,x = min(50.0,1.25x39.2=49.0)= 49.0 mm
nx,y= emin <=1.25mx,y = min(50.0,1.25x42.1=52.6)= 50.0 mm
min(mx,x, mx,y)=min(39.2,42.1)=39.2mm, max(mx,x, mx,y)=max(39.2,42.1)=42.1mm
min(nx,x, nx,y)=min(49.0,50.0)=49.0mm, max(nx,x, nx,y)=max(49.0,50.0)=50.0mm

16.4. Effective lengths of end-plate (Apex connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.5 Tab.6.6)

Bolt-row outside tension flange of beam

leff=2π·mx =2 πx42.1= 264.5 mm
=π·mx+w =
πx42.1+100.0= 232.3 mm
=π·mx+2e=
πx42.1+2x50.0= 232.3 mm
=4mx+1.25ex = 4x42.1+1.25x50.0=230.9 mm
=e+2mx+0.625ex = 50.0+2x42.1+0.625x50.0=165.4 mm
=0.5bp = 0.5x200= 100.0 mm
=0.5w+2mx+0.625ex=0.5x100.0+2x42.1+0.625x50.0= 165.4 mm
leff,1b=min(264.5, 232.3, 232.3, 230.9, 165.4, 100.0, 165.4)= 100.0 mm
leff,1b= 100.0 mm

Bolt next to tension flange alone

leff=2π·mx =2πx39.2= 246.3 mm
=α·m =6.28x39.2=246.3 mm (λ1=λ2=m/(m+e)=0.44, α=6.28) (EC3-1-8 Fig.6.11)
leff,2b=min(246.3, 246.3)= 246.3 mm
leff,2b= = 246.3 mm

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Bolt next to tension flange in a group

leff=2π·mx =2πx39.2= 246.3 mm
=α·m =6.28x39.2=246.3 mm (λ1=λ2=m/(m+e)=0.44, α=6.28)
=πm+p =πx39.2+100.0= 223.2 mm
=0.5p+α·m-(2m+0.625e)=0.5x100.0+6.3x39.2-(2x39.2+0.625x50.0)= 186.7 mm
leff,3b=min(246.3, 246.3, 223.2, 186.7)= 186.7 mm
leff,3b= = 186.7 mm

Inner Bolt-row in a group

leff=2π·mx =2πx39.2= 246.3 mm
=4m+1.25e =4x39.2+1.25x50.0= 219.3 mm
=2p =2x100.0= 200.0 mm
=p = 100.0 mm
leff,4b=min(246.3, 219.3, 200.0, 100.0)= 100.0 mm
leff,4b= = 100.0 mm

16.5. End-Plate, Resistance of T-stub flange (Apex connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.1, Tab.6.2)

Bolt-row outside tension flange of beam

γM0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x100.0x20.0²x355/1.00=3.550kNm
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25leff·tf²·fy/
Mode 1 Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x3.550/42.1 = 337 kN
Mode 2 Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nΣFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x3.550+50.0x2x404)/(42.1+50.0)=516kN
Mode 3 Ft,3,rd= ΣFt,rd =2x404 = 808 kN
Ft,rd= min(337, 516, 808)= 337 kN

Bolt next to tension flange alone

γM0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x246.3x20.0²x355/1.00=8.744kNm
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25leff·tf²·fy/
3
Mode 1 Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 ]x4x8.744/39.2 = 892 kN
Mode 2 Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nΣFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x8.744+49.0x2x404)/(39.2+49.0)=647kN
Mode 3 Ft,3,rd= ΣFt,rd =2x404 = 808 kN
Ft,rd= min(892, 647, 808)= 647 kN

Bolt next to tension flange in a group

γM0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x186.7x20.0²x355/1.00=6.628kNm
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25leff·tf²·fy/
Mode 1 Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x6.628/39.2 = 676 kN
Mode 2 Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nΣFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x6.628+49.0x2x404)/(39.2+49.0)=599kN
Mode 3 Ft,3,rd= ΣFt,rd =2x404 = 808 kN
Ft,rd= min(676, 599, 808)= 599 kN

Inner Bolt-row in a group

γM0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x100.0x20.0²x355/1.00=3.550kNm
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25leff·tf²·fy/
3
Mode 1 Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 ]x4x3.550/42.1 = 337 kN
Mode 2 Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nΣFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x3.550+50.0x2x404)/(42.1+50.0)=516kN
Mode 3 Ft,3,rd= ΣFt,rd =2x404 = 808 kN
Ft,rd= min(337, 516, 808)= 337 kN

16.6. Rafter flange and web in compression (Apex connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.7)
Fc,fb,rd= Mc,rd/(h-tf), Mc,rd= Wel,y·fy/ γM0
3
Wel,y=(170x12.7x574.1²+8.0x561.4³/6)/587=1614.7x10 mm³
Mc,rd= [10 ]x1614.7x10 x275/1.00=444kNm, Fc,fb,rd=[10 3 ]x444/574.1= 773kN
-6 3

γM0= [10 -3 ]x170.0x12.7x275/1.00= 594 kN (h<=600mm)

Fc,fb,rd,max=b·t·fy/
Fc,fb,rd= min(773, 594)= 594 kN

16.7. Rafter web in tension (Apex connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.8)

Ft,wb,rd = beff,t,wb·twb·fy,wb/ γM0

beff,t,wb=Leff=min(leff,3b, leff,4b)=min(186.7, 100.0) =100.0 mm
Ft,wb,rd = [10 -3 ]x100.0x8.0x275/1.00= 220 kN

min Ft,rd=min(337, 647, 599, 337, 220)= 220 kN

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16.8. Moment resistance of connection (Apex connection) (EN1993-1-8, §6.2.7.2)

Mj,rd = Σ hr·Ftr,rd (EN1993-1-8, §6.2.7.2Eq.6.25

hr: row numbering from bottom, distances from center of top (compression) flange
End-plate in bending (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.5
Force distribution in bolt rows
Bolt-row 1, hr= 517.3 mm, Ft,rd= 599 kN
Bolt-row 2, hr= 417.3 mm, Ft,rd= 337 kN
Bolt-row 3, hr= 304.1 mm, Ft,rd= 599 kN
Bolt-row 4, hr= 56.8 mm, Ft,rd= 337 kN
Fc,ed=ΣFt,rd=599 + 337 + 599 + 337= 1872 kN

Rafter web in tension (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.8)

Ft,wb,rd = 220 kN
Rafter flange and web in compression (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.7
Fc,fb,rd= 594 kN
Ft,rd<=Ft,wb,rd=220 kN, Fc,ed=ΣFt,rd<=Fc,fb,rd=594 kN

Force distribution in bolt rows (EC3-1-8 §6.2.7.2.(7))

Bolt-row 1, hr= 517.3 mm, Ft,rd= 220 kN
Bolt-row 2, hr= 417.3 mm, Ft,rd= 220 kN
Bolt-row 3, hr= 304.1 mm, Ft,rd= 154 kN
Bolt-row 4, hr= 56.8 mm, Ft,rd= 0 kN
Fc,ed=ΣFt,rd=220 + 220 + 154 + 0= 594 kN

Moment resistance of connection (EN1993-1-8, §6.2.7.2(10)

Mj,rd =[10 -3 ]x[220x517.3+220x417.3+154x304.1+0x56.8]

Mj,rd = 252 kNm
Med= 134.0 kNm < 252.4 kNm =Mj,rd, Is verified

16.9. Shear resistance (Apex connection) (EN1993-1-8, §3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

Shear resistance of bolts

γM2=[10 -3 ]x0.50x1000x561.0/1.25=224 kN
Fv,rd=αν·fub·As/
Shear plane of bolt:through the threated portion

Bearing resistance of bolts

Fb,rd=k1·αb·fu·d·t/
γM2
t=20.0mm, d=30mm, do=33mm, e1=50mm, e2=50mm, p1=100mm, fub=1000kN/mm², fu=510kN/mm²,
αb=min[fub/fu, 1.0, e1/3do, p1/3do-1/4]=
=min[1000/510, 1.0, 50/(3x33), 100/(3x33)-0.25]=0.51
k1=min[2.8e2/do-1.7,1.4p2/do-1.7,2.5]=min[2.8x50/33-1.7,1.4x100/33-1.7,2.5]=2.50
Fb,rd=k1· γM2= [10 -3 ]x2.50x0.51x510x30x20.0/1.25=309 kN
αb·fu·d·t/

