CHAPTER 8 : DIFFERENTIATION DERIVATIVES OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS & SECOND DERIVATIVES

DIFFERENTIATION (BASIC) 1. Differentiate the following with respect to x :

(a) (5 – 2x)6 4 2 3 − 4x 5
1. Find the first derivative of each of the following using the first principle : (b) (c) (d)
(3 − 2 x )2 3 − 2x
(a) 2x – x2 (b) x(x + 4) (c) 4 – 2x (d) x2 – 3
x x
(e) (5 – 2x3)6 (f) (3 – 4 x )5 (g) 2x2 − 1 (h) 2 3 − 4 x 3
2. Differentiate the following with respect to x :
2. Find f '(x) for each of the following:
(a) (4x2 – 1)(3x2+ 2) (b) (3x2 – 2)(3x2 + 2) (c) (1 – 4x)(1 + 4x) 2
4
 
(a) f (x) =  2 − 1 (b) f (x) = ( 2 x + 1)3 (c) f (x) =  1 + 22 
dy x   x 
3. Find for each of the following :
dx
2
2x4 − 3x + 6  2  3  3.
(b) y =  2 x 2 − 3 
Find the second derivatives for each of the following:
(a) y = (c) y =  − 3  + 2
6x 4  x  3 x  2 x  (a) 4x2(3x2 – 2x –1) (b) x2 + 2 – 42 (c) (3 – x)4 – (2x + 1)3
x x
4. Find f '(x) for each of the following :
d2 y dy
4. Find the values of y and for to be zero for each of the following :
2 2 2 dx 2 dx
(a) f (x) = x (x + 2) (b) f (x) = 4x ( x + 2) (c) f (x) = ( 2 x + 3)
(a) y = 4 + 12x – x3 (b) y = 16x + 12 (c) y = x2 + 2
( )
2
2   x
(d) f (x) =  x + 1  (e) f (x) = 2 x −1
2
(f) f (x) =  x + 2  x
 x x
 x 16 4 5
1 (a) –12(5 – 2x)5 (b) (c) – (d)
(3 − 2 x )3 3 − 4x (3 − 2 x )3
dy
5. Find the values of at the given value of x / given point :
dx 2x 12 x 2
(e) –36x2(5 – 2x3)5 (f) – 10 (3 – 4 x )4 (g) (h) –
(3 x − 1)(2 x + 3)
2 2
x 2x − 1
2
3 − 4 x3
(a) y = 3 x (x3 – 4) at x = 4 (b) y = 2
at (–1, 5)
2x 3
 
2 (a) – 82  2 − 1 (b) 3 ( 2 x + 1)2 (c) – 83  1 + 22 
6. Find the value / values of x for the first derivative to be zero for each of the following : x x  x x  x 
2
(a) x3 – 3x2 – 9x (b) 2x2(3x – 4) (c)  4 − 9 x  2
3 (a) 144x – 48x – 8 (b) 2 + 43 – 244 (c) 12x2 – 120x + 84
x  x x
1(a) 2 – 2x (b) 2x + 4 (c) – 42 – 2 (d) 2x + 32 2(a) 48x3 + 10x (b) 36x3 (c) –32x 4 (a) 20 or –12 ; –12 or 12 (b) 12 ; 96 (c) 3 ; 6
x x

3(a) 3 x −5 8 (b) 16x3 – 12 – 183 (c) 19 x −312 4(a) 1 (5x2 + 12x + 4) DIFFERENTIATION OF PRODUCT FUNCTIONS
2x x 6x 2 x
1. Differentiate with respect to x :
(b) 2x( 5 x + 8) (c) 4 + 6 (d) 1 – 1 – 2 (e)
3
2 – 22 (f) 1 – 42 (a) (1 – x)2(1 + x + x2) (b) (x2 + x)(x – 1)3 (c) (3x2 – 1)(x3 + 1)2
x x3 x x3 x x
dy
5(a) 333 (b) –9 6(a) 3, –1 (b) 0, 8 (c) ± 2 2. Find
dx
in the following cases :
9 3

(a) y = x (x + 4)5 (b) y = x (3x 2 + 1)2 (c) y = 3x 3 x + 9

(d) y = x2 1− 2 x (e) y = (1 – 3x)2 1 + x (f) y = (x – 2) 1 − x 2

8-1
3. For the following, find the values of x such that f '(x) = 0 :
DERIVATIVES OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS
(a) f (x) = (2x – 1)3(x + 1)4 (b) f (x) = (2x – 1)3(x + 1)5 (c) f (x) = x(3 – x)10
dy
1. For each of the following, find in terms of x and y :
dy dx
4. Find the value of at the given point / value of x :
dx
(a) x2 – y2 = 2 (b) x3 – y3 – x = 3 (c) x2y3 + 2x = 4 (d) x2 + y2 + 2xy = 1
(a) y = x2(x2 – 3)7 at x = 2 (b) y = x2 5 x + 1 at (3,36) 1 – 1 =2
(e) (f) x– y =1 (g) 2x2y3 + 2x = 3 (h) y3 = 3(x – 2)
6
x y
(c) y = (6 + x)(1 – x) at x = 0
dy
1(a) (x – 1)(4x2 + x + 1) (b) (x – 1)2(5x2 + 2x – 1) (c) 6x(x3 + 1)(4x3 – x + 1) 2. For each of the following, find the value / values of for the given values of x and y :
dx

2(a) 1 (x + 4)4(11x + 4) (b) 1 (3x2 + 1)(27x2 + 1) (c) 27 (2 + x) (a) x4 + 2y4 = 9xy at (2,1) (b) xy + 3x + y2 = 21 at (2,3)
2 x 2 x 2 3x + 9
(c) x2y = 1 at x = 2 (d) x2 + 3xy – y2 = 3 at x = 7
x (3 x − 1) 1
(d) (2 – 5x) (e) (11 + 15x) (f) (1 + 2x – 2x2)
1− 2 x 2 1+ x (e) 17x2 – 12xy + 8y2 = 100 at x = 2 (f) x2 + 3y2 – 2xy – 9 = 0 at x = 1
1− x 2

