TABLE OF CONTENTS

SR NO TOPIC PAGE NO

1.0 INTRODUCTION & RATIONALE 3

1.1 PRIVACY POLICIES FOR UNIQUE ID 5

1.2 PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN UID 7

1.3 AADHAAR NUMBER VS. SOCIAL 8

SECURITY NUMBER(SSN)
2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 9

2.1 Background - Emergence Of The Uid 10

Project In India
3.0 NATIONAL E-GOVERNMENT 12
INITIATIVE
3.1 THE NEED FOR A NATIONAL 15
IDENTITY CARD :
3.2 UNIQUE IDENTIFICATION – ITS 17
USAGE IN PRIVATE, PUBLIC &
GOVERNMENT SECTORS
3.3 CHALLENGES IN THE DESIGN OF 22
UNIQUE ID :
3.4 BIOMETRIC AND IRIS SCAN – 26
STRUCTURE AND ITS
IMPLEMENTATION :
4.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND 27
METHODOLOGY :
4.1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM 30

4.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 31

5.0 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 31

6.0 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 34

6.1 Approach 2: Data base approach 35

(checklist method)
6.2 Approach 3: Primary Data collection 40

7.0 Findings from the study : 41

7.1 The following are the summary of 42

findings:
7.2 Extent to which Objectives have been 46
achieved
7.3 SUGGESTIONS 48

7.4 Test Results of Hypotheses and 51

Interpretation
7.5 Limitations 55

7.6 Scope for Further Research 55

7.7 Conclusion 56
1.0 INTRODUCTION & RATIONALE
This research is an attempt to look into this unique identification number provided by UIDAI to
all resident Indians and to ascertain what would be its implications on the human resource
development1 in India. In India, an inability to prove one’s identity is one of the biggest barriers
preventing the poor from accessing benefits and subsidies. Public as well as private sector
institutions require proof of identity. On a national scale we do not have any number which is
accepted with ease & authenticity. It becomes difficult for an individual to undergo the entire
process of identification each and every time it is required. Different service providers also often
have different requirements in the documentation process they demand, the forms that are
required in filling out and the information they collect on the individual. Duplication of effort
and identity parameters increases overall costs of identification and cause extreme inconvenience
to the individual. In India, especially the poor and underprivileged lack documentation and hence
find it difficult to undergo the verification process multiple times.

Immense benefits can be derived from a mechanism that identifies a person instantaneously. The
need to prove identity only once will bring down transaction costs for the poor. A clear identity
number would transform the delivery of social welfare programs by making them more
inclusive. It would enable the government to verify, if the intended beneficiaries actually receive
funds/subsidies. A single, universal identity number will help in eliminating fraud and duplicate
identities. This will result insignificant savings to the state exchequer. Identification of person
starts from the moment of his birth and continues until his death. It is a continuous process which
goes on throughout his lifespan. Human Resource Development in India has to primarily focus
upon the development of its citizens at all the stages of his life. It is also necessary for them to
come out with a strategic solution for the HR problems of different dimensions concerning the
society – ethnic, religious roots, economic bases and so on. In fact, it is for Unique Identification
project to help the Government in making a significant contribution in solving these HR issues.
The composition and structure of population has several dimensions – distribution of the total
between male and female, among different age groups, among different religious groups, among
different occupations, skill categories, and so on. It is critical to first of all study as to how the
data presently being collected will be classified and analyzed by UIDAI itself. In comparison to
the implementation of similar IDs elsewhere in other countries, the advantages and
disadvantages being faced by the implementers in those countries need to be studied. There is a
need for the policy makers to have a factually correct database of people who get included in the
‘Safety Net’ of Health and Education category for Human Resource Development in India.
Unless data are collected for these two categories, there is very little scope for policy makers to
frame policy matrix. Data, or facts, may be derived from several sources. The researcher has
thoroughly searched secondary data sources before collecting primary data to assess the impact
of Aadhaar on the education and health sectors in India. The secondary data collected has given
the number project.
 The secondary information available in part allows the current study to create its own in-depth
analysis and point of view regarding the best possible strategy to be adopted by the government
in framing the policies for the development of Safety Nets of Human Resource capital in India.

1.1 PRIVACY POLICIES FOR UNIQUE ID

If we begin to look at the privacy protection measures either put into place or being adopted to
keep the interest of the resident from protection, UID has looked into many factors such as:

1. Collecting Limited Information.

2. No profiling or tracking information collected.(UIDAI policy bars from profiling a person)

3. Yes or No response or sustained release of information

4. Convergence and linking of UIDAI information to other databases

With all the measures put in place, UIDAI has the obligation to ensure security and
confidentiality of the data collected. If we analyze the above information, it is clear that the
Aadhaar data in its present form does not have any intention of collecting information about the
education or health of a person and document a profile of an individual which can be updated at
regular intervals for adding to the aggregate. The claim that Aadhaar would be ultimately linked
up with the NPR register or the census data ultimately paving the way for the policy makers to
frame policy decisions looks like a better alternative solution than relying only on the biometric
and demographic data collected of an individual during registration.

The differences between Aadhaar and NPR are many for them to be operationally merged. Some
of the major differences between Aadhaar and NPR .

1. Basis of Identity / Unit of Survey (The UID is meant for an individual whereas the NPR
scheme considers the household or the family as an entire unit)

2. Differences in information collection (In the UID scheme, individuals go to the data centers
and give their data whereas NPR data is collected on a door to door basis).

3. Differences in the purpose for which they are being issued (NPR data is collected from
citizens of India whereas Aadhaar gives only an identity number for a person residing in India)

4. Difference in the legal sanctity (The NPR Scheme has been created pursuant to the 2004
Amendment of the Citizenship Act. Section 14A of the Citizenship Act gives the NPR a legal
sanctity. However, there is no provision to collect biometric information under this Act.)

The final draft of the UID Bill that was submitted to the Lok Sabha was made public on 8th
November 2010. When the bill got passed in the Parliament, it became a legal legislation in
India. However, some issues has been raised by the civil society, some of which are

1. Architecture (A decentralized architecture instead of a centralized one has been suggested);

2. Scope (Overboard and gives an impression that the data will be collected and used beyond
delivery of benefits);

3. Voluntary and not mandatory;

4. Inadequate private safeguards (The protections needed should be self-contained within the
Bill. Thus, the UID Bill itself should be clear and concise about data collection, transfer,
retention, security, and dissemination.);

5. Unwarranted Data Retention (section 32(2) empowers the Authority to determine the duration
that data is to be retained for);

6. Lack of accountability for all actors (the Bill needs to hold enrolling agencies, registrars, and
other service providers accountable);

7. Lack of Exceptions;

8. Lack of Anonymity;

9. Inadequacy of penalties;

10. Unaffordability of fees;

11. Lack of Ombudsman office;

12. Inappropriate structure and governance (Bill does not provide appropriate judicial and
parliamentary oversight.)&

13. The issue of privacy of data of an individual is another critical factor.

1.2 PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN UID:
In an article on the right to privacy and dignity regarding Unique Identification, the author says
that there are multiple issues related to privacy and they are:

1. Issue of Surveillance by the State ( unauthorized surveillance is an issue and it can be in

several ways such as physically keeping tabs, keeping track of telephone calls, keeping track of
websites visited and hacking into the personal data of an individual kept in his personal system
etc.)

2. Issue of Breach of Privacy (mainly concerning territorial and data privacy)

3. Issue of Dignity

4. Right to Privacy and Constitution of India.(There is not a detailed account of what measures
should be taken to protect once privacy and what would be the privileges of a person if his
privacy has been breached) and

5. Dignity and the Constitution of India (The main issue being the compensation that a person
would be eligible if his dignity is compromised).

IMPORTANT ISSUES ARISING OUT OF UID:

1. An additional provision need to be added to the constitution that would deal withpersonal
privacy and territorial data. Such a provision would help in bringingclarity regarding the extent
of the right to privacy.

2. A comprehensive legislation primarily on privacy issues would ensure theprotection of

personal and sensitive information about the people. There is alsothe need for an established
regulatory body comprehensively managed by thegovernment.

3. As per The National Identification Authority of India Act, 2015–a citizen wouldnever be
denied of any particular services just because he/she lacks a UIDnumber. There has to be a legal
provision to protect the data that has alreadybeen collected until now. Clause 33 of the Bill,
allows for the disclosure of information for national security purposes. This also needs to be
revised and restricted and relooked.
1.3 AADHAAR NUMBER VS. SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER(SSN)
GOVERNANCE

The sole authority to receives and processes applications for SSN is the Social Security

agency whereas in case of Aadhaar, it is the UIDAI that issues Aadhaar numbers after

collecting information from various registration centers.

Application Form details

The SSN number application form contains the following information which needs to be
provided:

1. Name as to be shown on the card

2. Full name at birth

3. Other names used

4. Mailing address

5. Citizenship or alien status

6. Sex

7. Race/ethnic description

8. Date of birth

9. Place of birth

10. Mother's name at birth

11. Mother's SSN

12. Fathers' name

13. Father's SSN (SSA collects this information for IRS on an original application for

a child under age 18).

14. Whether applicant ever applied for an SSN before

15. Prior SSNs assigned

16. Name on most recent Social Security card

17. Different date of birth if used on an earlier SSN application.

18. Date of application completed

19. Phone number

20. Signature

21. Applicant's relationship to the number holder

Aadhaar application form requires the following information:

 Name
 Date of birth
 Gender
 Address
 Parent/guardian details
 Email
 Mobile number
 Indication of consent to share the information
 Indication if the individual wants the bank account to be linked to the Aadhaar
 number
 If the individual has no objection to linking their present bank account to the
 Aadhaar number and the relevant bank details
 Signature

The implementation of identity cards to citizens of India, and its monitoring are becoming
complicated. There has been a continuous misuse of Aadhaar card by certain miscreants, and has
become difficult to identify them. The card is being used for availing benefits under various
schemes of the government. Besides, dealing in photo copies of Aadhaar card is not advisable.
Presently Aadhaar number card is not being laminated while being issued, which is difficult to
handle. There are possibilities of the present card getting mutilated, torn, and it is difficult to
handle. The present card should have been in a standard card size, like PAN card, credit card,
Driving Licence etc. Further it is also difficult to carry multiple cards for identity purpose. There
needs to be one common card to be devised with one number that should meet all the purposes of
identity.

In Indian conditions the laws, rules, regulations, guidelines &directions are enormous and
multiply the complexity of the issues. (These are discussed in detail in the Review of Literature).
Therefore, an in depth study is needed to remove difficulties in handling Aadhaar, and also its
implications on Human Resource Development. The changes in the business environment,
Government policies, and its schemes are changing too frequently. Hence this study on the
implications of Unique identification, with particular reference to Health and Education sector.
This study attempts to analyses, compare the important provisions, issues and implementation of
identity cards and its implications in various areas.
2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
There are not many published sources exclusively on implications of unique identification in
Health and Education Sector. However, unique identification in the form of identity cards exists
in many countries. A separate chapter has been included on comparative study of identity cards
issued in other countries. A few countries have been selected for study purpose, and analyzed on
the paradigm of FABU covering Features, Advantages, Benefits and Utilities. However certain
reports on the subject of unique identification have been considered for the purpose of review.