Design resistance of one bolt in shear =min(224, 309)=224 kN

Bending moment and shear (EN1993-1-8, §3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

Maximum tension force in bolts
Ft,ed=220/2=110 kN
Reduction of shear resistance due to bending
ρ=1-Ft,ed/1.40Ft,rd=1-110/(1.40x404)=0.81
Shear acting together with bending moment for all the bolts
Vrd=8x0.81x224 =1452 kN

Ved= 54 kN < 1452 kN =Vrd, Is verified

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17. Eave connection

17.1. Basic data (Eave connection)

Design forces of connection (Eave connection)

Maximum design values for actions (L.C. 212: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs1+0.60x1.50Qw2= 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw2)
Ned = -92.7 kN
Ved = 172.2 kN
Med = -419.8 kNm

17.2. Connection data (Eave connection)

Bolt connection data 50 100 50

End Plate 200x897x20 mm, S 355

100 100 113 50

100
Bolts M30, Bolt strength grade 10.9
Number of Bolts top 2x5=10
bottom 2x1=2
Total number of bolts =12

374
Diameter of holes do = 33 mm

100
Shear plane of bolt through the threated portion

897
Edge distances and spacing of bolts

386
Distance of plate edge to bolt line e1=e2=ex= 50 mm
Distance of section edge to bolt line ec= 46 mm
Distance of flange enge to bolt line ef= 50 mm

113
50
Pitch between bolt rows p1=p3=p= 100 mm
Spacing between cross centers p2=g =w= 100 mm 200
Flange to end-plate weld atf>= 0.55tf=0.55x12.7= 7 mm
Web to end-plate weld aw>= 0.55tw=0.55x 8.0= 6 mm

Compression stiffener at the bottom of haunch

Compression stiffener with thickness ts= 20.0 mm

17.3. Connection geometry of end-plate (Eave connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.1, Fig.6.2)

e=ex=50 mm, emin=50 mm

mx,x=(100-8.0-2x0.8x6x Ö 2)/2= 39.2 mm
mx,y=50-0.8x7x Ö 2= 42.1 mm
nx,x= emin <=1.25mx,x = min(50.0,1.25x39.2=49.0)= 49.0 mm
nx,y= emin <=1.25mx,y = min(50.0,1.25x42.1=52.6)= 50.0 mm
min(mx,x, mx,y)=min(39.2,42.1)=39.2mm, max(mx,x, mx,y)=max(39.2,42.1)=42.1mm
min(nx,x, nx,y)=min(49.0,50.0)=49.0mm, max(nx,x, nx,y)=max(49.0,50.0)=50.0mm

17.4. Effective lengths of end-plate (Eave connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.5 Tab.6.6)

Bolt-row outside tension flange of beam

leff=2π·mx =2 πx42.1= 264.5 mm
=π·mx+w =
πx42.1+100.0= 232.3 mm
=π·mx+2e=
πx42.1+2x50.0= 232.3 mm
=4mx+1.25ex = 4x42.1+1.25x50.0=230.9 mm
=e+2mx+0.625ex = 50.0+2x42.1+0.625x50.0=165.4 mm
=0.5bp = 0.5x200= 100.0 mm
=0.5w+2mx+0.625ex=0.5x100.0+2x42.1+0.625x50.0= 165.4 mm
leff,1b=min(264.5, 232.3, 232.3, 230.9, 165.4, 100.0, 165.4)= 100.0 mm
leff,1b= 100.0 mm

Bolt next to tension flange alone

leff=2π·mx =2πx39.2= 246.3 mm
=α·m =6.28x39.2=246.3 mm (λ1=λ2=m/(m+e)=0.44, α=6.28) (EC3-1-8 Fig.6.11)
leff,2b=min(246.3, 246.3)= 246.3 mm
leff,2b= = 246.3 mm

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Bolt next to tension flange in a group

leff=2π·mx =2πx39.2= 246.3 mm
=α·m =6.28x39.2=246.3 mm (λ1=λ2=m/(m+e)=0.44, α=6.28)
=πm+p =πx39.2+100.0= 223.2 mm
=0.5p+α·m-(2m+0.625e)=0.5x100.0+6.3x39.2-(2x39.2+0.625x50.0)= 186.7 mm
leff,3b=min(246.3, 246.3, 223.2, 186.7)= 186.7 mm
leff,3b= = 186.7 mm

Inner Bolt-row in a group

leff=2π·mx =2πx39.2= 246.3 mm
=4m+1.25e =4x39.2+1.25x50.0= 219.3 mm
=2p =2x100.0= 200.0 mm
=p = 100.0 mm
leff,4b=min(246.3, 219.3, 200.0, 100.0)= 100.0 mm
leff,4b= = 100.0 mm

17.5. End-Plate, Resistance of T-stub flange (Eave connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.1, Tab.6.2)

Bolt-row outside tension flange of beam

γM0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x100.0x20.0²x355/1.00=3.550kNm
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25leff·tf²·fy/
Mode 1 Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x3.550/42.1 = 337 kN
Mode 2 Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nΣFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x3.550+50.0x2x404)/(42.1+50.0)=516kN
Mode 3 Ft,3,rd= ΣFt,rd =2x404 = 808 kN
Ft,rd= min(337, 516, 808)= 337 kN

Bolt next to tension flange alone

γM0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x246.3x20.0²x355/1.00=8.744kNm
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25leff·tf²·fy/
3
Mode 1 Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 ]x4x8.744/39.2 = 892 kN
Mode 2 Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nΣFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x8.744+49.0x2x404)/(39.2+49.0)=647kN
Mode 3 Ft,3,rd= ΣFt,rd =2x404 = 808 kN
Ft,rd= min(892, 647, 808)= 647 kN

Bolt next to tension flange in a group

γM0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x186.7x20.0²x355/1.00=6.628kNm
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25leff·tf²·fy/
Mode 1 Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x6.628/39.2 = 676 kN
Mode 2 Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nΣFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x6.628+49.0x2x404)/(39.2+49.0)=599kN
Mode 3 Ft,3,rd= ΣFt,rd =2x404 = 808 kN
Ft,rd= min(676, 599, 808)= 599 kN

Inner Bolt-row in a group

γM0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x100.0x20.0²x355/1.00=3.550kNm
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25leff·tf²·fy/
3
Mode 1 Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 ]x4x3.550/42.1 = 337 kN
Mode 2 Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nΣFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x3.550+50.0x2x404)/(42.1+50.0)=516kN
Mode 3 Ft,3,rd= ΣFt,rd =2x404 = 808 kN
Ft,rd= min(337, 516, 808)= 337 kN

17.6. Rafter flange and web in compression (Eave connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.7)
Fc,fb,rd= Mc,rd/(h-tf), Mc,rd= Wel,y·fy/γM0
3
Wel,y=(170x12.7x734.6²+8.0x721.9³/6)/747=2230.1x10 mm³
Mc,rd= [10 ]x2230.1x10 x275/1.00=613kNm, Fc,fb,rd=[10 3 ]x613/734.6= 835kN
-6 3

γM0= (1/0.8)x[10 -3 ]x170.0x12.7x275/1.00= 742 kN (h>600mm)