3(a) –1, – 1 or 1 (b) –1, – 1 or 1 (c) 3 or 3 (b) 29 5 (c) –35 d2 y dy

16
4(a) 116
8 3. If x2 – y2 + 10x – 5y + 19 = 0 , find the values of when = 0.
7 2 2 11 dx 2 dx

DIFFERENTIATION OF QUOTIENT FUNCTIONS d2 y

4. Given that y2 + xy + 2 = 0. Find the value of when y = –1.
dx 2
dy
1. Find in the following cases :
dx
2
d y
(1 − x )2 Given that y = ax2 + b , show that x2 2 = 2y.
(a) y = 1 + 5 x2
2
(b) y = 1 + 2 x3 x 5.
(c) y = (d) y = x dx
1− x 2+ x 1+ x (1 + x )2
dy y− x+a
2. Find f '(x) for the following cases : 6. Given that (y – x)2 = 2a(x + y), show that = .
dx y− x−a
(a) f (x) =
x (b) f (x) =
x−3 (c) f (x) =
x −1 (d) f (x) = 3x
1+ 2 x x x +3
2
x −1 dy
7. Given that y = x + 4 , show that x + y = 2x.
x dx
dy
3. Find the value of at the given value of x: dy
dx
8. Given that y2 = 2 + Ax2 where A is a constant, show that xy + 2 – y2 = 0.
dx
(1 + x ) 2
(c) y = 1 − 3 x at x = 0
(a) y =
x at x = 1 (b) y = at x = 4
1+ x 1+ x x +1 2
2( xy 3 + 1)  y
(b) 3 x 2− 1
2 y
1 (a) x (c) – (d) –1 (e)   (f)
12 x 4 − 3x − 4x
2 3 ( x − 1)( x + 3) 1− x
y 3y 3 x2 y2  x x
1(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1 − x 2 )2 ( 2 + x 3 )2 (1 + x )2 ( x + 1)3 1+ 2 xy 3
(g) – (h) 12 2(a) 2.3 (b) – 3 (c) –1
1− 2x 6− x 3 + 4x − 3x 2 3( x − 2) 3 x2 y2 y 4 4
2(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 x (1 + 2 x )2 2x2 x − 3 2 x − 1( x 2 + 3)2 2( x − 1)2 (d) 83 ,– 8 (e) – 1 , 2 (f) 7 ,1 3. 2 or –2 4. –4
25 25 2 15 5
3(a) 1 (b) 95 (c) – 7
8 36 2
8-2
DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1. Differentiate the following with respect to x : 1. Differentiate each of the following with respect to x :

(a) ln  1 
(a) 3 sin 2x (b) 3 cos 3x (c) 3 tan 4x
(b) ln x −1 (c) ln x(x + 1) (d) ln (2x +
 x
(d) 3 sin2 5x (e) 3 tan2 6x (f) 3 cos3 3x
3)4
 x  (g) 3 sin 2x cos 2x (h) (2 – cos 5x)2 (i) (2 sin 4x – 1)4
(e) ln  x  (f) ln  1 − x  (g) ln   (h)
 x + 1  1+ x   1+ x 
  x d2 y dy
2. Given that y = e cos 3x, show that 2 – 2 + 10y = 0.
2− x dx dx
ln
2+ x d2 y dy
2. Differentiate the following with respect to x : 3. Given that xy = a sin 2x, show that x +2 + 4xy = 0.
dx 2 dx
(a) x2 ln x (b) (x + 2) ln (x + 2) (c) ln 5 x (d) x
x2 ln x d2 y
Given that y = cos x − sin x , show that 2 + 2 y
dy
4. = 0.
cos x + sin x dx dx
3. Given that 2xy = ln x. Find the value of
dy d2 y dy 2
(a) and 2 when x = 1 (b) x when = 0. d2 y  dy 
dx dx dx 5. Given that y2 = 1 + sin x, show that 2y + 2  + y2 = 1.
dx 2  dx 

d2 y dy dy
4. Given that ln y = 1 + x , show that 4(1 + x) +2 = y. 6. Given that y = 3x + sin x – 8 sin x , show that ≥ 0 for all values of x.
dx 2 dx 2 dx