2.1 Background - Emergence Of The Uid Project In India:

Reforming the National Security System in India – (Kargil Review Committee) :

Originally, the idea of issuing Unique ID cards to citizens of India especially for the people in
border areas first and then extending the same to the other areas was envisaged by the right wing
NDA government which was in power during 1999 to 2004. This was the observation and
thinking of the government during the war of Kargil between India and Pakistan. A group of
Ministers submitted a report to the government titled Reforming the National Security System in
India. This report was largely based on the review of the Kargil Review Committee. The report
noted that the Illegal migrations6had grown into large proportions and the idea of
registrationnon-citizens living in India should be made compulsory. The idea was huge and
involved registration of 1.2 billion people. Biometric technology was thought to be adopted for
this as the security management system. The collection of biometric data7 for the building of the
National Population Register (NPR), under the Home Ministry together with UIDAI under the
planning commission was envisaged to be brought out and that would have resulted in world’s
largest centralized biometric database. The technical feasibility involving the various features,
advantages by adopting such a system, benefits that could have been accrued and the utility of
such a system for the Indian public should have been the thought process of the think tank
involved at that time. However, merely an idea that citizens need to be allotted a unique number
was the only thought that was picked up later.

UIDA Project headed by Prime Minister : A committee was formed under the stewardship of
the then Prime Minister and that included the organization of plans, policies, programmes,
schemes, funding and methodology to be adopted for achieving the objectives of the Aadhaar.
The UID project was initiated in 2009. The project of UID aimed at identifying residents
uniquely. This was made possible by providing all the citizens with a 12 digit unique
identification number called Aadhaar number. The Unique Identification Authority of India
(UIDAI) was entrusted the responsibility of issuing these unique Aadhaar numbers and
maintaining the demographic and biometric database of the residents on January 28, 2009. Mr.
Nandan Nilekani, the former Co-Chairman of Infosys Technologies was appointed the first
Chairman of the UIDAI in July 2009 with the rank & status of a Cabinet Minister. UIDAI then
partnered itself with central and state government’s agencies and also private sector agencies for
the proper implementation of the project. UIDAI then signed several memorandum of
understanding (MOUs) with each of these registrars to gather the necessary data at the enrolment
centers. It is the people involved in these enrolment centers who interact with the residents and
collect their demographic and biometric information. Most of these registrars who are involved
with gathering of the data are empaneled with the UIDAI. They are either from the field of IT or
companies involved in online marketing. This data of demographic and biometric data collected,
is stored in Central Identities Data Repository (CIDR) which is a centralized database. The
purpose of the UIDAI while issuing a number should be that the number be a) robust b)
eliminate duplicates and c) verifiable and authenticated. By doing this the idea was that the
unique identification number would;

(a) Provide a platform for instant identification and verification of data

(b) Bring down identification and transaction costs for the poor

(c) Improve the efficacy of the social welfare programmes by making them more Inclusive .

(d) Help the government to ascertain whether intended beneficiaries are receiving the subsidies.
Thus the Multipurpose National Identity Cards (MNIC) project introduced during the NDA
regime initiated by the Department of Information and Technology in 2006 paved the way for
the Unique Identification project
3.0 NATIONAL E-GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE :
Aadhaar based identification has two unique features:

It provides universality and it is free of cost.

Aadhaar will over time be recognized and accepted across the country and across all service
providers as a valid and legitimate form of Identification card for all its citizens and every
resident of India is entitled for the number totally free of cost. The number will eventually form
the basic, universal identity infrastructure over which registrars and agencies across the country,
both at the national as well as the state levels, can build.

Advantages for having Introduced Unique Identification in India:

a) It will lead to Inclusive growth

There are four critical areas of inclusion that Aadhaar is likely to bring in once the entire 1.2
billion population of Indians are brought into its ambit.

i. Financial Inclusion

ii. Social Inclusion

iii. Infrastructural Inclusion

iv. Legislative and Regulatory Inclusion

b) Quick opening of Bank accounts

Aadhaar is a valid document for know your customer (KYC) form which is

required for opening a bank account. Identification of a person opening a bank account would be
much easier and quicker when an Aadhaar number is linked

to the account.

c) Fighting black money

Linking of Aadhaar number with the bank account can help the government in fighting black
money, keep a check on benami transactions and frauds. Aadhaar number linkage to all the
transactions a person does helps in immediately keeping a check on the fraudulent transactions.
This step along with the demonetization that has been implemented recently (Nov 8th 2016)
would surely bring in lot of economic benefits.

d) Speedier Issuance of Passports The fingerprint and Iris scan details of a person collected at
the registry office and stored against a person’s Aadhaar number helps in identifying and
verifying a person. This information when linked would automatically get authenticated against
the person’s details collected at the passport office. This

immediate authentication helps in speedier processing of the passport application and thereby its
issuance.

e) Direct credit of subsidies from government, that include subsidies on LPG, Kerosene, and
Sugar etc.

f) Direct credit of welfare funds, pensions, scholarship, MNREGA wages etc. from the
government.

g) Aadhaar can track a child right from its birth: The government is on the verge of
implementing a child tracking system wherein every child born in India would be tracked until
the child finishes the schooling. The linking would happen the moment the mother visits the first
health care unit or hospital for confirming her pregnancy or even a ground level health worker
records her pregnancy. Her health card would be Aadhaar linked and would mention all the
benefits she would have received from the authorities under various schemes of the government.
Once she delivers the child, the mother’s Aadhaar number will automatically be mentioned in the
birth certificate of the child. This will help the health authorities to keep track of the child’s
scheduled vaccine. This would help in creating a digital health record of both mother and child.

UID PROJECT EXECUTION: OUTSOURCING AND COLLABORATIVE

STRATEGY BY SIGNING MOUS :
UIDAI has awarded the contract to implement the core biometric identification system to a
consortium led by Mahindra - Satyam with “Orpho”, ‘Accenture’ and ‘LI Identity Solutions’ as
partners. UIDAI has signed an MOU with different states of India including several public
enterprises and professional associations for necessary coordination, which will act as its
registrars. UIDAI has registered 220-odd enrolment agencies, who will collect data on behalf of
the registrars. Ministry of Rural employment has signed an MOU with UIDAI for streamlining
wage distribution and national rural employment guarantee scheme. UIDAI has also signed
MOUs with Ministry of Petroleum and Natural gas, Indian Railways, Life Insurance Corporation
of India and several banks for integrating UID numbers with their respective databases for
achieving de-duplication for minimizing the chances of fake claims. UIDAI has also signed an
MOU for developing the necessary ICT infrastructures in all the 619 districts of the country. MP
& NG have entered into an MOU for checking the pilferage of subsidized cooking fuel from
petroleum companies. UIDAI has also signed MOUs with several banks such as Allahabad
Bank, Bank of Baroda, Indian Bank, Punjab National Bank and Punjab and Sind Bank who have
agreed to facilitate and act as their registrars and integrate their customers’ records with the
Unique Identification Number. United Bank of India, NABARD have taken up the responsibility
of spreading the awareness campaign amongst their customers and farming community to be a
part of the UID project. They do have an MOU with UIDAI in this regard.

THE NEED FOR A NATIONAL IDENTITY CARD :

There has been a strong need for a National Identity Card which would ultimately help the
Government in ensuring that the poor and the marginalized get their due from the

various governmental development projects and that they are benefited the most. The data thus
collected for issuing of these cards is also intended to help the government in formulation and
implementation of Government policies and programmes. opportunity. The implementation of
the rights under the social sectors such as right to education and right of access to health services
are two of the most important sectors where the Government of India is trying its best to ensure
that the ultimate citizens are the direct beneficiaries of the various subsidies extended by the
government. For the development of the country in the longer run securities such as economic,
social, educational and of life are very essential. A National Identity card would establish
identity of a person to enjoy the benefits of the various governmental schemes concerning all
these securities. In order to meet the target of Human Development and its basic indicators such
as good health, literacy and developing the standards of living, there are some basic challenges11
faced by the Indian Government. It is very important for us to sustain an inclusive growth
encompassing the opportunities in accessing education and health services:

1. The focus of the Government administration to achieve the Millennium development goals by
2015, Eight Millennium development goals were established in the Millennium Declaration at
the General Assembly of the United Nations in the year 2000 for the development of Education
and Health on a world-wide basis.

2. In the knowledge based society, there is an urgent need to formulate human capital or
required manpower as per the society’s need. Human capital realizes that a person should be
acquainted with the need-based skills. Some critical Government Programmes for protecting the
poor and the marginalized have been started in almost all the states of India12: 1.Provision of
food security, .MidDay Meal Scheme

3.The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (Feb 2, 2006), 4.Microfinance, 5.Poverty
elevation, 6.Supply of drinking water and electricity.7.Providing primary and secondary
education to children and 8.Providing basic household amenities or infrastructure.

It is important for the Government to implement the above policies and programmes so that it
would help the society in overcoming the poverty of the masses. Safety Net programmes related
to Health and education sectors help in establishing a healthier and educated society. This
requires a National Identity Card which would ensure that the true benefits of the Government
are directly enjoyed by the targeted beneficiary.