Fc,fb,rd,max=(1/0.8)b·t·fy/
Fc,fb,rd= min(835, 742)= 742 kN

17.7. Rafter web in tension (Eave connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.8)

Ft,wb,rd = beff,t,wb·twb·fy,wb/ γM0

beff,t,wb=Leff=min(leff,3b, leff,4b)=min(186.7, 100.0) =100.0 mm
Ft,wb,rd = [10 -3 ]x100.0x8.0x275/1.00= 220 kN

min Ft,rd=min(337, 647, 599, 337, 220)= 220 kN

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17.8. Connection geometry of column-side (Eave connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.1, Fig.6.2)

e=ex=50 mm, emin=50 mm

mx,x=(100-9.5-2x0.8x27)/2= 23.6 mm
mx,y=50-0.8x7x Ö 2= 42.1 mm
nx,x= emin <=1.25mx,x = min(50.0,1.25x23.6=29.5)= 29.5 mm
nx,y= emin <=1.25mx,y = min(50.0,1.25x42.1=52.6)= 50.0 mm
min(mx,x, mx,y)=min(23.6,42.1)=23.6mm, max(mx,x, mx,y)=max(23.6,42.1)=42.1mm
min(nx,x, nx,y)=min(29.5,50.0)=29.5mm, max(nx,x, nx,y)=max(29.5,50.0)=50.0mm

17.9. Effective lengths of column-side (Eave connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.4 Tab.6.4)

End Bolt-row in a group

leff=2π·m =2 πx23.6= 148.3 mm
=π·m+2e1 =πx23.6+2x50.0= 174.1 mm
=4m+1.25e =4x23.6+1.25x50.0= 156.9 mm
=2m+0.63e+e1 =2x23.6+0.63x50.0+50.0= 128.4 mm
=π·m+p =
πx23.6+100.0= 174.1 mm
=2e1+p =2x50.0+100.0= 200.0 mm
=2m+0.63e+0.5p =2x23.6+0.63x50.0+0.5x100.0= 128.4 mm
=e1+0.5p =50.0+0.5x100.0= 100.0 mm
leff,1c=min(148.3, 174.1, 156.9, 128.4, 174.1, 200.0, 128.4, 100.0)= 100.0 mm
leff,1c= = 100.0 mm

Inner Bolt-row in a group

leff=2π·m =2πx23.6= 148.3 mm
=4m+1.25e =4x23.6+1.25x50.0= 156.9 mm
=2p =2x100.0= 200.0 mm
=p = 100.0 mm
leff,2c=min(148.3, 156.9, 200.0, 100.0)= 100.0 mm
leff,2c= = 100.0 mm

17.10. Column-Side, Resistance of T-stub flange (Eave connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.1, Tab.6.2)

End Bolt-row in a group

γM0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x100.0x16.5²x275/1.00=1.872kNm
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25leff·tf²·fy/
Mode 1 Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x1.872/23.6 = 317 kN
Mode 2 Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nΣFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x1.872+29.5x2x404)/(23.6+29.5)=519kN
Mode 3 Ft,3,rd= ΣFt,rd =2x404 = 808 kN
Ft,rd= min(317, 519, 808)= 317 kN

Inner Bolt-row in a group

γM0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x100.0x16.5²x275/1.00=1.872kNm
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25leff·tf²·fy/
3
Mode 1 Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 ]x4x1.872/23.6 = 317 kN
Mode 2 Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nΣFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x1.872+29.5x2x404)/(23.6+29.5)=519kN
Mode 3 Ft,3,rd= ΣFt,rd =2x404 = 808 kN
Ft,rd= min(317, 519, 808)= 317 kN

17.11. Column-web in transverse tension (Eave connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.3)

Ft,wc,rd = ω·beff,t,wc·twc·fy,c/γM0
β=1, ω=ω1=1/ Ö [1+1.3(beff,c·twc/Avc)²], beff,c=100.0 mm (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.2, Tab.6.3)
ω=1/ Ö [1+1.3x(100.0x9.5/4498)²]]= 0.97
Ft,wc,rd = [10 -3 ]x0.97x100.0x9.5x275/1.00= 253 kN

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17.12. Design resistance of compression stiffener (Eave connection) (EC3-1-5 §9.1)

Compression stiffener at the bottom of haunch ts= 20.0 mm

fy=275N/mm², bs=(200-9.5-2x27.0)/2=68.2mm, ts=20.0mm, tw=9.5mm, ε= Ö (235/fy)=0.92

Aeff,s=2x68.2x20.0+(2x15x0.92x9.5+20.0)x9.5=5409 mm² (EC3-1-5 §9.1(2)
Leff,s=min(68.2, 14x0.92x20.0)=min(68.2, 257.60)=68.2 mm, (EC3 Tab.5.2)
Ieff,s=(2x68.2+9.5) 3 x20.0/12= 5176.2x10 3 mm 4
ieff,s= Ö (5176x10³/5409) =30.9mm, λ1=π Ö (E/fy)=93.9ε=86.39

Lcr=0.75x(330-2x16.5)= 222.8 mm (EC3-1-5 §9.4(2)

-
λ =Lcr/(ieff,s·
λ1)=222.8/(30.9x86.39)= 0.08 (EC3 §6.3.1.3(1)
-
λ <= 0.20, χ=1.00 (EC3 §6.3.1.2.4)
Fc,wc,rd = χ·Aeff,s·fy,c/
γM1= 1.000x5409x275/1.00=1487 kN > Fc,fb,rd=742 kN
Compression stiffener, Is verified

17.13. Moment resistance of connection (Eave connection) (EN1993-1-8, §6.2.7.2)

Mj,rd = Σ hr·Ftr,rd (EN1993-1-8, §6.2.7.2Eq.6.25

hr: row numbering from top, distances from center of bottom (compression) flange
End-plate in bending (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.5
Force distribution in bolt rows
Bolt-row 1, hr= 790.9 mm, Ft,rd= 337 kN
Bolt-row 2, hr= 677.7 mm, Ft,rd= 599 kN
Bolt-row 3, hr= 577.7 mm, Ft,rd= 337 kN
Bolt-row 4, hr= 477.7 mm, Ft,rd= 337 kN
Bolt-row 5, hr= 377.7 mm, Ft,rd= 337 kN
Fc,ed=ΣFt,rd=337 + 599 + 337 + 337 + 337= 1947 kN

End-plate in bending (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.4

Force distribution in bolt rows
Bolt-row 1, hr= 790.9 mm, Ft,rd= 317 kN
Bolt-row 2, hr= 677.7 mm, Ft,rd= 317 kN
Bolt-row 3, hr= 577.7 mm, Ft,rd= 317 kN
Bolt-row 4, hr= 477.7 mm, Ft,rd= 317 kN
Bolt-row 5, hr= 377.7 mm, Ft,rd= 317 kN
Fc,ed=ΣFt,rd=317 + 317 + 317 + 317 + 317= 1585 kN

Rafter web in tension (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.8)

Ft,wb,rd = 220 kN
Rafter flange and web in compression (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.7
Fc,fb,rd= 742 kN
Ft,rd<=Ft,wb,rd=220 kN, Fc,ed=ΣFt,rd<=Fc,fb,rd=742 kN
Fc,ed=ΣFt,rd<=Fc,wc,rd=1487 kN

Force distribution in bolt rows (EC3-1-8 §6.2.7.2.(7))

Bolt-row 1, hr= 790.9 mm, Ft,rd= 220 kN
Bolt-row 2, hr= 677.7 mm, Ft,rd= 220 kN
Bolt-row 3, hr= 577.7 mm, Ft,rd= 220 kN
Bolt-row 4, hr= 477.7 mm, Ft,rd= 82 kN
Bolt-row 5, hr= 377.7 mm, Ft,rd= 0 kN
Fc,ed=ΣFt,rd=220 + 220 + 220 + 82 + 0= 742 kN

Moment resistance of connection (EN1993-1-8, §6.2.7.2(10)

Mj,rd =[10 -3 ]x[220x790.9+220x677.7+220x577.7+82x477.7+0x377.7]

Mj,rd = 489 kNm
Med= 419.8 kNm < 489.4 kNm =Mj,rd, Is verified

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17.14. Shear resistance (Eave connection) (EN1993-1-8, §3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

Shear resistance of bolts

γM2=[10 -3 ]x0.50x1000x561.0/1.25=224 kN
Fv,rd=αν·fub·As/
Shear plane of bolt:through the threated portion

