GENERAL CONCEPTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY basic things that lie can offer.

This desire pushed them

to develop many things connected with science and
technology.
In the ancient times, people were concerned with CUNEIFORM
transportation and navigation, communication and It is a system that utilizes word pictures and triangular
record-keeping, mass production, security snd symbols which are carved on clay using wedge
protections, as well as health, aesthetics, and instruments and then left to dry.
architecture.
URUK CITY
TRANSPORTATION was significant during that time It is a great wonder not only because it is considered to
because people were trying to go places and discover be the first true city in the world but also for the way it
new horizons. They travelled to search for food and find was erected.
better location for better locations for their settlements.
THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR
COMMUNICATION was also essential in their endeavors The ziggurat, also called the mountain of God, was built
to discover and occupy new places. They needed a way in the same manner that they constructed the city of
to communicate with the natives of the areas they Uruk.
visited so as to facilitate and prevent possible conflicts.
IRRIGATION AND DIKES
WEAPONS & ARMORS were important as well in the This method is considered as one of the world’s most
discovery of new places or establishment of new beneficial engineering works.
alliances with other tribes. At that time, there was
always a risk of conflict when people met others with SAILBOATS
different culture and orientations. At that time, the wheel is not yet invented; the main
mode of transportation was through waterways such as
A primary challenge they faced was the CONSERVATION rivers and seas.
OF LIFE. The early people might have been successful in
harnessing the rich resources that the world could WHEEL
provide, but their survival posed a great problem. The first wheels were not made for transportation but
for farm work and food processes.
Moreover, in order to integrate their needs for better
transportation, establishment of structures for THE PLOW
protection from human attacks from natural disasters, Farmers needed a technology which would enable them
and construction of bigger & stronger infrastructures, to dig the ground where seeds would be planted. The
people ventured into what is now known as the field of plow was invented to dig the earth in a faster pace.
ENGINEERING.
ROADS
The development in engineering also ushered in the In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the
introduction of ARCHITECHTURE. Others might see this Sumerians developed the first roads. With this work,
as a mere style, but during the ancient times, elaborate the flow of traffic become faster and more organized.
architectural designs were signs of technological
advancement of a particular civilization. Babylonian civilization near the Tigris and Euphrates
Rivers. The Babylonians were great builders, engineers,
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION and architects. One of their major contributions is the
hanging gardens of Babylon, one of the 7 wonders in
Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient the ancient world.
Mesopotamia. Sumerian are known for their high
degree of cooperation with one another and their
desire for great things. They are not contented with the
HANGING GARDENS WATER CLOCK (CLEPSYDRA)
It was said to be a structure made up of layers upon This device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water
layers of gardens that contained several species of from one vessel to the other. The amount of water (Or
plants, trees, and vines. its height, depending on the method used) remaining in
the device determines how much time has elapsed
According to legends, the great Babylonian King since its full.
Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for his wife, Queen
Amytis. However, no physical evidence has been found Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of
to prove the existence of the Hanging Gardens of Europe. Known as the birthplace of western philosophy,
Babylon. some of the major achievements of the Greeks included
in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics. More
Another early civilization famous for its legacy for its than coliseums and the Olympics, the Greek civilization
legacy is the Egyptian civilization located in North has contributed much to the world especially in the
Africa. Many stories tell about engineering features of fields of science and technology.
the Egyptians especially regarding the infrastructures
by the pharaohs. Aside from engineering and ALARM CLOCK
technology, the Egyptians contributed other practical The ancient Greek’s alarm clock used large complicated
things that the world now considers as essential. It is mechanism to time the alarm. They made use water
thus safe to say that the pyramids are not only that dropped into drums which sounded the alarm.
contribution of the Egyptian civilization to the modern
world. WATER MILL
They were commonly used in agricultural processes like
PAPER (PAPYRUS) milling of grains which was necessary form of food
Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly along the Nile processing during that time.
River in Egypt. They were able to process the plant in
order to produce thin sheets on which one could write Roman Civilization
down things. The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest
INK political and social entity in the west. It was considered
to be the cradle of politics and governance during that
The ink must withstand the elements of nature since it
was used to record history, culture, and codified laws. period. Because the Roman Empire was so large, other
civilization looked up to it as is their model in terms of
HIEROGLYPHICS legislation and codified laws. Aside from their
This form of writing can still be seen today and remains contributions in politics, a lot of discoveries and
to be as famous as the pyramids where they found. invention still relevant today can be attributed to the
Roman Empire.
Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and
even cure eye disease. Kohl was created by mixing soot NEWSPAPERS
or malachite with mineral galena. The first newspapers, known as gazettes, contained
announcements of the Roman Empire to the people.
WIG Made before the invention of paper, these gazettes
The wigs were worn for health and wellness rather than were engraved in metal or stone tablets and then
aesthetic purposes. They were used to protect the publicly displayed.
shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from the
harmful rays of the sun.
BOUND BOOKS (CODEX) SILK

• Record-keeping was much easier since paper • Although it is naturally produced by silk worms,
did not easily break, was lightweight, and did the Chinese were the ones who developed the
not occupy much space. technology to harvest the silk and process it to
produce paper and clothing.
• Aside from Romans writing down information
about history and politics, literature also • This production resulted in the creation of a
changed form from clay tablets to parchment of product for trade.
papers.
TEA PRODUCTION
• According to sources, Julius Caesar started the
• It is a beverage produced by pouring hot or
tradition by stacking up papyrus to form pages
of a book. boiling water over crushed or shredded dried
tea leaves.
• The early covers were made of wax but were
later on replaced by animal skin which proved • It was believed that the first tea was drunk by a
Chinese Emperor.
to be stronger and longer-lasting.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE • Tea production was developed when an

unknown Chinese inventor created a machine
• One of the most visual contributions of the that was able to shred tea leaves into strips.
ancient Roman Empire to the world.
GREAT WALL OF CHINA
• It was considered a continuation of Greek
architecture, hence, the resemblance. • It was constructed to keep out foreign invaders
and control the borders of China.
ROMAN NUMERALS
• Made with stone, brick, wood, earth, and other
• The Romans devised their own number system materials, it showcased the extent of Chinese
specifically to address the need for a standard engineering technology at that time.
counting method that would meet their
GUNPOWDER
increasing communication and trade concerns.

The Chinese civilization is considered to be oldest • Originally it was developed by Chinese

alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality.
civilization in Asia, if not the world. Also known as
the middle kingdom, China is located on the far east • They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium
of Asia. It was famous among ancient civilizations nitrate, but instead of creating an elixir of life,
because of its silk trade. Not a great amount was they accidentally a black powder that could
written about ancient China partly due to his actually generate large amounts of heat and gas
distance from other civilizations. Despite its less in an instant.
popular status among the early civilizations, one
cannot discredit the significant contributions of
Chinese Civilization to the world.