UID project execution: Outsourcing and Collaborative Strategy by signing MOUs

UIDAI has awarded the contract to implement the core biometric identification system to a
consortium led by Mahindra - Satyam with “Orpho”, ‘Accenture’ and ‘LI Identity Solutions’ as
partners. UIDAI has signed an MOU with different states of India including several public
enterprises and professional associations for necessary coordination, which will act as its
registrars. UIDAI has registered 220-odd enrolment agencies, who will collect data on behalf of
the registrars. Ministry of Rural employment has signed an MOU with UIDAI for streamlining
wage distribution and national rural employment guarantee scheme. UIDAI has also signed
MOUs with Ministry of Petroleum and Natural gas, Indian Railways, Life Insurance Corporation
of India and several banks for integrating UID numbers with their respective databases for
achieving de-duplication for minimizing the chances of fake claims. UIDAI has also signed an
MOU for developing the necessary ICT infrastructures in all the 619 districts of the country. MP
& NG have entered into an MOU for checking the pilferage of subsidized cooking fuel from
petroleum companies. UIDAI has also signed MOUs with several banks such as Allahabad
Bank, Bank of Baroda, Indian Bank, Punjab National Bank and Punjab and Sind Bank who have
agreed to facilitate and act as their registrars and integrate their customers’ records with the
Unique Identification Number. United Bank of India, NABARD have taken up the responsibility
of spreading the awareness campaign amongst their customers and farming community to be a
part of the UID project. They do have an MOU with UIDAI in this regard.
3.1 THE NEED FOR A NATIONAL IDENTITY CARD :
There has been a strong need for a National Identity Card which would ultimately help the
Government in ensuring that the poor and the marginalized get their due from the various
governmental development projects and that they are benefited the most. The data thus collected
for issuing of these cards is also intended to help the government in formulation and
implementation of Government policies and programmes. India has constitutionally guaranteed
everyone the right to enjoy equal rights and equal opportunity. The implementation of the rights
under the social sectors such as right to education and right of access to health services are two
of the most important sectors where the Government of India is trying its best to ensure that the
ultimate citizens are the direct beneficiaries of the various subsidies extended by the government.
For the development of the country in the longer run securities such as economic, social,
educational and of life are very essential. A National Identity card would establish identity of a
person to enjoy the benefits of the various governmental schemes concerning all these securities.
In order to meet the target of Human Development and its basic indicators such as good health,
literacy and developing the standards of living, there are some basic challenges faced by the
Indian Government. It is very important for us to sustain an inclusive growth encompassing the
opportunities in accessing education and health services:

1. The focus of the Government administration to achieve the Millennium development goals by
2015, Eight Millennium development goals were established in the Millennium Declaration at
the General Assembly of the United Nations in the year 2000 for the development of Education
and Health on a world-wide basis.

2. In the knowledge based society, there is an urgent need to formulate human capital or
required manpower as per the society’s need. Human capital realizes that a person should be
acquainted with the need-based skills. Some critical Government Programmes for protecting the
poor and the marginalized have been started in almost all the states of India

1.Provision of food security,

2.MidDay Meal Scheme,

3.The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (Feb 2, 2006),

4. Microfinance, 5 poverty elevation,

6. Supply of drinking water and electricity.

7.Providing primary and secondary education to children and

8.Providing basic household amenities or infrastructure.

It is important for the Government to implement the above policies and programmes so that it
would help the society in overcoming the poverty of the masses. Safety Net programmes related
to Health and education sectors help in establishing a healthier and educated society. This
requires a National Identity Card which would ensure that the true benefits of the Government
are directly enjoyed by the targeted beneficiary.

EDUCATION IN INDIA – KEY INDICATORS:

1. Only 66% per cent of the Indian people are literate (76% of men and 54% of women). While
90 per cent children in the 6-11 age group are literate.

2. Out of all the formally enrolled students in schools, 40 per cent drop out at the primary stage.
The enrolment ratios of Scheduled Caste (SC), Scheduled Tribe (ST) and Muslim children
(especially girls) is much lower than the national average. Almost 1.36 crore (40 per cent)
children in the age group of 6-14 years remained out of school even after four years after the
launch of the SarvaShikshaAbhiyan. Basic infrastructural facilities like a leaking roof or no
water supply, no blackboard or furniture, or even functioning toilets are miss 1. Only 66% per
cent of the Indianpeople are literate (76% of men and 54% of women). While 90 per cent
children in the 6-11 age group are literate.

3. Out of all the formally enrolled students in schools, 40 per cent drop out at the primary stage.
The enrolment ratios of Scheduled Caste (SC), Scheduled Tribe (ST) and Muslim children
(especially girls) is much lower than the national average. Almost 1.36 crore (40 per cent)
children in the age group of 6-14 years remained out of school even after four years after the
launch of the SarvaShikshaAbhiyan. Basic infrastructural facilities like a leaking roof or no
water supply, no blackboard or furniture, or even functioning toiin many of the government
schools. The official teacher-student norm is 1:40, yet in some states classes average is one
teacher for every 80 children. Malnutrition, hunger and poor health still are the main problems,
which comprehensively affect attendance and performance in classes. The added burden of work
at home and child labour make many of the children especially girls, to drop out of school.
3.2 UNIQUE IDENTIFICATION – ITS USAGE IN PRIVATE, PUBLIC &
GOVERNMENT SECTORS:
Let us look into some of the programmes where the Aadhaar scheme can plug leakages:

Public Distribution System (PDS)

In India, the public distribution system which is the most widely used food distribution

system operates throughout the country through the ration card. It distributes food to 65

million households (GOI, 2011e). Studies report large leakages17 and subsidized food

grains being diverted. Almost 58 percent of the targeted beneficiaries (GOI (2005b) do

not get subsidized food grains because of Identification errors.

Source of leakage in PDS:

1. Theft of grain - cannot be solved using Aadhaar alone. In the entire supply chain,

leakages happen at every single point of distribution.

2. Beneficiaries are either non-existent, or duplicated, i.e., beneficiaries have multiple

identities only for the purpose of obtaining subsidies.

3. Beneficiaries are being incorrectly classified. This is the third biggest

identification error. Application of Aadhaar alone is not a solution to this problem

(Khera, 2011b).

According to GOI (2005b), theft or diversion of subsidized grains is reported as 16.67 percent.

Utilizing Aadhaar in PDS can help in addressing or combating this component to a large extent.
When we consider the expenditure on kerosene subsidies in 2010-11 .

it was around Rs. 19,600 crore (Nilekani, 2011). As much as 38 percent of kerosene distributed
through the PDS system does not reach its intended recipients (Rangarajan et al., 2006; Business
Standard, 2005).

However, the report does not suggest how much of this leakage may be because of duplicate
beneficiaries. Assuming that the leakage proportion in kerosene distributed through PDS scheme
to be similar to that of PDS food grains (GOI, 2005b), and further taking into account, the
improvements that might have happened over a period of time, they have arrived at an estimated
leakage to be 11.1 percent and yield after integrating with Aadhaar to be as 8.3 percent.
MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT
GUARANTEE SCHEME
(MNREGS):
It is through the MNREGS programme that all households in rural villages of India get

100 days of employment. The cost of wages is estimated to be about 70 percent of the

Total expenditure on the scheme. Transparency and accountability measures are very

much essential for implementing these schemes. For this to be implemented, job cards

need to be issued, muster rolls need to be maintained, monitored and implementation of

the system needs to be audited. Diversion of funds to duplicate beneficiaries seems to be

the main problem in this scheme also. Fake work records are maintained. Data

collected from 8 states as per Chauhan et al. (2009) suggests that people resort to

maintenance of muster rolls. An audit conducted by the Centre for Planning, Monitoring

and Evaluation in 19 districts of ORISSA during 2007-2008 (CPME, August 2008)

found that muster rolls reflected that only 61 percent of the wage payments had actually

been received by the intended beneficiaries. While there may be variations in the state

wise implementation of the scheme, problems similar to that of ORISSA have been

identified in other States also. Uttar Pradesh (Dhuru, 2007), Jharkhand (CDE, 2007b)

and Chattisgarh (CDE, 2007a) are some states for which audit reports reflecting such

data are available. From these surveys, we find approximately 12 percent leakage is

being caused mainly because of manipulated muster rolls. It is assumed in the report

that 5 percent of those leakages can be plugged through enabling bank accounts with

Aadhaar number and 7 percent through automation of muster rolls.

Education

SSA and MDM are the government's two flagship programmes in the field of primary

education22. Under SSA, the government takes care of the expenses for schooling

facilities, teachers’ salaries, and textbooks for students and uniforms for children. The
MDM23 programme takes care of their nutritional requirements through the provision of

cooked meals. The allocation of benefits under these schemes is based on the basis of

enrolment figures provided by each State.

The introduction of MDM and SSA has contributed immensely to improvement of

enrolments in schools (GOI, 2010a). However, PROBE (1998) gives a caution that

official enrolment data compiled from school records is often not correct and is prone to

exaggeration of under-age enrolments, nominal enrolment of children who do not

actually attend school, double enrolment of children who attend private schools, and the

fake enrolment of ghost beneficiaries. Kumar and Rustagi (2010) feel that “enrolment

figures are manipulated generally to get additional allocations of food and other

materials that can be taken out in the name of beneficiaries. The government has to face

losses in the form of wasteful expenditure and leakages arising due to inflated

enrolment data”. Aadhaar can help address this concern by providing a much more

robust mechanism to monitor the enrolment and attendance of students. This will help

address the problem of inflated and fictitious enrolments. It is assumed in the report that

the integration of Aadhaar with the MDM scheme will enable the government to save

approximately 7 percent of the cost.

Fertiliser Subsidy

The government prescribes the maximum price at which fertilizers may be sold. Most of

the subsidy amount is released to the manufacturer or importer when the fertilizers are

received at district level, and the remaining is released when the fertilizers are sold to

the dealer or retailer. The fertilizer moves from the producers/importers, to

wholesalers/dealers, to retailers, and eventually to the farmers. At present, there is no

way or a fool proof method by which the individual farmers who receive these

fertilizers can be identified. Hence, there is always a potential for diverting the

fertilizers towards non-agricultural uses, which is a problem because the subsidies are
justified only if used for agriculture. Aadhaar need to be used to limit diversion and

other leakages and for improving the efficiency in the system.

LPG Subsidy

The government has subsidized the rate of LPG cylinders for household consumption.

The price of LPG cylinders for commercial purposes is not subsidized. There might be

instances where some households may be using the subsidized LPG cylinders for non

household purposes. It is necessary to authenticate and identify individuals subsequent to such a

policy decision. Aadhaar database can be linked with the database of house-holds using LPG

cylinders. The individuals purchasing the cylinders need to be authenticated. This would

help minimize the leakage and diversion of cylinders meant for household consumption.
UID PROJECT, WILL INVOLVE THREE STAGES:

First, the technical infrastructure was laid out and the database built by acquiring data

from various sources.

The enrolment drive will form the second stage where the collection of biometric

samples happen. There is also a third stage where the new infrastructure and database will be

used to drive transparency and accountability in public services.

The globally acceptable rate of error in biometric identification technologies is 0.4 per

cent, which for the UID project turns out to be a whopping 40 lakh Indians. Hence the

aim is to further reduce this and bring down the rate to the lowest possible. For this the

reliability on the available technology seems to be very much a huge possibility as well

as a big risk.

PROBLEMS IN IMPLEMENTATION
When the need for digitization of all existing databases would arise to create a

comprehensive database, political will would be the key for proper implementation. A

huge gulf has emerged between the expectations and the intentions of the Unique

Identification Authority. Expectations from the people are that it should not be limited

only to delivering subsidies and services but the utilities need to expand. People expect

that it should be implemented on a national scale without making use of small

enrolment agencies where fake ids are likely to be generated. People expect that it

should be used for identification verification and authentication throughout the country

and not restrict its usage only to the delivery of subsidies. Expectations are that the

government need to look into the privacy issue of enrollees in a much more detailed

manner rather than taking a specific view that data would be encrypted, not shared and

hence would be safe. The general public want the id to help them in getting their

passports, pan cards, opening the bank accounts and solve their day to day
authentication problems. People expect that there should be a mechanism for the public

to raise complaints without the sanction of the UID authority as it is now envisaged. It

leaves the enrollees without any option for the data integrity issues like data security,

integrity and privacy. People expect that all other databases which are likely to be

merged with Aadhaar in future also need to be brought into the legal ambit rather than

forming a legislation only in the name of Aadhaar. The UIA will not resolve a bad

delivery of public services.

