Math 306 Topics in Algebra, Spring 2013

Homework 3 Solutions

(1) (5 pts) Section 4.5, problem 4 (p. 146), but only for D6 (which the book calls D12 ).
Solution: Need to find one Sylow p-subgroup and conjugate it, for p = 2 and p = 3. It turns out that there
are three Sylow 2-subgroups: {e, σ, ρ3 , σρ3 }, {e, ρ3 , σρ2 , σρ5 }, and {e, σρ, ρ3 , σρ4 }; and one Sylow 3-subgroup:
{e, ρ2 , ρ4 }.
(2) (5 pts) Use Extended Sylow’s Theorem to verify that, if |G| = 24, then n2 = 1 or 3 and n3 = 1 or 4. Then find
n2 and n3 for S4 by finding all Sylow 2-subgroups and all Sylow 3-subgroups of S4 .
Solution: Since |G| = 24 = 23 · 3, we have
n2 ≡ 1 (mod 2) and n2 |3 =⇒ n2 = 1 or 3;
n3 ≡ 1 (mod 3) and n3 |8 =⇒ n3 = 1 or 4.
For S4 , we have that n2 = 3 and n3 = 4 since more than one element of S4 has order 2 or 3 and there are thus
more than one subgroup of orders 2 or 3.
(3) (5 pts/part)
(a) Prove that there are no simple groups of order 20.
(b) Prove that a group of order 175 must have normal subgroups of orders 7 and 25.
Solution:
(a) Let |G| = 20. Then n5 ≡ 1 (mod 5) and n5 |4, so n5 = 1. Therefore the Sylow 5-subgroup must be
normal, and G is not simple.
(b) Let |G| = 175. Then n5 ≡ 1 (mod 5) and n5 |7, so n5 = 1. So there is only one Sylow 25-subgroup.
Similarly there is only one Sylow 7-subgroup and both therefore have to be normal.
(4) (7 pts) Classify groups of order 21.
Solution: Let G be a group of order 21 = 3 · 7. Sylow’s Theorem show that the Sylow 7-subgroup K must be
normal. But the possibility that there are 7 conjugate Sylow 3-subgroups is not ruled out, and this case indeed
arises.
Let x denote a generator for K and y a generator for one of the Sylow 3-subgroups H. Then x7 = 1, y 3 = 1,
and , since K is normal, yxy −1 = xi for some i < 7. We can restrict the possible exponents by using the
relation y 3 = 1. Namely, this relation implies that
2 3
x = y 3 xy −3 = y 2 xi y −2 = yxi y −1 = xi .
Hence i3 ≡ 1 (mod 7). This means that i = 1, 2 or 4.
Case 1: yxy −1 = x. The group is abelian, and by the classification theorem for finite abelian groups, it is
Z3 × Z7 ∼= Z21 .

Case 2: yxy −1 = x2 . These is no familiar description for this group. In terms of generators and relations, it is
thus given by
G = hx, y | x7 = 1, y 3 = 1, yx = x2 yi.
Case 3: yxy −1 = x4 . Replace y by y 2 , which also generates H, to reduce to the previous case:
y 2 xy −2 = yx4 y −1 = x16 = x2 .

(5) (5 pts) Recall that, in the proof of the classification of groups of order 12, we let H be a Sylow 2-subgroup of
G and K be a Sylow 3-subgroup of G. Prove that at least one of these subgroups is normal.
 Solution: Suppose K is not normal. Then there has to be more than one Sylow 3-subgroup, and this number has
to be four. Denote these four distinct conjugate Sylow 3-subgroups by K = K1 , K2 , K3 , K4 . Since |Ki | = 3,
the intersection of any two of these groups has to be identity (if it were not and they had a common non-identity
element, this element would be of order 3 necessarily and hence generate both groups so the groups would not
be distinct). The total number of elements between the Ki is thus 9 (they all have the identity in common). So
that leaves 3 non-identity elements, which, together with the identity, comprise a Sylow 3-subgroup (there can’t
be any intersection between Sylow 2-subgroups and Sylow 2-subgroups, again because of the incompatible orders
of elements). This accounts for all the elements of G and there hence cannot be another Sylow 2-subgroup. So
the single Sylow 2-subgroup is normal.
(6) (7 pts) Section 4.5, problem 13 (p. 147).
Solution: The argument here is essentially the same as in the previous problem. Let G be a group of order
56 = 23 · 7. Let n2 and n7 denote the number of Sylow 2-subgroups and the number of Sylow 7-subgroups
of G, respectively. Sylow’s Theorem tells us that n7 ≡ 1 (mod 7) and that n7 divides 8. Hence there are two
possibilities: either n7 = 1 or n7 = 8.
If n7 = 1, then there is a unique Sylow 7-subgroup and this is a normal subgroup of order 7. In this case, G
is not simple.
Suppose then that n7 = 8. Let S1 , S2 , ..., S8 denote the eight Sylow 7-subgroups. Note that each Si contains
the identity element and six elements of order 7 (since Si ∼ = Z7 ). Now if i 6= j, the intersection Si ∩ Sj is a
proper subgroup of both Si and Sj , and Lagrange’s Theorem tells us that Si ∩ Sj = 1. Hence each Si contains
six elements of order 7 that lie in no other Sylow 7-subgroup of G and we conclude that between them the eight
Sylow 7-subgroups contain 8 · 6 = 48 elements of order 7. There are only 8 remaining elements in G which
do not have order 7 (including the identity element in these eight) and any Sylow 2-subgroup must therefore
consist of some of these eight elements not of order 7. However, a Sylow 2-subgroup of G has order 23 = 8
and we therefore conclude that there is exactly one Sylow 2-subgroup of G consisting of these eight elements.
Hence, if n7 = 8, then n2 = 1 and G has a normal subgroup of order 8.
Thus in either case, G is not simple.