Technical

Information
 Technical Information
For pricing and additional product information, contact your local SESCO Sales Office listed on cover.

Basic Definition
VOLT amp of current at one volt of potential ARMATURE
A measure of electrical pressure - The change. A coil of wire that rotates around a mag-
higher the potential difference the greater net. As it rotates current is induced into
the pressure (flow) of electricity - Potiantial KILOWATT
the wire.
difference is the higher negative electrons One thousand watts.
over positive electrons. ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)
TORQUE
Current that charges direction with each
AMP The form of mechanical energy generated
A measurement of electrical flow - The 1/2 turn of the Armature - The natural
by a rotating shaft or wheel (Waterwheel,
rate at which the electricity passes through product of rotating a wire loop with a mag-
windmill or electric motor).
a conductor (wire). netic field.
FT.-POUNDS OF TORQUE
OHMS One FT. pound of torque is equivalent to CYCLE
Measurement of resistance - The longer the A matched pair of up & down curves
one pound of force applied to a wheel one
conductor the greater the resistance - The reflecting one rotation of the armature.
foot from the center of rotation.
wider the conductor the less resistance.
DC HERTZ
HORSE POWER
Direct Current - when the direction of One cycle per second.
One horse lifting 100 pounds 5.5 feet in
one second Equals 1HP - Lifting 100 lbs. current remains constant as in a battery.
THREE PHASE SYSTEM
11.0 feet in one sec. = 2HP.
PULSATING DIRECT CURRENT The current in one coil will always be equal
WATT Created by generators but pulsates with to the opposite of the current in the other
The amount of energy expanded by one each rotation of the shaft. two coils.

Ohm’s Law 1 HP =
746 watts
33000 ft-lbs/min.
For Direct or Single Phase Non-Inductive 2545 heat-units/hr., BTU
Alternating Current 2.64 lbs. water evaporated
1 ft-lb - raising one pound one foot.
Let:
1 BTU (British Thermal Unit) = heat required to raise the tem-
1 = Ampere = unit of current perature of one pound of pure water one degree Fahrenheit.
strength or rate of flow.
E = Volt = unit of electromotive Electrical Formula for Determining Amperes,
force or electric pressure. Horsepower, Kilowatts and Kilovolt-Amperes
R = Ohm = unit of resistance to flow Alternating Current
of current.
Single Phase Two-Phase, 4 Wire
W = Watt = unit of power.
Kilowatts
Then: I x E X P.F. I x E x 2 x P.F.
E E 2 1000 1000
I = E = IR R= W = IE = E = 12 R Kva
R I R
IxE IxEx2
1000W = 1 Kw or kilowatt; this is the usual unit of
measure of electric power. 1 Kw hr. is the 1000 1000
work done by one Kw in one hour. Horsepower Output
For alternating current circuits, the follow- I x E x %Eff. x P.F. I x E x 2 x %Eff. x P.F.
ing rules are useful for finding the power of
746 746
polyphase circuit.
Amperes When HP is Known
Let P.F. = Power Factor.
HP x 746 HP x 746
E x %Eff. x P.F. 2 x E x %Eff. P.F.
1.73 x E x I x P.F.
Kw = (3-phase AC)
1000 Amperes When Kw is Known
Kw x 1000 Kw x 1000
2 x E x I x P.F. E x P.F. 2 x E x P.F.
Kw = (2-phase AC)
1000
Amperes When Kva is Known
E x I x P.F. Kva x 1000 Kva x 1000
Kw = (1-phase AC)
1000 E 2xE

587
 Technical Information
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AC 3-Phase DC 8.9 heat-units/sq.ft/min.

Kilowatts 1 Watt/ 6371 ft-lbs/sq. ft/min.
I x E x 1.73 x P.F. IxE Sq. In. = .193 HP/sq. ft.
7.233 ft. lbs.
1000 1000
Kva .00000365 HP hr.
1 Kg .00000272 Kw hr.
I x E x 1.73 ........... Meter = .0093 heat-units
1000
.283 Kw hr.
Horsepower Output 1 Lb. .379 HP hr.
I x E x 1.73%Eff. x P.F. I x E x 2 x %Eff. Water 965.7 heat-units
746 746 Evap. 103900 kgm
from & at 1019000 joules
Amperes When HP is Known 212°F= 751300 ft-lbs.
HP x 746 HP x 746 .0664 lb. of carbon oxidized
1.73 x E x %Eff. x P.F. E x %Eff. 1055 watt seconds
Amperes When Kw is Known 778 ft-lbs.
Kw x 1000 Kw x 1000 107.6 kgm meters
1 Heat .000293 Kw hrs.
1.73 x E x P.F. E unit = .000393 HP hrs.
Amperes When Kva is Known .0000688 lb. carbon oxidized
Kva x 1000 ------ .001036 lbs. water evaporated
from and at 212°F.
1.73 x E
* In three-wire, two-phase circuits the current in the common 1 Heat- .122 watt/sq. in.
conductor is 1.41 times that in either other conductor. unit/Sq. .0176 Kw/sq. ft.
Ft./Min.= .0236 HP/sq. ft.
Note: E=Volts; 1=Amperes; %Eff.=Percent Efficiency; P.F.=Power Factory.
Wiring Formula
Ohm’s law is practically the basis for the various formulae in general use
Equivalent Values for determining the proper size of wire to use to carry various currents.
In Different Units It is essential to know the amount of current expressed in amperes, the
746 watts distance, and to decide upon the loss to allow in transmission; the best
.746 Kw rule is as follows:
33000 ft-lbs/min. The cross section (CM) of the necessary wire is found by multiplying
550 ft-lbs/sec. twice the distance one way (2D) by the amount of current expressed in
amperes (C) and this by the resistance of one mil-foot (10.7) and dividing
1 HP = 3545 heat-units/hr. by the loss in transmission expressed in volts (v), or
42.4 heat-units/min.
.707 heat-units/sec.
CM = 2D x C x 10.7 or CM = D x C x 21.4
.175 lbs. carbon oxidized/hr.
2.64 lbs. water evaporated hr. v v
from and at 212°F. Comparison of Methods of Starting Squirrel-Cage
746 watts Induction Motors
% Full Voltage Value
1980000 ft-lbs. Voltage Motor
2545 heat-units Starter at Line Output
1 HP 273740 kgm Type Motor Current Torque
Hour = .175 lb. carbon oxidized with Full Voltage 100 100 100
perfect efficiency Auto-
2.64 lbs. water evaporated transformer- 80pc tap 80 69 64(60)
from and at 212°F. 65pc tap 65 47 42(35)
50pc tap 50 30 25(20)
17.0 lbs. water raised from
Primary
62° to 212°F. reactor- 80pc tap 80 80 64(60)
1000 watts 65pc tap 65 65 42(35)
50pc tap 50 50 25(20)
1.34 HP
2654200 ft-lbs/hr. Primary-resistor typical rating 80 80 64(60)
44240 ft-lbs/min. Part-winding
737.3 ft-lbs/sec. Low speed motors (1/2-1/2) 100 50 50
High speed motors (1/2-1/2) 100 70 50
1 Kw = 3412 heat-units/hr. High speed motors (2/3-1/3) 100 65 42
56.9 heat-units/min. Wye start-delta run 100 33 33(27)
.948 heat-units/sec.
.2275 lb. carbon oxidized/hr. Note: The nominal torque values given neglect the effects of motor satu-
ration. Actual torque ratios may be more on the order of the values
3.53 lbs. water evaporated shown in parentheses, and it is advisable to review the actual reduced
from and at 212°F. voltage starting characteristics with the motor manufacturer.

588
 Technical Information
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NEMA Code Letters for Locked Rotor KVA Motor Application Formulas
(Alternating-Current Motors) Power Transmission by Shaft
NEMA NEMA
Code KVA/HP Code KVA/HP Hp =[Torque (in lb-ft) x rpm]÷ 5250
A 0 - 3.15 L 9.0 - 10.0
B 3.15 - 3.55 M 10.0 - 11.2 Power to Drive Pumps
C 3.55 - 4.0 N 11.2 - 12.5
D 4.0 - 4.5 P 12.5 - 14.0 Gal. per min. x Sp. Gr. x total head (inc. friction)
E 4.5 - 5.0 R 14.0 - 16.0 Hp =
3,960 x eff. of pump
F 5.0 - 5.6 S 16.0 - 18.0
G 5.6 - 6.3 T 18.0 - 20.0 Where Approx. Friction head (ft.) =
H 6.3 - 7.1 U 20.0 - 22.4
J 7.1 - 8.0 V 22.4 - + pipe length (ft.) x [velocity of flow (fps)]2 x 0.002
K 8.0 - 9.0 5,367 x diameter (in.)
DC Generator Connection (NEMA) Eff = Approximately 0.50 to 0.85
F2
Sp. Gr. = Specific gravity of Liquid
F1 SHUNT
FIELD
Power to Drive Fans
RHEO

Cu. ft. gas per min. x water gage pressure (in.)

COMP COMM SERIES Hp =
FIELD FIELD
6.350 x Eff.
The volume of gas delivered by a fan varies directly as the fan speed.
The pressure produced by a fan varies as the square of the fan speed and
A2 C A1 S2 S1
= (EQUALIZER IF USED) directly as the density of the gas handled.The horsepower of a fan varies
Compound Generator-Clockwise Rotation Facing End Opposite Drive, as the cube of the fan speed and directly as the density of the gas han-
Counterclockwise Rotation Facing Drive End dled.
F2
F1 SHUNT
FIELD
Equivalent Wye–Delta Networks
K1 = A + B + C
RHEO

K2 = ab + bc + ac
COMP COMM SERIES
BC 2
FIELD FIELD FIELD
B C
a= –
K A = –Ka
1
a b AC 2
A1 C A2 S2 S1
= (EQUALIZER IF USED) b= K – B = –Kb
Compound Generator-Clockwise Rotation Facing End Opposite Drive, c 1
Counterclockwise Rotation Facing Drive End 2
AB
Note: Interchange S1 and S2 for differentially compounded generator (voltage
A
c= –
K C = –Kc
decreasing with load). 1

DC Motor Connections (NEMA) Power Factor Improvement of Induction Motor

These connection diagrams show all leads from the armature, the shunt
field and the series (or stabilizing) field brought out of the machine.The
Loads
dotted connections may be made inside the machine or outside the Power factor is defined as the cos ø in the equation Pav=Vrmslrms cos ø,
machine as conditions require. where the the average power (Pav) is given in terms of root mean square
voltage (V), current (I), and the phase angle ø between them.
F1 SHUNT Power Factor Correction:
RHEO

FIELD
When power factor correction capacitors are used, the total corrective
COMP COMM SERIES
FIELD FIELD FIELD kvar placed on the load side of the motor controller should not exceed
the value required to raise the no-load power factor of the motor to
unity. Corrective kvar in excess of this value may cause overexcitation
A1 C A2 S1 S2 F2
resulting in high transient voltages, currents and torques that can increase
safety hazards to personnel and can cause possible damage to the motor
Compound or Stabilized Shunt Motor-Counterclockwise Rotation Facing
or to the driven equipment.
End Opposite Drive, Clockwise Rotation Facing Drive End
The use of capacitors for power factor correction, switched at the motor
terminals, is not recommended for elevator motors, multi-speed motors,
F1 SHUNT motors used on plugging or jogging applications, motors subject to high
RHEO

FIELD
speed bus transfer, and motors used with open transition, wye-delta or
COMP COMM SERIES auto-transformer starting. For such applications the motor manufacturer
FIELD FIELD FIELD
should be consulted before installing power factor corrective capacitors
switched at the motor terminals.
A2 C A1 S1 S2 F2 Recommended Maximum Capacitor Rating When Capacitor and Motor
Are Switched as a Unit.
Compound or Stabilized Shunt Motor-Clockwise Rotation Facing End For Dripproof and Splashproof Enclosures; 230, 460, and 575 Volts, 3-
Opposite Drive, Counterclockwise Rotation Facing Drive End
Phase, 60 Hertz: General Electric Type K (NEMA Design B) Only. Normal
Source: ANSI/NEMA Standards for Motors and Generators. (1980). Starting Torque and Current.