3.3 CHALLENGES IN THE DESIGN OF UNIQUE ID :

Designing a UID Number for a population of more than a billion plus is an incredible

management and technical challenge.

The challenges that UIDAI has looked into while thinking of the design process are that

it should be: Multipurpose, Robust, Cost-effective, Long – term impact, Last for

centuries without changes, Unanticipated growth, Introduction of new structure within

the UID format already formalized & Privacy Issues.

The UID number has been carefully designed to not disclose personal information about

the resident including the regional, ethnic and age.

THE US social security number (SSN) has enough of a pattern that an expert can guess

a person’s number from his/her birth-date to the location at which it was issued. It is

also possible to guess from SSN, the date and location at which the card was issued.

The UID is a random number that makes guesswork virtually impossible.

The UID approach is designed as an on-line system where data is stored centrally and

authentication is done. This is a forward leaning approach that makes it possible to

avoid the problems associated with many ID card schemes. Another key feature of the

UID system is ensuring uniqueness in issuing the UID number. The only way to ensure
uniqueness with a high degree of accuracy covering a large population of 1.2 billion is

by the use of biometrics and linking the number to the biometric data.

Since biometric information contains no ordering and hence cannot be indexed like text

based information, when a resident applies for a UID with his fingerprints, iris and

photo of face-these biometrics have to be compared against the entire UID database to

ensure that this new applicant is indeed unique and has not already been allotted a UID

number. Some of the challenges which can be associated with the implementation of the

UID scheme in India are the following: Legal, Administrative and Technological

Challenges.

LEGAL CHALLENGE:
The SSN number was primarily used for keeping track of the benefits

and income of the citizens / migrant workers. As time went by, SSN became the prime

identifier and a supporting document for applying for loans and insurance or even to

apply for a driver’s licence. Now, here in UID project, the legal system in the country

should decide / mandate / regulate the benefits that citizen can acquire through the use

of the UID. While the SSN is an identifier for both the citizens and migrant workers, the

UID is planned to be only for the citizens of the Indian country. The judicial and

executive machinery needs to stipulate the eligibility criteria for allotting the UID to a

given person. The Government of India can also look into the prospect of extending it to

both the migrants as well as its own citizens by the process of which it can help in

several employment and security related issues.

ADMINISTRATIVE CHALLENGE:
Data collection is a massive task in India considering the population of India and it growth rate.

There are chances that data collection can be influenced by factors such as ethnic diversity,

geographical variation, accessibility,

gender and climatic conditions. Hence, there should be a body totally dedicated to
oversee the collection of data and its final storage and retrieval whenever required with

all the safety measures in place. This team should also collect the necessary

proofs/documents needed to corroborate the identity of an individual.

TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGE:
The design and implementation of the UID project depends

largely on the legal and administrative scope of the project. The Data collected needs to

be protected by secure encryption methods and security certificates. System should be

capable of thwarting any type of unethical attacks. Risk factors need to be identified and

risk mitigation factors are to be thought of to counter such risks. Natural calamities like

earthquake, flood, tsunami and attacks of crime can also be some of the factors for a

likely data loss. Standard way to store and retrieve data based on the identification

number should also be considered while designing the system for storage. The design

also needs to have the following four layers: Presentation, Business and Data access and

database layers.

PRESENTATION LAYER:

Primarily the user interface screen where the data entry happens.

Personal detail as well as mandatory field which need to be validated by the technical

team need to be entered at this layer.

Business Layer: This involves the actual implementation of the business processes

involved with the project. Validation of the processes, requests for storing, updating,

retrieving, inserting and deleting of records are all handled at this layer. Business logic

concerning inter-operability &legislative requirements concerned with the private

information of the citizens are all handled by this layer.

Data access layer and Database Layer: This layer can consider the data to be stored

either as a data warehouse or as an online transaction processing (OLTP) database.

There should be enough scope for further upgradation.

Security aspect of UID project: The primary focus is to develop an N-tier architecture

with no particular component having a failure risk that would affect the entire

architecture. Some of the components which can be involved in the N-tier architecture

are the following: Physical Segmentation, Automated OS installation, Dedicated

Network segments, Host-Based firewalls, IP forwarding and Encryption,

Backups, Intrusion Detection, Layered Environment & Centralized Logging.

Database disaster recovery is another focus area that needs to be focused to prevent:

manual failure and backup operation support, integrated monitoring with email alerts,

intrusion detection &providing consistent data.

3.4 BIOMETRIC AND IRIS SCAN – STRUCTURE AND ITS

IMPLEMENTATION :
Biometric Approach To Uid: There are different types of biometrics that can be used to

accurately identify a person:Facial Recognition, Vocal recognition, Iris scanning and

Finger printing.

To make the data stored to be unique, multiple biometric information are now the trend.

Multiple biometrics could be two types of biometrics, such as collecting information

about facial and iris recognition. It can also involve instances of a single biometric, such

as 1, 2 or 10 fingerprints, 2 hands and 2 eyes. Fingerprint and facial recognition

technologies are to be integrated to make the stored data much more unique. Processes

should be introduced to handle people without UID such as immigrants and dual

citizenship holders.

Hardening:

The system needs to be configured to the security settings to improve the

resilience of the system for unauthorized manipulation.

Host based firewall:

Firewalls need to take care of network congestion, maintenance

and other scalability issues in future. Minimization: Components that are required for a
particular module of UID project alone need to be installed.

Encryption:

Protocols that are used in the UID need to be encrypted at every instance of data transfer and
need to be re-encrypted while retrieving.

Intrusion Detection:

All the systems, servers, applications, devices etc. need to bemonitored and log maintained. Any
protocol deviation need to be thoroughly checked for any possible intrusion that might have been
attempted.

Defence-in-Depth:

No module should be a single point of failure for the entire system.

Data need to be kept remote by isolating the layers and servers.

4.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY :
Research Design :

The research design refers to the overall strategy that is chosen to integrate the different factors
of the study in a meaningful and logical way, thereby, ensuring that the research problem is
effectively addressed. An exploratory stance where an understanding of the problem that needs
to be researched was adopted. Generally, this design is adopted when there are few or no earlier
studies to refer to or rely upon to predict an outcome. The idea is to initially gain insights and
familiarity for later investigation. A path for further research emerged automatically when the
understanding of the problem became much clearer and it helped in forming strategies for further
research activities. Further, observations and suggestions from various experts were collected in
an informal way and pertinent observations were formed as a basis for formal research until the
problem is understood fully.

This proved to be a cyclical process and ultimately helped in conceptualizing and particularizing
the identification of the problem and understand the research gap. Further, Analytical research is
carried out to infer from the primary research.

SECONDARY RESEARCH :
It was an in-depth secondary research that formed the starting point of the proposed study. This
also paved the way for the primary research, as well as for preparing the various sections of the
report. Once the topic of Unique Identification and its impact on the human resource
development in India was identified, secondary sources available in various formats such as
books, journals, theses, dissertations, websites of UIDAI, blogs and websites related to UIDs
were checked to find the related materials for research. Discussions were held with subject
experts, technical experts and experts involved in the actual implementation in areas relevant to
the study. Since this research was heavily dependent on secondary research, materials it involved
were in accessing more than 132 websites, gather well over 90 references, out of a search of over
260 references of articles, papers presented at conferences, reports, books and articles. These
references were then numbered and listed. An outline of the Ph.D. thesis was prepared by listing
all the relevant aspects of the proposed study. Relevant portions were extracted and key ideas
were identified from over 96 references. These were arranged in the form of a reference matrix
or plan. It was in this matrix plan that each section of the outline was listed and against it the
bibliographic reference numbers and the key idea/s in each were cited. This matrix listed the
bibliography number, the corresponding author’s name, the type of reference (e.g. scholarly
article or research article) and the key idea(s) in each reference listed in the structure. The master
plan was then broken down section wise to form an outline were the key ideas and its sources
were linked. The usage of UIDs in the private, public and government sectors, challenges in the
design of UID, UID’s of about 65 countries spread across the world, details regarding the
biometric scan and iris scan, its structure and implementation procedures and reasons for a legal
framework for a UID in India were studied. This procedure provided the basis for three
important aspects - a) understanding the utilitarian aspects of UID in its current form b) primary
research and design of the questionnaire, the instrument and c) developing the different sections
of the thesis report.

PRIMARY RESEARCH :
The primary research included both quantitative and qualitative research. This was conducted in
the form of a survey using a structured questionnaire. The study is a three dimensional approach
that involves assessing the perceptions of experts from Education, Health and general Aadhaar
implementers. In cases where there was a large geographic area to be covered, Delphi method or
some variations1 of the Delphi method was being used in most of the cases of such nature to
choose the respondents. Finally a list of experts in the field of Health, education and in general
those involved in the implementation of Aadhaar was formed after shortlisting from a big list of
about 256 members who had been listed initially. This shortlisted list consisting of sixty
members each was considered equivalent to the voices of all those involved and hence
interpretations have been finally done based on the in-depth interviews, the researcher had, with
them. Initially a group of six experts was formed and their opinion taken on several of the
questions from the instrument. The observations were noted from each of the experts and
wherever a consensus was arrived at for a specific question, that question was eliminated from
the next round of interview. A similar exercise in a cyclical manner was done for the experts
from the field of education, health and Aadhaar until all the experts were exhausted as well. All
the observations from theexperts were noted and tabulated by quantifying their responses. This
tabulated tables were then finally analyzed. During the primary research regarding the usage of
UID in various countries, data from about were collected. These data collected from various
countries were classified separately into Features, Advantages, Benefits, and Utilities (FABU).
These FABU tabulated tables were then analyzed and interpreted.

