OSI DCC 22414, Sem IV

PART-B OUTCOME

1.0 Brief Description

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model defines a networking framework to implement

protocols in layers, with control passed from one layer to the next. It is primarily used today as a
teaching tool. It conceptually divides computer network architecture into 7 layers in a logical
progression. The lower layers deal with electrical signals, chunks of binary data, and routing of
these data across networks. Higher levels cover network requests and responses, representation of
data, and network protocols as seen from a user's point of view. 

The OSI model was originally conceived as a standard architecture for building network
systems and indeed, many popular network technologies today reflect the layered design of OSI.

 For the OSI model, let’s start at the top layer and work our way down.

 Layer 7(Application): Most of what the user actually interacts with is at this layer. Web
browsers and other internet-connected applications (like Skype or Outlook) use Layer 7
application protocols.

1
VIVA COLLEGE OF DIPLOMA ENGG & TECH, COMPUTER ENGG. Submitted by: Group 7
 OSI DCC 22414, Sem IV

 Layer 6(Presentation): This layer converts data to and from the Application layer. In other
words, it translates application formatting to network formatting and vice versa. This allows the
different layers to understand each other.
 Layer 5(Session): This layer establishes and terminates connections between devices. It also
determines which packets belong to which text and image files.
 Layer 4(Transport): This layer coordinates data transfer between system and hosts,
including error-checking and data recovery.
 Layer 3(Network): This layer determines how data is sent to the receiving device. It’s
responsible for packet forwarding, routing, and addressing.
 Layer 2(Data Link): Translates binary (or BITs) into signals and allows upper layers to
access media.
 Layer 1(Physical): Actual hardware sits at this layer. It transmits signals over media.

 The TCP/IP model, sometimes referred to as a protocol stack, can be considered a

condensed version of the OSI model.

 Layer 1 (Network Access): Also called the Link or Network Interface layer. This layer
combines the OSI model’s L1 and L2.
 Layer 2 (Internet): This layer is similar to the OSI model’s L3.
 Layer 3 (Transport): Also called the Host-to-Host layer. This layer is similar to the OSI
model’s L4.
 Layer 4 (Application): Also called the Process layer, this layer combines the OSI model’s
L5, L6, and L7.

2
VIVA COLLEGE OF DIPLOMA ENGG & TECH, COMPUTER ENGG. Submitted by: Group 7
 2.0 AIM of Micro-Project

Aim of this project is

 To Study OSI
 To list the components of OSI
 To understand the function of each component

3.0 Course Outcomes (CO)

 4.0 Actual Procedure Followed

OSI stands for Open System Interconnect.

 We studied what is OSI and the application of it in different systems.
 We also noted the layers of OSI and how they function
 After studying all these details, we collected the necessary information
 Then formulated the contents according to the format required
 5.0 Resources Used

Sr. No Name of Resource Specification Qty Remarks

1 Skype RAM: At least 512 MB 1

Processor: At least 1 GHz
Additional software: DirectX v9.0
or higher

2 Windows RAM: 1gigabyte(GB)  (32-bit)or2 1

GB(64-bit)
Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster
32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64)
Hard disk space: 16 GB available
(32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit)
Additional software: Direct X9
graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or
higher driver.
1
3 Mac Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz)
Mac OS X: 10.5.8 (Leopard) or
newer. 
Hard disk space:  at least 100MB of
free
 6.0 Outputs of Micro-Projects

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

There are the seven OSI layers. Each layer has different functions. A list of seven layers is
given below:
1. Physical Layer
2. Data-Link Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Session Layer
6. Presentation Layer
7. Application Layer

Let’s suppose you’re using Skype on a laptop. You’re messaging your friend, who’s using
Skype on their phone from a different network.
Skype, as a network-connected application, uses 
Layer 7 (Application) protocols like Telnet. If you send your friend a picture of your cat,
Skype would be using the File Transfer Protocol (FTP).

Layer 6 (Presentation) receives application data from Layer 7, translates it into binary, and
compresses it. When you send a message, Layer 6 encrypts that data as it leaves your network.
Then it decrypts the data when your friend receives it.

Applications like Skype consist of text files and image files. When you download these files, 
Layer 5 (Session) determines which data packets belong to which files, as well as where
these packets go. Layer 5 also establishes, maintains, and ends communication between devices.
 Layer 4 (Transport) receives data from Layer 5 and segments it. Each segment, or data unit,
has a source and destination port number, as well as a sequence number. The port number
ensures that the segment reaches the correct application. The sequence number ensures that the
segments arrive in the correct order.
This layer also controls the amount of data transmitted. For example, your laptop may be able
to handle 100 Mbps; whereas your friend’s phone can only process 10 Mbps. Layer 4 can dictate
that the server slow down the data transmission, so nothing is lost by the time your friend
receives it. But when your friend sends a message back, the server can increase the transmission
rate to improve performance.
Lastly, Layer 4 performs error-checking. If a segment of data is missing, Layer 4 will re-
transmit that segment.
TCP and UDP are both very well-known protocols, and they exist at Layer 4. TCP favors data
quality over speed, whereas UDP favors speed over data quality.

Layer 3 (Network) transmits data segments between networks in the form of packets. When
you message your friend, this layer assigns source and destination IP addresses to the data
segments. Your IP address is the source, and your friend’s is the destination. Layer 3 also
determines the best paths for data delivery.
 Layer 2(Data Link) receives
packets from Layer 3. Whereas Layer 4 performs logical addressing (IPv4, IPv6), Layer 2
performs physical addressing. It adds sender and receiver MAC addresses to the data packet to
form a data unit called a frame. Layer 2 enables frames to be transported via local media (e.g.
copper wire, optical fiber, or air). This layer is embedded as software in your computer’s
Network Interface Card (NIC).
In short, Layer 2 allows the upper network layers to access media, and controls how data is
placed and received from media.
Hardware—the things you can actually physically touch—exist at 
Layer 1(Physical). This layer converts the binary from the upper layers into signals and
transmits them over local media. These can be electrical, light, or radio signals; it depends on the
type of media used. When your friend receives the signals, they’re encapsulated, or translated
back into binary and then into application data so your friend can see your message.
 7.0 Skill Developed

Essentially, network layers help us understand how data moves from something human-
readable, to computer-readable, to a transmitted signal, and back again.