Bearing resistance of bolts

Fb,rd=k1·
αb·fu·d·t/
γM2

End-Plate
t=20.0mm, d=30mm, do=33mm, e1=50mm, e2=50mm, p1=100mm, fub=1000kN/mm², fu=510kN/mm²,
αb=min[fub/fu, 1.0, e1/3do, p1/3do-1/4]=
=min[1000/510, 1.0, 50/(3x33), 100/(3x33)-0.25]=0.51
k1=min[2.8e2/do-1.7,1.4p2/do-1.7,2.5]=min[2.8x50/33-1.7,1.4x100/33-1.7,2.5]=2.50
-3
Fb,rd=k1·αb·fu·d·t/
γM2= [10 ]x2.50x0.51x510x30x20.0/1.25=309 kN

Column-Side
t=16.5mm, d=30mm, do=33mm, e1=50mm, e2=50mm, p1=100mm, fub=1000kN/mm², fu=430kN/mm²,
αb=min[fub/fu, 1.0, e1/3do, p1/3do-1/4]=
=min[1000/430, 1.0, 50/(3x33), 100/(3x33)-0.25]=0.51
k1=min[2.8e2/do-1.7,1.4p2/do-1.7,2.5]=min[2.8x50/33-1.7,1.4x100/33-1.7,2.5]=2.50
Fb,rd=k1· γM2= [10 -3 ]x2.50x0.51x430x30x16.5/1.25=215 kN
αb·fu·d·t/

Design resistance of one bolt in shear =min(224, 309, 215)=215 kN

Bending moment and shear (EN1993-1-8, §3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

Maximum tension force in bolts
Ft,ed=220/2=110 kN
Reduction of shear resistance due to bending
ρ=1-Ft,ed/1.40Ft,rd=1-110/(1.40x404)=0.81
Shear acting together with bending moment for all the bolts
Vrd=12x0.81x215 =2090 kN

Ved= 172 kN < 2090 kN =Vrd, Is verified

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18. Column base Connection

18.1. Basic data (Base connection)

Design forces of connection (Base connection)

Axial force (compression) Ned=-181 kN, L.C. 212: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs1+0.60x1.50Qw2= 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Q

Axial force (tension) Ned= 5 kN, L.C. 111: 0.90Gk+1.50Qw1
Shear force Ved= 102 kN, L.C. 212: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs1+0.60x1.50Qw2= 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Q
Moment Med= 0 kNm,

Connection data (Base connection)

Base plate steel grade 430x400x30 mm, S 355

Anchor bolts M24, Grade 5.6
Shear plane of bolt through the threated portion
150 100 150
middle 2x2=4

44
Total number of bolts =4
Diameter of holes do = 26 mm

164
Steel section for column HE 340 A, S 275
Spacing between cross centers 100 mm
Flange to end-plate weld 9 mm

90
430
Web to end-plate weld 6 mm

Edge distances and spacing of bolts

Distance of plate edge to bolt line e1=e2=ex= 150 mm

400
Distance of section edge to bolt line ec= 45 mm
Distance of flange enge to bolt line ef= 45 mm
Pitch between bolt rows p1=p3=p= 90 mm
Spacing between cross centers p2=g =w= 100 mm
Flange to end-plate weld atf>= 0.55tf=0.55x16.5= 9 mm
Web to end-plate weld aw>= 0.55tw=0.55x 9.5= 6 mm

Concrete of foundation

Concrete-Steel class C25/30-B500C (EC2 §3.1, §3.2)

Partial factors for materials γc=1.50, γs=1.15 (EC2 §2.4.2.4)
Design compressive strength fcd=αcc·fck/ γc=1.00x25/1.50=16.67 N/mm² (EC2 §3.1.6)
Design tensile strength fctd=αct·fctk05/ γc=1.00x2/1.50=1.20 N/mm²
Bearing strength fjd=βÂ·Ö Ac1/Aco·fcd=(2/3)x1.5x16.67=16.67N/mm² (EC2 §6.7)

18.2. Design resistance of individual bolts (Base connection) (EC3-1-8 §3.6.1, Tab.3.4)

Bolt strength grade=5.6, fub =500N/mm², As=353.0mm²,γM2=1.25

Tension resistance of bolts Ft,rd=k2·fub·As/ γM2, (k2=0.90 )
Ft,rd=[10 -3 ]x0.90x500x353.0/1.25=127 kN
Shear resistance of bolts Fv,rd=αν·fub·As/ γM2, (αν=0.60)
Fv,rd=[10 -3 ]x0.60x500x353.0/1.25=85 kN

18.3. Connection geometry of end-plate (Base connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.1, Fig.6.2)

e=ex=150 mm, emin=150 mm

mx,x=(100-9.5-2x0.8x6x Ö 2)/2= 38.5 mm
mx,y= 38.5 mm
nx,x= emin <=1.25mx,x = min(150.0,1.25x38.5=48.1)= 48.1 mm
nx,y= emin <=1.25mx,y = min(150.0,1.25x38.5=48.1)= 48.1 mm
min(mx,x, mx,y)=min(38.5,38.5)=38.5mm, max(mx,x, mx,y)=max(38.5,38.5)=38.5mm
min(nx,x, nx,y)=min(48.1,48.1)=48.1mm, max(nx,x, nx,y)=max(48.1,48.1)=48.1mm

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18.4. Effective lengths of end-plate (Base connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.5 Tab.6.6)

Inner Bolt-row in a group

leff=2π·mx =2πx38.5= 241.9 mm
=4m+1.25e =4x38.5+1.25x150.0= 341.5 mm
=2p =2x90.0= 180.0 mm
=p = 90.0 mm
leff,4b=min(241.9, 341.5, 180.0, 90.0)= 90.0 mm
leff,4b= = 90.0 mm

18.5. End-Plate, Resistance of T-stub flange (Base connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.1, Tab.6.2)

Inner Bolt-row in a group

γM0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x90.0x30.0²x355/1.00=7.189kNm
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25leff·tf²·fy/
3
Mode 1 Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 ]x4x7.189/38.5 = 747 kN
Mode 2 Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nΣFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x7.189+48.1x2x127)/(38.5+48.1)=307kN
Mode 3 Ft,3,rd= ΣFt,rd =2x127 = 254 kN
Ft,rd= min(747, 307, 254)= 254 kN

18.6. Column web in tension (Base connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.8)

Ft,wb,rd = beff,t,wb·twb·fy,wb/ γM0

beff,t,wb=Leff= leff,4b = =90.0 mm
Ft,wb,rd = [10 -3 ]x90.0x9.5x275/1.00= 235 kN

min Ft,rd=min(254, 235)= 235 kN

18.7. Tension resistance of connection (EN1993-1-8, §6.2.4

Uplift force of connection Ft,ed= 5 kN

Tension resistance of connection Ft,rd= 2x235 = 470 kN
Ned= 5 kN < 470 kN =Nrd, Is verified

18.8. Shear resistance (Base connection) (EN1993-1-8, §3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

Shear resistance of bolts

γM2=[10 -3 ]x0.60x500x353.0/1.25=85 kN
Fv,rd=αν·fub·As/
Shear plane of bolt:through the threated portion

Bearing resistance of bolts

Fb,rd=k1·αb·fu·d·t/
γM2
t=30.0mm, d=24mm, do=26mm, e1=150mm, e2=150mm, p1=90mm, fub=500kN/mm², fu=510kN/mm²,
αb=min[fub/fu, 1.0, e1/3do, p1/3do-1/4]=
=min[500/510, 1.0, 150/(3x26), 90/(3x26)-0.25]=0.90
k1=min[2.8e2/do-1.7,1.4p2/do-1.7,2.5]=min[2.8x150/26-1.7,1.4x100/26-1.7,2.5]=2.50
Fb,rd=k1· γM2= [10 -3 ]x2.50x0.90x510x24x30.0/1.25=664 kN
αb·fu·d·t/

Design resistance of one bolt in shear =min(85, 664)=85 kN

Tension and shear (EN1993-1-8, §3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

Maximum tension force in bolts
Ft,ed=235/2=118 kN
Reduction of shear resistance due to tension
ρ=1-Ft,ed/1.40Ft,rd=1-118/(1.40x127)=0.34
Shear acting together with tension for all the bolts
Vrd=4x0.34x85 =116 kN