As another approach, a database of the present variables being developed by the UID was
considered and the necessary fields that need to be added to the same database structure to make
the UID more utilitarian in terms of adding details related to education and health was looked
into. Factor and correlation analyses were done on the observed data collected from the
interviews of all the experts from Aadhaar, health and education sectors. An investigation was
done to examine the behavioral pattern of the data, the correlation and the dimensionality of the
scale. Hence the frequency, correlation and the factor analysis was done on the same data. It was
found that most of the questions were co-related to each other and they finally were reduced to
about eight factors in each sector (from the original). Further a two-step cluster analysis was also
done to check for the cohesiveness or nearness of all the clusters being formed. Hypotheses have
been framed for all these eight factors in advance and‘t-tests ‘have been used to test for
significance or otherwise of null hypotheses.
4.1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM :
Many governmental reforms are being announced to make ease of doing business. The
government has brought out digital India initiatives with the adoption of Information
Technology. Many amendments are being done in the existing legislations and new laws being
brought into suit to the changing business environment. These changes are needed in various
sectors where there is no policy framework in place. To provide better and easier life style, to all
and in particular in the rural areas and to uplift them from below the poverty line, the
government has introduced various developmental schemes (explained at later sections).
However, there were difficulties in identification of individuals and beneficiaries. The benefits of
the government schemes were not reaching the genuine beneficiaries. There arose the need to
produce a proof of identity. Different documents were submitted for age proof, address proof,
etc., to evidence the identity of the individual. The proofs were required while admission to
schools, claiming medical facilities, obtaining passport, opening bank accounts, obtaining
insurance policy, hospitalization etc. The requirement of producing documents as a proof and to
authenticate individual, increased enormously.

There arose a need for producing one single common document which would serve for all
purposes and hence the emergence of Unique Identification number for all. The solution to all
these maladies resulted in issuing of Unique Identification number. This solved the problem of
identification. Production of single document with a unique number solved the identification
issue.

There was also need to link taxes, loans, health card schemes, education and there was a need
for identification in all these instances. There was a need for identification, when life or general
insurance policies are issued; for claim settlement; nomination and assignments of policy; during
hospitalization; death claim or disability claim, accident claim etc. Similarly, a need for
identification of the students, during admission, issue of certificates, scholarship extending
privileges, reservation etc, andhere identification was crucial. Lack or no identification resulted
in malpractices, impersonation, duplicate certificates etc. A research to make an in depth study
of the implications on the education and health sector, the Safety Nets was felt necessary and
hence this study titled “Unique Identification- the implication on the Human resource
Development in India” with special reference to Health and education sectors. This study
attempts to analyze the implications of unique identification for the HR development and also
makes a comparative study of Unique Identification prevalent in a few selected countries. Hence
the following Problem Statement.
4.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT :
Every citizen needs to be identified on the basis of Nationality. This is to facilitate movement
and monitoring of the person. Key details are documented to enable governance. However,
classification of Human Capital in terms of anthropologically, socially, linguistically, culturally,
economically, politically and historically diversified stock of mankind is very much a need for
the government to make policy decisions. There is no study on utility of Unique Identification
Number (UID) for collection, collation and use of mass data for strengthening safety nets –
Health and Education. The present study fulfills the need by studying the UID of India.

5.0 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES:

i. To make a comparative study of UID across 5 continents by FABU paradigm;

ii. To explore the uniqueness of UID of India in terms of Utility for the holder & and the
Government;

iii. To explore the need for framing the policies in the education and health sectors at the
aggregate level.

iv. To evaluate the need for adding fields related to safety nets such as Health and Education
sectors and

v. To examine how HR data on Health and Education can be effectively used for HR
development.

SCOPE OF RESEARCH :
The scope of research is based on Concepts & Application. The concept of Aadhar as defined
with reference to India is the focus of acceptance. The application of Aadhar with respect to
health & education sectors-safety nets for any economy- is restricted for India. The coverage of
study to India can be extended to any economy or polity.

Hypotheses

Hypothesis 1:

H0: Aadhaar does not have a good implementation and delivery model.

H1: Aadhaar does have a good implementation and delivery model.

Hypothesis 2:

H0: Aadhaar security features need not be improved further.

 H1: Aadhaar security features need to be improved further.

Hypothesis 3:

H0: There is no opportunity of the personal data being misused.

H1: There is every opportunity of the personal data being misused.

Hypothesis 4:

H0: Proper Financial Distribution of funds is not happening because of Aadhaar.

H1: Proper Financial Distribution is happening because of Aadhaar.

Hypothesis 5:

H0: Aadhaar has no provision for Health, Education and Social Welfare Delivery.

H1: Aadhaar has provision for Health, Education and Social Welfare Delivery.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:

Every research study has its own limitations. Some of these are inherent in the research design,
while some others become part of the study during various stages of operations.

The present study is subject to the following limitations:

1. The data used in this study are supplied by the respondents who are experts on the subjects of
their domain or in the field of their profession.

2. The respondents are professionals, experts, and who have relevant knowledge in the field of
the present study. However, some of them refused to be a part of the research on the ground of
confidentiality.

3. The respondents have to be convinced about the study. Some of the respondents were reluctant
and not ready to spend their time in discussing about the subject.

4. Any research into legal implications is very difficult, the subject being technical, obtaining
relevant data frequent persuasion was required.

5. An depth of understanding was limited by the extent of information made available by the
respondents.
6. Primary data was collected from health and educational experts and in-depth discussions were
held with other opinion formulators and implementers to strengthen the findings of the primary
research. This data collection was restricted to the area of Karnataka as the experts involved for
the study were available in Bangalore. It is likely that a certain degree of subjectivity, even if
negligible has colored their views. Being professionals and experts, the researcher is confident
that the expert respondents were objective in their approach towards the issues that the study has
risen. Nevertheless, they are human and hence the researcher would like to admit that the
findings of the study, which draw to some extent from the said discussions, may have been
affected to a very small extent.

7. A scheme of this nature being implemented across the nation would be practically impossible
to cover with any specific sample size. Moreover, the methodology adopted with a slight
modification was adopted to yield the expected results. This restricted the sample size.

8. Reluctance of individuals working in the government sector to divulge information regarding

the implementation of Aadhaar and the non-availability of comprehensive statistical data and
information on the human resource development in India in the public domain.

9. Since a scheme of this nature would involve repercussions across several sectors and spread
across a very wide geographic area, only safety net factors such as Education and Health were
considered as part of the study.

COUNTRY-WISE Analysis Of Features, Advantages, Benefits and

Utilities :
The economic performance of a country depends on the way it uses its natural resources as well as
Human resources available in the country. The stability of a country is very much dependent on the
policies and its human resource frameworks. A country with an ID card for uniquely identifying an
individual with its features, advantages, benefits and utilities is one of the ways that we can adopt to
ascertain how the framework is utilized in growth .

Analysis of FABU in African countries:

There are six countries taken up for analysis from the African region. These are countries where
ID cards have been implemented and we seem to have some significant data available. Egypt.
Tunisia, Gambia. Mauritius, South Africa and Zimbabwe are considered for the study.

Egypt: Egypt with a sum total of 15 FABU significantly is at the top of all the African countries.
Utilities outnumber the features, advantages and benefits almost 4 times thereby giving us an
idea that the card is being utilized for multiple tasks than it is generally envisaged in other
African countries.

Tunisia: This is one of the countries in the African region where the presence of an ID card
hardly makes any impact and is underutilized.

Gambia: This is also another country in the African region where the presence of an ID card is
hardly making any significant impact as it stands as one of the lowest ranked.
Mauritius: This country has a single FABU and is one of the least ranked.

South Africa: This is another country which is ranked well in terms of its features, benefits and
utilities. Though FBU are significantly higher, the number of advantages derived from the
presence of an ID card in the country is not much.

Zimbabwe: This country is ranked at number 3 in the African region and its features are much
better than advantages, benefits and utilities.

6.0 Observations:
An identity document is a personal document which might be used to ascertain details of a
person's personal identity. It is generally called as an Identity card (IC) when issued in the form
of a card. However, Aadhaar is not necessarily a card but only a number assigned to each and
every individual residing in India. These Identity cards or numbers are compulsory in some
countries where they are expected to carry along with them at all times. However, it is enough if
you have an ID or a number like in India and also it is more of a voluntary process that you
participate in. Usually in countries where formal identity cards are not issued or mandatory,
driving licences are used for ascertaining the identity of a person. Some countries also accept
passport as another form of identification. Carrying passports are generally made compulsory in
instances involving foreign nationals. Those people may also be allowed to carry an identity card
issued by their own country if they do not possess a residential permit to stay in the country.

Study of UID’s in some select countries of Europe

National ID Scheme in European Union(EU) Countries:

1. Identity management in EU countries is handled along with other entities under egovernment
policies.

2. The idea is to create a common Id identifiable across the EU countries.

3. They are involved in having all the national systems to work together to form a common
consensus and a system to recognize identifications across the countries.

4. Idea is to create a common architecture to allow the nationals to use their National Ids and
their respective national portals with their eID (easier access to Identification across EU – 2010)
and access e-government portals across borders.

5. Safe browsing across borders and clear communication across the member nations is also one
of the objectives.

6. Mobility of students across the borders under EU is another advantage.

7. Cross-border business transactions are likely to be achieved much more easily and smoothly
through this.

8. Finally this eID can also be used for members who intend to move to other member countries
in due course but can still continue to have the same ID and are identifiable across the borders.

9. E-Id card can also be used to store signatures which can be used for authentication purposes
across the borders for any business transactions.

EU’s e-Government Action Plan: Consists of the following 5-point action plan:

a) Inclusive e-Government Flexible and multi-channel public services

b) Improving efficiency and effectiveness of e-government.

c) E-procurement through high impact services

d) Key-enablers like e-identity

e) E-participation and innovation programme.