589
 Technical Information
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Nominal Motor Speed in Rpm & Number of Poles Capacitor Multipliers for Kilowatt Load
Induction Motor 3600 1800 1200 900 720 600 (To give capacitor kvar required to improve power factor from original to
Horsepower 2 4 6 8 10 12 desired value-see sample below.)
Rating KVAR KVAR KVAR KVAR KVAR KVAR Original
2 – – 1 .5 2 – 3 Power Desired Power Factor- Per Cent
3 – 1.5 2 3 3 4 Factor,
5 2 2 3 4 4 5 Per Cent 100 95 90 85 80
7.5 3 3 4 5 7 .5 10 60 1.333 1.004 0.849 0.713 0.583
10 3 4 4 5 7 .5 10 62 1.266 0.937 0.782 0.646 0.516
15 3 5 5 7 .5 7 .5 10 64 1.201 0.872 0.717 0.581 0.451
20 4 5 5 7 .5 10 15 66 1.138 0.809 0.654 0.518 0.388
25 5 7 .5 7 .5 10 10 20 68 1.078 0.749 0.594 0.458 0.328
30 7 .5 7 .5 7 .5 10 15 25 70 1.020 0.691 0.536 0.400 0.270
40 7 .5 15 15 15 20 30 72 0.964 0.635 0.480 0.344 0.214
50 10 15 15 25 20 35 74 0.909 0.580 0.425 0.289 0.159
60 15 15 20 25 30 45 76 0.855 0.526 0.371 0.235 0.105
75 15 15 20 25 35 40 77 0.829 0.500 0.345 0.209 0.079
100 15 25 30 30 40 45 78 0.802 0.473 0.318 0.182 0.052
125 25 30 35 40 45 50 79 0.776 0.447 0.292 0.156 0.026
150 30 30 40 50 50 60 80 0.750 0.421 0.266 0.130
200 30 40 40 70 70 90 81 0.724 0.395 0.240 0.104
250 40 50 60 85 90 100 82 0.698 0.369 0.214 0.078
300 50 75 75 95 100 110 83 0.672 0.343 0.188 0.052
350 60 80 85 125 120 150 84 0.646 0.317 0.162 0.026
400 45 80 100 140 150 150 85 0.620 0.291 0.136
450 60 90 140 150 150 175 86 0.593 0.264 0.109
500 80 115 150 150 175 175 87 0.567 0.238 0.083
Also applicable to standard wound-rotor, open-type, three-phase, sixty- 88 0.540 0.211 0.056
cycle motors by multiplying the KVAR values in the table by a factor of 89 0.512 0.183 0.028
I.1. 90 0.484 0.155 Assume total plant load is 100
91 0.456 0.127 kw at 60 per cent power factor.
Recommendations and Precautions 92 0.426 0.097 Capacitor kvar rating necessary
93 0.395 0.066 to improve power factor to 80
l Where possible, switch capacitors through the motor control con-
94 0.363 0.034 per cent in found by multiplying
troller at circuit location 2, illustration.This avoids resizing of motor kw (100) by multiplier in table
overload devices and helps minimize possibility of excessive improve- 95 0.329
(0.583), which gives kvar (58.3).
ment at bus. 96 0.292
Nearest standard rating 60
97 0.251
l Add power factor improvement capacitors to individual motor branch (kvar) should be recommended.
99 0.143
circuits using data provided by the motor manufacturer recomending
the maximum capacitor rating that should be switched with the Motor Terminal Amperes At Full Load
motor as a unit.
Average Values for All Speeds and Frequencies
l If power factor improvement capacitors are connected at circuit Single- Polyphase A-C (Induction Type)
location No. 3, illustration, account for reduced line current flowing Phase A-C Squirrel-Cage and Wound Rotor Direct Current
through the motor controller’s overload devices. 115 Volts 230 Volts 460 Volts 575 Volts
l Apply power factor improvement capacitors to the bus, ciruit location 115 230 2-Ph 2-Ph 2-Ph 2-Ph 180 240 500
No. 1, illustration, if the motor is applied with one of the following Hp Volts Volts* 3-Ph 4-Wire‡ 3-Ph 4-Wire‡ 3-Ph 4-Wire‡ 3-Ph 4-Wire‡ Volts Volts Volts
1
/4 5.8 2.9 — — — — — — — — 2.0 — —
motor controllers; reversing starter (with motor plugging), wye-delta 1
/3 7.2 3.6 — — — — — — — — 2.6 — —
starter, open transition, autotransformer starter, part-winding starter*, 1
/2 9.8 4.9 4.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 .8 .8 3.4 2.7 —
or if the motor is multi-speed. Be sure to maintain bus power factor 3
/4 13.8 6.9 5.6 4.8 2.8 2.4 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 4.8 3.8 —
below about 95% under all conditions of motor loading to help mini- 1 16 8 7.2 6.4 3.6 3.2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 6.1 4.7 —
mize possibility of excessive improvement. 1
1 /2 20 10 10.4 9.0 5.2 4.5 2.6 2.3 2.1 1.8 8.3 6.6 —
2 24 12 13.6 11.8 6.8 5.9 3.4 3.0 2.7 2.4 10.8 8.5 —
* Note: Capacitor switching by the motor starter may be acceptable in some
3 34 17 — — 9.6 8.3 4.8 4.2 3.9 3.3 16 12.2 —
part-winding starter applications; consult applicable motor manufacturer. 5 56 28 — — 15.2 13.2 7.6 6.6 6.1 5.3 27 20 —
1
7 /2 80 40 — — 22.0 19.0 11.0 9 9 8 — 29 13.6
10 100 50 — — 28.0 24.0 14.0 12 11 10 — 38 16
BUS 15 — — — — 42.0 36.0 21 18 17 14 — 55 27
20 — — — — 54 47 27 23 22 19 — 72 34
DISCONNECT COMBINATION 25 — — — — 68 59 34 29 27 24 — 89 43
MOTOR 30 — — — — 80 69 40 35 32 28 — 106 51
CONTROLLER 40 — — — — 104 90 52 45 41 36 — 140 67
FUSE 50 — — — — 130 113 65 56 52 45 — 173 83
60 — — — — 154 133 77 67 62 53 — 206 99
75 — — — — 192 166 96 83 77 86 — 255 123

CONTACTOR † These values of full-load current are for motors running at speeds usual for belt-
2 ed motors and motors with normal torque characteristics. Motors built for espe-
cially low speeds or high torques may require more running current, in which
OVERLOAD
DEVICE case the nameplate current rating should be used.
3
‡ Current in common conductor of 2-phase, 3-wire system will be 1.41 times
value given.
MOTOR * For full-load currents of 208- and 200-volt motors, increase the corresponding
230-volt motor full-load current by 10 and 15 percent respectively.

590
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Full-Load Currents in Amperes-Single Phase 115 350 140

450 185
Circuits 550 230
KVA X 1000
Full Load Current = 138 450 185
Circuit Voltage 550 230
KVA 120 240 480 2400 4160 650 272
3 25.0 12.5 6.3 1.25 .72 161* 550 230
5 41.7 20.8 10.4 2.08 1.20 650 275
10 83.3 41.7 20.8 4.17 2.40 750 325
15 125 62.5 31.3 6.25 3.61
25 208 104 52.1 10.4 6.01 230 650 275
37.5 313 156 78.1 15.6 9.01 750 325
50 417 208 104 20.8 12.0 825 360
75 625 313 156 31.3 18.0 900 395
100 833 417 208 41.7 24.0 1050 460
167 1392 696 348 69.6 40.1 345 825 360
250 2083 1042 521 104 60.1 900 395
333 2775 1388 694 139 80.0 1050 460
500 4167 2083 1042 208 120 1175 520
KVA 4800 7200 7620 12,000 14,400 500 1300 575
3 .63 .42 .39 .25 .21 1425 630
5 1.04 .69 .66 .42 .35 1550 690
10 2.08 1.39 1.31 .83 .69 1675 750
15 3.13 2.08 1.97 1.25 1.04 765 1800 800
25 5.21 3.47 3.28 2.08 1.74 1925 860
37.5 7.81 5.21 4.92 3.13 2.60 2050 920
50 10.4 6.94 6.56 4.17 3.47
75 15.6 10.4 9.84 6.25 5.21 1100 2050 920
100 20.8 13.9 13.1 8.33 6.94 2175 980
167 34.8 23.2 21.9 13.9 11.6 2300 1040
250 52.1 34.7 32.8 20.8 17.4 2425 1090
333 69.4 46.3 43.7 27.7 23.1 * Nonpreferred voltage.
500 104 69.4 65.6 41.7 34.7 Table is for reference only.The selection BIL depends on system condi-
tions and transient over voltage protection used.
Full-Load Currents in Amperes– Three-phase
Copper Data
Circuits
KVA X 1000 Resistivity and Density
Full Load Current = (Based on National Bureau of Standards)
1.732 x Circuit Voltage
KVA 208 240 480 2400 4160 4800 The international annealed-copper standard of 100% conductivity, based
9 25.0 21.7 10.8 2.17 1.25 1.08 on the Absolute Ohm, is as follows at 20°C:
15 41.6 36.1 18.0 3.61 2.08 1.80 Resistance of a uniform, annealed copper wire one square millimeter in
30 83.3 72.2 36.1 7.22 4.17 3.61 cross section and one meter long = 0.017244 ohm. Density = 8.89 grams
45 125 108 54.1 10.8 6.25 5.41 per cubic centimeter.These values also can be expressed as:
75 208 180 90.2 18.0 10.4 9.02 1.7241 microhm—cm 0.15328 ohm—gram/meter2 0.67879 microhm—
112.5 312 271 135 27.1 15.6 13.5 inch 875.20 ohm, pound/mile2 10.371 ohm— circular mil/ft
150 416 361 180 36.1 20.8 18.0
225 625 541 271 54.1 31.3 27.1 Temerature Coefficient of Resistance
300 833 722 361 72.2 41.7 36.1 The temperature coefficient of resistance at constant mass and free
500 1388 1203 601 120 69.4 60.1 expansion of standard annealed copper of 100% conductivity is, per
750 2082 1804 902 180 104 90.2 degree Celsius, (centigrade) 0.00393 at 20°C or 0.00385 at 25°C.
1000 2776 2406 1203 241 139 120
1500 4164 3608 1804 361 208 180 Resistance values of copper wire at 100% conductivity given in tables at
2000 5552 14811 2406 481 278 240 25°C or at any temperature t2 by means of the following equations:
KVA 7200 8320 12,00 12,470 13,200 14,400 234.5 + t2
9 .72 .63 .43 .42 .39 .36 Rt2 = R25 [1 + 0.00385 (t2 - 25)] = Rt1
234.5 + t1
15 1.20 1.04 .72 .69 .66 .60 Where Rt1 = resistance in ohms at t1, degrees C
30 2.41 2.08 1.44 1.39 1.31 1.20 Rt2 = resistance in ohms at t2, degrees C
45 3.61 3.13 2.17 2.08 1.97 1.80 R25 = resistance in ohms at 25°C
75 6.01 5.21 3.61 3.48 3.28 3.01
112.5 9.02 7.81 5.41 5.21 4.92 4.51
150 12.0 10.4 7.22 6.95 6.56 6.01 Breaking Loads of Copper Wire
225 18.0 15.6 10.8 10.4 9.84 9.02 Breaking Load, Breaking Load,
300 24.1 20.8 14.4 13.9 13.1 12.0 * Hard- †An- * Hard- †An-
500 40.1 34.8 24.1 23.2 21.9 20.1 Diam. Size, drawn nealed Diam. Size, drawn nealed
750 60.1 52.1 36.1 34.7 32.8 30.1 In. AWG (Min.) (Max.) In. AWG (Min.) (Max.)
1000 80.2 69.4 48.1 46.3 43.7 40.1 0.4600 0000 8140 5980 0.1285 8 826 480
1500 120.3 104 72.2 69.4 65.6 60.1 0.4096 000 6720 4750 0.1144 9 661 380
2000 160.4 138.8 96.2 92.6 87.4 – 0.3648 00 5520 3760 0.1019 10 529 314
0.3249 0 4520 2980 0.0907 11 423 249
Power Transformer Insulation Levels 0.2893 1 3690 2430 0.0808 12 337 197
(1) (1) (2) 0.2576 2 3000 1930 0.0720 13 268 156
Nominal Basic Insulation Low Frequency 0.2294 3 2440 1530 0.0641 14 213 124
System Voltage Levels (BIL) Voltage Insulation 0.2043 4 1970 1210 0.0571 15 170 98
(kV rms) kV-CREST Levels (kV rms) 0.1819 5 1590 962 0.0508 16 135 78
0.1620 6 1280 762 0.0453 17 107 62
69 250 95 0.1443 7 1030 605 0.0403 18 85 49
350 140
* Based on ASTM B1-56. † Based on ASTM B3-56.

