JSS UNIVERSITY CENTRE FOR DISTANCE EDUCATION

PROGRAMME PROJECT REPORT (PPR)

Course: M.Sc. Applied Statistics Duration: 2 Years

A. Programme Mission and Objective:

 To prepare the next generation of statisticians through innovative and relevant curriculum,
hands-on experience and exposure to the latest developments in methodological research.
 To develop new theoretical models and applied statistical methods that can help address
problems in biological sciences.
 To provide rigorous training in statistical techniques and achieve necessary expertise in
collaborative research and to facilitate students to become skilled statistics researchers.
 To prepare the statisticians with good values to import wisdom that will give an opportunity
to enhance their ability to apply statistics in diversified areas and to take leadership role in
the development of the country.

(a) Rationale : The main reason for offering this programme are :

 JSS University is well prepared to offer such programme. Cooperation from constituent
colleges in JSS University will be sought to keep the parity between regular and distant
mode.

 The course is structured to give students for scope of professional development in

understanding and use of statistical software packages including SPSS, R, MATLAB
and Excel.
 The course provides opportunity to develop skills for data analysis and the individual
project work provides field experience and hands-on training.

 To introduce students to ideas of statistics and develop an awareness of the role played
by statisticians in support of the industry.

(b) Goals and objectives :

 To provide necessary statistical background for analyzing data and drawing inferences
from that analysis.
 To increase the student's ability in deductive reasoning and critical thinking to solve
problems.
 Have a focused concentration in an area of application outside the discipline of
statistics.
 To enhance students' ability to use software, computer simulations and data mining
techniques to find solutions to problems arising in planning and decision-making.
  To prepare students for research in government, finance, insurance and business.

B. Relevance of the programme with HEI’s Mission and Goals :

The programme is entirely in line with the JSS Universities strategic goals as well as its
Mission to provide superior professional education, nurturing translational and
transformational research in health care sector for the benefit of the society. The programme
is also consistent with Higher Education vision 2020 to transform society towards knowledge
society and making education an imperave tool to realize knowledge, economy and society.

C. Nature of prospective target group of learners :

There are several opportunities for a student of applied statistics with good computing techniques.
The students who have passed their graduation in science or health science professional courses
(MBBS, BDS, BPharm, BSc Nursing etc.) and they may work in hospitals, in the pharmaceutical
and biotech industries, market research organizations, public health and utility providers,
government departments, universities and technical institution and they can also work as a
Statistician, Biostatistician, Medical statistician, Business analyst, Research analyst , investigative
officers, statistics analysts, Researchers, Data Interpreters, Enumerators, Investigators, Statistical
Services officers etc.

Following diverse class of target learners can be considered for admission on BSc Microbiology
course

i. Any Undergraduate Science degree recognized by UGC.

ii. Graduation in health science professional courses (MBBS, BDS, BPharm, BSc Nursing
etc.)
iii. All professionals working with companies, CROs and Hospitals or other equivalents.
iv. Home makers
v. Physically challenged group of people.
vi. Aspiring students with lower disposable income.

D. Appropriateness of programme to be conducted in open and distance learning mode

to acquire specific skills and competence

When completing the course students should be able to choose an appropriate statistical method
to solve a given problem of data analysis, implement the analysis on a computer and communicate
the results clearly and succinctly. The emphasis throughout is on applying and adapting it to real-
life circumstances.

E. Instructional Delivery Mechanism

JSS University follows a modern ICT enabled approach for instruction. The methodology of
instruction in JSS University is different from that of the conventional /regular programs. Our
system is learner-oriented and the learner is an active participant in the teaching-learning process.
Most of the instructions are imparted through online and distance mode. Academic delivery
systems of JSS University are:

 Print Material: JSS University mainly focuses on Self Learning Material (SLM) and their
up gradation by eminent teachers/academicians both from JSS University and other reputed
universities/institutions. As text information plays a vital role in distance education, print
based instruction has a critical role in JSS University distance learning initiatives.
 Audio-Visual Material Aids: The learning package contains audio and video programmes
which have been produced by the University for the enhancement of understanding of the
course material given to the student. The video lectures are uploaded in the University
website for the student’s access.
 Online/Virtual Classes: Delivery of classroom-like lectures will also be available in the
student portal for enhanced learning experience.
 Laboratory facilities: JSS University has advanced laboratory for practical training for
younger minds to get hands on experience in cutting edge techniques.
I) Identification of Media
Print, Audio-Video and Online media will be utilized for the dissemination of knowledge
relevant to the program enrolled.