Ved= 102 kN < 116 kN =Vrd, Is verified

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18.9. Bearing resistance (Base connection) (EN1993-1-8, §6.2.5)

Compression resistance of T-stub flange Fc,rd= fjd·beff·leff (§6.2.5(3)Eq.6.4), §6.2.5(7)

fjd=βÂ·Ö (Ac1/Aco)·fcd=(2/3)xÖ (2.25)x16.67=16.67N/mm² (EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, §6.7,Eq.6.63)
h=330.0mm, b=300.0mm, tf=16.5mm, tw=9.5mm, tp=30.0mm
c=tp·(fy/(3fjd· γM0) 0.5 =30x(355.00/(3x16.67x1.00) 0.5 =79.9, <50.0, c=50.0mm (Eq.6.5)
2c+bf=2x50.0+300=400.0mm <= bp=400mm, leff=400.0mm
Aco,f=leff·(2c+tf)=400.0x(2x50.0+16.5) = 46600 mm² (EC3-1-8 ,Fig.6.4)
Aco,w=(h-2tf-2c)·(tw+2c)= (330.0-2x16.5-2x50.0)x(9.5+2x50.0)= 21572 mm²
Nj,rd= [10 -3 ]x16.7x(2x46600+21572)=[10 -3 ]x16.7x114772= 1917kN
Nj,ed= 181 kN < 1917 kN =Nj,rd, Is verified

Bending resistance of base plate (EN1993-1-8, §6.2.6.10)

γM0=[10 -6 ](400x30.0²/6)x355/1.0= 21 kNm

Mp,rd=Wel·fy/ (§6.2.5)
-6
Mp,ed=bp·qed·c²/2=[10 ][400x181373/(2x46600+21572.0)]x50.0²/2= 1 kNm
Mp,ed= 1.0 kNm < 21.0 kNm =Mp,rd, Is verified

18.10. Anchoring resistance (Base connection) (EN1993-1-8, §6.2.6.12)

Anchoring hook (EN1992-1-1 §8.4)

Number of fasteners: 4, of diameter 24mm, As= 353mm²
Basic required anchorage length lb,rqd, Design anchorage length lbd=0.70lb,rqd
lb,rqd=( Æ /4)(σsd/fbd)=(24/4)x(3.5/1.20)=17 mm
σsd=[10 3 ]x5/(4x353)=3.5 N/mm², fbd=fctd= 1.20 N/mm²
Design anchorage length lbd=0.70x17 >(10x24,100) lbd=250 mm

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19. Concrete footing

C25/30-B500C Ned=-181kN
quk= 0.200 kN/m m Hed= 102kN
Ndst,d=+5kN
Hed2= 26kN

0.800
2.000

2.000
0.700
0.800

2.000

19.1. Design loads on concrete footing

Axial force (downwards) Ned=181.37 kN, L.C. 212: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs1+0.60x1.50Qw2= 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Q

Shear force Hed=101.74 kN, L.C. 212: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs1+0.60x1.50Qw2= 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Q
Moment Med= 0.00 kNm,
Axial force (upwards) Ned= 4.88 kN, L.C. 111: 0.90Gk+1.50Qw1
Shear force Hed= 26.14 kN, L.C. 111: 0.90Gk+1.50Qw1

19.2. Dimensions, materials, loads (Concrete footing)

Dimensions
Footing Lx= 2.000 m Ly= 2.000 m
Column cx= 0.800 m cy= 0.800 m
Height of footing h= 0.700 m
Depth of footing hf= 2.000 m
Water table height hw= 1.500 m

Base area of footing Af= 4.00 m²

Volume of footing Vf= 3.63 m³

Materials of footing
Concrete-Steel class: C25/30-B500C (EN1992-1-1, §3)
Concrete cover: Cnom=35 mm (EC2 §4.4.1)
Effective depth of cross section d=h-d1, d1=Cnom+ Æ (3/2)=35+3x14/2=56mm, d=700-56=644mm
Concrete weight: 25.0 kN/m³
γc=1.50, γs=1.15 (EC2 Table 2.1N)
fcd=αcc·fck/
γc=1.00x25/1.50=16.67 MPa (EC2 §3.1.6)
fyd=fyk/γs=500/1.15=435 MPa (EC2 §3.2.7)

Soil
Soil bearing pressure quk= 0.200 N/mm²(MPa)
Unit weight of soil γ=20.000 kN/m³

Loads
Self weight of footing (0.83+2.80)x25.00 Gf= 90.75 kN
Soil weight on footing (4.00x2.00-3.63)x20.00 Gs= 87.40 kN
Design Loads
Vertical load downwards Ned= 181.37 kN
Horizontal load Hed= 101.74 kN
Moment Med= 0.00 kNm
Vertical load upwards Ndst,d= 4.88 kN
Horizontal load Hed2= 26.14 kN

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Eurocode parameters

Check of soil bearing capacity (EC7 EN1997-1-1:2004, §6)

Partial factors for actions and soil properties (EC7 Tab. A.1-A.4, EC8-5 §3.1)
Equilibrium limit state (EQU), Structural limit state (STR), Geotechnical limit state (GEO)
( EQU ) (STR/GEO) (STR/GEO)
( A1+M1 ) ( A2+M2 )
Actions Permanent Unfavorable γGdst: 1.10 1.35 1.00
Permanent Favorable γGstb: 0.90 1.00 1.00
Variable Unfavorable γQdst: 1.50 1.50 1.30
Variable Favorable γQstb: 0.00 0.00 0.00

Soil Angle of shearing resistance γφ: 1.25 1.00 1.25

parameters Effective cohesion γc: 1.25 1.00 1.25
Undrained shear strength γcu: 1.40 1.00 1.40
Unconfined strength γqu: 1.40 1.00 1.40
Weight density γw: 1.00 1.00 1.00

Partial safety factors (EQU, STR/GEO) γqu= 1.40, γφ= 1.25

Partial safety factors for actions : γG=1.35, γQ=1.50 (EC0 Annex A1)
Combination of accidental actions :(EC7) ψ2 =0.30
Combination of accidental actions :(EC2) ψ2 =0.30

Design of reinforced concrete (EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004)

19.3. Tie for horizontal forces (Concrete footing)

The horizontal force acting outwards, is resisted by a steel tie

cast into the floor slab connected to the base of the columns
Maximum horizontal force acting outwards Hed= 102 kN
Steel B500C, (fyk=500N/mm²)
Required steel area As=Hed/(fy/γs)=10 3 x102/(500/1.15)=234mm²
Provide 2 steel bars Æ 25 mm, (As=982mm²)

Necessary anchor length (bars with standard hook) (EN1992-1-1 §8.4)

Basic required anchorage lengthlb,rqd=( Æ /4) (σsd/fbd) =(25/4)x(104/2.70)=240 mm
σsd=10 3 x102/(2x491)=104 N/mm², fbd=2.25xfctd=2.25x1.20= 2.70 N/mm²
Design anchorage length lbd=0.70x240, >(10x25,100) =260 mm (EC2 §8.4.4)
Design lap length lo=1.5x240, >(15x25,200) =380 mm (EC2 §8.7.3)

19.4. Passive earth pressure on the side of the footing (EC7 EN1997-1-1:2004, §9.5)

Angle of shearing resistance of ground φd=φk/γM=35.00/1.25=28.00°

Unit weight of soil γk =20.00 kN/m³
Footing depth hf =2.000 m
Footing height h =0.700 m
Footing width By =2.000 m
Coefficient of passive earth pressure Kp =2.770
Earth pressure at the top p1 =20.00x1.300x2.770=72.02kN/m²
Earth pressure at the bottom p2 =20.00x2.000x2.770=110.79kN/m²
Earth force Fprd =0.5x(72.02+110.79)x2.000x0.700=127.97 kN
Point of application of earth force yp=0.428 m

19.5. Check stability for forces upwards (Concrete footing)

Loading (EQU), 0.90xPermanent + 1.50xVariable (EC7 §2.4.7.2)

Vertical forces upwards Ndst,d = 5 kN
Hydrostatic pressure= (2.000x2.000x0.700+0.800x0.800x0.800)x10=33.12 kN
Vertical forces downwards Gk =90.75+87.40-33.12= 145.03 kN
Holding down forces Nstb,d = γGxGk= 0.90x145.03= 131 kN