591
 Technical Information
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Copper Wire Data Typical Equivalent Delta Phase

Bare Copper Wire — Resistance at 25°C Spacings For Single Circuit Lines
Current
Carrying Voltage Equiv. Voltage Equiv.
Approx. Cross- Capacity Rating Spacing - Ft. Rating Spacing - Ft.
OD sectional Ohms @ 700 CM 240 1.0 46000 5.5
Size* Inches Area—CM LB/M Ft per M.Ft Per Amp 480 1.5 69000 8.0
1000MCM 1.150 3086 0.0108 —
750 0.998 2316 0.0144 — 600 1.5 115000 14.0
500 0.813 1542 0.0216 — 2400 2.5 138000 16.0
450 0.772 1390 0.0240 — 4160 2.5 161000 20.0
400 0.728 1236 0.0270 — 6900 3.0 230000 26.5
350 0.681 1080 0.0308 —
300 0.630 925 0.0360 — 13200 3.5 345000 33.0
250 0.575 772 0.0431 — 23000 4.0 500000 44.0
0000 AWG 0.528 211600 653 0.0509 302.3 34500 4.5 765000 56.5
000 0.470 167800 518 0.0642 239.7
00 0.418 133100 411 0.0811 190.1
0 0.372 105600 326 0.102 150.7 0.12 0.6

CAPACITIVE REACTANCE SPACING FACTOR

INDUCTIVE REACTANCE SPACING FACTOR

1 0.332 83690 259 0.129 119.6 0.11
2 0.292 66360 205 0.162 94.8 0.10 0.5

Xc2 – MEGOHMS/COND/MILE
4 0.232 41740 129 0.259 59.6

XI2 – OHMS/COND/MILE
0.09
6 0.184 26240 79.46 0.410 37.5 0.08 0.4
8 0.146 16510 51.00 0.654 23.6 0.07
10 0.1019 10380 31.43 1.018 14.8 0.06 0.3
12 0.0808 6530 19.77 1.619 9.33 0.05
14 0.0640 4110 12.43 2.575 5.87 0.04 0.2
15 0.0570 3260 9.858 3.247 4.65 0.03
16 0.0508 2580 7.818 4.094 3.69 0.02 0.1
17 0.0452 2050 6.210 5.163 2.93
0.01
18 0.0403 1620 4.917 6.510 2.32 0
0
19 0.0359 1200 3.899 8.210 1.84 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50
20 0.0320 1020 3.092 10.35 1.46 EQUIVALENT & SPACING-FEET
21 0.0285 812 2.452 13.05 1.16
22 0.0253 640 1.945 16.46 .918 Total 60 Cycle Inductive Reactance in ohms per mile:
23 0.0225 511 1.542 20.76 .728 XL = XL1 + XL2
24 0.0201 404 1.223 26.17 .577 XL1 = Inductive Reactance at 1 ft. spacing.
25 0.0179 320 0.9699 33.00 .458 XL2 = Inductive Reactance spacing factor. (See graph)
26 0.0159 253 0.7692 41.62 .363
27 0.0142 202 0.6100 52.48 .288 Total 60 Cycle Capacitive Reactance in megohms per mile:
28 0.0126 159 0.0481 66.60 .228 XC = XC = XC1 + XC2
* Sizes 1000 MCM through #8 AWG—Class B concentric stranded Sizes #10 AWG XC1 = Capacitive Reactance at 1 ft. spacing.
and smaller— solid round XC2 = Capacitive Reactance spacing factor. (See graph)

Table - 3 Maximum Number of Conductors in Trade Sizes of Conduit or Tubing

(From NEC Tables 3A, 3B, 3C)
Conduit Trade Size 1
(inches) /2 /4
3
1 11/4 11/2 2 21/2 3 31/2 4 5 6
Conductor Size
Type Letters AWG, MCM
TW,T, RUH 14 9 15 25 44 60 99 142
RUW, 12 7 12 19 35 47 78 111 176
XHHW (14 thru 8) 10 5 9 15 26 36 60 85 131 176
8 2 4 7 12 17 28 40 62 84 108
RHW and RHH 14 6 10 16 29 40 65 93 143 192
(without outer 12 4 8 13 24 32 53 76 117 157
covering), 10 4 6 11 19 26 43 61 95 127 163
THW 8 1 3 5 10 13 22 32 49 66 85 133
6 1 2 4 7 10 16 23 36 48 62 97 141
4 1 1 3 5 7 12 17 27 36 47 73 106
3 1 1 2 4 6 10 15 23 31 40 63 91
2 1 1 2 4 5 9 13 20 27 34 54 78
TW, 1 1 1 3 4 6 9 14 19 25 39 57
T, 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 12 16 21 33 49
THW, 00 1 1 1 3 5 7 10 14 18 29 41
RUH ( 6 thru 2), 000 1 1 1 2 4 6 9 12 15 24 35
RUW (6 thru 2), 0000 1 1 1 3 5 7 10 13 20 29
FEPB (6 thru 2), 250 1 1 1 2 4 6 8 10 16 23
RHW and 300 1 1 1 2 3 5 7 9 14 20
RHH (with- 350 1 1 1 3 4 6 8 12 18
out outer 400 1 1 1 2 4 5 7 11 16
covering) 500 1 1 1 1 3 4 6 9 14

592
 Technical Information
For pricing and additional product information, contact your local SESCO Sales Office listed on cover.

Table - 3 Maximum Number of Conductors in Trade Sizes of Conduit or Tubing

(From NEC Tables 3A, 3B, 3C)
Conduit Trade Size 1
(inches) /2 3
/4 1 11/4 11/2 2 21/2 3 31/2 4 5 6
Conductor Size
Type Letters AWG, MCM
600 1 1 1 3 4 5 7 11
700 1 1 1 2 3 4 7 10
750 1 1 1 2 3 4 6 9
14 13 24 39 69 94 154
12 10 18 29 51 70 114 164
10 6 11 18 32 44 73 104 160
8 3 5 9 16 22 36 51 79 106 136
6 1 4 6 11 15 26 37 57 76 98 154
4 1 2 4 7 9 16 22 35 47 60 94 137
3 1 1 3 6 8 13 19 29 39 51 80 116
THWN, 2 1 1 3 5 7 11 16 25 33 43 67 97
THHN, 1 1 1 3 5 8 12 18 25 32 50 72
FEP (14 thru 2), 0 1 1 3 4 7 10 15 21 27 42 61
FEPB (14 thru 8), 00 1 1 2 3 6 8 13 17 22 35 51
PFA (14-4/0), 000 1 1 1 3 5 7 11 14 18 29 42
PFAH (14-4/0), 0000 1 1 1 2 4 6 9 12 15 24 35
Z (14-4/0), 250 1 1 1 3 4 7 10 12 20 28
XHHW (4 thru 300 1 1 1 3 4 6 8 11 17 24
500 MCM) 350 1 1 1 2 3 5 7 9 15 21
400 1 1 1 3 5 6 8 13 19
500 1 1 1 2 4 5 7 11 16
600 1 1 1 1 3 4 5 9 13
700 1 1 1 3 4 5 8 11
750 1 1 1 2 3 4 7 11
6 1 3 5 9 13 21 30 47 63 81 128 185
600 1 1 1 1 3 4 5 9 13
XHHW
700 1 1 1 3 4 5 8 11
750 1 1 1 2 3 4 7 10
14 3 6 10 18 25 41 58 90 121 155
12 3 5 9 15 21 35 50 77 103 132
10 2 4 7 13 18 29 31 64 86 110
8 1 2 4 7 9 16 22 35 47 60 94 137
6 1 1 2 5 6 11 15 24 32 41 64 93
4 1 1 1 3 5 8 12 18 24 31 50 72
3 1 1 1 3 4 7 10 16 22 28 44 63
2 1 1 3 4 6 9 14 19 24 38 56
RHW, 1 1 1 1 3 5 7 11 14 18 29 42
RHH 0 1 1 1 2 4 6 9 12 16 25 37
(with 00 1 1 1 3 5 8 11 14 22 32
outer 000 1 1 1 3 4 7 9 12 19 28
Covering) 0000 1 1 1 2 4 6 8 10 16 24
250 1 1 1 3 5 6 8 13 19
300 1 1 1 3 4 5 7 11 17
350 1 1 1 2 4 5 6 10 15
400 1 1 1 1 3 4 6 9 14
500 1 1 1 1 3 4 5 8 11
600 1 1 1 2 3 4 6 9
700 1 1 1 1 3 3 6 8
750 1 1 1 3 3 5 8

593
 Technical Information
For pricing and additional product information, contact your local SESCO Sales Office listed on cover.

Lamp Data
Approx.
General Electric Lamp Data Length Initial
Watts Lamp Code Replaces Energy Savings*S Watts Bulb Finish Type (In.) Lumens
Incandescent Lamps-Watt Miser™ Multi-Vapor® Lamps (Mogul Screw Base)
34 40A/34WM 40A 0.63 175 E-231/2 Clear or Diffuse MV-II 73/4 16,600
52 60A/52WM 60A 0.56 175 E-28 Clear or Phosphor Std. 81/4 14,000
67 72A/67WM 75A 0.42 250 E-28 Clear or Phosphor Std. 81/4 20,500
90 100A/90WM 100A 0.52 325 E-37 Clear or Phosphor 1-line* 111/16 28,000
135 150A/135WM 150A 0.79 400 E-37 Clear or Phosphor High Output 115/16 40,000
Incandescent Lamps-Watt Miser™ PAR (Spot and Flood) 400 E-37 Clear or Phosphor Std. or 1-line* 155/6 36,000
65 75PAR/FL/65WM 75PAR/FL 1.40 1000 BT-56 Clear High Ouput
65 75PAR/SP/65WM 75PAR/SP 1.40 or 1-line* 151/16 115,000
120 150PAR/FL/120WM 150PAR/FL 4.20 1000 BT-56 Clear or Phosphor Std. 151/16 110,000
120 150PAR/SP/120WM 150PAR/SP 4.20 1500 BT-56 Clear High Output 151/16 155,000
* Over rated average life of lamp at 7¢/kWh. Lucalox® Lamps (Mogul Screw Base)
35 E-17 Clear (Medium Base) 51/2 2,250
Nominal Approx. 1
50 E-23 /2 Clear†
73/4 5,800
Lamp Initial 1
70 E-23 /2 Clear†
73/4 5,800
Flourescent Lamps Watts Lumens
100 E-231/2 Clear† 73/4 9,500
4-Foot Rapid Start (48”) 1
150 E-23 /2 Clear†
73/4 16,000
Standard–Cool White 40 3,150 200 E-18 Clear 93/4 22,000
Maxi-Miser™ II–Lite White 40 3,450 250 E-18 Clear 93/4 27,500
Watt-Miser®–Cool White 34 2,750 250 E-18 Clear Deluxe Color 93/4 22,500
Watt-Miser® II–Lite White 34 2,925 310 E-18 Clear 93/4 37,000
Watt-Miser®–SP30 34 2,900 400 E-18 Clear 93/4 50,000
Watt-Miser®–SP35 34 2,900 1000 E-25 Clear 151/16 140,000
Watt-Miser®–SP41 34 2,850
E-Z Lux® Lamps* (For 175W mercury ballasts)
8-Foot Slimline (96”)
150 E-28 Clear 9 12,000
Standard–Cool White 75 6,300
Watt-Miser–Cool White 60 5,600 Mercury Lamps (Mogul Screw Base)
Watt-Miser II–Lite White 60 6,000 100 E-231/2 Deluxe White 71/2 4,200
8-Foot High Ouput-800mA (96”) 175 E-28 Deluxe White 81/4 8,600
Standard–Cool White 110 9,200 250 E-28 Deluxe White 81/4 12,100
Watt-Miser–Cool White 95 8,300 400 E-37 Deluxe White 115/16 22,500
Watt-Miser II–Lite White 95 8,800 1000 BT-56 Deluxe White 151/16 63,000
8-Foot 1500mA (96”)
* May be used on approved mercury ballasts.
Power Groove®
† Also available with medium base, E-17 bulb.
Standard–Cool White 210 16,000
Watt-Miser II–Cool White 185 14,000
Watt-Miser II–Lite White 185 14,900
T12 (11/2” dia.)
Standard–Cool White 215 14,000
Watt-Miser®–Cool White 185 13,000
Watt-Miser® II–Lite White 185 13,800
Circlite™
Replaces incandescent lamps (10” dia.) 44 1,750

594
 Technical Information
For pricing and additional product information, contact your local SESCO Sales Office listed on cover.

