STRUCTURE EXAMPLES

PURPOSE
“ to ” + infinitive - He went to Scotland to learn English.
“ in order (not) to ” + infinitive - She came to Spain in order to learn Spanish.
- She left China in order not to speak Chinese.
“ so as (not) to ” + infinitive - She went to France so as to learn French.
- She left Brazil so as not to hear Portuguese.
“ so that ” + clause (with - I’m buying some food so that we can have the fridge full. (Present or Future)
can/will or could/would) - I left a note so that he would know where to find me. (Past)
“ in order that “ + clause (with - I’m buying some food in order that we can have the fridge full. (Present or Future)
can/will or could/would) - I left a note in order that he would know where to find me. (Past)
CAUSE/ REASON
“ because ” + clause - I couldn’t go to the party because I had to study.
“ since ” + clause
- Since/ As he was worried about his grades, he went to see his advisor.
“ as ” + clause
“ for ” + gerund (V-ing) - They put him in prison for stealing forbidden books.
“ because of ” + noun/pronoun - We couldn’t go because of the storm./ We couldn’t go because of her father.
“ due to ” + noun/pronoun - Due to his bad attitude, he lost his job.
“ owing to ” + noun/pronoun - Owing to the bad weather, the match was cancelled.
RESULT/ CONSEQUENCE
“ so ” + clause - He was depressed, so he went to see his advisor.
“ as a result of ” + noun - As a result of the war, the prices of oil went up enormously.
“ as a result “ + clause - He was feeling much better. As a result, he decided not to go home earlier.
“ therefore ” + clause - They saved the prize money from the lottery. Therefore, they were rich.
“ thus ” + verb (-ing form) - She refused to go along with it, thus provoking her classmates.
“ thus ” + clause - He was feeling much better now. Thus, he had no excuse to go home earlier.
“ that’s why ” + clause - I’ve been ill. That’s why I didn’t call.
SREKNIL / SROTCENNOC

“ consequently ” + clause - Many of the university subjects available are not taught at high schools, and
consequently, they may be unfamiliar.
CONTRAST/ CONCESSION
“ but ”
“ yet “ + clause - It was raining, but/ yet/ and yet Ann went out without an umbrella.
“ and yet “
“ however ”
“ nevertheless “ + clause - It was raining; however, / nevertheless,/ nonetheless, / even so, Ann went out without
“ nonetheless “ an umbrella.
“ even so “
“ although ” + clause
- Although / Even though it was raining, Ann went out without an umbrella.
“ even though ” + clause
“ though ” + clause - Though it was raining, Ann went out without an umbrella.
clause + “ though ” - Our team lost. It was a good match, though.
“ in spite of ” + noun/ pronoun/ - In spite of being one of the best students in her class, Ann doesn’t like Maths.
verb (-ing form) - In spite of the rain, Ann went out without an umbrella.
“ despite ” + noun/ pronoun/ - Despite being one of the best students in her class, Ann doesn’t like Maths.
verb (-ing form) - Despite the rain, Ann went out without an umbrella.
“ in spite of the fact that/ - Ann went out without an umbrella in spite of the fact that/ despite the fact that it was
despite the fact that ” + clause raining.
“ while ”/ “ whereas ” + clause - British cars are small whereas / while American ones are long.
ADDITION
“ not only …, but also … ” - The place was not only cold, but also dirty.
- Not only did he hit her, but he also killed her.
“ both … and … ” - Children like eating both pizza and chicken.
- Both Mark and Jennifer like reading.
“ what is more ” - He loves pasta, and what’s more, he owns an Italian restaurant.
“ in addition [to] ” + verb (-ing - In addition to missing his children, Tom misses his wife.
form) / noun - She writes essays in addition  to novels and poetry
“ additionally “ - The diet recommends fruit juice for breakfast and, additionally, fresh fruit once a
day.
“ besides ” + verb (-ing form) / - Besides being a fantastic footballer, he’s also good at cricket.
clause - I don't like that house; besides, it's too expensive for me.
“ moreover ” + clause - He didn’t discuss the matter with her. Moreover, he didn’t contact her after the
meeting.
“ furthermore ” + clause - She always arrives on time; furthermore, her work is always excellent.