Ndst,d=5 kN < 131 kN =Nstb,d, Is verified

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19.6. Check of soil bearing capacity (Concrete footing) (EC7 EN1997-1-1:2004, §6)

Loading, 1.35xPermanent + 1.50xVariable (EC7 §2.4.7.3)

Design Loads
Vertical load at footing bottom Ned= 181.37+1.35x(90.75+87.40) = 421.87kN
Vertical load at footing top Ned1= 181.37+1.35x20.80 = 209.45kN

Soil pressure q=10 -3 x421.87/(2.000x2.000)=0.105 N/mm²(Mpa)

Check bearing resistance failure Rd>=Vd (EC7 EN1997-1-1:2004, §6.5.2)
Design effective foundation area A'=2.000x2.000=4.00 m² (EC7 Annex D)
Design bearing resistance of footing Rd=A·quk/ γqu, quk=0.20N/mm², γqu=1.40
Rd=1000x4.00x0.200/1.40=571.43 kN > Vd=421.87 kN

Ned=421.87kN < 571.43kN =Nrd, Is verified

19.7. Design for bending (Concrete footing) (EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, §6.1)

Bending at bottom surface

MEd(xx)
Med(yy)=0.125x209x2.000x(1-0.800/2.000)² = 18.85kNm
Med(xx)=0.125x209x2.000x(1-0.800/2.000)² = 18.85kNm MEd(yy)

Med=18.85kNm, b=2000mm, d=644mm, Kd=20.98, x/d=0.01

εc/εs=0.2/20.0, Ks=2.31, As= 0.68cm²
Minimum reinforcement As>=0.26bd·fctm/fyk (As= 8.71cm²/m)(EC2 §9.3.1)
Minimum reinforcement Æ 14/17.5 ( 8.80cm²/m)

Med=18.85kNm, b=2000mm, d=644mm, Kd=20.98, x/d=0.01

εc/εs=0.2/20.0, Ks=2.31, As= 0.68cm²
Minimum reinforcement As>=0.26bd·fctm/fyk (As= 8.71cm²/m)
Minimum reinforcement Æ 14/17.5 ( 8.80cm²/m)

Reinforcement of footing at bottom surface

Reinforcement in x-x direction: Æ 1 4 / 1 7 . 5 ( 8.80cm²/m), 1 2 Æ 1 4 (18.48cm²)
Reinforcement in y-y direction: Æ 1 4 / 1 7 . 5 ( 8.80cm²/m), 1 2 Æ 1 4 (18.48cm²)

Bending at top surface

Med(yy)=0.125x5x2.000x(1-0.800/2.000)² = 0.44kNm
Med(xx)=0.125x5x2.000x(1-0.800/2.000)² = 0.44kNm

Med=0.44kNm, b=2000mm, d=644mm, Kd=137.43, x/d=0.00

εc/εs=0.0/20.0, Ks=2.30, As= 0.02cm²
Minimum reinforcement As>=0.26bd·fctm/fyk (As= 8.71cm²/m)(EC2 §9.3.1)
Minimum reinforcement Æ 14/17.5 ( 8.80cm²/m)

Med=0.44kNm, b=2000mm, d=644mm, Kd=137.43, x/d=0.00

εc/εs=0.0/20.0, Ks=2.30, As= 0.02cm²
Minimum reinforcement As>=0.26bd·fctm/fyk (As= 8.71cm²/m)
Minimum reinforcement Æ 14/17.5 ( 8.80cm²/m)

Reinforcement of footing at top surface

Reinforcement in x-x direction: Æ 1 4 / 1 7 . 5 ( 8.80cm²/m), 1 2 Æ 1 4 (18.48cm²)
Reinforcement in y-y direction: Æ 1 4 / 1 7 . 5 ( 8.80cm²/m), 1 2 Æ 1 4 (18.48cm²)

19.8. Design for shear (Concrete footing) (EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, §6.2)

The design for shear is covered by the design in punching shear,

because the critical rupture surface is considered at angle θ=45°, tan(
θ)=1

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19.9. Design for punching shear (Concrete footing) (EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, §6.4)

Footing cantilevers in x-x, L1=0.600<d=0.644m, L2=0.600<d=0.644m

Footing cantilevers in y-y, L1=0.600<d=0.644m, L2=0.600<d=0.644m

the width of footing cantilevers is < footing height d. d

he critical rupture surface at angle 45°, a=d

is outside the area of the footing. Acont dm
45 d
The check for punching shear is satisfied Ucont

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0m
.00
96

7.000 m
4.500 m

18.000 m

20. Transverse restraint system

Number of frames in transverse direction 17, at 6.000m appart. Totaly 1 bracing systems
are provided. Each bracing system carries 1/1=1.00 of the total horizontal load.
The roof bracing system consists of wind girders diagonally between 18/6=3.000m points.
The vertical bracing system at the columns, consists of 2 diagonal girders
from the top to the bottom of the next column, acting as strut/tie.

20.1. Steel cross-section properties, Bracing member

Cross-section L100x100x10-S 275

Dimensions of cross section 6

Depth of cross section h= 100.00 mm
Width of cross section b= 100.00 mm
Web depth hw= 100.00 mm L100x100x10
1z0
100

Depth of straight portion of web dw= 100.00 mm

Web thickness tw= 10.00 mm
Flange thickness tf= 10.00 mm y
12
Radius of root fillet r= 12.00 mm
Mass = 15.00 Kg/m 6
100
Properties of cross section
Area A= 1915 mm 2 r2
Second moment of area Iy= 1.767x10 6 mm 4 Iz= 1.767x10 6 mm 4
Second moment of area Iu= 2.807x10 6 mm 4 Iv= 0.726x10 6 mm 4
Section modulus Wy=24.610x10 3 mm 3 Wz=24.610x10 3 mm 3
t
Plastic section modulus Wpy=106.00x10 3 mm 3 Wpz=52.000x10 3 mm 3
Radius of gyration iy= 30.4 mm iz= 30.4 mm h
Radius of gyration iu= 38.3 mm iv= 19.5 mm
Shear area Avz= 1025 mm
2
Avy= 1000 mm
2 r1 r2
t
Torsional constant It= 0.089x10 6 mm 4
ip= 43 mm
Torsional modulus Wt= 8.894x10 3 mm 3
Warping constant Iw= 1.688x10 9 mm 6
b
20.2. Horizontal loadings
Wind load on wall surface , wk=0.90kN/m², Cpe,D=0.8, Cpe,E=-0.5 (EN1991-1-4,Tab.7.1)
Transverse wind load/m on roof level qed,w= 1.50x0.90x(0.8+0.5)x7.000/2= 6.14kN/m
Maximum axial force in the columns
Wind load Nedc,w= 0.00kN

Load/m on bracing system, roof level qed= (1/1)x6.14 =6.14 kN/m

Load on bracing system, roof level Qed1= 6.14x3.000 =18.42 kN
Load on bracing system, at top of column Qed2= 6.14x18.000/2= 55.26 kN

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Horizontal (roof) braced girder

Load on bracing system, roof level Qed1= 6.14x3.000 =18.42 kN
The braced girder at roof is loaded with point horizontal loads Qed1=6.14x3.000=18.42kN
at the nodes of the bracing system (at spacing L/6=3.000 m).
The braced girder is supported horizontally at the columns
Length of braced girder members 6.708 m, inclination φ=63.43°, tan φ=6.000/3.000=2.000
Forces in members of braced girder

Vertical (wall) braced girder

Load on bracing system, at top of column Qed2= 6.14x18.000/2= 55.26 kN
The vertical brace system is loaded with point horizontal load Qed2=55.26kN
at the top of the column h= 4.500m.
Length of braced girder members 7.500 m, inclination φ=36.87°, tan φ=4.500/6.000=0.750
Forces in bracing members
Tension Nted2= 1.00x55.3/cos36.87= 69.1 kN
Compression on columns Nced2=69.1xsin36.87=41.5kN