Industry Standards 3 R Outdoor use to provide a degree of protection against

falling rain; undamaged by the formation of ice on the
Enclosure Types for Non-Hazardous enclosure.
Locations 4 Either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree of pro-
National Electrical Manufacturers Association tection against falling rain, splashing water, and hose-
(NEMA Standard 250) directed water; undamaged by the formation of ice on
Type Intended Use and Description the enclosure.
1 Enclosures are intended for indoor use primarily to pro- 4 X Either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree of pro-
vide a degree of protection against contact with the tection against falling rain, splashing water, and hose-
enclosed equipment or locations where unusual service directed water; undamaged by the formation of ice on
conditions do not exist. the enclosure; resists corrosion.
2 Enclosures are intended for indoor use primarily to pro- 5 No UL equivalent.
vide a degree of protection against limited amounts of 6 Indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree of protection
falling water and dirt. against entry of water during temporary submersion at a
3 Enclosures are intended for outdoor use primarily to limited depth; undamaged by the formation of ice on the
provide a degree of protection against windblown dust, enclosure.
rain, and sleet; undamaged by the formation of ice on the
12 Indoor use to provide a degree of protection against
enclosure.
dust, dirt, fiber flyings, dripping water, and external con-
3 R Enclosures are intended for outdoor use primarily to densation of noncorrosive liquids.
provide a degree of protection against falling rain and
13 Indoor use to provide a degree of protection against lint,
sleet; undamaged by the formation of ice on the enclo-
dust seepage, external condensation and spraying of
sure.
water, oil, and noncorrosive liquids.
4 Enclosures are intended for indoor or outdoor use pri-
This material is reporduce, with permission from Underwriters
marily to provide a degree of protection against wind-
Laboratories Inc. Standard for Safety for Cabinets and Boxes, UL
blown dust and rain, splashing water, and hose-directed
50, Copyright 1985 and Industrial Control Equipment, UL 508,
water; undamaged by the formation of ice on the enclo-
Copyright 1984 by Underwriters Laboratories Inc.
sure.
Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) shall not be responsible to
4 X Enclosures are intended for indoor or outdoor use pri-
anyone for the use of or reliance upon a UL Standard by anyone.
marily to provide a degree of protection against corro-
UL shall not incure any obligation or liability for damages, includ-
sion, windblown dust and rain, splashing water, and hose-
ing consequential damages, arising out of or connection with the
directed water; undamaged by the formation of ice on
use, interpretation of, or reliance upon a UL Standard.
the enclosure.
5 No NEMA equivalent.
Canadian Standards Association
6 Enclosures are intended for use indoors or outdoors (Standard C22.2 Nos. 14, 40 and 94)
where occasional submersion is encountered.
Type Intended Use and Description
12 Enclosures are intended for indoor use primarily to pro-
1 General purpose enclosure. Protects against accidental con-
vide a degree of protection against dust, falling dirt, and
tact parts.
dripping noncorrosive liquids.
2 Indoor use and so constructed or protected that expo-
13 Enclosures are intended for indoor use primarily to pro-
sure to falling moisture will not impair the effectiveness
vide a degree of protection against dust, falling dirt, and
of the enclosed equipment.
dripping noncorrosive liquids.
The preceding descriptions are not intended to be complete rep- 3 Outdoor use and so constructed or protected that expo-
resentations of National Electrical Manufacturers Association stan- sure to the weather, to falling mositure, or to external
dards for enclosures. splashing, will not impair the effectiveness of the enclosed
equipment.
Underwriters Laboratories Inc. 3 R No CSA equivalent.
(UL 50 and UL 508) 4 Indoor or outdoor use and so constructed that a stream
Type Intended Use and Description of water from a hose will not result in water entering the
enclosing case.
1 Indoor use primarily to provide protection against con-
tact with the enclosed equipment and against a limited 4 X No CSA equivalent.
amount of falling dirt. 5 Indoor use and so constructed that dust cannot enter
2 Indoor use to provide a degree of protection against lim- the enclosure; and accumulated dust will not result in
ited amounts of falling water and dirt. temperatures exceeding specified values.
3 Outdoor use to provide a degree of protection against 6 No CSA equivalent.
windblown dust and windblown rain; undamaged by the 12 No CSA equivalent.
formation of ice on the enclosure. 13 No CSA equivalent.

595
 Technical Information
For pricing and additional product information, contact your local SESCO Sales Office listed on cover.

Degree of protection of the electrical equipment up to 1000 V a.c. and 1500V d.c.
IP X1 X2 according to IEC 529 (1989) and EN 60529 (1991)

Protection of persons against contact with live parts

X1 Protection of equipment against ingress of solid for- X1 Protection against ingress of liquids
eign bodies
CEE-symbol Test CEE-symbol Test
0 None 0 None
Against access with Against vertically falling
1
hand and ingress of 1 drops
solid objects greater
than 50 mm
Against drops of falling
Against access with 2 liquid at an angle up to
finger and ingress of 15° from the vertical
2 solid objects greater Against water falling in
than 12 mm
3 rain at an angle up to
60° from the vertical
Against access with
tools and ingress of Against water splashed
3 solid objects greater 4 from any direction
than 2.5 mm (over 360°)
Against access with Against water jets from
4
wires or strips and 5 any direction (over
ingress of solid objects 360°)
greater than 1 mm
Against water projects
Complete protection 6 in powerful jets as from
against contact with live heavy seas
5 parts and ingress of Against immersion in
harmful deposits of dust water under defined
7 conditions of pressure
Complete protection and time
against contact with
6 live parts of ingress of 8
Against continuous sub-
dust mersion in water

Additional letter to IP X1 X2 (optional)

Used with first Protection
Additional characteristic
letter Test against access to
numeral IPX1 hazardous parts
Protection against
A 0 access to hazardous
parts

Protection against
B 0 and 1 access with a finger

Protection against
C 1 and 2 access with a tool

Protection against
D 1, 2 and 3 access with a wire

596
 Technical Information
For pricing and additional product information, contact your local SESCO Sales Office listed on cover.

Decimal and Metric Equivalents of Conversion Factors

Common Fractions of an Inch U.S. Customary Measures and Weights
Fraction Decimal Mm Fraction Decimal Mm. (Based on National Bureau of Standards)
1/64 0.0156 0.397 33/64 0.5156 13.097 Liquid Capacity
1/32 0.0312 0.794 17/32 0.5312 13.494 1 gill = 4 fluid ounces 1 barrel = 311/2 gallons
3/64 0.0469 1.191 35/64 0.5469 13.891 1 pint = 4 gills 1 hogshead = 2 bbl. (63 gal.)
1/16 0.0625 1.588 9/16 0.5625 14.288 1 quart = 2 pints 1 tun = 252 gallons
1 gallon = 4 quarts 1 barrel (petroleum) = 42 gallons
5/64 0.0781 1.984 37/64 0.5781 14.684
3/32 0.0938 2.381 19/32 0.5938 15.081 Dry Capacity
7/64 0.1094 2.778 39/64 0.6094 15.478 2 pints = 1 quart = 67.2 cu in
8 quarts = 1 peck = 537.6 cu in
1/8 0.1250 3.175 5/8 0.6250 15,875
4 pecks = 1 bushel = 2150.4 cu in
9/64 0.1406 3.572 41/64 0.6406 16.272
5/32 0.1562 3.969 21/32 0.6562 16.669 Avoirdupois Weight
(For other than drugs, gold, silver, etc.)
11/64 0.1719 4.366 43/64 0.6719 17.066
1 dram = 27.34 grains 1 quarter = 25 pounds
3/16 0.1875 4.762 11/16 0.6875 17.462 1 ounce = 16 drams 1 short ton = 2000 pounds
13/64 0.2031 5.159 45/64 0.7031 17.859 1 pound = 16 ounces 1 long tonn = 2240 pounds
7/32 0.2188 5.556 23/32 0.7188 18.256 1 lb avdp = 7000 grains = 453.59 grams
15/64 0.2344 5.953 27/64 0.7344 18.653 = 1.2153 lb troy = 1.2153 lb apoth.
1 grain = 1 grain troy = 1 grain apoth.
1/4 0.2500 6.350 3/4 0.7500 19.050
17/64 0.2656 6.747 49/64 0.7655 19.447 Temperature Conversion Table
9/32 0.2812 7.144 25/32 0.7812 19.844 °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F
19/64 0.2969 7.541 51/64 0.7969 20.241 -80 -112.0 9 48.2 47 116.6 85 185.0
-70 -94.0 10 50.0 48 118.4 86 186.8
5/16 0.3125 7.938 13/16 0.8125 20.638 -60 -65.0 11 51.8 49 120.2 87 188.6
21/64 0.3281 8.334 53/64 0.8281 21.034 -50 -58.0 12 53.6 50 122.0 88 190.4
11/32 0.3438 8.731 27/32 0.8438 21.431 -45 -49.1 13 55.4 51 123.8 89 192.2
-40 -40.0 14 57.2 52 125.6 90 194.0
23/64 0.3594 9.128 55/64 0.8594 21.828 -35 -13.0 15 59.0 53 127.4 91 195.8
3/8 0.3750 9.525 7/8 0.8750 22.225 -30 -22.0 16 60.8 54 129.4 92 197.6
-25 -13.0 17 62.6 55 131.0 93 199.4
25/64 0.3906 9.922 57/64 0.8906 22.622
-20 -4.0 18 64.4 56 132.8 94 201.0
13/32 0.4062 10.319 29/32 0.9062 23.019 -19 -2.2 19 66.2 57 134.8 95 203.0
27/64 0.4219 10.716 59/64 0.9219 23.416 -18 -.4 20 68.0 58 136.4 96 204.8
-17 1.4 21 69.8 59 138.2 97 206.6
7/16 0.4375 11.112 15/16 0.9375 23.812
-16 3.2 22 71.6 60 140.0 98 208.4
29/64 0.4531 11.509 61/64 0.9531 24.209 -15 5.0 23 73.4 61 141.8 99 210.4
15/32 0.4688 11.906 31/32 0.9688 24.606 -14 6.8 24 75.2 62 143.6 100 212.0
-13 8.6 25 77.0 63 145.4 105 221
31/64 0.4844 12.303 63/64 0.9844 25.003
-12 10.4 26 78.8 64 147.2 110 230
1/2 0.5000 12.700 1 1.0000 25.400 -11 12.2 27 80.6 65 149.0 115 239
-10 14.0 28 82.4 66 150.8 120 248
-9 15.8 29 84.2 67 152.6 130 266
Conversion Factors -8 17.6 30 86.0 68 154.4 140 284
U.S. Customary Measures and Weights -7 19.4 31 87.8 69 156.2 150 302
-6 21.2 32 89.6 70 158.0 160 320
(Based on National Bureau of Standards) -5 23.0 33 91.4 71 159.8 170 338
Length -4 24.8 34 93.2 72 161.6 180 356
1 inch = 1000 mils 1 furlong = 40 rods -3 26.6 35 95.0 73 163.4 190 374
-2 28.4 36 96.8 74 165.2 200 392
1 foot = 12 inches 1 Statute mile = 8 furlongs -1 21.2 37 98.6 75 167.0 250 482
1 yard = 3 feet 1 Statute mile = -5280 feet 0 32.0 38 100.4 76 168.8 300 572
1 fathom = 6 feet 1 nautical mile = 6076 feet 1 33.8 39 102.2 77 170.6 350 662
1 rod = 51/2 yards 1 league = 3 miles 2 35.6 40 104.0 78 172.4 400 752
3 37.4 41 105.8 79 174.2 500 932
Area 4 38.2 42 107.6 80 176.0 600 1112
1 sq foot = 144 sq inches 1 acre = 160 sq rods 5 41.0 43 109.4 81 177.8 700 1292
1 sq yard = 9 sq feet 1 acre = 43,560 sq ft 6 42.8 44 111.2 82 179.6 800 1472
7 44.6 45 113.0 83 181.4 900 1652
1 sq rod = 301/4 sq yards 1 sq mile = 640 acres 8 46.4 46 114.8 84 183.2 1000 1832

597
 Technical Information
For pricing and additional product information, contact your local SESCO Sales Office listed on cover.