6.1 Approach 2: Data base approach (checklist method)

Health Sector

There is a need to identify the fields which is to be added to the merged Aadhaar database to take
care of the educational and health sector planning at the aggregate level by taking into
consideration all the issues considered above. Health care related issues can further be classified
as:

1. Rural Health care issues

2. Urban Health care issues

The above health care classification can be further divided into:

1. Primary Health care

2. In-house Health care

3. Specialty Health care

4. Super Specialty Health care

Issues pertaining to Health Sector have been identified and the necessary fields required to be
included in the database at the final stage is analyzed:

Issues pertaining to Health:

1. Nuptiality

2. Fertility

3. Family Planning

4. Fertility preferences

5. Morbidity of Mortality

6. Maternal and Child Health

7. Infant feeding and Child Nutrition

8. Knowledge of AIDS

9. Infant Mortality

10. Nutrition and

11. Immunization

Health Surveys conducted at present:

1. Disabled Population

2. Diseases

3. Family Welfare

4. Health & Family welfare projects

5. Health education

6. Health Infrastructure
7. Health Man power

8. Immunization

9. National Family Health Surveys

10. Nutrition

Vital statistics pertaining to

a. Birth rate

b. Death rate

c. Fertility rate

d. Infant Mortality rate

e. Life expectancy

f. Medical certification of cause and death

g. Mortality rate

Education Sector

Education related issues mainly are into sectors where there are:

a. School dropouts

b. Gender Bias

c. Private Vs Public schools

d. Reading levels

e. Arithmetic levels

f. Expenditure categories

g. Pupil Teacher ratios

h. Infrastructure facilities

i. Drinking water availability

j. Washroom facilities
k. Library

l. Midday meals

m. Furniture for teachers and students

n. Availability of black boards

o. Facilities for children with disabilities

Issues pertaining to Education:

1. Policy analysis of Government

2. Political compatibility

3. Administration of Education

4. Allocation of Finance

5. Status of trained teachers

6. School Infrastructure (Physical & Employable Teachers)

7. Wastage and Stagnation

a. Lack of educational atmosphere

b. Undesirable environment

c. Poor economic conditions of parents

d. Absence of proper equipment

Database variables of Aadhaar at present:

1. Name

2. Gender

3. Age

4. Address

5. Email

6. Mobile number

7. Pin code

8. Name of Father/Mother/Guardian/Husband/Wife
9. Aadhaar number

10. Permission to sharing of information

11. Bank details to be linked up

Documentary proofs:

 Proof of Identity
 Proof of Address
 DOB proof
 Proof of residence
 Biometric Details:
 Photograph
 10 fingerprints
 2 Iris prints
 Database variables of NPR at present:
 The following demographic details of every individual are collected:
 Name of person
 Relationship to head of household
 Father’s name
 Mother’s name
 Spouse’s name (if married)
 Sex
 Date of Birth
 Marital status
 Place of birth
 Nationality (as declared)
 Present address of usual residence
 Duration of stay at present address
 Permanent residential address
 Occupation/Activity
 Educational qualification

The following biometric details of every individual are required for every usual resident:

 Photograph
 10 fingerprints
 2 Iris prints

Fields which are common to both the databases:

Name

Sex/Gender
Age/DOB

Address

Name of Father/Mother/Guardian/Husband/Wife

Biometric Details:

Photograph

10 fingerprints

2 Iris prints

To avoid duplication of data, there is a need to merge both the databases so that the database
would be able to help in segregating the population by linguistics, anthropology, social and
cultural. This would ultimately help the policy makers in framing policies at the aggregate level.

6.2 Approach 3: Primary Data collection

Initial Phase of the pilot study:

 Three instruments were designed and pilot data was collected.

 The results of the pilot study were put across to the panelists and their suggestions taken.
 The reliability tests were done on a sample size of 10 and pilot data collected and
Cronbach’s alpha was as follows:

1. Aadhaar – for general experts – 0.583

2. Aadhaar – for Health experts – 0.772

3. Aadhaar – for Education experts – 0.902

A bigger sample size need to be taken and then verify the reliability tests again.

The sample size was increased to 60 for all the three instruments developed and the alpha value
verified again.

The improved values are as follows:

1. Aadhaar – for general experts – from 0.583 to 0.778

2. Aadhaar – for Health experts – from 0.772 to 0.805

3. Aadhaar – for Education experts – from 0.902 to 0.908

Result Interpretation:

Aadhaar needs to have a mechanism of updating its record at regular intervals especially those
concerned with Health and Education. It is only when data is collected right at the beginning of
the education stage of an individual that he can further be traced of all his accomplishments at
various stages in his career. It is further useful for the policy makers to know the correct figure as
to how many of them are what stages of education in the country and how many of them have
taken up what courses to further their career. Similarly, it is also important that all the individuals
also get an update on their Aadhaar cards about their health aspects. Information starting right
from the stages where as a child they are subjected to vaccination to the stage where they take up
health related diagnostic checkups to treatment, there should be a mention about each and every
instance in their Aadhaar card data. It is important for the government to know this to further
take policy decisions based on the likely stage of the health of human resources available in the
country.

7.0 Findings from the study :

Comparative analysis of Identification cards of various countries in 5 continents, on the

basis of Features, Advantages, Benefits and Utilities (FABU).

Only 6 out of , that is 9.09% of countries in the sample store information related to health data in
their unique ID’s.

More countries use identity cards to store data regarding Education sector compared to health
related information. Analysis of Features: Out of the 22 features which were identified across the
whose data was collected, only 5 features were prominent and made up 71% of the response.

These included compulsory, Official ID Card, Biometric Card, Personal Information and EU
Validity. It was found that (Feature 1- ID as compulsory proof) 27% of the countries are using
their ID cards as compulsory ID to be carried with them at all the times. However, only 18% of
the countries use the ID cards as an official ID card for identification purposes. As with the
Indian project, only 13 % of the countries collect biometric data. 7 % of the countries use the ID
cards for storing Personal Information and 6% for EU Validity. All other features combined
together amounted to the remaining 29%.

Analysis of Advantages: Out of the 7advantages which were identified across the , whose data
was collected, only 4 featured prominently and advantage as an ID proof was the highest with
47% followed by its advantage of using the ID card as a valid travel document which was 27%.
Some of the countries had the necessary advantage of having the card made in a machine
readable form and it consisted of about 13%, whereas, as a national authentication document as
in the Indian context only 8% of the countries have it.

Analysis of Benefits: Out of the 11 benefits which were identified across the whose data was
collected, only 5are found to be featuring prominently. A benefit such as having the necessity of
an ID card for registration of any document was the highest with 36% and the next highest
benefit with 18% was using the ID card for acquiring any land ownership. Having an ID card for
taking up Govt. related contracts was an advantage with 13% and the countries storing the
information in a central repository was also 13%. Analysis of Utilities: Out of the 13 Utilities
which were identified across the whose data was collected, only 8are found to be featuring
prominently and cover almost 83%. A utility like using the ID card for applying or renewal of
Driver’s license was rated the second highest with 20% of the countries having it and the highest
was the usage of using the ID card for opening a bank account and applying for a passport as
with the Indian context.

From the analysis it was quite evident that European countries reap the most of Features and
Advantages while it is the Asian countries that reap the most as far as benefits and Utilities are
concerned.

7.1 The following are the summary of findings:

1. Central and State governments are interested in setting up of curative centers than on aiming
of preventive measures. Majority of the respondents, who are experts in the relevant field of the
study, felt the need for digitized health records, as they opined that when records are digitized,
health records are made available to the concerned authorities. It was expressed that when it
becomes easier and convenient for government to make the medical facilities available for the
general public at the curative centers than on taking up of the activities that may not really solve
the medical issues on hand.

2. The study has revealed that data was safe and cannot be compromised. The available data can
be used for resource mobilization, allocation and distribution at all levels. Medical and education
has failed to produce professionals capable of effectively dealing with community health issues.
There is need to be a balance between the requirement at the national level and the number of
professional coming out every year from medical colleges.

3. The respondents viewed that the present Aadhaar card shall protect the Safety Nets and
privacy rights. The government should ensure that there are no resistance from the general public
who have apprehension about the privacy issues.

4. Some respondents expressed Aadhar card avoids duplication of information. There is no need
to collect the same information as data bank provides the relevant information required for
various activities and purposes. If any relevant information is required, the said information may
be collected from the Aadhaar card data. This avoids calling for same information by different
authorities. Further, obtaining information from the public, incurs cost, this can be avoided. The
quality of information is also enhanced.

5. A few respondents were of the opinion that the issue of Aadhaar card was imposed and
pushed on the public. There were resistance, and lack of awareness about the usefulness of card.
It is imperative that Aadhaar card issue was very much required by government to establish the
identity of the people holding the card. They were being brought under the constitutional
framework. Majority of the public being unaware of the real usefulness of the Aadhaar resisted
and were hesitant to provide correct information and were blaming the government, stating that
the issue of Aadhaar was pushed by them by government with an ulterior motive. They felt the
process was introduced in haste and were not implemented gradually. In fact the matter had to be
decided by the Supreme Court of India, the court took a stand that Aadhaar need to be
implemented on a voluntary basis and not made mandatory. However, it was observed that
implementation to be made mandatory, lest the required data will not be made available to the
government and further it would become difficult for government authorities to establish identity
of the individual.

6. It was found that majority of the respondents felt the need for an awareness campaign to make
the real beneficiaries aware of the advantages of the social welfare schemes of the government.
There is a need to enroll all eligible beneficiaries to avail the schemes. Besides awareness there
is a need to identify the right and eligible beneficiaries. It was perceived that awareness
campaign of the benefits extended by government would motivate the public in participating and
enroll themselves under the scheme. To establish identity issue of UID is crucial. Once the entire
population is issued with Aadhaar, the availability, accessibility and quality of services delivered
in Health, education and other sectors would improve drastically in all respects.

7. Majority of the respondents (experts) have expressed that the idea of integrating Aadhaar with
NPR (National Population Register) is a welcome proposal and the UID to accommodate to
record Health and Education information, as well as information pertaining to other sectors. This
proposal will reduce the expenditure on Census and other Survey work done by the government.
The changes in personal details to be entered in Aadhaar card and avoid frequent collection of
data by multiple authorities. The card to be tagged to births and deaths, making population
census automatic and helps in preparing and updating the mortality table. It was opined that
health and education records need to be included by changing the existing data base or by
merging the existing data base with NPR data base. The Aadhaar to have the basis details front
end information and updating has to effected at backend.

The UID number must be merged with the data base of NPR so that the inclusivity can be
brought out and the cost of collecting data frequently will get minimized. Once the health records
and education records are merged with the main stream of Aadhaar number, the issue of issuing
separate cards can be avoided. There will be no multiplicity of cards to be handled. This will be
useful for dispensaries, primary health care, institutions, hospitals, and nursing homes, diagnostic
centers etc., and in education sector for admission, training, and examination and in other
functions relating to HRD

1. The majority of the respondents stated that proposal to integrate Aadhaar with NPR was
needed and should contain provision for including educational records. Inclusivity of all
educational related programmes to be brought in and benefits would be directly transferred to the
beneficiaries. This helps in ascertaining the total cost incurred on educational schemes compared
vis-a-vis with the budget allocation. This integration also helps in planning the HR by
segregating the available data into various groups based on their skills and educational
accomplishments.

This helps the government to decide on the new course and to find out literacy rate, and
accordingly make suitable corrections in the existing system. Government can also plan for
digitizing the marks card and other accomplishments. This facilitates to ascertain skill shortage
and the records be further used for employment records PF (UAN), settlement and other terminal
benefits settlements.

2. .Majority of the respondents indicated that their consent for using Aadhaar as a platform in
both health and educational records. They were of the view that the data generated can be
conveniently used for the purpose of planning in both thesectors. Once he data is used in
planning it can solve several problems such as making the data available and almost all the
locations to improve the functionality of the governments.

3. It was expressed that insufficient data would not help the government for implementation of
HR policies. There is a need to merge NPR data with the Aadhaar number. Keeping in view the
diverse cultural traits and ethno religious hospital oriented and curative approach to preventive
and promotion of health care. Therefore it was perceived sufficient and accurate details to be
provided by the people for incorporating the same in Aadhaar. Besides collection of data there is
also need for updating the same, to provide additional data, for effecting modifications and to
provide update information. There is need for coordination, cooperation, guidance and help from
government and cooperation from the card holders. Mutual assistance helps in building better
relations with government and public and other authorities.