II) Student support system

JSS University provides an exclusive online portal for students to cater to all of their academic
related matters such as notification of contact classes, assignment details, course material, and
examination schedule. In addition, each student has provision to seek guidance, counseling and
career guidance throughout the program.

F. Procedure for admissions, curriculum transaction and evaluation

Admission to all the programs is through notification in newspaper and on University website. The
admission procedure involves submission of filled application by the candidates after paying the
prescribed fees. The admission scrutiny committee evaluates all the submitted applications and
recommend the eligible candidates. The selected candidates are notified through admissions office
and also on the University website. The selected candidates are expected to report within the
stipulated timeframe for provisional admission to the program.

Curriculum transaction for the program is through the designated online student portal as detailed
above in Section E.

Evaluation: Evaluation will be done as follows:

• University end semester examination: 75 marks for each subject

• Internal Assessment: 25 marks for each subject (theory test, seminars, assignments)

• Independent Project work (for PG and PGD programs): 350 marks

• Project Viva Voce (for PG and PGD programs): 150 marks

 Basic Structure and Distribution of Courses
Sl. Study Papers x CIA Marks University Total Total
No. Component credit Examinations Marks Credits

01. Core paper 12 x 4 25 75 100 48

02. Elective 6x4 25 75 100 24

03. Project 350 14

04. Project VIVA 150 06

Total 2300 92

G. Requirement of the Laboratory support and the library resources

The University has designated laboratory space to meet the curriculum requirements of all the
programs.

Library resources: For the enhanced learning opportunities of each of the students enrolled under
the open and distance learning mode, JSS University has mobilized the required textbooks,
journals and articles for access in the department library. These materials are in addition to the
printed study material available for each student.

H. Cost estimate of programme and provisions

Cost estimate of each student/year is as follows:

Certificate Program – Distance Mode = Rs. 10,000

UG Program – Distance Mode = ranges from Rs. 15,000 – Rs. 20,000

PG and PGD Program – Distance Mode= ranges from Rs. 15,000 – Rs. 75,000

The provisions include the following: study material both print and online materials, hiring faculty
members for contact program, contact program laboratory charges, TA/DA for faculty members
and coordinators, classroom and laboratory hiring charges for the contact program.

I. Quality assurance mechanism and expected programme outcomes

The syllabus is prepared considering the need and expectations from various stakeholders,
feedback, and consultation with academicians, industry experts, scholars from relevant field. The
teaching and learning methods incorporate contact classes, online and offline methods. Hands-on
training is provided for practical orientation and independent project work stimulates problem
analysis, techniques for resolving the problem and probable solutions to the same providing
opportunities to apply theoretical knowledge to real time problems in organizations. The
evaluation incorporates transparency and all activities are carried out according to preplanned
academic calendar. The syllabus has clear defined course objective and course outcome for each
of the courses.

Program Outcomes:

The course provides teaching statistical methods with exposure to practical applications which
motivates the students to pursue their careers in Statistics. The course also aim at providing
students scope for professional development in understanding and use of statistical software and
train students from a variety of academic backgrounds to work as statisticians in various sectors
and research.

MSc Applied Statistics - Syllabus

 Core Paper1: Fundamentals of Statistics (4 Credits)

Unit 1: Introduction to Statistics

Definition and scope of applied statistics, types of measurement: nominal, metric and ordinal
Scales, discrete and continuous variables, construction of statistical table and frequency
distribution, graphical representation of data, measures of central tendency: mean, median, mode,
dispersion: range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation, variance, coefficient of
variation, skewness and kurtosis.

Unit 2: Probability
Random experiment, sample space, event, trial, outcomes ,mutually exclusive and exhaustive,
events, independent events, types of probability, axiomatic approach to probability, application of
principles of probability to biological problems ,additional rule of probability, conditional
probability, generalization of multiplicative law of probability, probability distribution: binomial,
poisson and normal distribution-properties and simple problems

Unit 3: Sampling Methods

Population and sample, need for sampling, census and sample surveys, sampling and non-
sampling errors, advantages and disadvantages of sampling method, types of sampling method
random sampling: SRSWR, SRSWOR, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling,
non-probability sampling.

Unit 4: Test of Significance

Hypothesis, errors, level of signification, p value, one and two tailed tests, critical region degrees
of freedom, fisher Z transformation and its application, student t test, chi-square test, F test, relation
between t, chi-square, F and Z test.

Unit 5: Methods based on rank order

Non parametric test, Kolmogorov - Smirnov one sample and two sample tests, runs test, Wilcoxon
signed rank test, Mann-Whitney u test, median test for three or more samples, Kruskal-Wallis test
and one way and two way ANOVA.