Metric Equivalents of Conversion Factors

U. S. Customary Measures and Weights To Convert From To Multiply By #
Btu*/second.................. kilopond-meters/s ........................ 1.075 E+02
(Based on National Bureau of Standards) kilowatts ..................................... 1.054 E+00
Length Btu*/sq ft....................... gram-cal*/sq. cm. .......................... 2.712 E-01
Cm = 0.3937 in. In. = 2.5400 cm Centimeters Hg (0°C) pounds-force/sq. in....................... 1.9337 E-01
Meter = 3.281 ft. Ft. = 0.3048 m inches of water ......................... 5.353 E+00
Meter = 1.0936 yd. Yd. = 0.9144 m Centiposes.................... pound/foot-hours ......................... 2.420 E+00
Km = 0.6214 mile Mile = 1.6093 km Circular mils................. square mils..................................... 7.854 E-01
Cubic feet/minute........ gallons/second............................... 1.247 E-01
Area
cubic cm/s .................................. 4.720 E+02
Sq cm = 0.1550 sq. in. Sq. in. = 6.4516 sq cm
Cubic feet/pound......... cu. cm. /g......................................... 6.243 E+01
Sq m = 10.764 sq. ft. Sq. ft. = 0.0929 sq m
Cubic feet/second........ gallons/minute ............................... 4.488 E+02
Sq km = 0.3861 sq. mile sq. mile = 2.590 sq km
Cubic meters................ cubic feet........................................ 3.531 E+01
Volume Degrees.......................... radians............................................. 1.745 E-02
Cu cm = 0.06102 cu. in. Cu. in. = 16.387 cu cm Degrees/second............ revolutions/minute ....................... 1.667 E-01
Cu m = 35.31 cu. ft. Cu. ft. = 0.02832 cu m Dynes.............................. grams-force.................................... 1.0197 E-03
poundals ..................................... 7.233 E-05
Capacity Dyne-centimeters........ pounds-force-feet......................... 7.380 E-08
Liters = 61.024 cu. in. Cu. in. = 0.0164 liter Dynes/sq centimeter... atmospheres .................................. 9.869 E-07
Liter = 0.0353 cu. ft. Cu. ft. = 28.32 liters Electron volts............... gram-calories*............................... 3.829 E-20
Liter = 0.2642 gal. (U.S.) Gal. = 3.785 liters gram-cal*/mole.......................... 2.305 E+04
Liter = 0.0284 bu. (U.S.) Bu. = 35.24 liters cm-1 (wave no.) ......................... 8.06 E+03
1000.000 cu. cm. kWh ............................................ 4.45 E-26
Liter = 1.0567 qt. (liquid) or 0.9081 qt. (dry) micrometers wavelength ........ **
2.2046 lb. of pure water at 4°C=1 kg. Feet of H20 at 39.2°F.. inches of Hg at 32° F .................. 8.825 E-01
Foot-pounds-force...... Btu* ................................................. 1.286 E-03
Weight
kilowatt-hours........................... 3.766 E-07
Gram = 15.4324 grains Grain = 0.0648 g.
Foot-pounds-
Gram = 0.03532 oz. avdp. Oz. avdp. = 28.35 g.
force/s............................ Btu*/min ......................................... 7.716 E-02
Kg = 2.2046 lb. avdp. Lb. avdp. = 0.4536 kg.
Gallons (U.S. Liquid)... cubic inches ................................... 2.310 E+02
Kg = 0.00110 ton (sht.) Ton (sht.) = 0.4536 kg.
cubic feet.................................... 1.337 E-01
Pressure Gal/min (of water)....... pound/hr of water ....................... 5.008 E+02
Kg per sq cm = 14.223 lb. per sq. in. Gram-calories*............... Btu ................................................... 3.968 E-03
Lb per sq in = 0.0703 kg. per sq. cm. Gram-cal*/sq. cm.......... Btu*/sq. ft........................................ 3.687 E+00
Kg per sq m = 0.2048 lb. per sq. ft. Gram-force-cm............. Btu* ................................................. 9.301 E-08
Lb per sq ft = 4.882 kg. per sq. m. ergs .............................................. 9.807 E+02
Kg per sq cm = 0.9679 normal atmosphere Gram-mole Gas............ cubic cm gas (0°C &
1.0332 kg. per sq. cm. 760mm) ...................................... 2.240 E+04
Normal atmosphere = 1.0133 bars 14.696 lb. per sq. in. Grams-force.................. dynes ............................................... 9.807 E+02
Pascals = 0.000145 lb/sq. in. Grams............................. pounds ............................................ 2.205 E-03
Megapascals = 145 lb/sq. in. Grams of matter.......... electron volt .................................. 5.61 E+32
Lb per sq. in. = 6894.7 pascals Grams/cu cm................ pounds/cu. inch ............................. 3.613 E-02
pounds/cu. foot ......................... 6.243 E+01
Conversion Factors Grams-force/sq cm...... centimeters of Hg. ....................... 7.356 E-02
To Convert From To Multiply By # atmosphere................................ 9.678 E-04
pounds-force/sq. ft. .................. 2.048 E+02
Angstrom unit............... centimeters.................................... 1.000 E-08
Horsepower (mech).... foot-pounds-force/s ..................... 5.500 E+02
Atmospheres................. mm of mercury kilowatts ..................................... 7.457 E-01
at 0° C ........................................ 7.600 E+02 Horsepower hours...... Btu* ................................................. 2.546 E+03
pounds/sq. in.............................. 1.470 E+01 joule (abs) .................................. 2.685 E+06
kilograms/sq. m ......................... 1.033 E+04 kilogram-cal* ............................. 6.416 E+02
Atomic mass unit......... mass of electron........................... 5.486 E-04 In of Hg at 32°F............ pounds-force/sq. in....................... 4.912 E-01
mass of proton ............................. 1.0073 E+00 In of H20 at 39.2°F
mass of neutron............................ 1.0087 E+00 (4°C)............................... centimeters of Hg. ....................... 1.868 E-01
mass of A particle ........................ 4.0029 E+00 pounds/sq. in.............................. 3.612 E-02
H, atom mass................................. 1.0081 E+00 pounds-force/sq. ft. .................. 5.202 E+00
Joules (abs).................... kilogram-calories* ........................ 2.390 E-04
Bars................................. dynes/sq. cm .................................. 1.000 E+06
Kilogram-cal*................ horse power-hours ...................... 1.559 E-03
Btu*................................. foot-pounds ................................... 7.776 E+02 Kilopond-meter............ Btu* ................................................. 9.301 E-03
horsepower-hours ....................... 3.928 E-04 ergs .............................................. 9.807 E+07
kilopond-meters ........................... 1.075 E+03 Kilowatt......................... average noon sunlight
kilogram-calories* ........................ 2.520 E-01 on 1 sq. m. ................................. 1.00 E+00
kilowatt-hours............................... 2.929 E-04 Btu* ................................................. 3.414 E+03
Btu*/hour....................... horsepower ................................... 3.928 E-04 Kilowatt.......................... horsepower ................................... 1.341 E+00
Btu*/(hour-sq ft)/ (gram-cal*/s.-sq. cm)/ Kilowatts........................ kilogram-cal*/minute ................... 1.434 E+01
(°F/in)............................. (°C/cm)....................................... 3.445 E-04 Liter-atmospheres........ Btu* ................................................. 9.610 E-02
Liters/kilogram.............. cubic ft/pound ............................... 1.602 E-02
Btu*/minute.................. foot-pounds/s ................................ 1.296 E+01 Liters/minute................. cubic feet/s..................................... 5.885 E-04
horse power.................................. 2.357 E-02 gallons/hours ................................. 1.585 E+01
kilowatts ......................................... 1.757 E-02 Lumens........................... watts† ............................................. 1.470 E-03

598
 Technical Information
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Conversion Factors To Convert From To Multiply By #

To Convert From To Multiply By # Force
Newtons........................ dynes ............................................... 1.000 E+05 dyne................................ newton............................................ 1.000 E-05
Newton-meters........... joules ............................................... 1.000 E+00 kg-force.......................... newton............................................ 9.807 E+00
Pound-celsius oz-force (av).................. newton............................................ 2.780 E-01
(Centrigrade) Unit...... Btu* ................................................. 1.800 E+00 lb-force (av)................... newton............................................ 4.448 E+00
Pound-mol gas.............. cubic feet of gas
(60°F at 1 atm) ......................... 3.794 E+02 Force/Length
Pounds of H20 (4°C).. gallons of H2O............................... 1.198 E-01 lb-force/in....................... newton/meter ............................... 1.751 E+02
Pounds of H20 at lb-force/ft........................ newton/meter ............................... 1.459 E+01
64°F................................. cubic feet of H2O ......................... 1.603 E-02 Heat
Pounds/gallon................ grams/cu. cm.................................. 1.198 E-01 Btu* in/sec ft2 deg F..... watt/meter K................................. 5.189 E+02
Pounds/sq. in................. atmospheres .................................. 6.805 E-02 Btu* in/hr ft2 deg F....... watt/meter K................................. 1.441 E-01
Radian............................. degrees ........................................... 5.730 E+01 Btu*/ft2............................. joule/meter2 ................................... 1.135 E+04
Radians/s........................ revolutions/s .................................. 1.592 E-01 Btu*/hr ft2 deg F........... watt/meter2 K ............................... 5.674 E+00
Torricellis (Torr).......... mm. of Hg. (0°C) .......................... 1.000 E+00 Btu*/lbm deg F............... joule/kg K....................................... 4.184 E+03
Volt-coulomb................ joules ............................................... 1.000 E+00 Btu*/sec ft2 deg F......... watt/meter2 K ............................... 2.043 E+04
Watt-hour..................... Btu* ................................................. 3.414 E+00 cal/cm2............................ joule/meter2 ................................... 4.184 E+04
Watts............................. foot-lb/minute ............................... 4.425 E+01 cal/cm2 sec.................... watt/meter2 .................................... 4.184 E+04
horsepower ................................... 1.341 E-03 cal/cm2 sec deg C........ watt/meter K................................. 4.184 E+02
lumens+ .......................................... 6.830 E+02 cal*/g................................ joule/kg ........................................... 4.184 E+03
# E is the power of 10 by which the number must be multiplied. cal*/g deg C................... joule/kg k........................................ 4.184 E+03
i.e., 4,047 E+03=4.047x103.
† Radiant watts at 5550 A°. Length
* Thermochemical. astronomical unit........ meter............................................... 1.496 E+11
** electron volts x micrometers wavelength = 1.240 E+00. foot................................. meter............................................... 3.048 E-01
inch................................. meter............................................... 2.540 E-02
Factors for Conversion to International System light year........................ meter............................................... 9.461 E+15
(Si) Units mil................................... meter............................................... 2.540 E-05
Conversion Factors–International System (SI) Units mile (statue)................. meter............................................... 1.609 E+03
yard................................ meter............................................... 9.144 E-01
(from National Bureau of Standards Handbook 102)
To Convert From To Multiply By # Light
Acceleration ft-candle........................ lux .................................................... 1.076 E+01
Ft/sec2............................. meter/sec2 ...................................... 3.048 E-01 ft-lambert...................... candela/meter2 .............................. 3.426 E+00
In/sec2............................. meter/sec2 ...................................... 2.540 E-02 Mass
Area oz mass (av).................. kilogram.......................................... 2.835 E-02
Acre................................ meter2 ............................................. 4.047 E+03 lb-mass (av).................... kilogram.......................................... 4.536 E-01
Ft2.................................... meter2 ............................................. 9.290 E-02 ton (2000 lbm)............. kilogram.......................................... 9.072 E+02
In2.................................... meter2 ............................................. 6.452 E-04
Mile2 (statute)............... meter2 ............................................. 2.590 E+06 Mass/Volume (includes Density)
Yard2................................ meter2 ............................................. 8.361 E-01 lbm/ft3............................ kilogram/meter3 ............................ 1.602 E+01
Torque lbm/in3............................ kilogram/meter3 ............................ 2.768 E+04
dyne-cm.......................... newton-meter ............................... 1.000 E-07 oz mass (av)/in3........... kilogram/meter3 ............................ 1.730 E+03
kgf-meter........................ newton-meter ............................... 9.807 E+00 lb-mass (av)/gal............ kilogram/meter3 ............................ 1.198 E+02
Ibf-inch............................ newton-meter................................ 1.130 E-01 Power
Ibf-foot............................ newton-meter ............................... 1.356 E+00
ozf-inch........................... newton-meter ............................... 7.062 E-03 Btu*/sec......................... watt. ................................................ 1.054 E+03
Btu*/min........................ watt. ................................................ 1.757 E+01
Torque/Length
Btu*/hr........................... watt. ................................................ 2.929 E-01
Ibf-ft/in............................ newton-m/m.................................. 5.338 E+01
Ibf-in/in............................ newton-m/m.................................. 4.448 E+00 Cal*/sec......................... watt. ................................................ 4.184 E+00
Cal*/min........................ watt. ................................................ 6.973 E-02
Electricity and Magnetism erg/sec........................... watt. ................................................ 1.000 E-07
amp hr............................. coulomb.......................................... 3.600 E+03 ft-lb force/hr................. watt. ................................................ 3.766 E-04
faraday (chem).............. coulomb.......................................... 9.650 E+04 ft-lb force/min.............. watt. ................................................ 2.260 E-02
gauss................................ tesla ................................................. 1.000 E-04 ft-lb force/sec............... watt. ................................................ 1.356 E+00
gilbert.............................. amp-turn......................................... 7.958 E-01 hp (elec)........................ watt. ................................................ 7.460 E+02
maxwell........................... weber .............................................. 1.000 E-08
orested............................ amp/meter ..................................... 7.958 E+01 Pressure (Force/Area)
unit pole......................... weber .............................................. 1.257 E-07 atm (760 Torr)............. pascal............................................... 1.013 E+05
bar................................... pascal............................................... 1.000 E+05
Energy (includes Work) dyne/cm2....................... pascal............................................... 1.000 E-01
Btu*................................. joule................................................. 1.054 E+03
gram (force)/cm2......... pascal............................................... 9.807 E+01
calorie*........................... joule................................................. 4.184 E+00
in of Hg (60°F)............ pascal............................................... 3.377 E+03
eletron volt.................... joule................................................. 1.602 E-19
in of water (60°F)....... pascal............................................... 2.488 E+02
erg.................................... joule................................................. 1.000 E-07
mm of Hg (0°C).......... pascal............................................... 1.333 E+02
ft-lb-force....................... joule................................................. 1.356 E+00
kilowatt-hr...................... joule................................................. 3.600 E+06 lb-force/ft2..................... pascal............................................... 4.788 E+01
watt-sec.......................... joule................................................. 1.000 E+00 lbf/in2 (psi)..................... pascal............................................... 6.895 E+03
Torr (mm Hg, 0°C)..... pascal............................................... 1.333 E+02
Energy/Area Time
Btu*/ft2 min.................... watt/meter2 .................................... 1.891 E+02 Velocity (includes Speed)
Btu*/ft2 hr....................... watt/meter2 .................................... 3.152 E+00 ft/hr................................ meter/sec ....................................... 8.467 E-05
cal*/cm2 min.................. watt/meter2 .................................... 6.973 E+02 ft/min............................. meter/sec ....................................... 5.080 E-03