1(a) – 1 (b) 1 (c) 1 + 1 (d) 8 d2 y dy

x 2( x − 1) x x +1 2x + 3 7. Given that y = e tan x , show that = (1 + tan x)2.
dx 2 dx
(e) 1 – 1 (f) 1 – 1 (g) 1 – 1 (h) – 1  1 + 1  d2 y  dy 
2
x x +1 x −1 x +1 2x x + 1 2 2− x 2+ x  8. Given that y = ln (sin px + cos px), show that +  + p2 = 0.
dx 2  dx 
2(a) 2x ln x + x (b) 1 + ln (x + 2) (c) 1− 2 ln 5x (d) ln x −21
3
x (ln x ) d2 y
9. Given that y = sin x , show that 4y3 + y4 + 1= 0.
dx 2
3(a) 1 , – 3 (b) e
2 2
d2 y
10. Given that y = cos mx , show that cos mx 2 = m2y2.
1 − sin mx dx
DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
2
1. Differentiate the following with respect to x : d2 y  dy 
11. Given that y = ln cos x, show that +  + 1 = 0.
3x −x 2x −x dx 2  dx 
(a) e2 x ( e x – e −3 x ) (b) e − e (c) e − e (d) ( e 2 x – e − x )2
e2 x ex d y 2
12. Given that y = x cos ( a ), where a is a constant, show that x4 2 + a2y = 0.
2. Differentiate the following with respect to x : x dx
x
(a) 2x e x + 1 (b) (x – 1)2 e 2 x (c) x e2 x (d) e 1 (a) 6 cos 2x (b) –9 sin 3x (c) 12 sec2 4x
x
1(a) 3e 3 x + e − x (b) e x + 3e −3 x (c) e x + 2e −2 x (d) 4e 4 x – 2e x – 2e −2 x (d) 30 sin 5x cos 5x (e) 36 tan 6x sec2 6x (f) –27 cos2 3x sin 3x
2x x
2(a) 2(x + 1) e x + 1 (b) 2x(x – 1) e 2 x (c) e (1 + 4x) (d) e 2 (x – 1) (g) 6 cos 4x (h) 10(2 – cos 5x) sin 5x (i) 32(2 sin 4x – 1)3 cos 4x
2 x x
8-3
DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS DERIVATIVES OF PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
1. Differentiate each of the following with respect to x : dy
1. Find the value of to the curves at the given value :
dx
(a) sin–1 (2x) (b) sin–1 ( x ) (c) sin–1 ( 2 )
2
(a) x = t + 1 , y = t – 1 at  5 , 3 
x
(b) x = 1 + 1 , y = (t – 2)2 at x = 2
(d) sin –1
( 1+ x ) (e) sin –1
(cos x) –1
(f) sin (x2) t t  2 2 t
–1 x
(g) cos–1 (2x) (h) cos ( ) (i) cos–1 ( 2 ) (c) x = t + 2 , y = 1 – 3t at t = 0
2 x t +1
(j) cos–1 ( 1 + x ) (k) cos–1 (sin x) –1 2
(l) cos (x )
1(a) 5 (b) 2 (c) 3
(m) tan–1 (2x) (n) tan–1 ( x ) (o) tan–1 ( 2 ) 3
2 x
(p) tan–1 ( 1 + x ) (q) tan–1 (cos x) (r) tan–1 (x2)
GRADIENT OF CURVE (TANGENT & NORMAL)

d2 y dy 1. Find the equations of tangent and normal to the curve y = e 2 x at x = 0.

2. Given that y = sin–1 (x), show that (1 – x2) –x = 0.
dx 2 dx
2. Find the points at the curve x2– 6x + y2 = 0, for which its tangent is parallel to the y–axis.

d2 y dy 3. Find the equations of the tangent to the curve x2 + 3y2 – 2xy = 19 at the point (2,3).
3. Given that y = tan–1 (x), show that (1 + x2) + 2x = 0.
dx 2 dx
4. Find the equation of the normal to the curve, y – x = 4xy at x = 1.
2 2
d y  dy 
4. Given that ln y = tan–1 (x), show that y + (2 x – 1)   = 0. 5. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve x2y + xy2 = 12 at the point (1,3).
dx 2  dx 

  6. A curve is defined parametrically by the equations x = t 2 – 4, y = 2t – 1.

–1  1− x2  – ln 1+ x 2 , where x > 0.
5. Given that y = cos The curve meets the y–axis at the points A and B. The tangents to the curve
 1+ x 2 
  at A and B intersects at C. Find the coordinates of C.
d2 y dy
Show that (1 + x2) + 2x + 1 = 0. 7. A curve is defined parametrically by the equations x = t + 1 , y = t(t2 – 3). The
dx 2 dx t
equation of the tangent to the curve at P is y = 12x + 28. Find the possible
2 1 −2 coordinates of P, and its corresponding equation of the normal at P.
1. (a) (b) (c)
1− 4 x 2
4− x 2
x x2 − 4
A curve is defined parametrically by the equations x = t + 1 , y = t − 1 .
2 2
1 2x 8.
(d) (e) –1 (f) t t
2 (− x )(1+ x ) 1− x 4 Obtain the points on the curve where its tangent is parallel to the y–axis.
−2 −1 2 State the equation of the tangents.
(g) (h) (i)
1− 4 x 2
4 − x2 x x2 − 4
−1 −2 x 1. y = 2x + 1 , x + 2y = 2 2. (0,0) , (6,0) 3. 7y = x + 19
(j) (k) –1 (l)
2 (− x )(1+ x ) 1− x 4 4. 3y + 27x = 26 5. 7y + 15x = 36 6. (–8, –1)
2 2 −2
(m) (n) (o)
1+ 4 x 2 x2 + 4 x2 + 4 7. (– 5 , –2) ; 24y + 2x = –53 8. (2, 0), x = 2 ; (–2, 0), x = –2
2
1 − sin x 2x
(p) (q) (r)
2(2 + x ) 1+ x 1+ cos2 x 1+ x 4
8-4
 , y = 2−t .
4 curve again at the point Q. Find the coordinates of Q.
9. A curve is defined parametrically by the equations x =
(1 + t )2 1+ t
Find the intersection points of the curve with the line y = –x. 4. The line 4x + y = 8 meets the parabola y 2 = 16x at the point A and B.
Find the coordinates of A and B.
Find also the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where the curve
The tangents at these point meets at the point C. Find the coordinates of C.
meets the x–axis.
5. Find the equations of the tangent and normal at P(3t 2, 6t) on the parabola y 2 = 12x.
10. A curve is defined parametrically by the equations x = 1 + 6 , y = 2t .
t −1 t −1 If the normal at P meets the x–axis at R, find the locus of M, the mid-point of PR.
dy 1
Show that = for all values of t.
dx 3 6. Find the intersection point between the tangents at (4a, 4a) and (a, 2a) on y 2 = 4ax.
Hence find the point where the curve meets the line x + y = 2.
7. The tangent and normal at the point P(2, 4) on the parabola y 2 = 8x meets the
Find also the Cartesian equation of the curve. x–axis at T and G respectively. If S is (2, 0), prove that PS = TS and PS = SG.
11. A curve is defined parametrically by the equations x = (1 + 2t)2, y = 2t + 5. The point 8. The tangents at the points P(2t 2, 4t) and the origin on the parabola y 2 = 8x meets
A on the curve has parameter –1. The tangent at A meets the x–axis at B and the
at Q. If the coordinates of S is (2, 0), prove that SQP = 90o.
y–axis at C. The normal at A meets the x–axis at D and the y–axis at E.
Show that BD = 3EC.
9. A line passing through (1, 0) meet the parabola y 2 = 4x at the point P and Q. The
line passing through P and parallel to the axis of y, meets the parabola again at R.
12. A curve is defined parametrically by the equations x = 3t 2 – 5t, y = t 2 – 6t + 5.
The tangents to the parabola at Q and R meet at T.
Find the value of t at the point on the curve where the tangent is parallel to y = x. Show that T lies on a fixed line, and state its equation.
Find the value of t at the turning point, and the equation of the normal at this points.
10. Show that the tangents at the points P(ap2, 2ap) and Q(aq2, 2aq) on the parabola
13. Find the equations of the tangent at the point P(4, –4) on the curve y2 = x(x – 6)2. y 2 = 4ax, meets at the point T(apq, a[p + q]).
If this tangent meets the curve again at the point Q, find the coordinates of Q. If M is the mid-point of PQ, show that TM is bisected by the parabola.
2 2 If p = 3 + q, find the locus of T as P and Q vary.
14. Find the equations of the tangent at the point P(–4, 4) on the curve x = y (5 – y).
If this tangent meets the curve again at the point Q, find the coordinates of Q. 11. Show that the equation of the tangent to the parabola y 2 = 4ax at the point
(at 2, 2at) is ty = x + at 2.
9.  1 , − 1  ,(4, –4) ; 8y = 9x – 4 10.  1 , 7  ; 3y = x + 5
4 4  4 4 Two perpendicular tangents to the parabola meet at P and intersect the y–axis
at L and M respectively. Show that LM = PS, where S is (a, 0).
12. – 1 ; 3 ; x = 12 13. 2y = 3x – 20;  25 , − 5  14. y = x + 8 ; (–12, –4)
4  4 8
12. The normal at the point P(ap2, 2ap) on the parabola y 2 = 4ax meets the parabola
2 = 0.
again at the point Q(aq2, 2aq). Show that q + p + p
PARABOLA
1. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the following parabola : Deduce that the value of q2 cannot be less than 8.

