Course for test

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND BOX AND WHISKER PLOTS ON EXCEL AND

INTERPRETATION AND DATA CODING ON SPSS THAT IS MAKING DATA FRAME
ON SPSS

Descriptive Statistics is to quick calculate Numerical descriptive statistics like

Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation, Range, Min, Max and various other
in Microsoft Excel 2016.
We can use this tool to analyze the run rate, scores, marks etc.
All of the above might be confusing for some people, so let’s gear up & start
learning ANOVA single factor in excel with the example.
Here we have a list of few scores.

Select the tab Data > Data Analysis as shown in below screenshot.

Note: can't find the Data Analysis button? Click here to load the Analysis
ToolPak add-in.
Click on Data Analysis and its dialog box appears.
Now select Descriptive Statistics and click OK.
Descriptive Statistics dialog box appears. Fill the options as shown below.
Click OK to view the details your scores.

For Box Plots

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNpvSg2X0xQ&t=313s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9K7u5KPTNc8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFbPnwKwVWk&t=395s

Data Creation in SPSS

When you open the SPSS program, you will see a blank spreadsheet in Data
View. If you already have another dataset open but want to create a new
one, click File > New > Data to open a blank spreadsheet.
You will notice that each of the columns is labeled “var.” The column names
will represent the variables that you enter in your dataset. You will also
notice that each row is labeled with a number (“1,” “2,” and so on). The rows
will represent cases that will be a part of your dataset. When you enter
values for your data in the spreadsheet cells, each value will correspond to a
specific variable (column) and a specific case (row).
Follow these steps to enter data:

1. Click the Variable View tab. Type the name for your first variable
under the Name column. You can also enter other information about
the variable, such as the type (the default is “numeric”), width,
decimals, label, etc. Type the name for each variable that you plan to
include in your dataset. In this example, I will type “School_Class”
since I plan to include a variable for the class level of each student
(i.e., 1 = first year, 2 = second year, 3 = third year, and 4 = fourth
year). I will also specify 0 decimals since my variable values will only
include whole numbers. (The default is two decimals.)
2. Click the Data View tab. Any variable names that you entered in
Variable View will now be included in the columns (one variable name
per column). You can see that School_Class appears in the first column
in this example.

3. Now you can enter values for each case. In this example, cases
represent students. For each student, enter a value for their class level
in the cell that corresponds to the appropriate row and column. For
example, the first person’s information should appear in the first row,
under the variable column School_Class. In this example, the first
person’s class level is “2,” the second person’s is “1,” the third
person’s is “1,” the fourth person’s is “3,” and so on.
 4. Repeat these steps for each variable that you will include in your dataset.
Don't forget to periodically save your progress as you enter data.
Inserting or Deleting Single Cases
Sometimes you may need to add new cases or delete existing cases from
your dataset. For example, perhaps you notice that one observation in your
data was accidentally left out of the dataset. In that situation, you would
refer to the original data collection materials and enter the missing case into
the dataset (as well as the associated values for each variable in the
dataset). Alternatively, you may realize that you have accidentally entered
the same case in your dataset more than once and need to remove the extra
case.

INSERTING A CASE
To insert a new case into a dataset:

1. In Data View, click a row number or individual cell below where you
want your new row to be inserted.
 2. You can insert a case in several ways:
 Click Edit > Insert Cases;
 Right-click on a row and select Insert Cases from the menu; or
 Click the Insert Cases icon ( ).

3. A new, blank row will appear above the row or cell you selected. Values
for each existing variable in your dataset will be missing (indicated by
either a “.” or a blank cell) for your newly created case since you have
not yet entered this information.

4. Type in the values for each variable in the new case.

DELETING A CASE
To delete an existing case from a dataset:

1. In the Data View tab, click the case number (row) that you wish to delete.
This will highlight the row for the case you selected.
 2. Press Delete on your keyboard, or right-click on the case number and select
“Clear”. This will remove the entire row from the dataset.
Inserting or Deleting Single Variables
Sometimes you may need to add new variables or delete existing variables
from your dataset. For example, perhaps you are in the process of creating a
new dataset and you must add many new variables to your growing dataset.
Alternatively, perhaps you decide that some variables are not very useful to
your study and you decide to delete them from the dataset. Or, similarly,
perhaps you are creating a smaller dataset from a very large dataset in order
to make the dataset more manageable for a research project that will only
use a subset of the existing variables in the larger dataset.

INSERTING A VARIABLE
To insert a new variable into a dataset:

1. In the Data View window, click the name of the column to the right of
of where you want your new variable to be inserted.