599
 Technical Information
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To Convert From To Multiply By # Ampacities of Insulated Conductors

Velocity (Includes Speed) Rated 0-2000 Volts, 60° to 90°C (140° to 194°F)
Not More Than Three Conductors in Raceway or Cable or Earth
ft/sec............................... meter/sec. ...................................... 3.048 E-01 (Directly Buried), Based on Ambient Temperature of 30°C (86°F)
in/sec.............................. meter/sec. ...................................... 2.540 E-02 Size Temperature Rating of Conductor
mile/hr............................ meter/sec. ...................................... 4.470 E-01 60°C 75°C 85°C 90°C 60°C 75°C 85°C 90°C
(140°F) (167°F) (185°F) (194°F) (140°F) (167°F) (185°F) (194°F)
mile/min......................... meter/sec. ...................................... 2.682 E+01 Type Types Type Types Types Types Type Types
mile/sec.......................... meter/sec. ...................................... 1.609 E+03 †TW, †FEPW, V TA,TBS, SA †TW, †RH, †RHW, V TA,TBS,
mile/hr............................ km/hr. .............................................. 1.609 E+00 AWG †UF †RH, †RHW, SIS, †FEP, †UF †THHW, SA, SIS,
†THHW, †FEPB, †THW, †RHH,
Viscosity kcmil †THW, †RHH, †THWN, †THHW,
†THWN, †THHN, †XHHW †THHN,
ft2/sec.............................. meter2/sec. ..................................... 9.290 E-02 †XHHW THHW, †USE †XHHW
poise............................... pascal-sec. ...................................... 1.000 E-01 †USE, †ZW †XHHW
Ibm/ft sec....................... pascal-sec. ...................................... 1.488 E+00 Copper Aluminum or Copper-Clad Aluminum
Ibf sec/ft2........................ pascal-sec. ...................................... 4.788 E+01 14 20† 20† 25 25† .... .... ..... ....
12 25† 25† 30 30† 20† 20† 25 25†
stokes............................. meter2/sec. ..................................... 1.000 E-04 10 30 35† 40 40† 25 30† 30 35†
8 40 50 55 55 30 40 40 45
Volume (Includes Capacity) 6 55 65 70 75 40 50 55 60
bushel (US)................... meter3 ............................................. 3.524 E-02 4 70 85 95 95 55 65 75 75
3 85 100 110 110 65 75 85 85
ft3..................................... meter3 ............................................. 2.832 E-02 2 95 115 125 130 75 90 100 100
gallon (US)..................... meter3 ............................................. 3.785 E-03 1 110 130 145 150 85 100 110 115
1/0 125 150 165 170 100 120 130 135
inch3................................ meter3 ............................................. 1.639 E-05 2/0 145 175 190 195 115 135 145 150
liter.................................. meter3 ............................................. 1.000 E-03 3/0 165 200 215 225 130 155 170 175
4/0 195 230 250 260 150 180 195 205
oz (US fluid).................. meter3 ............................................. 2.957 E-05 250 215 255 275 290 170 205 220 230
300 240 285 310 320 190 230 250 255
stere................................ meter3 ............................................. 1.000 E+00 350 260 310 340 350 210 250 270 280
yd3.................................... meter3 ............................................. 7.646 E-01 400 280 335 365 380 225 270 295 305
500 320 380 415 430 260 310 335 350
Volume/Time (Includes Flow) 600 355 420 460 475 285 340 370 385
700 385 460 500 520 310 375 405 420
ft3/min............................. meter3/sec. .................................... 4.719 E-04 750 400 475 515 535 320 385 420 435
ft3/sec.............................. meter3/sec. .................................... 2.832 E-02 800 410 490 535 555 330 395 430 450
900 435 520 565 585 355 425 465 480
in3/min............................ meter3/sec. .................................... 2.731 E-07 1000 455 545 590 615 375 445 485 500
gal/min............................ meter3/sec. .................................... 6.309 E-05 The overcurrent protection for conductor types marked with an obelisk (†) shall not
exceed 15 amperes for 14 AWG, 20 amperes for 12 AWG, and 30 amperes for 10 AWG
* Thermochemical. copper; or 15 amperes for 12 AWG and 25 amperes for 10 AWG aluminum and copper-
clad aluminum after any correction factors for ambient temperature and number of con-
# E indicates the power of 10 by which the number must be multiplied, i.e., ductors have been applied. For dry locations only. See 75°C column for wet locations.
4.047E+03=4.047x103. (From National Electrical Code 1990© NFPA Table 310-16).

Useful Information
Fuse Sizes
To Select Proper Size Fuse, Safety Switch or circuit Breaker For Motor Circuits
1. Single Phase, Squirrel- 2. Squirrel-Cade and Syn-
Cage and Synchronous Chronous Auto-Trans-
Full Full-Voltage, Reactor former Starting, High Types 1 and 2 Copper
Load and Resistor Starting Reactance Squirrel-Cage Motors Wire Size
Current Single Elem. Fuse Single Elem. Fuse Time Delay Fuse†
Rating Branch Branch Branch Types
of Circuit Circuit Circuit Circuit Circuit Types RHW,
Motor Fuse Switch Breaker Fuse Switch Breaker Fuse Switch T, THW,
Amp Amp Size Amp* Amp Size Amp* Amp Size TW THWN
1 15 30 15 15 30 15 1.4 30 14 14
2 15 30 15 15 30 15 2.5 30 14 14
3 15 30 15 15 30 15 4 30 14 14
4 15 30 15 15 30 15 4 30 14 14
5 15 30 15 15 30 15 6.25 30 14 14
6 20 30 15 15 30 15 8 30 14 14
7 25 30 20 15 30 15 9 30 14 14
8 25 30 20 20 30 20 10 30 14 14
9 30 30 30 20 30 20 12 30 14 14
10 30 30 30 20 30 20 12 30 14 14
11 35 60 30 25 30 30 15 30 14 14
12 40 60 30 25 30 30 15 30 14 14
13 40 60 40 30 60 30 17.5 30 12 12
14 45 60 40 30 60 30 17.5 30 12 12
15 45 60 40 30 60 30 20 30 12 12
16 50 60 40 35 60 40 20 30 12 12
17 60 60 50 35 60 40 20 30 10 10
18 60 60 50 40 60 40 25 30 10 10
19 60 60 50 40 60 40 25 30 10 10
20 60 60 50 40 60 40 25 30 10 10
22 70 100 70 45 60 50 30 30 10 10
24 80 100 70 50 60 50 30 30 10 10
26 80 100 70 60 100 70 35 60 8 8
28 90 100 70 60 100 70 35 60 8 8
30 90 100 100 60 100 70 40 60 8 8

600
 Technical Information
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Useful Information
Fuse Sizes
To Select Proper Size Fuse, Safety Switch or circuit Breaker For Motor Circuits
1. Single Phase, Squirrel- 2. Squirrel-Cade and Syn-
Cage and Synchronous Chronous Auto-Trans-
Full Full-Voltage, Reactor former Starting, High Types 1 and 2 Copper
Load and Resistor Starting Reactance Squirrel-Cage Motors Wire Size
Current Single Elem. Fuse Single Elem. Fuse Time Delay Fuse†
Rating Branch Branch Branch Types
of Circuit Circuit Circuit Circuit Circuit Types RHW,
Motor Fuse Switch Breaker Fuse Switch Breaker Fuse Switch T, THW,
Amp Amp Size Amp* Amp Size Amp* Amp Size TW THWN
32 100 100 100 70 100 70 40 60 8 8
34 110 200 100 70 100 70 45 60 6 6
36 110 200 100 80 100 100 45 60 6 6
38 125 200 100 80 100 100 50 60 6 6
40 125 200 100 80 100 100 50 60 6 6
42 125 200 125 90 100 100 50 60 6 6
44 125 200 125 90 100 100 60 60 6 6
46 150 200 125 100 100 100 60 60 4 6
48 150 200 125 100 100 100 60 60 4 6
50 150 200 125 100 100 100 70 100 4 6
52 175 200 150 110 200 125 70 100 4 6
54 175 200 150 110 200 125 70 100 4 6
56 175 200 150 125 200 125 70 100 4 4
58 175 200 150 125 200 125 80 100 3 4
60 200 200 150 125 200 125 80 100 3 4
62 200 200 175 125 200 125 80 100 3 4
64 200 200 175 150 200 150 80 100 3 4
66 200 200 175 150 200 150 90 100 2 4
68 225 400 175 150 200 150 90 100 2 4
70 225 400 175 150 200 150 90 100 2 3
72 225 400 200 150 200 150 90 100 2 3
74 225 400 200 150 200 150 100 100 2 3
76 250 400 200 175 200 175 100 100 2 3
78 250 400 200 175 200 175 100 100 1 3
80 250 400 200 175 200 175 110 200 1 3
82 250 400 225 175 200 175 110 200 1 2
84 250 400 225 175 200 175 110 200 1 2
86 300 400 225 175 200 175 110 200 1 2
88 300 400 225 200 200 200 110 200 1 2
90 300 400 225 200 200 200 125 200 1 2
92 300 400 250 200 200 200 125 200 0 2
94 300 400 250 200 200 200 125 200 0 1
96 300 400 250 200 200 200 125 200 0 1
98 300 400 250 200 200 200 125 200 0 1
100 300 400 250 200 400 200 125 200 0 1
105 350 400 300 225 400 225 125 200 00 1
110 350 400 300 225 400 225 150 200 00 0
115 350 400 300 250 400 250 150 200 00 0
120 400 400 300 250 400 250 175 200 000 0
125 400 400 300 250 400 250 175 200 000 00
* These values are for Time Limit breakers. Instantaneous type may also be use.
† Based on maximum allowed by Code for 40°C motors which is 175% full-load current.
Note: These are general application values not including Code Letter. A Check fuse manufacturer’s recommendations for specific motors.