(a) y 2 = 4x at (1, 2) (b) y 2 = 4ax at (a, 2a) (c) y 2 = 16x at (4t 2, 8t) 1(a) y = x + 1 ; x + y = 3 (b) y = x + a ; x + y = 3a (c) ty = x + 4t 2 ; y + tx = 8t + 4t 3

2. Find the equation of the tangent to the following parabola that is parallel to the given 2(a) x + y = –1 (b) y + 2x = –2 (c) y = 2x + 1
line : 3. (27, –18) 4. (1, 4), (4, –8) ; C(–2, –2) 5. ty = x + 3t 2 ; y + tx = 3t 3 + 6t ; y 2 = 3x – 9
(a) y 2 = 4x , x + y = 0 (b) (y + 1)2 = 8x , y + 2x = 0 (c) y 2 = 8x , y = 2x 6. (2a, 3a) 9. x = 1 10. y 2 = 4ax + 9a2

3. The normal to the parabola y 2 = 12x at the point (3, 6) is produced to meet the 8-5
 1(a) x = 4 ; y = 0 (b) 2y + 9x + 20 = 0 ; 9y = 2x – 5
HYPERBOLA
1. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the following hyperbolas 2(a)  9 , − 8  , 2y = x – 5 ;  − 9 , 8  , 2y = x + 5
5 5  5 5
at the given points :
(a) 25x2 – 9y2 = 225 at (5, 20 )
3
(b) xy = 9 at (3t, 3 ) (b)  16 , 9  , y + x = 5 ;  − 16 , − 9  , y + x + 5 = 0
t  5 5  5 5

2. Show that the normal to the hyperbola xy = 9 at (3t, 3 ) cuts the hyperbola STATIONARY POINTS & ITS NATURE (GRAPHS SKETCHING)
t
again at (– 33 , –3t3). 1. Find the stationary points of the curves below and determine their nature.
t 2 ( x + 3 )2
(a) y = x (b) y = (c) y = (x + 5) 7 − x
3. The normal to the hyperbola xy = 8 at (2, 4) meets the asymptotes at M and N. x+2 x
Find the area of the triangle OMN.
(d) y = x2 + 2 + 4 (e) y = x – 42 (f) y = (x + 1)2(2 – x)
x x
4. The tangent on the curve xy = 9 at any point P meets the x and y axes at
Q and R respectively. Show that the mid-point of QR is P.
2. The curve y = (x – a)(x – b) has a stationary point at A(4, –4). Find a and b, (a < b).
2
5. The tangents at P and Q on the hyperbola xy = c meet the x–axis at L and M
3. The curve y = ax3 + bx + c has a stationary point at A(–1, 2) and passes through the
respectively. Prove that PQ passes through the mid-point of LM.
point (1, –2). Find the values of a, b and c. Determine the nature of the stationary points.

6. The point P(ct, c ) is on the hyperbola xy = c2. Show that the area bounded by 4. The curve y = ax3 + bx2 + c has a stationary point at A(–2, 2) and passes through the
t
the tangent at P and the asymptotes of the hyperbola is independent of t. point (–1, 4). Find the values of a, b and c. Determine the nature of the stationary points.