References:

1. S C Gupta and V K Kapoor: Fundamentals of Applied Statistics.

2. Parimal Mukhopadhyay: Applied Statistics.
3. P. Armitage and G. Berry: Statistical Methods in Medical Research, Third Edition.
4. Gurumani N. An Introduction to Biostatistics.
5. Cochran,W.G. Sampling Technigues. Wiley.
6. Murthy.M.N.Sampling Thorey and Methods.
 Core Paper2: Statistical Epidemiology (4 Credits)

Unit 1: Introduction and Tools of Epidemiology

Historical aspects of Epidemiology and evolution, Definition and understanding - Natural history
of disease, Tools of Epidemiology: measuring disease Frequency (Prevalence, incidence,
morbidity rates and attack rates).

Unit 2: The Role of Probability in Observational Studies

- Probability and the incidence proportion
- Inference based on an estimated probability
- Conditional probabilities
- Independence of two events
- Example of conditional probabilities—Berkson’s bias

Unit 3: Measures of Disease-Exposure Association

- Relative risk
- Odds ratio
- The odds ratio as an approximation to the relative risk
- Symmetry of roles of disease and exposure in the odds ratio
- Relative hazard
- Excess risk
- Attributable risk

Unit 4: Principles of Measurements

- Types of measures
- Reliability
- Validity
- Accuracy
- Questionnaire construction
- Diagnostic tests
- Measurement issues
Assessing Significance in a 2x2 Table and Estimation and Inference for Measures of Association
- Population-based designs, Role of hypothesis tests and interpretation of p-values

Unit 5: Infectious disease Epidemiology, Chronic disease Epidemiology

-Epidemiology of policy, public health programme, Health services etc.
-Roles of Genetic and Environmental Factors in Disease Causation.

References:

1. Gordis L, Epidemiology, 2004, Elsevier Saunders.

2.Nicholas P.Jewell, Statistics for Epidemiology, CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC A CRC Press
Company
 Core Paper 3: Fundamentals of Mathematics (4 Credits)

Unit 1: Trigonometry and Analytical Geometry

Trigonometric functions, trigonometric ratios of standard angles, allied angles, compound angels
Cartesian rectangular coordinate system, distance formula, section formula, straight lines, slopes,
types of straight lines. Application in solving life science problems

Unit 2: Elementary Mathematics

Solutions of simultaneous linear equations, quadratic equations, progressions, permutations and
combinations,

Unit 3: Matrices & Determinants

Introduction to Matrix, Transpose of a Matrix, Elementary row and column operations of Matrix,
determinants, Properties of determinants (Without Proof) Rank of a Matrix, Minor and Co-factors
Inverse of a matrix.

Unit 4: Numerical Method

Gauss Jordan, Jacobi and Gauss sidle methods, Newton-Raphson method. Transcendental
function- Logarithmic and exponential functions, Application in solving Biological science
problems

Unit 5: Vector Algebra

Definition, Types of Vectors, two and three dimensional vectors, Scalar (dot) and Vector (cross )
product . Application in solving Biological science problems

References:

1. T.B : SCHAUM Series books of calculus , vectors, statistics & matrices

2. Pharmaceutical Mathematics with Application to Pharmacy – PharmMed Press, A Unit of

BSP Books Pvt Ltd, 4-4-309/316, Giriraj Lane, Sultan Bazar, Hyderabad – 500 095 -
Panchaksharappa Gowda D.H.

3. Introduction to Mathematics for life scientist – Publisher- Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd- Edward
Batschelet
 Core Paper 4: Population and Health Data Management (4 credits)

Unit 1: Demography and Measures of population:

Introduction to demographic data: Census, vital events, registration, survey, Application of
Demography, Static Demography, Dynamic Demography, Collection of Demographic Data,
Measures of population, Growth of population ,Population Density, population distribution by age
and Sex in India .

Unit 2: Vital Statistics:

Basic concept of Vital Statistics, Uses and Advantages of Vital Statistics, Application, Measures
of Vital Statistics, Measures of fertility, Fertility rates, Reproduction rate, Measures of Martial
Status, Measures Of Morbidity, Measures of Mortality, Crude Death rate ,Standardized death
rates, Specific Death rates, Monitoring of Family Planning Programme .

Unit 3: Life Table:

Basic Concept and Definition of a life table, construction of a life table, types of life table ,Basic
Assumptions for preparing a life table, Uses and Application of Life Table, Force of Mortality and
Expectation of life, Population projection using logistic curve.