20.3. Classification of steel cross-section, Compression Nc (Bracing member) (EN1993-1-1, §5.5)

fy

h/t=100.0/10.0=10.00, (b+h)/2t=(100.0+100.0)/(2x10.0)=10.00
S 275 , t=10.0<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm², ε=(235/275) 0.5 =0.92 + c
h/t=10.00<=15ε=13.80, (b+h)/2t=10.00<=11.5ε=10.58

Overall classification of cross-section is Class 3, Compression Nc,ed

20.4. Resistance of cross-section, Bracing member (EN1993-1-1, §6.2)

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for tension (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.3)

Nt.ed= 69.10 kN
Tension Resistance Nplrd= γ Μ0=[10 -3 ]x1915x275/1.00=526.62kN
A·fy/
Nt,ed= 69.10 kN < 526.62 kN =Nt,rd=Nplrd, Is verified
Nt,ed/Nt,rd= 69.10/526.62= 0.131<1

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for compression (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.4)

Nc.ed= 20.60 kN
Compression Resistance Nplrd= γ Μ0=[10 -3 ]x1915x275/1.00=526.62kN
A·fy/
Ned= 20.60 kN < 526.62 kN =Nc,rd=Nplrd, Is verified
Ned/Nc,rd= 20.60/526.62= 0.039<1

20.5. Flexural Buckling, Bracing member (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.1)
Nc,ed=20.60 kN, Lcr,y=6.708 m, Lcr,z=6.708 m

Buckling lengths: Lcr,y=1.000x6708=6708mm, Lcr,z=1.000x6708=6708mm

Non-dimensional slenderness (Cross-section Class: 3 ) (EC3 §6.3.1.3)
-
λ y= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,y)=(Lcr,y/iy)·(1/
λ1)=(6708/ 30.4)x(1/86.39)=2.556
-
λ z= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,z)=(Lcr,z/iz)·(1/
λ1)=(6708/ 30.4)x(1/86.39)=2.556
-
λ v= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,v)=(Lcr,v/iv)·(1/
λ1)=(6708/ 19.5)x(1/86.39)=3.987
λ1=π Ö (E/fy)=93.9ε=86.39, ε= Ö (235/fy)=0.92
- -
λ eff,y=0.50+0.7x2.556=2.289, λ eff,z=0.50+0.7x2.556=2.289 (EC3 Annex BB.1.2)
-
λ eff,v=0.35+0.7x3.987=3.141

y-y buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: αy=0.34, χy=0.164 (T.6.2,T.6.1,Fig.6.4)

- -
Φy=0.5[1+αy( λ y-0.2)+ λ y²]=0.5x[1+0.34x(2.289-0.2)+2.289²]=3.475
-
χy=1/[Φy+ Ö (Φy²-λ y²)]=1/[3.475+Ö (3.475²-2.289²)]=0.164 <=1χy=0.164
z-z buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: αz=0.34, χz=0.164
- -
Φz=0.5[1+αz( λ z-0.2)+ λ z²]=0.5x[1+0.34x(2.289-0.2)+2.289²]=3.475
-
χz=1/[Φz+ Ö (Φz²-λ z²)]=1/[3.475+Ö (3.475²-2.289²)]=0.164 <=1χz=0.164

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v-v buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: αv=0.34, χv=0.091

- -
Φv=0.5[1+αv( λ v-0.2)+ λ v²]=0.5x[1+0.34x(3.141-0.2)+3.141²]=5.933
-
χv=1/[Φv+ Ö (Φv²-λ v²)]=1/[5.933+Ö (5.933²-3.141²)]=0.091 <=1χv=0.091
- - -
Reduction factor χ=1/[Φ+ Ö (Φ²-λ ²)], χ<=1.0, Φ=0.5[1+α( λ -0.2)+ λ ²], χ=0.091 (EC3 Eq.6.49)
-3
Nb,rd=χ·A·fy/γΜ1= 0.091x[10 ]x1915x275/1.00=47.92kN (EC3 Eq.6.47)
Nc,ed= 20.60 kN < 47.92 kN =Nb,rd, Is verified
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 20.60/47.92= 0.430<1

20.6. Bolts connecting braces

Bolt connection data, Bracing member (EN1993-1-8 )

Type of connection End-plate connection, non-preloaded bolts
Category of connection Category A: Bearing type (EC3-1-8 §3.4.1)
Connected members Thickness t=10 mm
Bolts M20, Strength grade 10.9
Bolt diameter d = 20 mm
Diameter of holes do = 22 mm
Nominal area πd²/4 =
πx20²/4= 314.2 mm²
Tensile stress area As = 314.2 mm²
Bolt strength grade 10.9, fyb=900N/mm², fub=1000N/mm² (EC3-1-8 §3.1.1)

Shear resistance of bolts (EN1993-1-8, §3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

γM2=[10 -3 ]x0.50x1000x314.2/1.25=125.7 kN
Fv,rd=αν·fub·As/

Bearing resistance of bolts (EN1993-1-8, §3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

Fb,rd=k1·αb·fu·d·t/
γM2
t=10.0mm, d=20mm, do=22mm, e1=50mm, e2=50mm, p1=100mm, fub=1000kN/mm², fu=510kN/mm²,
αb=min[fub/fu, 1, e1/3do, p1/3do-1/4]=min[1000/510, 1, 50/(3x22), 100/(3x22)-0.25]=0.76
k1=min[2.8e2/do-1.7, 2.5]=min[2.8x50/22-1.7, 2.5]=2.50
-3
Fb,rd=k1·
αb·fu·d·t/
γM2= [10 ]x2.50x0.76x510x20x10.0/1.25=154.5 kN

Necessary bolts per brace 69.1/125.7= 1 M20, Grade 10.9

20.7. Flexural Buckling, Column (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.1)

Nc,ed=41.50 kN, Lcr,y=17.366 m, Lcr,z=3.960 m

Buckling lengths: Lcr,y=3.859x4500=17366mm, Lcr,z=0.880x4500=3960mm

Non-dimensional slenderness (Cross-section Class: 3 ) (EC3 §6.3.1.3)
-
λ y= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,y)=(Lcr,y/iy)·(1/
λ1)=(17366/144.0)x(1/86.39)=1.396
-
λ z= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,z)=(Lcr,z/iz)·(1/
λ1)=(3960/ 74.6)x(1/86.39)=0.614
λ1=π Ö (E/fy)=93.9ε=86.39, ε= Ö (235/fy)=0.92

h/b=330/300=1.10<1.20, tf=16.5mm<=100 mm
y-y buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: αy=0.34, χy=0.383 (T.6.2,T.6.1,Fig.6.4)
- -
Φy=0.5[1+αy( λ y-0.2)+ λ y²]=0.5x[1+0.34x(1.396-0.2)+1.396²]=1.678
-
χy=1/[Φy+ Ö (Φy²-λ y²)]=1/[1.678+Ö (1.678²-1.396²)]=0.383 <=1χy=0.383
z-z buckling curve:c, imperfection factor: αz=0.49, χz=0.777
- -
Φz=0.5[1+αz( λ z-0.2)+ λ z²]=0.5x[1+0.49x(0.614-0.2)+0.614²]=0.790
-
χz=1/[Φz+ Ö (Φz²-λ z²)]=1/[0.790+Ö (0.790²-0.614²)]=0.777 <=1χz=0.777

- - -
Reduction factor χ=1/[Φ+ Ö (Φ²-λ ²)], χ<=1.0, Φ=0.5[1+α( λ -0.2)+ λ ²], χ=0.383 (EC3 Eq.6.49)
-3
Nb,rd=χ·A·fy/
γΜ1= 0.383x[10 ]x13350x275/1.00=1406.09kN (EC3 Eq.6.47)
Nc,ed= 41.50 kN < 1406.09 kN =Nb,rd, Is verified
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 41.50/1406.09= 0.030<1