5. Find all the stationary points for each of the following curve, and determine the
7. If the tangent and normal to the hyperbola xy = c2 at the point P(ct, c ) meet the nature of the points. Hence sketch the graph.
t
x–axis at the points A and B respectively, show that the area of the triangle PAB (a) y = x3(x – 4) (b) y = 4e 2 x + e − x (c) y = x4 + 4x3 – 2
2
is given by c 4 (1 + t 4).
2t 6. For each of the following curve, find its asymptotes, axes intersection points and
stationary points (maximum, minimum and stationary inflexion points).
8. The tangent at the point P(ct, c ) on the hyperbola xy = c2 meets the asymptotes Hence sketch the graph.
t
of the hyperbola at the point L and M, whereas the normal at P cuts the line y = x (a) y= x . Determine the number or real roots for (x – 1)2(x2 + 1) = x.
at the point N. Prove that PL = PM = PN. x2 + 1

1(a) 12y = 25x – 45 ; 36x + 75y = 680 (b) x + t2y = 6t ; ty = t3x + 3 – 3t4 1. (a) (0, 0)min, (–4, –8)max (b) (–3, 0)max, (3, 12)min (c) (3, 16)max
3. 9 units2 (d) (1, 7)min (e) (–2, –3)max (f) (1, 4)max , (–1, 0)min
2. a = 2, b = 6 3. a = 1, b = –3, c = 0, max 4. a = –1, b = –3, c = 6, min
ELLIPSE
1. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the following ellipse at the given point : 5. (a) (0, 0)st. inf. , (3, –27)min. (b) (– ln 2, 3)min. (c) (0, –2)st. inf., (–3, –29)min

(a) x2 + 4y2 = 16 , (4, 0) (b) 9x2 + 4y2 = 40 , (–2, –1) 1 1

6. (a) y = 0 ; (0, 0) ; (–1, – ) , (1, )max. ; 2
2 min. 2
2. Find the tangents to the ellipse which are parallel to the given line, and state the
point of contact :
(a) 4x2 + 9y2 = 36 , 2y – x = 10 (b) 9x2 + 16y2 = 144 , x + y = 4 8-6
 (b) y= x2 . Determine the number or real roots for (x + 2)2(x – 1)3 = x2.
( x − 1)3
4. A box with its length is twice its width. If the total surface area is 108 cm 2 and the
width of the box is x cm, show that its volume is given by 4 x (27 – x2) cm3.
y = 2 x + x 2+ 1 . Find the number or real roots for 2x2 + x + 1 = (x – 1)2(x + 3).
2
(c) 3
( x − 1) Find the measurement of the box for which its volume is the largest.

x 5. Figure 1 shows a rectangular card. Squares with sides x cm are cut out from all four
(d) y= . Determine the number or real roots for (2 – x)(x + 1)2 = x.
( x + 1) 2 corners. The remaining sides are fold to form an open box with volume, V cm3.
Show that V = 4x3 – 22x2 + 24x.
–x
(e) y = (x + 4)e (f) y = x2 + 8 . (g) y = x3(4 – x). Find the value of x for which its volume is largest, and state this largest value.
1+ x
y
7. Find the stationary points on the curve y = x2 ln 2x. 3x + 4y = 12

3 cm
Figure 1 P
–x Figure 2
8. Find the turning point on the curve y = xe and state the nature of the point.
x
3x −3 x 8 cm
9. Find the stationary point on the curve y = 2e + 8e and state the nature of the
point.
y
y Figure 3 y = 3x Figure 5
x –x Figure 4 y
10. Find the turning point on the curve y = (e + e )2 and state the nature of the point. y = 12 – x2
(2,5) (1,1)
y = mx + c
6. (b) y = 0, x = 1 ; (0, 0) ; (0, 0)max. , (–2, – 4 )min. ; 1 y = mx + c
27 x x
x
(c) y = 2, x = 1 ; (0, 1) ;  − 5 , 16  min. ; 3
3 7
(d) y = 0, x = –1 ; (0, 0) ; (1, 1 )max. ; 1
  4
6. Find the coordinates of P for which the area of the rectangle in Figure 2 is the largest.
(e) y = 0 ; (0, 4), (-4, 0) ; (–3, e3)max. (f) y = x2, x = –1 ; (0, 8) ; (1, 5)min.
7. Find the coordinates of the points on the curve y = 1 x 2 which is nearest to (0, 6).
(g) (0, 0), (4, 0) ; (0, 0)stat. inf. , (3, 27)max. 8
1 1
7. (0, 0) ,( ,– ) 8. (1, 1 ) max. 9. ( ln 2 , 8) min. 10. (0, 4) min. 8. Find the values of m and c for which the area of the shaded region is the least in
2 e 8e e 3
(a) Figure 3 (b) Figure 4.

PROBLEMS OF MAXIMUM & MINIMUM 9. In Figure 5, find the largest area of the rectangle that is inscribe in the region
bounded by the x-axis and the curve y = 12 – x2.
1. A rectangular block with sides measure 2x cm and 3x cm. The sum of the length of
all sides is 40 cm. Show that its volume, V cm3 is defined as V = 60x2 – 30x3.
1. 4 2. x = 4, y = 4 3. V = x (75 – x2) , 125 cm3
Find the value of x for which its volume is the largest. 3 2