Unit 4: Population growth models:

Models for population growth: exponential, logistic, Gompertz models, Deterministic models,
birth and death processes, logistic growth, Competition between populations, growth rate, stable
population analysis, population projection by component method and using Leslie matrix.

Unit 5: National income and Development statistics:

Estimation of National Income - product approach, income approach and expenditure approach.
Population growth in developing and developed countries, basic concept of National income –
GNP,GDP, Uses of National income, problems in estimating National income ,Methods of
estimating National income, CSO,NSSO and Its activities, National accounts statistics of CSO,
Measuring inequality of incomes, Gini coefficient.

Reference:

1. Mahajan B.K.: Methods in Biostatistics,7th edition.

2. Spiegelman H : Introduction to demography, Harvard University press.
3. UNESCO: Principles of Vital Statistics Systems, Series M-12.
4. Keyfitz, N. Mathematical Demography
5. Pollard, J.H.: Mathematical Models for the growth or human population,
Cambridge University press.
 Eelective1: Statistical computing using Excel and SPSS

Unit 1: Introduction to Excel

Workbooks and Worksheets, Cell Addresses, Entering And Editing Data, Savings Files,
Importing/Accessing Data, Mathematical Operators In Excel, Creating Formulas And Functions,
Data Analysis Toolpak: Installing The Analysis Toolpak, Using The Analysis Toolpak, Practice
Problems.

Unit 2: Creating Tables, Charts and Descriptive Statistics Using Excel Functions

Creating And Formatting Tables, Frequency Distribution Tables, Histograms And Bar Charts, Pie
Chart, Scatter Diagram, Descriptive Statistics Using Excel Functions, Practice Problems.

Unit 3: Statistical Functions in Excel Analysis Toolpak

Creating an XY Plot of Data, Using The Regression Function to Fit A Straight Line, Correlation,
ANOVA, t-Test And F Test.

Unit 4: SPSS For Windows: An Introduction

Overview And Scope Of SPSS, Starting SPSS, Typing in Data, Loading Data, Starting SPSS For
Windows, Entering Data, Importing a File ,Defining The Variables, Missing Values, Saving Your
Data, Help, Exiting SPSS.

Unit 5: Writing / Performing Programs Using SPSS On Problems From The Following
Topics: Frequencies, Bar Chart, Pie chart, Box plot, Descriptive Statistics, One And Two Sample
Parametric And Nonparametric Tests, Chi-Square Tests, Regression And Correlation Analysis,
Analysis Of Variance and Kruskal-Wallis Test.

References:

1. Essentials Of Biostatistics Workbook Statistical Computing Using Excel: By Lisa

M.Sullivan(Second Edition)
2. An Introduction To Statistics Using Microsoft Excel: By Dan Remenyi George Onofrei
Joe English
3. Practical Statistics Using SPSS Authors Nicola Spiers, Brad Manktelow, Michael J. Hewitt
4. A Handbook Of Statistical Analyses Using SPSS By Sabine Landau And Brian S. Everitt
 Core Paper 5: Basics of Clinical Trial (4 credits)

Unit 1: Designing an Experiment: Clinical Trials

Selecting the participants, Measuring Baseline variables, Applying the interventions, Follow-up
and adherence to the protocol, measuring the outcomes, analyzing the results, Alternatives to the
randomized blinded trials
Randomization in Clinical Trials
Definition, Types of bias in randomization, Selection bias, Accidental bias
Fixed allocation randomization: Simple randomization, Block randomization, Stratified
randomization.Adaptive randomization: Biased coin method, Baseline adaptive (minimization),
Outcome adaptive.

Unit 2: Alternative Trial Designs and Implementation Issues

Factorial design, Group or Cluster Randomization, Non Randomized Between- Group designs,
Within – Group designs (Time series and Cross – Over), Trial for regulatory approval of New
interventions, Pilot Clinical trial, Conducting a clinical trial – Follow-up and Adherence to the
Protocol, Adjudicating outcomes, Adaptive design, Analyzing the results

Unit 3: Designing Studies of Medical Tests

Determining whether a test is useful , Studies of test reproducibility ,Studies of the accuracy of
tests ,Studies of the effect of test results on clinical decisions ,Studies of feasibility, costs and risks
of tests, Studies of the effect of testing on outcomes ,Pitfalls in the design or analysis of diagnostic
test studies

Unit 4: Addressing Ethical Issues

Ethical Principles, Additional Protection for Research Participants, Responsibilities of
Investigators, Ethical Issues specific to certain types of research, other issues