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15.52° 1319
2500

2500
IPE 360 IPE 360
7000

7000
1985
HE 340 A HE 340 A
4500

4500
9000 9000
18000
Scale 1:200 (mm)
2000

2000
700

700
800 800
7 100
2000 2000
50 100
100

100 100 100 113

50

113
M 30 10.9 7
7
897

687

100 113
7
7 7

113
50

M 30 10.9
200
113
50

200
Apex connection Scale 1:20 (mm)

M 24 5.6 430
Eave connection9Scale 1:20 (mm)
394

100

400
800

90

800
Base connection Scale 1:20 (mm)

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7000
2500 4500

2000
800
HE 340 A
700
2000

9000
IPE 360

Scale 1:100 (mm)

18000
1319
IPE 360
15.52°

9000
HE 340 A

2000
1985

2000
800

2500 4500
7000
700

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113 100 100 100

50 113
100

200

100 50
897
M30 10.9

Eave connection Scale 1:10 (mm)

7
7

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113 100
113 113
100

200

50 50
687
Apex connection Scale 1:10 (mm)
M30 10.9
7

7
7

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800
400
430

800
90

100

394
9
M24 5.6

Base connection Scale 1:10 (mm)

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Table of contents

1. Design codes
2. Basic data
2.1. Geometry of frame structure
2.2. Steel sections
2.3. Steel joints
2.4. Column b ase and foundation
3. Materials and Code parameters
3.1. Materials
4. Loads
4.1. Permanent loads
4.2. Imposed loads
4.3. Snow load
4.4. Snow load on frame
4.5. Wind load
4.6. Wind load on frame
5. Design values of Actions
5.1. Load comb ination factors
5.2. Ultimate Limit State (ULS) (EQU)
5.3. Ultimate Limit State (ULS) (STR)
5.4. Serviceab ility Limit State (SLS)
5.5. Ultimate Limit State (ULS)Seismic situation
5.6. Summary of load comb ination
6. Steel sections
6.1. Column section
6.2. Rafter section
6.3. Haunch section at haunch end
6.4. Haunch section at haunch-middle
7. Finite Element Analysis
7.1. Data used for elastic analysis
7.2. Element uniform loads, q perpendicular to element, qy vertical, qx horisontal [kN/m]
8. Results of static-linear-elastic analysis
8.1. Displacements [mm]
8.2. Reactions at the supports
8.3. Axial forces Ned [kN]
8.4. Shearing forces Ved [kN]
8.5. Bending moments Med [kNm]
9. Design of Purlins
9.1. Materials, Purlins
9.2. Loading, Purlins
9.3. Design values of Actions, Load comb inations, Purlins
9.4. Design actions, Purlins
9.5. Steel cross-section properties, Purlins
9.6. Serviceab ility Limit State (SLS), Purlins
9.7. Classification of steel cross-section, Bending My (Purlin section)
9.8. Resistance of cross-section, Purlin section
9.9. Lateral restraining of sheeting, Purlins
9.10. Lateral torsional b uckling (Purlin laterally restrained)
10. Glob al analysis
10.1. Effects of deformed geometry of the structure
10.2. Imperfections for glob al analysis

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Table of contents

10.3. Sway imperfections for columns

10.4. Internal forces and b ending moments with imperfection effect
10.5. Axial forces Ned [kN]
10.6. Shearing forces Ved [kN]
10.7. Bending moments Med [kNm]
11. Serviceab ility Limit State (SLS)
11.1. Vertical deflection at the apex
11.2. Horizontal deflection at the top of column
11.3. Dynamic effects
12. Column verification (Ultimate Limit State)
12.1. Classification of steel cross-section, Column
12.2. Resistance of cross-section, Column (Ultimate Limit State)
12.3. Buckling length, In-plane b uckling,Columns
12.4. Flexural Buckling, Column (Ultimate Limit State)
12.5. Lateral torsional b uckling, Column (ULS)
12.6. Axial force and b ending moment, Column (ULS)
13. Rafter verification (Ultimate Limit State)
13.1. Classification of steel cross-section, Rafter
13.2. Resistance of cross-section, Rafter (Ultimate Limit State)
13.3. Buckling resistance, Rafter mid-span region (Ultimate Limit State)
13.4. Flexural Buckling, Rafter mid-span region (Ultimate Limit State)
13.5. Lateral torsional b uckling, Rafter mid-span region (ULS)
13.6. Axial force and b ending moment, Rafter mid-span region (ULS)
13.7. Buckling resistance, Rafter end-span region (Ultimate Limit State)
13.8. Flexural Buckling, Rafter end-span region (Ultimate Limit State)
13.9. Lateral torsional b uckling, Rafter end-span region (ULS)
13.10. Axial force and b ending moment, Rafter end-span region (ULS)
13.11. Buckling resistance, Rafter-Uplift conditions (Ultimate Limit State)
13.12. Flexural Buckling, Rafter-Uplift conditions (Ultimate Limit State)
13.13. Lateral torsional b uckling, Rafter-Uplift conditions (ULS)
14. Haunch verification (Ultimate Limit State)
14.1. Classification of steel cross-section, at haunch end
14.2. Resistance of cross-section, at haunch end (Ultimate Limit State)
14.3. Out-of-plane b uckling, at haunch end (Ultimate Limit State)
14.4. Classification of steel cross-section, at haunch-middle
14.5. Resistance of cross-section, at haunch-middle (Ultimate Limit State)
14.6. Out-of-plane b uckling, at haunch-middle (Ultimate Limit State)
15. Connection data
15.1. Bolt connection data (eave, apex)
15.2. Edge distances and spacing of b olts (eave, apex)
15.3. Design resistance of individual b olts (eave, apex)
16. Apex connection
16.1. Basic data (Apex connection)
16.2. Connection data (Apex connection)
16.3. Connection geometry of end-plate (Apex connection)
16.4. Effective lengths of end-plate (Apex connection)
16.5. End-Plate, Resistance of T-stub flange (Apex connection)
16.6. Rafter flange and web in compression (Apex connection)
16.7. Rafter web in tension (Apex connection)
16.8. Moment resistance of connection (Apex connection)

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Table of contents

16.9. Shear resistance (Apex connection)

17. Eave connection
17.1. Basic data (Eave connection)
17.2. Connection data (Eave connection)
17.3. Connection geometry of end-plate (Eave connection)
17.4. Effective lengths of end-plate (Eave connection)
17.5. End-Plate, Resistance of T-stub flange (Eave connection)
17.6. Rafter flange and web in compression (Eave connection)
17.7. Rafter web in tension (Eave connection)
17.8. Connection geometry of column-side (Eave connection)
17.9. Effective lengths of column-side (Eave connection)
17.10. Column-Side, Resistance of T-stub flange (Eave connection)
17.11. Column-web in transverse tension (Eave connection)
17.12. Design resistance of compression stiffener (Eave connection)
17.13. Moment resistance of connection (Eave connection)
17.14. Shear resistance (Eave connection)
18. Column b ase Connection
18.1. Basic data (Base connection)
18.2. Design resistance of individual b olts (Base connection)
18.3. Connection geometry of end-plate (Base connection)
18.4. Effective lengths of end-plate (Base connection)
18.5. End-Plate, Resistance of T-stub flange (Base connection)
18.6. Column web in tension (Base connection)
18.7. Tension resistance of connection
18.8. Shear resistance (Base connection)
18.9. Bearing resistance (Base connection)
18.10. Anchoring resistance (Base connection)
19. Concrete footing
19.1. Design loads on concrete footing
19.2. Dimensions, materials, loads (Concrete footing)
19.3. Tie for horizontal forces (Concrete footing)
19.4. Passive earth pressure on the side of the footing
19.5. Check stab ility for forces upwards (Concrete footing)
19.6. Check of soil b earing capacity (Concrete footing)
19.7. Design for b ending (Concrete footing)
19.8. Design for shear (Concrete footing)
19.9. Design for punching shear (Concrete footing)
20. Transverse restraint system
20.1. Steel cross-section properties, Bracing memb er
20.2. Horizontal loadings
20.3. Classification of steel cross-section, Compression Nc (Bracing memb er)
20.4. Resistance of cross-section, Bracing memb er
20.5. Flexural Buckling, Bracing memb er (Ultimate Limit State)
20.6. Bolts connecting b races
20.7. Flexural Buckling, Column (Ultimate Limit State)

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