2. A rectangular box with square base x cm side has height y cm. If the volume of the 4. 6 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm 5. 2 , 7 11 cm3 6. (2, 1.5) 7. (±4, 2)
3 27
box is 64 cm3, find the values of x and y such that its total surface area is the smallest.
8. (a) m = –2.5, c = 10 (b) m = –3 , c = 4 9. 32
3. The total surface area of a cuboid is 150 cm2. The base of the cuboid is a square
with sides x cm. Find the volume, V cm3 of the cuboid in terms of x.
Hence, find the largest value of V. 8-7
 dy 2y dy
CHAPTER 8 : DIFFERENTIATION (STPM PYQ) 11. If y2 = ln (x2y), where x, y > 0, show that = , and find when y = 1.(98)
dx x(2 y 2 − 1) dx
dy
1. If x = t – 1 and y = 2t + 1 , where t is a non-zero parameter, show that =2– 3 .
t t dx t2 + 1 12. Two parallel sides of a rectangle respectively lengthen at a rate of 2 cm per second,
dy while the other two parallel sides shorten such that the area of the rectangle is always
Deduce that –1 < < 2. (74) 50 cm2. If, at any time t, the length of each lengthening side and shortening side are
dx
dp y
x and y respectively, with p as the perimeter of the rectangle, show that = 4(1 – ).
dy dt x
2. Given that y = ln (1 + x) – x + 1 x2. Show that ≥ 0 for all values of x > –1. (78)
2 dx
Find the rate of change in the perimeter when (a) x = 5 cm, (b) y = 5 cm.
1 dy
3. Given that y = 2
. Show that (1 + x2) + (1 + x)2y = 0. (80) Show that the perimeter of the rectangle is the least when x = y = 5 2 cm. (93)
e (1+ x )
x d x
13. The diagram shows a cylindrical container with a tight-fitting lid (shaded) which
4. The figure shows a rectangle inscribed by a semicircle. Two vertices of the rectangle overlaps the container to a depth of 2 cm. The container and its lid are made from
are located on the semicircle, while the remaining two vertices lie on the diameter. a thin sheet of metal of area 448 cm2. The radius of the base of the container is
The semicircle has a fixed radius, but the dimensions of the rectangle changes. x cm and its height is h cm. By ignoring the thickness
(a) Show that the sides of the rectangle with the of the sheet of metal, show that x2 + xh + 2x = 224.
largest area are in the ratio 2 : 1.
Deduce, in terms of  and x, an expression for the h
(b) Show that the sides of the rectangle with the
largest perimeter are in the ratio 4 : 1. (84) volume V cm3 of the container.
x
As x changes, find the value of x when the value of
dy
5. The parametric equations of a curve are x = t2, y = t3. Express in terms of t. V is maximum, and find this maximum value. (87)
dx
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point P (p2, p3). (86) 14. A closed rectangular box has a base with its length twice its width, and the total
surface area of the box is 300 cm2. If the width of the base of the box is x cm,
6. The parametric equations of a curve are x = t2 – 2, y = t3 – 3. Find the and the volume of the box is V cm3, show that V = 100x – 4 x3.
equation of the normal to the curve at the point where the parameter t = 2. (91) 3

Find the length, width and height of the box when its volume is largest,
7. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the curve
and find this largest value.
x2y + xy2 = 12 at the point (1, –4). [7](92)
Sketch the graph of V against x. (98)

if e = x − 1 . Determine the gradient of the curve y = ln  x − 1 

dy y
8. Find
dx 3− x 3− x 5. 3 t ; 2y = 3px – p3 6. x + 3y = 17 7. 8x = 7y + 36 , 7x + 8y + 25 = 0
2
at the point where it cuts the x-axis. (95)
8. 2 ;2 9. x + y = 2 , y = –2 10. 4 , – 4 11. 2
9. The equation of a curve is x2y + xy2 = 2. Find the equations of both ( x − 1)(3 − x ) 3 e
tangents to the curve at the point x = 1.[7](96)
12(a) –4 cm s–1 (b) 2 cm s–1 13. V = (224x – x3 – 2x2) ; 8 , 1152
10. The variables x and y are connected by y x – y – x = 1.
14. 10 x 5 x 20 ; 1000 cm3
dy 3 3
Find the values of y and when x = 1. [8] (98)
dx

8-8
 Determine if there are any points of inflection on this curve. If so,
15. Find the equation of the asymptotes of the curve y = x−3 . [3] find the coordinates of the point.
( x − 2)( x + 1)
Sketch this curve. (96)
Find the points on the axes intersected by the curve, and find also the
stationary points on the curve. Sketch this curve. [9]  a( t 2 + 1) b( t 2 − 1) 
22. Show that the point P  ,  lies on the curve b2x2 – a2y2 = a2b2. [3]
Find the values of k such that the equation  2t 2t 
 
(x – 3) = k(x – 2)(x + 1) does not have real roots. [2](88) Show that the equation of the tangent to the curve at P is
bx(t2 + 1) – ay(t2 – 1) = 2abt. [4]
16. Find the points on the x-axis intersected by the curve y = 1 x3 – x2 – 2x.
2 This tangent cuts the x-axis at A and the y -axis at B. M is midpoint of
Find also the maximum, minimum and inflection points on this curve. OA and O denotes the origin, and H divides BM in the ratio 2 : 1.
Sketch this curve. Find the locus of H as t varies. [8](99)
Find the values of k such that the equation 1 x3 – x2 – 2x = k has a
2 23. Find the gradient of the curve 2x2 + y 2 + 2xy = 5 at the point (2, –1). [3](00)
repeated root, and state this root. (89)