Unit 5: Classification of Clinical Trials

Phase-I, Phase-II, Phase-III and Phase – IV,
Sample size determination for Phase-I, Phase-II, Phase-III and Phase-IV Clinical Trials
Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies

References:

1. Designing Clinical Research – Third Edition – Stephen B.Hulley

Pub: Lippincott Williams and Wilkings, a Wolters Kluwer business, 530
Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106 USA, LWW.com

2. Introductory Biostatistics - CHAP T.LE - PUBLISHED BY John wiley

and Sons,,Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Core Paper 6: Linear Regression and Robustness (4 credits)

Unit 1: Simple linear regression: assumptions, inference related to regression parameters,
standard error of prediction, tests on intercepts and slopes, extrapolation, diagnostic checks and
correction: graphical techniques, tests for normality, uncorrelatedness, homoscedasticity, lack-of-
fit testing, polynomial regression, transformations on Y or X (Box-Cox, square root, log etc.),
method of weighted least squares, inverse regression.

Unit 2: Multiple regression: definition, general purpose of Multiple regression ,examples,

multiple regression model, assumption of Multiple regression, application of Multiple regression
analysis, estimation, testing linear hypothesis, confidence interval, confidence region, prediction
of new observations, prediction interval, Polynomial regression in one variable, use of orthogonal
polynomials, use of dummy variables, Introduction to non-linear models.

Unit 3: Logistic Regression: explanation, types of Logistic Regression, Logit transformation, ML

estimation, Tests of hypotheses, Wald test, LR test, multiple logistic regression, forward, backward
method, interpretation of parameters, relation with categorical data analysis, multicollinearity.

Unit 4: Non Linear Regression (NLS): main features of non linear regression, Non Linear
equation, comparison of linear and Non Linear Regression. Linearization transforms, their uses &
limitations, examination of non linearity, iterative procedures for NLS, Newton-Raphson,
Marquardt’s methods, Additive regression models, Introduction to nonparametric regression
methods.

Unit 5: Robust regression: Influential observations, outliers, methods of detection of outliers and
influential observations, M-estimators: Median, Trimmed and winsorized mean. Influence curve
for M-estimators, Robust regression with rank residuals, Resampling procedures for regression
models, methods and its properties (without proof) , Jackknife techniques and least squares
approach based on M-estimators.

Books for Reference

1. Lehmann.E and Romano, J. P.(2010). Testing Statistical Hypotheses, Springer

2. Kendall, M. G. & Stewart, A. The Advanced Theory of Statistics, Vol. 2
3. Mood, A. M.& Graybill, F. A.(2009). Introduction to the theory of statistics, Tata McGrawHill
4. Rao, C. R(2002). Linear Statistical Inference and its Applications,John Wley & Sons,Newyork
5. Siegal.( ). Nonparametric methods
6. Zacks, S. (1971). Theory of Statistical Inference( Probability & Mathematical Statistics),
John Wiley & Sons.
7. Huber, P. J. and Ronchetti, E. M (2011) Robust Statistics, Wiley, 2nd Edition.

Core Paper 7: Documentation and Research Methodology (4 Credits)

Unit 1: Introduction to Research: Need for Research, Designing the methodology, Protocol
Writing, Report Writing and Presentation of data, Sample size determination and Power of study

Unit 2: Getting Started: The Anatomy and Physiology of Research

What it is made of, How it works, Designing the study,
Conceiving the Research Question: Origins of a research question, Characteristics of a good
research question, Developing the research question and study plan,
Choosing Study Subjects: Basic terms and concepts, Selection criteria, Sampling, Recruitment of
study subjects

Unit 3: Planning the Measurements: Precision and Accuracy

Measurement scales, Precision, Accuracy, Other features of measurement approaches,
Measurements on stored materials
Case Study: Types of case studies, Design and Analysis of study

Unit 4: Designing a Cohort Studies

Prospective cohort studies, Retrospective cohort studies, Nested Case-Control and Case-Cohort
studies, Multiple-cohort studies and External Controls , Planning a cohort study
Designing an Observational Study: Cross sectional studies, Case control studies, Choosing among
observational designs, Enhancing Causal Inference in Observational Studies: Spurious
associations, Real associations other than cause effect, coping with confounders in the design
phase, coping with confounders in the analysis phase.

