Scribd
Upload
66 views

Mobile Radio Propagation Large-Scale Path Loss

Mobile radio propagation involves modeling both large-scale and small-scale effects. Large-scale models predict average signal strength over distances of several wavelengths, accounting for path loss effects. Small-scale fading arises from rapid signal fluctuations due to multipath interference. The free space path loss model applies to line-of-sight paths and predicts received power decreases with the square of the distance. Additional models account for reflection, diffraction, scattering and log-normal shadowing caused by environmental factors. Practical link budget design combines analytical and empirical path loss models to calculate coverage probability over distance.

Uploaded by

Nguyễn Hữu Đức
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
66 views

Mobile Radio Propagation Large-Scale Path Loss

Mobile radio propagation involves modeling both large-scale and small-scale effects. Large-scale models predict average signal strength over distances of several wavelengths, accounting for path loss effects. Small-scale fading arises from rapid signal fluctuations due to multipath interference. The free space path loss model applies to line-of-sight paths and predicts received power decreases with the square of the distance. Additional models account for reflection, diffraction, scattering and log-normal shadowing caused by environmental factors. Practical link budget design combines analytical and empirical path loss models to calculate coverage probability over distance.

Uploaded by

Nguyễn Hữu Đức
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

Mobile Radio Propagation Large-

Scale Path Loss

1. Introduction to Radio Wave Propagation


• Electromagnetic wave propagation
– reflection
– diffraction
– scattering
• Urban areas
– No direct line-of-sight
– high-rise buildings causes severe diffraction loss
– multipath fading due to different paths of varying lengths
• Large-scale propagation models predict the mean signal strength for an
arbitrary T-R separation distance.
• Small-scale (fading) models characterize the rapid fluctuations of the
received signal strength over very short travel distance or short time
duration.

1
• Small-scale fading: rapidly fluctuation
– sum of many contributions from different directions with different phases
– random phases cause the sum varying widely. (ex: Rayleigh fading
distribution)
• Local average received power is predicted by large-scale model
(measurement track of 5 λ to 40 λ )

2. Free Space Propagation Model


• The free space propagation model is used to predict received signal
strength when the transmitter and receiver have a clear line-of-sight
path between them.
– satellite communication
– microwave line-of-sight radio link
• Friis free space equation
Pt Gt Gr λ2
Pr ( d ) =
( 4π ) 2 d 2 L
Pt : transmitted power d : T-R separation distance (m)
Pr (d ) : received power L : system loss
Gt : transmitter antenna gain λ : wave length in meters
Gr : receiver antenna gain

2
• The gain of the antenna
4πAe
G=
λ2
Ae : effective aperture is related to the physical size of the antenna
• The wave length λ is related to the carrier frequency by
c 2πc
λ= =
f ωc
f : carrier frequency in Hertz
ωc : carrier frequency in radians
c : speed of light (meters/s)
• The losses L ( L ≥ 1) are usually due to transmission line attenuation,
filter losses, and antenna losses in the communication system. A value
of L=1 indicates no loss in the system hardware.

• Isotropic radiator is an ideal antenna which radiates power with unit


gain.
• Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) is defined as
EIRP = Pt Gt
and represents the maximum radiated power available from transmitter
in the direction of maximum antenna gain as compared to an isotropic
radiator.
• Path loss for the free space model with antenna gains
Pt ⎛ G G λ2 ⎞
PL(dB ) = 10 log = −10 log⎜⎜ t r2 2 ⎟⎟
Pr ⎝ (4π ) d ⎠
• When antenna gains are excluded
Pt ⎛ λ2 ⎞
PL(dB ) = 10 log = −10 log⎜⎜ ⎟
2 2 ⎟
Pr ⎝ (4π ) d ⎠

• The Friis free space model is only a valid predictor for Pr for values
of d which is in the far-field (Fraunhofer region) of the transmission
antenna.

3
• The far-field region of a transmitting antenna is defined as the region
beyond the far-field distance
2D 2
df =
λ
where D is the largest physical linear dimension of the antenna.
• To be in the far-filed region the following equations must be satisfied
d f >> D and d f >> λ
• Furthermore the following equation does not hold for d=0.
Pt Gt Gr λ2
Pr ( d ) =
( 4π ) 2 d 2 L
• Use close-in distance d 0 and a known received power Pr (d 0 ) at that
point 2
⎛d ⎞
Pr ( d ) = Pr (d 0 )⎜ 0 ⎟ d ≥ d0 ≥ d f
or ⎝d ⎠
⎛ P (d ) ⎞ ⎛d ⎞ d ≥ d0 ≥ d f
Pr ( d ) dBm = 10 log⎜ r 0 ⎟ + 20 log⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ 0 .001 W ⎠ ⎝d ⎠

3. The Three Basic Propagation Mechanisms


• Basic propagation mechanisms
– reflection
– diffraction
– scattering
• Reflection occurs when a propagating electromagnetic wave impinges
upon an object which has very large dimensions when compared to the
wavelength, e.g., buildings, walls.
• Diffraction occurs when the radio path between the transmitter and
receiver is obstructed by a surface that has sharp edges.
• Scattering occurs when the medium through which the wave travels
consists of objects with dimensions that are small compared to the
wavelength.

4
• Reflection from dielectrics

• Reflection from perfect conductors


– E-field in the plane of incidence
θi = θ r and Ei = Er
– E-field normal to the plane of incidence
θi = θ r and Ei = − Er

• Ground Reflection (2-ray) Model

5
• Diffraction

• The actual received signal is often stronger than what is predicted by


reflection and diffraction
• Scattering
when a radio wave impinges on a rough surface, the reflected energy is spread
out, e.g., trees, lamp posts.

4. Practical Link Budget Design using path


Loss Models
• Radio propagation models combine
– analytical method
– empirical method
• Log-distance Path Loss Model
– average received signal power decreases logarithmically with distance
• The average path loss
n
⎛d ⎞
PL(d ) ∝ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ d0 ⎠
or
⎛d ⎞
PL(d )( dB) = PL(d 0 ) + 10n log⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ d0 ⎠

6
• Log-normal Shadowing
– Surrounding environmental clutter may be different at two different
locations having the same T-R separation.
• Measurements have shown that at any value d, the path loss PL(d) at a
particular location is random and distributed normally (normal in dB)
⎛d ⎞
PL(d ) = PL(d ) + X σ = PL(d 0 ) + 10n log⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + X σ
⎝ d0 ⎠
and
Pr (d ) = Pt (d ) − PL(d )
X σ : zero-mean Gaussian distributed random variable (in dB) with
standard deviation σ
• The probability that the received signal level will exceed a certain
value γ can be calculated from
⎛ γ − Pr (d ) ⎞
Pr[ Pr (d ) > γ ] = Q ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ σ ⎠
where Pr (d ) = Pt ( d ) − PL( d )

7
8

You might also like