17. Find the coordinates of the stationary points on the curve 24. The equation of a curve is y = x2 .
x − 3x + 2
2
y = x – ln (1 + x), and sketch the curve. (89) Find the asymptotes and the stationary points of the curve. [8]
Sketch the curve. [4]
18. Write the equation of the asymptotes and the axis of symmetry of the curve y = x 2 + 1 .
2

x −1 Determine the number of real roots of the equation

Find the coordinates of the turning points on this curve. k(x – 1)2(x – 2) = x2, where k > 0. [3](00)
Sketch this curve.
25. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve xy = 4 at point P(4, 1). [4]
Determine the set of values of k such that the equation
Point A is a point on the x-axis such that PA is parallel to the y-axis. Tangent
x2 + 1 = k(x2 – 1) has real roots. (90) to curve xy = 4 at P meets the y-axis at point B. The straight line passing
through B and parallel to the x-axis meets the curve at point Q. Find the
19. A curve has the equation y = x2 . Write the equations of the asymptotes coordinates of Q and show that AQ is a tangent to the curve at Q. [7]
x −42
Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the tangents to the
of this curve.
curve xy = 4 at P and Q. [5](01)
Find the coordinates of the turning point on this curve, and determine
if this is a maximum or minimum point. 15. x = 2, x = –1, y = 0 ; (3, 0), (0, 3 ) ; (1, 1), (5, 1 ) ; 1 < k < 1
2 9 9
Determine if there are any points of inflection on this curve.
16. (0, 0), (1 ± 5 , 0) ;  − 2 , 20  max. , (2, –4)min. ,  2 , − 44  inf. ; –4, 2 ; 20 , – 2
Sketch this curve. (93)  3 27  3 27  27 3

20. A curve has the equation y = 12 – 1 . Find the coordinates of the turning 17. (0, 0) 18. x = ±1, y = 1 ; x = 0 ; (0, –1) ; k ≤ –1 or 1 < k
x x
point on this curve, and determine if this is a maximum or minimum point. 19. x = ±2, y = 1 ; (0, 0)max. ; No inf. point 20. (2, – 1 )min. ; (–1, 2)
4
Sketch this curve. [5] 21. ( 1 , 3)min. ; (1 + 0.25 , 0)inf. 22. 9x2y2 – a2y2 + b2x2 = 0 23. –3
2
The tangent to the curve at the point A(1, 0) meets the curve once again
at the point B. Find the coordinates of B. [6](96) 24. x = 1, x = 2, y = 1 ; (0, 0) , ( 4 , –8) ; 1 25. 4y + x = 8 ; (2, 2) ;  8 , 4 
3 3 3

21. Find the coordinates or the turning point on the curve y = 4(x – 1)2 – 1 ,
x −1 8-9
and determine if it is a maximum or minimum point.
26. Given that y = sin kx , where k is a positive integer, show that
1 + cos kx 4e kt − 1
37. The function f is defined by f (t) = , where k is a positive constant and t ≥ 0.
d y 2
4e kt + 1
sin kx = k2y2. [4](01)
dx 2 (a) Find the value of f (0). (b) Show that f ’(t) > 0. [1,5]

27. The graph of y = x3 + ax2 + bx + c passes through (3, –21) and has
(c) Show that k {1 – [f (t)] } = 2 f ’(t) and, hence, show that f ’’(t) < 0.
2
[6]
stationary points when x = 2 and x = –2. Find the values of a, b and c. [5] (d) Find lim f (t). [2]
t→
Find the coordinates of these stationary points and determine if they are
local extremums. Find also the point of inflexion of the curve. [7] (e) Sketch the graph of f. [2](06)

dy dy
Determine the set of values of x such that < 0. [3](01) 38. If y = x , show that x2 = (1 – x2)y2. [4](07)
dx
1+ x2 dx

dy d2 y
28. Given that y = e − x cos x, find and when x = 0. [4](02) 39. Find the coordinates of the stationary points on the curve y = x2
3
and
dx dx 2 x −1
2x determine their nature. [10]
29. Function f is defined by f (x) = .
( x + 1)( x − 2) Sketch the curve. [4]
Show that f ’(x) < 0 for all values of x in the domain of f. [5] Determine the number of real roots of the equation x3 = k(x2 – 1),
Sketch the graph of y = f (x). Determine if f is a one to one function. where k  , when k varies. [3](07)
Give reasons to your answer. [6]
d2 y
40. If y = sin x − cos x , show that 2 = 2y
Sketch the graph y = │f (x)│. Explain how the number of the roots of the dy
. [6] (08)
sin x + cos x dx d x
equation │f (x)│= k(x – 2) depends on k. [4](02)

41. Show that the curve y = x is always decreasing. [3]

dy x2 − 1
30. If y = ln xy , find the value of when y = 1. [5](03)
dx
Determine the coordinates of the point of inflexion of the curve, and state
the intervals for which the curve is concave upward. [5]
33. A curve is defined by the parametric equations x = 1 – 2t, y = –2 + 2 .
t Sketch the curve. [3](08)
Find the equation of the normal to the curve at the point A(3, –4). [7]
The normal to the curve at the point A cuts the curve again at the point B. 27. a = 0, b = –12, c = –12 ; (2, –28) min. , (–2, 4) max. ; (0, –12) inf. ; x (–2, 2)
Find the coordinates of B. [4](04)
28. –1 ; 0 29. not 1 – 1 ; k ≥ 0 : 1 root ; k < 0 : 3 roots

34. Find the coordinates of the stationary point on the curve y = x 2 + 1 , where x > 0: 30. e–2 33. y + x + 1 = 0 ; (–1, 0)
x
give the x-coordinate and the y-coordinate correct to three decimal places. 34. (0.794, 1.89)min 36. 0.6981 37(a) 3 (d) 1
5
Determine whether the stationary point is a minimum or a maximum point. [5]
3 3
39. (0, 0)inf. ; ( 3 , )min. ; ( – 3 , – 3 3 )max. ;
2 2
d2 y dy
35. If y = cos x , where x ≠ 0, show that x +2 + xy = 0. [4](05) –
3 3
<k<
3 3
, k ≠ 0 (1 root) ; otherwise (3 roots)
x dx 2 dx 2 2
41. (0, 0)inf. ; –1 < x < 0 or 1 < x
36. If y = x ln (x + 1), find an approximation for the increase in y when x increases by x.
8-10
Hence, estimate the value of ln 2.01 given that ln 2 = 0.6931. [6](06)
 (c) Sketch the graph of f. [2](12)
42. The line y + x + 3 = 0 is a tangent to the curve y = px2 + qx, where p ≠ 0
at the point x = –1. Find the values of p and q. [6](09) 49. A straight line 2x + y = 1 intersects an ellipse 4x2 + y2 = 5 at points A and B.
(a) Find the coordinates of points A and B. [4]
43. A curve is defined by the parametric equations (b) The tangents to the ellipse at points A and B intersect at C.
find the coordinates of point C. [7](12)
x = t – 2 and y = 2t + 1 , where t ≠ 0.
t t
dy dy  e 
(a) Show that = 2 – 2 5 , and hence, deduce that – 1 < < 2. [8] 42. p = 3, q = 5 43(b) (–1, 3), (1, –3) 46(a) x = 0, y = 0 (b)  , 2  max.
dx t +2 2 dx  2 e
 