Unit 5: Implementing the Study and Quality Control

Assembling Resources - Space, Research team, Leadership and Team- Building, Institutional
Review Board Approval, Operational Manual and Forms Development, Database Design,
Finalizing The Protocol: Pre-test and Pilot Studies, Substantive Protocol Revision once Data
Collection has begun, Quality Control During The study : Good Clinical Practice, Quality Control
for Clinical Procedures, Quality Control for Laboratory Procedures, Quality Control for Data
Management,

References:
1. Designing Clinical Research – Third Edition – Stephen B.Hulley
Pub: Lippincott Williams and Wilkings, a Wolters Kluwer business, 530
WWalnut street, Philadelphia, PA 19106 USA, LWW.com

2. Introductory Biostatistics - CHAP T.LE - PUBLISHED BY John wiley

and Sons,,Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Core Paper8: Time Series and Spatial Statistics (4 credits)

Unit 1: components of time series, additive and multiplicative models, measurement of trend by
moving averages and by least squares, Time series as discrete parameter stochastic process, auto-
covariance and auto-correlation functions and , their properties, Partial autocorrelation function,
Exploratory time series analysis, test for trend and seasonality.

Unit 2: Detailed study of the stationary processes: Autoregressive(AR), Moving

Average(MA), Autoregressive Moving Average, ACF and PACF plots of these processes, Non-
stationary time Series models: ARIMA and Seasonal ARIMA Models.

Unit 3: Estimation of mean, auto covariance and autocorrelation functions under large sample
theory (statement only). Choice of AR and MA periods, Estimation for ARIMA model parameters

Unit 4: Spectral analysis of weakly stationary process, Periodogram and correlogram Analyses,
Spectral decomposition of weakly AR process and representation as a one sided MA process –
necessary and sufficient conditions, Implication of spectral decomposition in prediction problems

Unit 5: Basic concept and definition of spatial statistics, spatial statistics in current use and
application of spatial statistics, Spatial statistical techniques: point pattern data, spatially
continuous data, area data and interaction data, modeling spatial data: Basic concepts, statistical
models, hypothesis testing, spatial data modeling, parameter estimation, geographically weighted
regression, Software for spatial statistics

Books for Study

1. Abraham,B and Ledolter,J.C(1983). Statistical Methods for Forecasting, Wiley
2. Box, G. E. P. and Jenkins, G. M(1970). Time Series Analysis, Forecasting and Control
Holden-Day.
3. Brockwell,P. J and Davis, R.A(1987). Time Series . Theory and Methods, Springler-Verlag
4. Bailey .T.C and Gatrell ,A.C.(1995) Interactive spatial data analysis. Longman, Harlow

Books for Reference

1. Anderson, T. W(1971). Statistical Analysis of Time Series, Wiley

2. Fuller, W. A(1978). Introduction to Statistical Time Series, John Wiley.
3. Kendall, M. G(1978). Time Series, Charler Graffin
4. Tanaka, K(1996). Time Series Analysis, Wiley Series

Elective 2: Statistical Model Using `R`(4 credits)

Unit 1: Introduction to statistical software R:

Downloading and Installing R, Essentials, Advantages and objects, Functions and arguments,
Manipulating vectors, Factors, Matrix operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, Lists,
Importing of files, Data frame, Getting Help: The functions help(), help.search() and example() .

Unit 2: Descriptive statistics and Graphics in R:

Measure of central tendency and measure of dispersion (Mean, median, standard deviation,
variance, quartiles, fivenum summary), Measure of skewness and kurtosis, R-Graphics- Bar
Graph, Pie chart, Box-plot, Stem and leaf plot and Histogram,

Unit 3: Introduction to Probability and Probability Distribution using R functions:

Sample spaces, Events, Set Union, Intersection, and Difference, Basic probability problems in R,
Conditional probability, Fitting of distributions to given data with R –Binomial distribution,
Poisson distribution and Normal distribution, Simulation from discrete and continuous
distribution.

Unit 4: Using R functions for standard statistical tests and Programming in R :

One and two sample t-tests, Chi-squared tests, F- test for equality of variance and non parametric
test, Kruskal-Wallis Test, Programming in R: for/while/loops.

Unit 5: R functions in Liner modeling:

Correlation, correlation coefficient, Simple linear regression, multiple linear regressions, Logistic
regression, one way ANOVA and two way ANOVA.

References:

1) Purohit S.G., Gore,S.D. and Deshmukh,S.R.(2008) Statistics Using R, Alpha Science.

2) Peter Dalgaard: Introductory statistics for R ,Springer.
3) Statistical Methods Using R Software :V. R. Pawagi and Saroj A. Ranade
4) Verzani, J. (2005). Using R for Introductory Statistics, Chapman and Hall, London.
5) Introduction to Probability,and Statistics Using R,G. Jay Kerns,First Edition

Core Paper 9: Generalized linear models (4 credits)

Unit 1: Basic concept and definition of generalized linear models, Assumptions of Generalized
linear models, Concept of estimability, linear estimation: Gauss-Markov model, Least squares
estimation, Distributional properties of least squares estimators, Gauss-Markov theorem.