4. There was almost an unanimous opinion that Aadhaar should have a legal sanction to
incorporate medical and education details in Aadhaar. It was essential to have a legal sanction for
the public to share their personal details. Aadhaar to have a legal sanction, the government to
take initiative to make it mandatory for all the citizens and also to accept the health and
education records provided by the cardholders.
5. It was stated by majority of respondents that there is an impact of Aadhaar on the social
welfare systems in the country. India needs better trained professionals in the field of health and
education sectors, to take care of resource mobilization and allocation of resources for
management of proper delivery system. At present Aadhaar has proved to be a boon in the social
welfare delivery system in India. However, a financial inclusivity would bring in much more
positive results.

6. The main issues identified by the respondents basically lies within the government, the
political parties, the legal hurdles, and implementation resistance, and resistance from the public,
etc., to share and provide information. Aadhaar is insisted as an evidence to open a bank account,
issue of driving license, passport, financial transactions health care, education and to reduce
multiplicity of ID proofs such as pass port, PAN cards, Telephone bills, Voters ID, ration card
etc.

7. It was expressed that Aadhaar should not compromise on civil liberties. Certain information to
be kept confidential and must not be accessible.

7.2 Extent to which Objectives have been achieved:

Objective 1: Comparative analysis of Identification cards of various countries in 5 continents,
on the basis of Features, Advantages, Benefits and Utilities (FABU). To make a comparative
study on an FABU approach, were selected randomly from Africa, Asia, Europe, N. America,
and S. America. It was found that there are varied differences from country to country and
observed that Aadhaar has all the uniqueness that that an identity requires. Aadhaar has been
designed and developed taking into consideration, the Indian conditions, the business
environment and such other factors. It has scope to extend its area of coverage and can be used
for multiple purposes, activities, schemes etc. It can be conveniently used for HR development.
This card can be used from birth to death for purposes to provide census of population, birth
certificate, evidencing the date of birth, at the time of admission to schools, hospitalization, claim
settlement, for terminal benefits, and to issue even the death certificate.

Objective 2: To explore the uniqueness of UIDs in terms of its utility to the holder and the
government. The study found that there are many utilities to the holder, in availing benefits
under various schemes of government; in establishing his identity on many activity that he has to
undertake with government and on government entities. It is a good tool in the hands of
government – policy makers and implementers in establishing identity; to maintain a data bank
of all the people of India, Aadhaar provides safety Nets, with one unique number for multiple
activities.

Objective 3: To identify the areas and factors considered for framing the policies in the health
and education sector at the aggregate level for the development of HR. It was opined that the
existing Aadhar to be redesigned to incorporate digitized health records and education records.
This would probably, helps to identify the patients and students; which would help for building
the HR data in the future. When a child is born, a card with details could benefit for various
activities. A system has to be developed for updating the ID and for periodical renewal. This can
be done, on a perpetual basis, whenever any information is to be modified, the authority
concerned can make the alteration digitally, on line on surrender of old card, and a new card can
be issued.

Objective 4: To analyze the implications of UID, in the safety Nets, such as health and education
sector. It was stated the UID cards must be able to help the parents while admitting a child to a
school, availing benefit provided by education authority, could act as Hall ticket at the time of
examination and for such other facilities provided by educational institutions and the department
of Education. Further the same card can be used for hospitalization, medical insurance,
immunization details, blood group and such other data relating to health issues.

This helps in prevention /minimization of impersonation, wrong identity, in identifying nominees

and assignees, helps to build and maintain back end record, and such other HR details for
development of HR.

Objective 5: To study the role of HR data on health and education sector for the HRD The role
played by HR data is immense and has far reaching implications. These data on the UID helps at
the time of admission to the school, for employment, availing benefits, preventing duplicate/fake
marks cards and certificates, to provide information at the time of reference check, settlement of
terminal benefits etc. The data in the UID helps as a proof of age, chronic diseases, proof of
physical disablement, for life and health insurance claim settlement by insurance companies, for
issue of death certificates, and at the time of inheritance. Also helps in the court matters. Thus
from the above it can be stated that the objectives of the study are fulfilled to a large extent and
help in further research study on this subject and other related subjects.
7.3 SUGGESTIONS
From the Comparative analysis of Identification cards of various countries in 5 continents, on the
basis of Features, Advantages, Benefits and Utilities (FABU) analysis it was quite evident that
European countries reap the most of Features and Advantages while it is the Asian countries that
reap the most as far as benefits and Utilities are concerned. India can consider extending more
FABU based on a feasibility study. Indian UID has many benefits to the holder and the
government in terms of biometric data captured and as a national authentication document. The
database could be further expanded by merging with existing NPR for extending further benefits
to cardholders and government. It is necessary that health records need to be included either
through changing the existing data base structure or by merging the existing database with that of
NPR database. Government is very much inclined to merge the database of Aadhaar with that of
NPR so that inclusivity can be brought in. Once the health records are added to the main stream
of Aadhaar, the issues existing is health delivery system such as management of a) dispensaries
b) Primary health care institutions c) small hospitals providing specialist services d) Large
hospitals providing tertiary care e) allotment of medical colleges f) establishment of paramedical
training schools and g) diagnostic laboratories would be much more meaningful. Similarly data
related to education sector like teacher availability, training infrastructure, skill matrix and
student and training mapping can be done easily with consolidated database.

Experts felt that Aadhaar should have provision for digitized health records. State governments
are more interested in setting up of curative centers than on aiming at prevention of diseases.
When digitized health records are made available, it becomes easier for the government to make
the necessary medical facilities available for the general public at those curative centers than on
taking up of activities that may not really solve the medical issues on hand. Governance and
functional role of the government should be made more inclusive so that it comes out with better
strategic vision for health management.

Experts felt that the data was safe and cannot be compromised. Therefore, data which is
available can be made use of for resource mobilization, allocation and distribution at all levels
(National and Local).

Respondents felt that this data can also be used for planning of health and educational policies.
It can help in grouping and segregating the data in terms of the necessary factors for health and
educational deliverables. Having a strategic vision for solving the issues of the health and
education sector needs to be an important factor for the government. Once the data is made use
of proper planning of the health and educational policies, it can solve several important problems
such as making the data available at almost all the locations, improve the functionality of the
state governments and improve the governance.

Insufficient data would not help the government in implementing its Human Resource policies.
NPR data base would be merged with that of Aadhaar. Keeping in view of our diverse cultural
traits and ethno-religious beliefs, territorial vastness etc. it is necessary for the government to
shift from hospital oriented and curative approach to preventive and promotive health oriented
care. Hence, sufficient data needs to be collected. Having a legal sanction was essential for the
public for sharing their personal information. Aadhaar has got the necessary legal sanctity.
Government should make it mandatory for all the residents of India and also accept the health
and educational records.

If only Aadhaar had made provisions for accepting health and educational records or merge its
database where these data are available, management of government policies would have been
easier. Aadhaar still continues to say that it is only a platform for different service providers to
make use of. Aadhaar should merge with NPR so that the data available is much more utilitarian.

Medical education has failed to produce professionals capable of effectively dealing with
community health issues. There needs to be a balance struck between the requirements on the
national level and the number of professionals coming out every year from our medical colleges.
Available data has to be safe and structured so that it can be made use by the policy makers for
the implementation of government policies. Experts felt that Aadhaar protects privacy rights. The
more the general public starts sharing their information, the better it is for the government to use
the data for framing the policies.

Experts felt that Aadhaar avoids duplication. It is not necessary to collect the required
information once again for the policy makers. Available data if used judiciously should help in
bringing down the cost and meet the rising aspirations of the general public. The Supreme Court
has been very clear in its stand that Aadhaar needs to be implemented on a voluntary basis and
not made mandatory. Aadhaar if made mandatory which it would eventually become in the
future would encompass the entire population and help in planning the management of the
available financial resources by the government and thereby ensure that the right person gets the
right benefits. Awareness of the benefits of Aadhaar would motivate the public into participating
in the enrollment scheme. More than 92% of the population have already enrolled and it is only a
matter of time before all the residents of India are a part of the enrollment process. Once the
entire population is enrolled, the availability, accessibility and quality of services delivered in the
health and education sectors would improve drastically. Inclusivity of all educational related
programmes would be brought in and benefits would be directly transferred to the beneficiaries.
It would also help in planning the human resources by segregating the available data into various
groups based on their skills and educational accomplishments. It is expected that in due course of
time, educational records would also be linked up with that of Aadhaar. Once the educational
records of an individual is linked right from the stage when he joins the educational system until
he finishes his education, all his records can be authenticated very easily at the point of applying
for a job based on his skills. It is imperative that Aadhaar data is required by the government. In
spite of it being brought under the constitutional framework, people are hesitant to share the
information and blames the government that it is being pushed rather than slowly being
implemented. The Supreme Court has been very clear in its stand that Aadhaar needs to be
implemented on a voluntary basis and not made mandatory. Aadhaar if made mandatory which it
would eventually become in the future would encompass the entire population and help in
planning the management of the available financial resources by the government and thereby
ensure that the right person gets the right benefits. It can then include not only the minorities but
all the beneficiaries of the government schemes.
Middle men involved in distributing the benefits to the needy are totally avoided. It can in turn
improve the economic conditions of the downtrodden. Huge financial savings to the
government. The policy of Financial Inclusion started by the government should be continued
until all the beneficiaries are included. Country needs better trained professionals in the field of
health and education sectors to take care of resource mobilization and allocation of resources for
management of proper delivery system in India. Aadhaar in the present form has proved to be a
boon in the Social welfare delivery system in India, however, financial inclusivity would bring in
much more positive results. The in depth study and the opinions of experts reveals that the
governance and functional role of the government should be made more inclusive, so that it
results in better strategic vision for health management. Aadhaar card may be redesigned to
ensure that the available data must be safe and structured, so that the same can be used by the
policy makers for the implementation of government policies. There must be provisions for
making any alteration and modification in the card retaining the card number unaltered. The back
end office must be equipped to make corrections, alterations, additions, deletion in the original
card. For altering a nominal fee may be levied for each modification. The use of Aadhaar card
will be more effective, if the public share the required information with the implementing
authorities. It is also advisable for the government to frame policy and to maintain data records
and to retrieve them in case the card holder shares the information. This would further help the
government to maintain the useful information in back end office which can be used for multiple
purposes by different authorities, such as Income Tax authorities, educational institutions,
Hospitals, government and non-government organizations

Holding Aadhaar card may be made compulsory and production of the same must be mandatory
while opening bank account, issue of passport at the time of admission to educational
institutions, during hospitalization etc. If everyone hold Aadhaar card it would eventually
become the identity card for everyone and extends to whole population which would help in
planning the management of the financial resources, HR and it would ensure that the right people
get the right benefits expeditiously. The information seeker, authorities must avoid indenting
same information frequently, and incurring cost, instead the authorities can log on to Aadhaar
number to retrieve any information or the data could be improved by adding additional
information provided by the card holders. This enhances the quality of information and it
minimizes the cost incurred on calling for same data too frequently, and by different authorities.