2. You can now insert a variable in several ways:

 Click Edit > Insert Variable;
 Right-click an existing variable name and click Insert Variable; or
 Click the Insert Variable icon ( ).

A new, blank column will appear to the left of the column or cell you
selected.
New variables will be given a generic name (e.g. VAR00001). You can enter a
new name for the variable on the Variable View tab. You can quick-jump to
the Variable View screen by double-clicking on the generic variable name at
the top of the column. Once in the Variable View, under the column “Name,”
type a new name for the variable name you wish to change. You should also
define the variable's other properties (type, label, values, etc.) at this time.

All values for the newly created variable will be missing (indicated by a “.” in
each cell in Data View, by default) since you have not yet entered any
values. You can enter values for the new variable by clicking the cells in the
column and typing the values associated with each case (row).

DELETING A VARIABLE
To delete an existing variable from a dataset:

1. In the Data View tab, click the column name (variable) that you wish to
delete. This will highlight the variable column.
 2. Press Delete on your keyboard, or right-click on the selected variable and
click “Clear.” The variable and associated values will be removed.
Alternatively, you can delete a variable through the Variable View window:
1. Click on the row number corresponding to the variable you wish to delete.
This will highlight the row.
2. Press Delete on your keyboard, or right-click on the row number
corresponding to the variable you wish to delete and click "Clear".
You can also delete variables using command syntax.
Defining a variable includes giving it a name, specifying its type, the values
the variable can take (e.g., 1, 2, 3), etc. Without this information, your data
will be much harder to understand and use. Whenever you are working with
data, it is important to make sure the variables in the data are defined so
that you (and anyone else who works with the data) can tell exactly what
was measured, and how.
There are three ways of defining information about variables:

1. The Variable View column attributes.

2. Syntax.
3. The Define Variable Properties window.
We explain the different attributes that variables in SPSS have and how to
define them in the sections below. We conclude with an example that
demonstrates why it is important to define your variables—and especially
why it will make working with your data and performing analyses much more
straightforward.

Defining Variables in the Variable View

You can define information about your variables by accessing the Variable
View tab (at the bottom of the Data Editor window). The Variable View tab
displays information about the variables in your data. You can get to the
Variable View window in two ways:
 In the Data Editor window, click the Variable View tab at the bottom.
 In the Data Editor window, in the Data View tab, double-click a variable name
at the top of the column. This method has the advantage of taking you to the
specific variable you clicked.
The Variable View tab displays the following information, in columns, about
each variable in your data:
NAME
The name of the variable, which is used to refer to that variable in syntax.
Variable names can not contain spaces. Note that when you change the
name of a variable, it does not change the data; all values associated with
the variable stay the same. Renaming a variable simply changes the name of
that variable while leaving everything else the same. For example, we may
want to rename a variable called Sex to Gender.
To change a variable's name, double-click on the name of the variable that
you wish to re-name. Type your new variable name.

TYPE
The type of variable (e.g. numeric, string, etc.). (See the Variable Types
tutorial for descriptions of the variable types in SPSS.)

To change a variable's type, click inside the cell corresponding to the “Type”
column for that variable. A square "..." button will appear; click on it to open
the Variable Type window. Click the option that best matches the type of
variable. Click OK.

WIDTH
The number of digits displayed for numerical values or the length of a string
variable.

To set a variable's width, click inside the cell corresponding to the “Width”
column for that variable. Then click the "up" or "down" arrow icons to
increase or decrease the number width.

DECIMALS
The number of digits to display after a decimal point for values of that
variable. Does not apply to string variables. Note that this changes how the
numbers are displayed, but does not change the values in the dataset.

To specify the number of decimal places for a numeric variable, click inside
the cell corresponding to the “Decimals” column for that variable. Then click
the “up” or “down” arrow icons to increase or decrease the number of
decimal places.

Example: If you specify that values should have two decimal points, they will
display as 1.00, 2.00, 3.00, and so on.

LABEL
A brief but descriptive definition or display name for the variable. When
defined, a variable's label will appear in the output in place of its name.

Example: The variable expgradate might be described by the label

“Expected date of college graduation".

VALUES
For coded categorical variables, the value label(s) that should be associated
with each category abbreviation. Value labels are useful primarily for
categorical (i.e., nominal or ordinal) variables, especially if they have been
recorded as codes (e.g., 1, 2, 3). It is strongly suggested that you give each
value a label so that you (and anyone looking at your data or results)
understands what each value represents.

When value labels are defined, the labels will display in the output instead of
the original codes.Note that defining value labels only affects the labels
associated with each value, and does not change the recorded values
themselves.