Unit 2: BLUE, Variances and covariance’s of BLUEs, Error space, Estimation space, Tests of
hypothesis in general linear models, ML estimation of parameters, Likelihood ratio tests for
various hypotheses including independence, Marginal and conditional independence.

Unit 3: Analysis of binary and grouped data by using logistic models, large sample tests about
parameters, Goodness of fit, analysis of deviance, Variable selection, Introduction to poisson
regression, Generalized Linear model: link functions such as Poisson, binomial, inverse binomial,
inverse Gaussian.

Unit 4: The Generalized Linear Mixed Model, including both fixed and random effects, Log linear
model for two and three dimensional contingency tables, Interpretation of parameters, comparison
with ANOVA and regression.

Unit 5: Family of Generalized Linear Models: Exponential family of distributions, Formal

structure for the class of GLMs, Likelihood equations, quasi likelihood, Link functions, important
distributions for GLMs, Power class link function.

References:

1. Searle, S.R.(1971): Linear Models, John Wiley.

2. Alvin C. Rencher (2000): Linear Models in Statistics, John Wiley & Sons, New York
3. Guttman, I (1982): Linear Models - An Introduction , John Wiley
4. Dobson A J and Barnett A G, An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models, Chapman
and Hall. (3rd Edition) 2008.
5. Lindsey J K, Applying Generalized Linear models, Springer, 1997.
6. McCullagh P and Nelder J A, Generalized Linear Models, Chapman and Hall,
(2nd Edition), 1989.

Core Paper10: Multivariate Analysis (4 credits)

Unit 1: Multivariate Data In Biological Sciences, Examples, Multivariate Normal Distribution,
Maximum Likelihood Estimators Of Parameters, Multivariate Linear Regression Model,
Estimation Of Parameters, Testing Linear Hypothesis About Regression Co-Efficients.

Unit 2: Principal Component Analysis, Factor Analysis –Orthogonal Factor Model, Factor
Loadings, Estimation Factor Loadings, Factor Scores, Applications, Canonical Correlations and
Canonical Variable - Definition, Use, Estimation and Computation.

Unit 3: Classification And Clustering, Linear Discrimination, Classification Trees, Hierarchical

Clustering, K-Means Clustering, Multidimensional Scaling.

Unit 4: Application in Test on Mean Vectors For Single And Several Multivariate Normal
Populations, Hotelling's T2 -Statistic and its Distribution, Relationship with Mahalanobis D2
Statistic, Applications Of Hotelling's T 2-Statistic.

Unit 5: Methods and Applications of MANOVA, Structural Equation Modelling and Path
Analysis.

References:

1. Anderson, T. W.(1984) Introduction to Multivariate Analysis (John Wiley)

2. Kshirsagar, A. M. (1983) Multivariate Analysis (Marcel Dekker)
3. Morrison, D.F.(1990) Multivariate Statistical Methods (McGraw Hill Co.)(3rd ed.)
4. Rao, C. R.(1995) Linear Statistical Inference and its Applications. (Wiley Eastern Ltd.)
5. Johnson R.A. & Wichern, D.W. (1988) Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis
6.H¨ardle, W. and Simar, L. (2003). Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Springer.
7.Mardia, K.V., Kent, J.T. and Bibby, J.M. (1979). Multivariate Analysis. Academic Press.

Core Paper 11: Survival Data Analysis (4 credits)

Unit 1: Introduction, Basic functions and Models, Censoring and Truncation , Parametric
univariate estimation: Exponential, extreme value, gamma, Pareto, logistic, normal and log –
normal, Survival function, hazard rate, cumulative hazard function, and mean residual life.
Censoring mechanisms: type I, type II and random censoring.

Unit 2: Nonparametric univariate estimation: Actuarial, Kaplan-Meier and Nelson-Aalen

Estimators, Tests of equality of survival functions: Gehan’s and Mantel-Haenszel tests. Treatment
of ties(Peto’s method).

Unit 3: Semi parametric regression models: Cox proportional hazard model – estimation, tests,
Diagnostics. Graphical methods: Hazard plots and Survival plots, Regression for grouped data:
Life table, logistic and proportional hazards approaches.

Unit 4: Additive Models, Accelerated Models, Competing Risk and Multivariate Survival models,
Frailty Models. Ageing classes - IFR, IFRA, NBU, NBUE, HNBUE .