601
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NEMA Definitions
General Requirements for Wiring Devices
Cord Connector Plug Switch
A cord connector is portable receptacle A plug is a device with male contacts A switch is a device for making, breaking
which is attached to or provided with a which, when inserted into a receptacle, or changing the connections in an electri-
means for attachment to a flexible cord establishes connection between the con- cal circuit.
and which is not intended for fixed mount- ductors of the attached flexible cord and
1. Single-pole Switch (Single-pole Single-
ing. the conductors connected to the recepta-
throw) A switch which makes or breaks
cle.
Grounded Connector (System the connection of one conductor.
Ground) Polarization (Plugs and 2. Double-pole Switch (Double-pole-Single-
A grounded connector is a circuit conduc- Receptacles) throw) A switch which makes or breaks
tor (normally current carrying) which is Polarization is a means of assuring the mat- the connection of two conductors of a
internationally connected to earth ground. ing of plugs and receptacles of the same single branch circuit.
(It is identified as the WHITE conductor). rating in only the correct position. 3 Three-way Switch (Single-pole Double
throw) A switch which changes the con-
Grounding Conductor Pole
nection of one conductor and which is
(Equipment Ground) The term “pole” as used in designating normally used in pairs to control one uti-
A grounding conductor is a conductor plugs and receptacles refers to a terminal lization equipment from two locations.
which connects non-current-carrying metal to which a circuit conductor (normally cur-
rent carrying) is connected. 4. Four-way (Double-pole Double-throw) A
parts of equipment to the system ground
form of double-pole switch which is used
to provide an intentional low impedance In switches,the number of poles indicates
in conjunction with two three-way switch-
path for fault current. (It is bare or is iden- the number of conductors being con-
es to control one utilization equipment
tified by a green with yellow stripes insula- trolled.
tion). from three locations.
Receptacle
Inlet (Make Base) Terminal(On a Wiring Device)
A receptacle is a device with female con-
A male base is a plug which is intended for tacts which is primarily installed at an out- A terminal is a fixed location on a wiring
flush or surface mounting on an appliance let or on which is intended to establish device where a conductor is intended to
or equipment and which serves to connect electrical connection with an inserted plug. be connected.
utilization equipment to a cord connector.
Slant Symbol (/) Wire (Plugs and Receptacles)
Outlet The “slant” line (/) as used in wiring device The term “wire as used in designating
A outlet is a point on the wiring system at ratings indicates that two or more voltage plugs and receptacles indicates the total
which current is taken to supply utilization potentials are present simultaneously between number of conductors to be connected to
equipment. different terminals of a wiring device. the wiring device.

Important Terms
Amp (A) Current
A measurement of the rate of flow of electrons along a wire. If electricity The rate of flow of electrons through a conductor, measured in Amps
can be linked to plumbing, amps would be the same as gallons-per-sec-
ond. Watts ÷ Volt = Amps. Electron
An invisible particle of negatively-charged matter that moves at the
American Wire Gauge (AWG) speed of light through an electrical circuit.
AWG refers to common wire sizes and ratings.
Fed Spec
CO/ALR
Devices which comply with Federal Specifications such as W-C-596 for
15 or 20 A devices which can be used with copper or aluminum wire. connecting devices and W-S-896 for switches and connecting devices
higher-rated devices appropriate for direct connection to aluminum or
include NEMA performance Standards.
copper wire are marked “AL-CU”
Circuit Fuse
The path electricity follows as it moves along a conductor. Branch circuits A non-resettable safety device that automatically stops electrically stops
distributes power to the parts of the home where it’s needed. electrical flow in a circuit when an overload or short circuit occurs.
Either fuses or circuit breakers are located in the home ‘s load center.
Circuit Breaker
A resettable safety device that automatically stops electrical flow in a cir-
Ground
cuit when an overload or short circuit occurs. Either circuit breakers or Refers literally to earth which has an electrical potential (voltage) of zero.
fuses are located in the home’s load center.
Ground fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI or GFI)
Conductor A safety device that senses shock hazard to a far greater degree than
A material capable of carrying electricity’s energy. Opposite of Insulator. fuses or circuit breakers, Automatically stops electrical flow in an circuit.

602
 Technical Information
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Important Terms
Grounding Wire changeability of manufacturers products. See NEMA CHARTS this section
for standardized receptacle. tap, plug/connection and locking device con-
The conductor used to connect the electrical equipment to ground (or
figurations.
earth) at the service entrance point, minimizing the potential for electri-
cal shock. Either clad in green insulation or unclad. Neutral Wire (also known as Grounded Wire)
Hospital Grade The conductor that carriers current from an outlet back to the load cen-
ter neutral. It’s usually clad in white insulation.
UL-established criteria for devices used in hospitals.To obtain that listing
and carry the Hospital Grade green dot identification, devices must pass Noise
many of the same tests as those included in NEMA Performance
Small voltage irregularities, usually of high voltage. Noise interference is
Standards and must go beyond in ability to withstand Performance
often caused by motor-operated appliances in the home and can result in
Standards and must go beyond in ability to withstand impact, crushing and
static on radios, interference with TV pictures, memory loss in telephone
continuous torture without loss of grounding path continuity.The highest
dialers/fax machine and computer errors.
grade attainable is Hospital Grade
Overload
Hot Wire
A condition that results when a circuit is carrying more amperage than it
The ungrounded conductor that carries electricity from the utility to a was designed to handle. If not properly protected by a fuse or circuit
load center, or from a branch circuit to a receptacle or switch. It is nor- breaker, overloads will cause conductors to overheat, often melting the
mally clad in red or black insulation. conductor’s insulation. Such a condition can result in fire.

Circuit Breaker Nominal Voltage

Polarized
HOT (Typically Black or Red Polarized plugs have a wide and a narrow prong-these match the wide
A and narrow slots in wall receptacles or cord connectors.The wide slot in
125 125 Volt Lead
NEUTRAL (Grounded Conductor, Usually White the outlet is connected to the neutral (White) wire and the narrow slot
N 125/250 is connected to the hot (BLACK) wire of the electrical system.
125 125 Volt Lead
HOT (Typically Black or Red Polarization automatically connects the hot wire in the outlet to the hot
B
wire in the appliance.This ensures that the appliances wiring will not be
Grounded Conductor (Typically Green or Bare Equipment Housing Live when the switch is Off. All “grounding” plugs are polarized.
Ground
Short Circuit
A temporary accidental connection between exposed live wires or
Insulation grounded parts of the electrical system. Short circuits will cause exces-
sive amounts of current to flow, possibly casing a fire or explosion if not
A non-conductive covering that protects wires and other conductors of
properly by a fuse or circuit breaker.
electricity.
Isolated Ground Service Entrance
The point where electricity enters your home
In an isolated ground device, the groundling path is isolated from the
device’s mounting bracket.This “Isolated ground” provides an electrical Surge or Spike
noise shield so that electromagnetic radiation waves will not turn into Short, strong voltage increases. Surges carry more current than spikes
ground path nose which can disrupt sensitive electronics and can cause and last longer. Surges occur during electrical storms, the routine of
equipment malfunction. switching of utilities and power companies, and even when household
Kilowatt (kw) appliance like dishwashers are turned on and off continuous over-voltages
stress delicate electronic components and shorten their lives.
A thousand watts. (Watt is the measure of power that a electrical device
consumes.) A kilowatt hour is the measurement most utilities use to “T” rating
measure electrical consumption. It indicates how many kilowatts are con- A “T” rating indicates that the device has been evaluated with a Tungsten
sumed for a full hour. filament (incandescent lamp) load.
Knock-outs Transient Voltage Surge Suppressor (TVSS)
Tabs that can be removed to make openings for wires and/or conduit in Receptacle designed to protect sensitives equipment from voltage
device and junction boxes or electrical panels surges.
Load Center Transformer
A home’s fuse box or circuit breaker box. It divides the power into vari- A device that increases or decreases voltage.
ous branch circuits for distribution throughout the home.
Utility Service Meter
National Electrical Code®
A device that measures electricity usage.
Recommendations dealing with safe electrical practices adopted by the
National Fire Protection Association.These recommendations are used Volt (V)
by state, federal and local governments to help protect life and property. A measure of electrical potential. If electricity can be likened to plumbing,
National Electrical Manufactures Association voltage would resemble water pressure. watts ÷ Amps=Volts.VAC means
Volt of Alternating Current.
(NEMA)
An association created to establish product standards which promote Watt (W)
safety (Such as with configurations which facilitate connection of equip- A measure of the power an electrical device consumes. VoltsxAmps =
ment to corrects voltage and current systems) and to facilitate safe inter- Watts.

603
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Important Terms
125-Volt Circuit 250-Volt Circuit
This type of circuit is typically used to feed wall receptacles. lights This type of circuit usually feeds major appliances.
and small appliances.

A
125V 250V
N B

125/250 Dual
Voltage circuit This type of circuit is capable of feeding both 125-
Switch Wiring Diagrams and 250-volt Circuit, such as rages and dryers.

Single Pole Double Pole

A
125V
N 250V
125V
B

Single Pole Locator Switch

Three Way Four Way

LINE LOCATOR LOAD

COMMON

OR OR N

Two Three Way Locator Switches

COMMON

LOCATOR LOCATOR
Single Pole Three Way COMMON COMMON
LOAD
LINE
N

Single Pole Pilot Switch

LINE LOAD
N COMMON COMMON
LINE THREE THREE LOAD
WAY WAY
LINE PILOT LOAD

Double Pole Four Way Two Three Way Pilot Switches*

COMMON COMMON
LINE LOAD LINE LOAD
THREE FOUR FOUR THREE PILOT PILOT LOAD
WAY WAY WAY WAY LINE

Note: GE 3-way pilot switches require only 4 terminals.When replacing in system with 5 terminal switches, both 5 terminal switches must be replaced and
the extra wire taped at both locations.

604
 Technical Information
For pricing and additional product information, contact your local SESCO Sales Office listed on cover.

High Intensity Discharge Ballasts

HID Lamps Ballasts are available to operate the wide variety of mercury, called a Quadri-Volt® ballast and operates on either 120V 208V, 240V or
metal halide high pressure sodium and low pressure sodium lamps avail- 277V power.There is an Quadri-Volt® ballast for virtually every HID lamp
able in today’s marketplace. on the market.
Like fluorescent, HID lamps are electric discharge lamps. Light is pro-
duced by an arc discharge between two electrodes located at opposite BALLAST DESIGN APPLICATIONS
ends of an arc tube within the lamp’s outer glass envelope. The ballast is HID lamp ballasts are available in a variety of shapes and sizes for the
the lamp’s power supply, and its purpose is to provide the proper start- most popular lighting applications. Six basic designs are in widest use
ing and operating voltage and current to initiate and Sustain this arc. today.

