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MMW 3.2 Logic Part1

Logic is the science of reasoning and determining the validity of arguments. It uses a language and notation for expressing statements and determining their truth values. There are simple statements that convey one idea and compound statements that combine two or more simple statements using connectors like "and", "or", and "if...then". The truth value of statements can be determined using truth tables which show all possible combinations of true and false values. Conditionals written as "if p then q" (p→q) represent implications where the truth of q relies on the truth of p as shown through their truth table.

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Aly grace gamueda
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142 views

MMW 3.2 Logic Part1

Logic is the science of reasoning and determining the validity of arguments. It uses a language and notation for expressing statements and determining their truth values. There are simple statements that convey one idea and compound statements that combine two or more simple statements using connectors like "and", "or", and "if...then". The truth value of statements can be determined using truth tables which show all possible combinations of true and false values. Conditionals written as "if p then q" (p→q) represent implications where the truth of q relies on the truth of p as shown through their truth table.

Uploaded by

Aly grace gamueda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LOGIC

Logic
 the science of reasoning, proof, thinking
or inference
 allows us to analyze arguments and
determine whether it is valid or invalid
 a tool used in mathematical proofs
 Includes: a language for expressing
complicated compound statements, a
concise notation for writing them, and a
methodology for objectively reasoning
about their truth or falsity.
Historical Background
Logic Statements
A statement is a declarative sentence that
is either true or false, but not both true
and false.
Example 1
Simple and Compound Statements
A simple statement is a statement that
conveys a single idea.
A compound statement is a statement that
conveys two or more ideas.
 Connecting simple statements with words
and phrases such as and, or, if...then, and if
and only if creates a compound
statement.
Logical Connectives and Symbols
Example 2
Example 3: Writing Statements in
Symbolic Form
Example 4: Translating Symbolic
Form of Statements
Grouping Symbols
If a compound statement is written in
symbolic form, then parenthesis are used
to indicate which simple statements are
grouped together.
Grouping Symbols
If a compound statement is written as an
English sentence, then a comma is used to
indicate which simple statements are
grouped together.
Example 5
Truth Values and Truth Tables
The truth value of a simple statement is
either true (T) or false (F).
The truth value of a compound statement
depends on the truth values of its simple
statements and its connectives.
A truth table is a table that shows the truth
value of a compound statement for all
possible truth values of its simple
statements.
Truth Table for a Negation
Truth Table for a Conjunction
Truth Table for a Disjunction
Example 6
Example 7
Construct the truth table for the following:
Equivalent Statements
 Two statements are equivalent if they
have the same truth value for all possible
truth values of their simple statements
 denoted by 

Example:
De Morgan’s Law for Statements
Conditional Statements
 written in the form if p, then q (p  q)
 shows an implication; that is, given that a
situation p will happen (antecedent or
hypothesis), another situation q will
happen (consequent or conclusion).
 Most theorems in mathematics are in the
form of a conditional.
Other Ways to Express p  q
 If p, q.
 p implies q.
 q, if p.
 q when p.
 p is sufficient for q.
 q is necessary for p.
 p only if q.
 q whenever p.
 q follows from p.
Statements Equivalent to p  q
Truth Table for the Conditional
Example 8
Construct the truth table for the following
statements.

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