Unit 5: understand Cox PHM, estimate coefficients from first principles on computer, test equality
of coefficients using the likelihood-ratio(LR) test, fit model and do LR test on a computer.

References:
1. R.G.Miller : Survival Analysis
2. P.J.Smith : Analysis of Failure and Survival Data
3. J.D.Kalbfleisch&R.L.Prentiice: The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data, 2nded.
4. J.P.Klein&M.L.Moeschberger: Survival Analysis : Techniques for Censored and
Truncated Data
5. D.J.Kleinbaum and M.Klein: Survival Analysis – A Self-Learning Text

Elective 3: Data Analysis Using MATLAB (4 Credits)

Unit 1: Introduction to MATLAB

What is MATLAB, advantages and disadvantages, MATLAB key features, getting help in
MATLAB, importing and exporting data, desktop basics, arithmetic operations: addition,
multiplication, division, powers, log, trigonometry, exponential and functions, variables in
MATLAB.

Unit 2: MATLAB Graphics

2-D plots And 3-D plots, formatting and annotation ,images ,printing and savings ,line plots
:syntax, description ,examples ,plot multiple lines ,create line plot from matrix ,specify line style
,color and, line width ,larker size ,marker color ,add title and axis labels, plot circle, plotting.

Unit 3: Descriptive Statistics and Distribution

Functions for calculating and plotting descriptive statistics: maximum, minimum, mean, median,
mode, standard deviation, variance and statistics on plots, basic visualization: bar diagram and
histogram, MATLAB commands for discrete distribution and continuous distribution, introduction
to simulation using MATLAB.

Unit 4: Linear Algebra and Linear Methods.

About matrices, entering matrices, basics matrix operation: matrix addition and scalar
multiplication, matrix multiplication, matrix algebra ,matrix inverses ,powers of a matrix, the
transpose and symmetric matrices, cross product, dot product, system of linear equations, inverse
and determinants, eigen values.

Unit 5: Modeling Data

Linear Correlation, Correlation Co-Efficient, Linear Regression: Simple Linear Regression,

Fitting Data with Cure Fitting Toolbox, Multivariate Data, M-Files, Parametric and Non
Parametric Test.

References:

1. Understanding MATLAB by S.N. Alam (Author), S.S. Alam

2. Statistics in MATLAB: A Primer by MoonJung Cho, Wendy L. Martinez
3. Computational Statistics Handbook with MATLAB, Second Edition,Wendy L. Martinez, Angel
R. Martinez

Core Paper 12: Advanced Epidemiology (4 Credits)

Unit 1: Experimental studies and Qualitative research
Experimental Studies -The Randomized Control trial, Allocation alternative, Maneuver,
Measurement including blinding, Compliance, contamination, co intervention, adverse events,
Stopping rules, Analysis, Diagnostic tests, Measurement issues, Qualitative research - Mixed
designs, Ecological Studies, Space time cluster studies, Familial aggregation studies

Unit 2: Regression Models Relating Exposure to Disease

- Some introductory regression models
- The linear model
- Pros and cons of the linear model
- The log linear model
- The probit model
- The simple logistic regression model

Unit 3: Estimation of Logistic Regression Model Parameters

- The likelihood function
- The likelihood function based on a logistic regression model
- Properties of the log likelihood function and the maximum likelihood estimate
- Null hypotheses that specify more than one regression coefficient
- Logistic regression with case-control data
- Confounding and Interaction within Logistic Regression Models
- Assessment of confounding using logistic regression models
- Introducing interaction into the multiple logistic regression model
- Collinearity and centering variables

Unit 4: Matched Studies

- Frequency matching
- Pair matching
- Mantel-Haenszel techniques applied to pair-matched data
- Small sample adjustment for odds ratio estimator
- Confounding and interaction effects
- Assessing interaction effects of matching variables
- Possible confounding and interactive effects due to nonmatching variables
- The logistic regression model for matched data

Unit 5: Alternatives and Extensions to the Logistic Regression Model

- Flexible regression model
- Beyond binary outcomes and independent observations
- Introducing general risk factors into formulation of the relative hazard—the Cox model
- Fitting the Cox regression model
- When does time at risk confound an exposure-disease relationship?
-Time-dependent exposures
- Differential loss to follow-up
References:
1. Gordis L, Epidemiology, 2004, Elsevier Saunders.
2.Nicholas P.Jewell, Statistics for Epidemiology, CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC A CRC Press
Company

Semester IV

Summer project 2 Credits

Thesis and viva vice examination 12 Credits