Example: In the sample dataset, the variable Rank represents the student's
class rank. The values 1, 2, 3, 4 represent the categories Freshman,
Sophomore, Junior, and Senior, respectively. Let's define the category labels
for the Rank variable in the sample data.
Under the column “Values,” click the cell that corresponds to the variable
whose values you wish to label. If the values are currently undefined, the cell
will say “None.” Click the square “…” button. The Value Labels window
appears.
Type the first possible value (1) for your variable in the Value field. In the
Label field type the label exactly as you want it to display (e.g.,
"Freshman"). Click Add when you are finished defining the value and label.
Your variable value and label will appear in the center box. Repeat these
steps for each possible value for your variable. When all of the labels have
been defined, the Value Labels window should look like this:

Click OK at the bottom of the window.

If you wish to change or remove a value and label that you have added to
the center dialog box, do the following:

 To change a specific value or label, highlight the value/label in the center text
box in the Value Labels window. Now the selected value/label will be
highlighted yellow. Make changes to the selected value or label as needed.
Click Change. The changes will be applied to the value/label you highlighted.
 To remove a specific value/label, highlight the value/label in the center text
box. Click Remove. The selected value/label will be removed from the center
text box.

MISSING
The user-defined values that indicate data are missing for a variable (e.g.,
-99). Note that this does not affect or eliminate SPSS's default missing value
code for numeric variables ("."). This column merely allows the user to
specify up to three unique missing value codes; or, to specify a numeric
range of values to treat as missing, plus one additional unique missing value
code.

To set user-defined missing value codes, click inside the cell corresponding
to the “Missing” column for that variable. A square button will appear; click
on it.

The Missing Values window appears.

Click the option that best matches how you wish to define missing data and
enter any associated values, then click OK at the bottom of the window.
Note that you may enter numbers or letters as discrete missing value codes
in the "discrete missing values" boxes.

Caution: If you have a dataset with string variables, blank cells are not
automatically recognized as missing values. In order for blanks to be
recognized as missing values, you can either:

 add a space character ( Spacebar key) as a discrete missing value code (either
in the Variable View or using syntax), or
  use the Automatic Recode procedure to recode the string variable into a
labeled, numeric categorical variable with blanks recoded into a special
missing value code.
The latter option works well if there are a limited number of unique string
values, but is a poor option if there are many unique variations in the strings
(e.g. capitalization, spelling, spacing).

COLUMNS
The width of each column in the Data View spreadsheet. Note that this is not
the same as the number of digits displayed for each value. This simply refers
to the width of the actual column in the spreadsheet.

To set a variable's column width, click inside the cell corresponding to the
“Columns” column for that variable. Then click the “up” or “down” arrow
icons to increase or decrease the column width.

ALIGN
The alignment of content in the cells of the SPSS Data View spreadsheet.
Options include left-justified, right-justified, or center-justified.

To set the alignment for a variable, click inside the cell corresponding to the
"Align" column for that variable. Then use the drop-down menu to select
your preferred alignment: Left, Right, or Center.

MEASURE
The level of measurement for the variable (e.g., nominal, ordinal, or scale).

Some procedures in SPSS treat categorical and scale variables differently. By

default, variables with numeric responses are automatically
detected as “Scale” variables. If the numeric responses actually
represent categories, you must change the specified measurement level to
the appropriate setting.
To define a variable's measurement level, click inside the cell corresponding
to the “Measure” column for that variable. Then click the drop-down arrow to
select the level of measurement for that variable: Scale, Ordinal, or Nominal.

It is vital that you correctly define each variable's measurement

level. This setting affects everything from graphs to internal algorithms for
statistical analysis. Incorrectly specifying measurement level can have
unintended and potentially disastrous effects on your results.

ROLE
The role that a variable will play in your analyses (i.e., independent variable,
dependent variable, both independent and dependent). Some options in
SPSS allow you to pre-select variables for particular analyses based on their
defined roles. Any variable that meets the role requirements will be available
for use in such analyses. You can choose from the following roles for each
variable:

 Input: The variable will be used as a predictor (independent variable). This is

the default assignment for variables.
 Target: The variable will be used as an outcome (dependent variable).
 Both: The variable will be used as both a predictor and an outcome
(independent and dependent variable).
 None: The variable has no role assignment.
 Partition: The variable will partition the data into separate samples.
 Split: Used with the IBM® SPSS® Modeler (not IBM® SPSS® Statistics).
To define a variable's role in your analysis, click inside the cell corresponding
to the “Role” column for that variable. Then use the drop-down menu to
select the role that variable will take: Input, Target, Both, None, Partition, or
Split.