Awareness programmes of the various schemes and the benefits and utilities of the UID number
must be organized, particularly in rural areas and persons belonging to lower income groups.
Repeated advertisements to be made in print and visual media. It is suggested that the number in
the Aadhaar card to be tagged to the health records and education records, to ensure inclusivity,
reducing cost, offering better and quality services. The cost incurred on Census and Surveys can
be minimized. It is suggested that the educational records to be incorporated in Aadhaar right
from admission to schools till the completion of education. . It is suggested that government to
take action to include Health and Educational records in Aadhaar number for its planning in
health and education sectors when incorporated the information will become more accurate and
qualitative. The malpractices can be minimized if not totally eliminated.
7.4 Test Results of Hypotheses and Interpretation
1. Aadhaar is to be made compulsory.

2. Aadhaar should contain personal information.

3. Aadhaar should be given to all the permanent residents of India.

4. Aadhaar need not contain information about DL and firearms.

5. Aadhaar should concentrate on giving a multifunctional card with a number.

6. Aadhaar should be made the official identity card.

7. Aadhaar should be in native language also.

8. Aadhaar should contain facial data also.

9. Aadhaar should contain provincial information also.

10. Aadhaar should contain Health Insurance data also.

11. Aadhaar contains cryptographic information.

12. Aadhaar needs to be updated at regular intervals.

13. Aadhaar does not have holographic identification.

14. Aadhaar is issued free of cost.

15. Aadhaar card in not laminated when issued.

16. Aadhaar needs to be valid travel document.

17. Aadhaar should have emergency medical information.

18. Aadhaar does contain a unique numeric personal code for everyone.

19. Aadhaar need not have multiple issuing authorities.

20. Aadhaar does follow an International set standard for issuing of cards.
21. Aadhaar should issue different coloured cards for men and women.

22. Aadhaar should have a film coating on the cards being issued.

23. Aadhaar is to be used as an Identification proof.

24. Aadhaar is easy and is quickly issued.

25. Aadhaar does not contain any validity or expiry date.

26. Aadhaar is not used for Authentication of Nationality.

27. Aadhaar is not compulsory to carry at all times.

28. Aadhaar card is at present not in a machine readable form.

29. Aadhaar should be used as a valid document for any government related works.

30. Aadhaar should be used during registration of any valid legal documents.

31. Aadhaar should be made compulsory to obtain a valid credit card.

32. Aadhaar does have a mechanism to control the influx of refugees.

33. Aadhaar needs to be connected to a central repository.

34. Aadhaar should be used as an identification proof for students in schools.

35. Online authentication is possible in Aadhaar.

36. Aadhaar need not be in EU compliant format.

37. Aadhaar data is in digital format.

38. Aadhaar needs to be used as a tool for social insurance.

39. Aadhaar is being made use of for opening a bank account.

40. Aadhaar is to be made use of while registering at school for the first time.

41. Aadhaar is to be made use of / made compulsory while buying a mobile.

42. Aadhaar should be made compulsory for applying / renewal of DL.

43. Aadhaar should be made compulsory for applying a passport.

44. Aadhaar has to be made compulsory for doing any social service.

45. Aadhaar should be made compulsory at the time of voting as an identification proof.

46. Aadhaar should be made compulsory for registering as a tax payer in the government sectors.
47. Aadhaar should be made compulsory for applying for tertiary education.

48. Aadhaar should be made compulsory for logging onto personal websites.

49. Aadhaar should be made compulsory during the renting of apartments.

50. Aadhaar should be made compulsory for all online financial transactions.

51. Aadhaar will reduce the number of multiple identification cards presently being used.

52. Aadhaar does have a good implementation and delivery model.

53. Aadhaar does have good security features.

54. Aadhaar does have an easy mechanism for data correction and updating facility.

55. Personal data in Aadhaar can be misused.

56. Aadhaar collects the data right from the early stages and regularly updates it.

57. Aadhaar data does have proper data connectivity features.

58. Aadhaar does ensure that proper distribution of government funds under various schemes
happen.

59. Aadhaar has provision for storing information about health, education and social welfare
delivery.

60. Aadhaar has proper structural policies and IT infrastructure for storing of data.

61. Aadhaar does have data integrity and linkage.

62. Aadhaar data is quite safe.

63. Aadhaar data is quite topical and well structured.

64. Aadhaar data is planned to be accessible to outside government agencies.

65. Aadhaar data is concerned with the governance and curbing of corrupt practices in general.

66. Aadhaar has looked into the legal implications before implementing the scheme in India.

67. Aadhaar is sure to reduce the leakage in the safety net sectors.

68. Aadhaar is efficient and will create a lot of impact on the safety net sectors.

69. Aadhaar does have the potential to directly impact the Direct transfer of Funds to the people
involved in safety net sectors.

70. Aadhaar is robust enough to include all the governmental programs in the safety net sectors
and cause a substantial savings for the government.
71. Aadhaar is capable to be implemented on a large scale in the safety net sectors keeping in
view the India’s size and complexity.

72. Aadhaar does create a great impact on the safety net sectors because of the social, logistical
and political contexts.

73. Aadhaar should be made compulsory irrespective of some groups choosing not to enroll.

74. Aadhaar is capable of accurately identifying people under the safety net sector and enable
them to receive the necessary services they are entitled to.

75. Aadhaar has been designed to provide scalability, accountability and technical compliance to
include the data of safety net sectors.

76. Aadhaar is designed to support acceptance of data related to education and health sectors in
India.

77. Aadhaar data helps in optimising the existing workforce.

78. Aadhaar data helps in anticipating the future workforce requirements.

79. Aadhaar helps in strengthening the individual and institutional capacity.

80. Aadhaar helps in strengthening the existing data used for HR development.

81. Aadhaar helps in strengthening the existing evidence used for HR development.

82. Aadhaar helps in strengthening the existing knowledge used for HR development.

83. Aadhaar helps in the timely collection and reporting of Health and Education related
workforce information.

84. Aadhaar data helps in improving the information architecture and interoperability.

85. Aadhaar does have a monitoring and accountability framework.

86. Aadhaar data helps in strengthening the governance capacity to address education and health
related workforce.

87. Aadhaar data helps in managing migration and improving the retention of health workers.

88. Aadhaar data helps in creating opportunities for professional growth.

7.5 Limitations
Based on the secondary data available, not much research seems to have been previously done on
the subject of Unique Identification and its impact on the Health and Education sectors, since it
is still being implemented on the national scale and its results are yet to be seen. The limitations
of the study are discussed briefly below- Availability of experts in the field of Aadhaar, health
and education who would be willing to share the details either by filling up the questionnaire or
sharing their valuable time for an in-depth interview. Lack of experts in the health and education
sectors to repetitively do a pilot study until the final instrument is fully developed. Most of the
experts were reluctant to share details of on the implementation of UID as they are part of the
implementation group and sharing would amount to breaking the privacy laws of their
organization. The information had to be gathered in spite of constraints from the respondents to
share information and go into more specifics in detail. Dearth of information on impact factors
for the Human resource development in the public domain restricts the ability to correlate the
effectiveness of UID objectives and outcome with success.

7.6 Scope for Further Research

The basic concerns with respect to data collected from Aadhaar are uniformity of Biometric
standards, Economy and convenience to card holders, identity and interoperability for various
services offered in the country. There is immense scope for research in these areas. Also in depth
research is possible on data privacy and linkage of government benefits to card holders.

7.7 Conclusion
The implementation of technology to a large extent eases the implementation of economic and
administrative reforms of the government. The technology helps in fulfilling the government
initiative of ease of doing business and better life style for all the people concerned. This calls for
consequential changes in social sector. One of the change in social structure is the identification
of an individual. The existing evidence of identification such as passport, bank accounts, voter
ID, is not able to be used effectively in a technological environment. The country requires a
unique identification number to each citizen, which can be digitally monitored. This unique card
to be issued, when a person is born, which would act as a proof of date of birth, proof of parents,
address etc., which can be used, till his death and thus providing a single number and a card for
permanent identification of an individual Therefore, a need for issue of Aadhaar card. Any
change in the social sector results in resistance, which will always is temporary and when they
come to know the advantages and the benefits derived from it, the people opt for it.
 In our country, anything which is not compulsory, people will not accept it. Therefore, the issue
of UID must be made compulsory. This card can be conveniently used for various purposes be it
for admission to school, hospital, employment, inheritance, voting, passport or availing benefits
etc. Production of one single document – Aadhaar number, solves the identification problems
and its related issues and helps in documentation purposes. The personal data digitally on
Aadhaar card is to be incorporated in a phased manner and completed within a period of 5 years.
Every citizen to have compulsorily an Aadhaar card and every detail to be made available in the
Aadhaar number of an individual digitally so that the Aadhaar card could be used for multiple
purposes, and can replace multiple documents used for identification such as Passport, ration
card, voters ID, PAN card, Senior Citizen card etc. Aadhaar card can be used for e-voting, in lieu
of passport, ration card, as KYC for banks and for purchasing securities, for depository
participants, for registration of property, payment of property tax and other legal documents and
for various other purposes. It is understood that already banks are directing the customer to write
the Aadhaar number of the recipient on the cheque.

Aadhaar helps to reduce duplication of cards, reduces administrative cost and work will be
executed accurately and expeditiously, as the required information is available at the right time.
It is expected that the Aadhaar will be very useful and a must for India, in education and health
sector and also for the development of HR. It is also be conveniently used by other authorities,
such as Income Tax, Department, Election commission office, municipal authorities, property
tax collection offices, the passport office and other public offices, authorities department etc. The
Aadhaar will be of immense use for individual to perform various activities with government and
nongovernment organizations. Aadhaar helps in achieving the objective of ease of doing the
business. In this Information age, Adhaar helps everyone to have an access to the required
information in a more transparent manner; it reduces time and cost and provides quality
information for performing various activities, and helping in decision making. A need has arisen
for issue of a comprehensive digital ID card to every citizen compulsorily, not only for the
purpose of his identification but also to fulfill other requirements of storing digital records of
people. This will be useful to Government, for implementing schemes, to regulate and control
the economy and other people as a document to establish identity and as an evidence for various
purposes.
WEBLIOGRAPHY:

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2014http://www.igovernment.in/igov/opinion/41631/merging-npruid; Bharti Jain, Rajnath Hints
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http://censusindia.gov.in/2011- Common/FAQs.html

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http://ditnpr.nic.in/NPR_Activit ies.aspx

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