LAMP STARTING
Mercury and Metal Halide Lamps
Mercury and the “traditional” metal halide lamps (175 through 1500
watt) have an additional electrode located at one end of the arc tube to
assist in lamp starting.These types of lamps require an open circuit volt-
age (OCV) approximately two times the lamp’s operating voltage to initi-
ate the arc.
Core & Coil Outdoor Weatherproof Postline Indoor Enclosed
High Pressure Sodium Lamps Rectangular Can
High pressure sodium and modern metal halide lamps however, have no
starting electrodes. In addition to an OCV of approximately two times
the lamp voltage, these lamps utilize an “ignitor” to provide a high volt-
age, starting pulse directly across the main electrodes. Once the lamp’s
arc is established, the ignitor automatically stops delivering pulses, and the
lamp comes up to full brightness on its own.
Low Pressure Sodium Flourescent Can Potted Core & Coil
Because they have neither a starting electrode nor an ignitor, low pres-
sure sodium lamps require an open circuit voltage approximately three
to seven times the lamp voltage to start and sustain the lamp
Core & Coil
The basic ballast is the open core & coil which is most often used as a
Lamp Operation component within a lighting fixture.The core & coil also forms the nucle-
Electric discharge lamps have a negative resistance charteristic causes us of the five other ballast configuration detailed on this section. It con-
them to draw an increasing amount of current leading to immediate sists of either one, two or three copper coils on a core (or “stack”) of
destruction if operated directly from the power line.The Ballast, there- electrical-grade steel laminations.The coils are assembled to core sec-
fore, is utilized to limit the current to the correct level for proper opera- tions which are then surface-welded together At Advance Transformer
tion of the lamp. Co. the assembled ballast is vacuum impregnated with a silica-filled poly-
HID lamps take several minutes to warm-up and reach full lumen output. ester varnish to re-enforce the electrical insulation, preclude moisture,
Additionally, an interruption in the input power or a sudden voltage drop inhibit noise, and dissipate heat. Advance is the only independent HID bal-
may cause the arc to extinguish. A lamp that is hot will not restart imme- last manufacturer that utilizes the vacuum impregnation process. All other
diately. Before the lamp will relight, it must cool sufficiently to reduce the HID ballast manufacturers apply varnish via a pre heat-and-dip process
vapor pressure within the arc tube to a point where the arc will restike. which only puts a thin coat of varnish on the outer surface of the ballast.
The approximate warmup and restriking times of the HID lamp groups Encapsulated Core & Coil
are as follows:
Where quiet performance is required the standard open core & coil bal-
LIGHT SOURCE WARM-UP TIME RESTRIKE TIME lasts are potted in a cube-shaped steel can utilizing Class H (180°C) poly-
ester compound.These ballasts carry a Class A noise rating up through
Mercury Vapor 5-7 minutes 3-6 minutes 175 watts and Class B for 250 and 400 watts. As with the open core &
Metal Halide 3-4 minutes 10-20 minutes coil, the capacitor (and ignitor where included) are mounted separately
within the fixture.
High Pressure Sodium 3-4 minutes 1
/2 -1 minutes
F-Can
Low Pressure Sodium 7-10 minutes 3-12 seconds
For indoor commercial application of HID lighting such as offices schools
and retail stores, ballast noise must be minimized. Ballasts for these fix-
tures are most often encased and potted in fluorescent ballast type cans
BALLAST INPUT VOLTAGES and utilize Class A (90°C) asphalt insulating materials (the same as used
Unlike fluorescent lighting which is operated on either 120 volt or 277 in fluorescent lamp ballasts).
volt circuits, power for HID lighting is delivered at any one of five volt- The Advance line of F-can ballasts comes in two dual-voltage configura-
ages: 120V, 208V, 240V, 277V or 480.While 120V and 277V are the most tions: 120/277 volt and 120/347 volt. Each unit has built-in, automatically
popular, because of the heavier loads and sometimes longer runs associ- resetting, thermal protectors which disconnect the ballast from the
ated with HID lighting (such as shopping mall parking lots), 208V and power line in the event of overheating. All units are high power factor
240V power is often used instead of 120V, and 480V instead of 277V. and include the capacitor within the can. All models for high pressure
To address this multiplicity of voltages, the HID ballast industry offers bal- sodium and low-wattage metal halide lamps also include the ignitor in the
lasts with multiple input voltage taps on the primary coil. 4-tap design is can.

605
 Technical Information
For pricing and additional product information, contact your local SESCO Sales Office listed on cover.

High Intensity Discharge Ballasts

Indoor Enclosed base An integral 1” threaded nipple with locknut facilities hook-up to
These units are designed for use indoors where the ballast must be electrical conduit or to the mounting bracket when used on a pole.The
mounted remotely from the the luminaire. They are most typically used weatherproof ballast may also be placed nipple-up, with a drip loop in the
in factories where the luminaire may be mounted in a high-bay where leads, inside a pole base.
very high ambient temperatures may be experienced. In these instances, Postline
the remotely-mounted ballast operates cooler, providing subsequent
longer life because it is away from both the heat of the ceiling ambient Lantern-type fixtures mounted on slender poles often require ballasts
and lamp heat within the fixture. which will fit into these poles. Special, elongated core & coil ballasts are
potted in resin in cylindrical cans having a 2.55” outside diameter. All
The case contains the core & Coil potted in a Class H (180°c) heat dissi-
include leads necessary for direct connection to a photocell.
pating resin.The capacitor(s) and ignitor are contained within a separate
compartment. Knockouts in both ends of the case facilitate hook-up in The capacitor and ignitor (where required ) are included within this can
the most convenient manner.Wall mounting is accomplished through A1/2” threaded nipple is used for vertical mounting, and leads extend
flanges on top and bottom of the case.The ballast is a UL Listed product. from the both ends of the can of installation.The input leads to the bal-
last also provide for proper connection to the photocell if such is includ-
Outdoor Weatherproof ed within the fixture.
Weatherproof ballasts are designed for remote, pole-mounting outdoor To help prevent overheating, one to three feet of air space should be
applications under all weather conditions.They may also be placed inside allowed in the pole above the ballast, and the ballast should be positioned
a transformer pole base, but care must be taken to avoid areas prone to against the past interior wall to provide a heat sink. All units rated 100W
flooding because weatherproof ballasts are not water submersible. and above now include a mounting kit consisting of an 18” chain to hang
The core & coil with its capacitor and ignitor (where required) are firmly the ballast within the pole and a spring clip to force the ballast’s cylindri-
mounted to the heat-sink base. An aluminum cover is place aver the cal can to make line contact with the pole’s interior surface to maximize
core-&-coil assembly and is bolted with a weather -tight gasket to the heat transfer, thus prolonging the ballast life.

Battery Charger Sizing Formulas

1. CALCULATING CHARGER REQUIREMENTS POWER CABLING FORMULAS
A = 1.1C + L WIRE GAUGE TABLE
H Size Area Size Area Size Area
2. CALCULATING HOURS TO RECHARGE AWG, CIR. AWG, CIR. CIR.
MILS MCM* MILS MCM* MILS
H = 1.1C
18 1,620 1 83,690 600 600,000
A-L
16 2,580 0 105,600 700 700,000
3. CALCULATING CHARGER LOSSES (BTUs) 14 4,110 00 133,100 750 750,000
LOSSES, BTUs PER HOUR = ( 1 - 1) x Wdc x 3.42 12 6,530 000 167,800 800 800,000
EFF 10 10,380 0000 211,600 900 900,000
8 16,510 250 250,000 1,000 1,000,000
4. CALCULATING CHARGER INPUT CURRENT DRAIN
6 26,240 300 300,000 1,250 1,250,000
SINGLE-PHASE CHARGERS: lIN = Eout x lout 4 41,740 350 350,000 1,500 1,500,000
EIN x EFF x P.F. 3 52,620 400 400,000 1,750 1,750,000
2 66,360 500 500,000 2,000 2,000,000
THREE-PHASE CHARGERS: lIN = Eout x lout
SOURCE : Handbook 100 - National Bureau of Standards
EIN x EFF x P.F. x √3 Note : All wire #6 and larger is stranded
*All sizes larger than #0000 are expressed in MCM
TABLE OF CONVENTIONS 1. CALCULATING WIRE SIZE REQUIREMENTS
A = DC output rating of charger in amperes
CMA = A x LF x K
1.1 = Efficiency factor to return 100% of ampere
hours removed from a lead-acid battery. Use AVD
1.4 for NiCad batteries 2. CALCULATING CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY OF WIRE
C = Calculated number of ampere-hour MAX AMP = CMA x AVD
discharged from battery (time inhours x load)
LF x K
H = Number of hours recharge time
L = Load on system in amperes TABLE OF CONVENTIONS
Wdc = Output volts x output amperes CMA = Cross section of wire in circular MIL area
A = Utimate drain in amperes
lin = Input current (amperes ac)
LF = Conductor loop feet
Eout = Output voltage (Volts dc) MAX AMP = Maximum allowable amperes for given voltage
lout = Out current (amperes dc) drop
Ein = Input voltage (volts ac) CMA = Cross section of wire in circular MIL area
AVD = Allowable voltage drop
EFF = Efficiency (E.G. 88% =.88)
K = 11.1 constant factor for commercial
P.F. = Power factor (E.G. 92%=.92) (TW type)copper wire. (KS5482-01)
√3 = 1.7321 = 17.4 for aluminum (KS20189)

606
 Technical Information
For pricing and additional product information, contact your local SESCO Sales Office listed on cover.

Classification of Hazardous Atmospheres

Summary of Hazardous Atmospheres†
Devices Temperature Limiting
Class Division Group Typical atmosphere/Ignition Temps. Covered Measured Value
1, 2, A acetylene (305°C, 581°F) All electrical Maximum Shall not
Gases, vapors Normally devices and external exceed the
hazardous B 1,3-Butadiene1 (420°C, 788°F) wiring temperature ignition
Ethylene Oxide2 (429°C, 804°F) in 40°C temp. of the
Hydrogen (520°C, 968°F) ambient specific gas
Manufactured Gases containing more than 30% or vapor
hydrogen (by volume) (See 500-3
Propylene Oxide2 (449°C, 840°F) (e) of NEC)
C Acetaldehyde (175°C, 347°F)
Diethyl Ether (160°C, 320°F)
Ethylene (450°C, 842°F)
Unsymmetrical Dimethyl Hydrazine (UDMH)
(249°C, 480°F)

D Acetone (465°C, 869°F)

Acrylonitrile (481°C, 898°F)
Ammonia3 (498°C, 928°F)
Benzene (498°C, 928°F)
Butane (288°C, 550°F)
1-Butanol (343°C, 650°F)
2-Butanol (405°C, 761°F)
n-Butyl Acetate (421°C, 790°F)
Cyclopropane (503°C, 938°F)
Ethane (472°C, 882°F)
Ethanol (363°C, 685°F)
Ethyl Acetate (427°C, 800°F)
Ethylene Dicholoride (413°C, 775°F)
Gasoline (280-471°C, 536-880°F)
Heptane (204°C, 399°F)
Hexane (225°C, 437°F)
Isoamyl Alcohol (350°C, 662°F)
Isoprene (220°C, 428°F)
Methane (630°C, 999°F)
Methanol (385°C, 725°F)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (404°C, 759°F)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (440°C, 840°F)
2-Methyl-1-Propanol (416°C, 780°F)
2-Methyl-2-Propanol (478°C, 892°F)
Naptha (petroleum)4 (288°C, 550°F)
Octane (206°C, 403°F)
Pentane (243°C, 470°F)
1-Pentanol (300°C, 572°F)
Propane (450°C, 842°F)
1-Proponal (413°C, 775°F)
2-Propanol (399°C, 750°F)
Propylene (455°C, 851°F)
Styrene (490°C, 914°F)
Toluene (480°C, 896°F)
Vinyl Acetate (402°C, 756°F)
Vinyl Chloride (472°C, 882°F)
Xylenes (464-529°C, 867-984°F)
1, 2, A Same as Division 1 Lamps, Max. internal Same as
Gases, vapors Not Normally B Same as Division 1 resistors, or external Division 1
hazardous C Same as Division 1 coils, etc., temp. in
D Same as Division 1 other than 40°C
arcing ambient
devices. (See
Div. 1)

607
 Technical Information
For pricing and additional product information, contact your local SESCO Sales Office listed on cover.

Classification of Hazardous Atmospheres

Summary of Hazardous Atmospheres†
Devices Temperature Limiting
Class Division Group Typical atmosphere/Ignition Temps. Covered Measured Value
1I, 1, E Atmospheres containing combustible metal All electrical Max. exter- Shall not
Combustible Normally dusts, or other combustible dusts of similarly equipment nal temp. in exceed the
dusts hazardous hazardous characteristics. 40°C ambi- ignition tem-
ent with a perature of
dust blanket the specific
dust (See
500-3(f) of
NEC)

F Atmospheres containing combustible carbona- Also shall

ceous dusts not exceed
165°C for
Group G
Dusts that
may dehy-
drate or car-
bonize

G Atmospheres containing combustible dusts not

included in Group E or F, including flour, grain,
wood, plastic and chemicals

2, F Same as Division 1 All electrical Max. exter- Same as

Not equipment nal temp. Division 1
Normally G Same as Division 1 under condi-
hazardous tions of use

III, 1&2 Lighting Max. external 165°C

Easily Ignitible fixtures temp. under (329°F)
fibers and flyings conditions of
use

1 4
Group D equipment may be used for this atmosphere if such A saturated hydrocarbon mixture boiling in the range 20-135°C
equipment is isolated in accordance with Section 501-5(a) by (68-275°F). Also known by the synonyms benzine, ligroin, petrole-
sealing all conduit 1/2-inch size or larger. um ether or naptha.
2 †
Group C equipment may be used for this atmosphere if such For a more complete list of flammable liquids, gases, and solids,
equipment is isolated in accordance with Section 501-5(a) by see classification of Gases,Vapors and Dusts for Electrical
sealing all conduit 1/2-inch size or larger. Equipment in Hazardous (Classified) Locations, NFPA 497M-
3
For Classification of areas involving ammonia atmosphere, see 1986.
Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration (ANSI/ASHRAE 15-
1978) and Safety Requirments for the Storage and Handling of
Anhydrous Ammona (ANSI/CGA G-2, 1-1981).

608