dy 1 5 5 5
(b) Find the coordinates of points when = . [3](09) −5
dx 3 (c) (i) x > 1 e 6
2
(ii) 0 < x < 1 e 6
2
; ( 21 e 6 , 10
3
e 3)

44. Given that u = 1 ( e x + e − x ), where x > 0 and y = f (u) is a differentiable function f. 47. 2(1 + ln 2x) ( 2 x ) 2 x 49(a) (1, –1), (– 1 , 2) (b) ( 5 , 5)
2 2 2
dy 1 dy
If = , show that = 1. [5](10)
du d x The parametric equations of a curve are x = θ – sin θ and y = 1 – cos θ.
u2 − 1 1.
Find the equation of the normal to the curve at a point with parameter 1  . [7](P3)
2
45. Given that y is differentiable and y x = sin x, where x ≠ 0.
d2 y dy 2. A curve is defined implicitly by the equation x2 + xy + y2 = 3.
Using implicit differentiation, show that x 2 +x + (x2 – 1 )y = 0. [6](11)
dx 2 dx 4 dy 2 x + y
(a) Show that + = 0. [3]
dx x + 2 y
ln 2 x
46. The function f is defined by f(x) = , where x > 0. (b) Find the gradients of the curve at the points where the curve
x2
(a) State all asymptotes of f. [2] crosses the x-axis and y-axis. [5]

(b) Find the stationary point of f, and determine its nature. [6] (c) Show that the coordinates of the stationary points of the curves
are (–1, 2) and (1, –2). [5]
(c) Obtain the intervals, where
(d) Sketch the curve. [2](P3)
(i) f is concave upwards, and
(ii) f is concave downwards. 3. A rectangle with a width 2x is inscribed in a circle of constant radius r.
Hence, determine the coordinates of the point of inflexion. [6] (a) Express the area A of the rectangle in terms of x and r. [2]
(d) Sketch the graph y = f(x). [2](11) (b) Show that the rectangle is a square of side r 2 when A has a
dy maximum value. [5](U3)
47. Given that y = ( 2 x ) 2 x . Find in terms of x. [4](12)
dx
1. x + y =  2(b) x-axis : –2 , y-axis : – 1 3(a) 4x r 2 − x 2
−x 2 2
e
48. The function f is defined by f(x) = , where x  .
1+ x 2
8-11
− e − x ( x 2 + x + 1)
(a) Show that f ’(x) = . [3]
(1+ x 2 )3
(b) Show that f is a decreasing function. [4]
4. The graph of y = 2 cos x + sin 2x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 is shown below. 10. Using the substitution u = ln y, show that the non-linear differential equation
y dy
•A x + (3x + 1) y ln y = ye − 2 x can be transformed into the linear differential
dx
2 •
F equation x du + (3x + 1)u = e − 2 x . [4](U3)
dx
• ı • ı
0 B  E 2 x
−1
•D d2 y dy
11. If y = ecos x , show that (1 – x2) 2 – x – y = 0, for –1 < x < 1. [4](P4)
dx dx
•
C
−1x 3
The points A and C are local extremum points. The points B, D, E and F are 12. The function g is defined by g(x) = e 2 sin ( x ), for all values of x.
points of inflexion.
2
Show that g’’(x) + g’(x) + g(x) = 0 [5](P4)
(a) Determine the coordinates of
(i) the points of local extremum, [5] 13. Show that the substitution u = 1 transforms the non-linear differential equation
y
(ii) the points of inflexion. [5]
dy y
(b) State the intervals where the graph is concave upward. [1] + = y2 ln x into the linear differential equation du – u = – ln x. [4](U4)
dx x dx x
(c) Calculate the area of the region bounded by the curve and the x-axis. [4](U3)
2
 dy 
3−2 x 14. If y = (cos –1 x)2 , show that (1 – x2 )   = 4 y. [3](U4)
5. The equation of a curve is y = x3 e .  dx 
(a) Find the stationary points on the curve, and determine it's nature. [7]
dy
(b) Sketch the curve. [3](P4) 15. If y = tan x, show that = 1 + y2 . [2](P5)
dx
dy
6. If y sin –1 2x = 1− 4 x 2 , show that (1 – 4x2 )
dx
+ 4xy + 2y2 = 0. [5](U4) 4(a) (i) A   , 3 3  , C  5 , − 3 3 
6 2   6 2 

7. For the graph of y = 3x4 + 16x3 + 24x2 – 6, (ii) B   , 0  , E  3 , 0  , D(3.394, –1.452) , F(6.031, 1.452)
2   2 
(b)  < x < 3.394 or 3 < x < 6.031
(a) determine the intervals on which the graph is concave upward and
concave downward, [6] (c) 4
2 2
(b) find the points of inflexion, [3]
5(a) (0, 0)stat. inf , ( 3 , 27 )max.
(c) determine the extremum point and its nature. [3] 2 8

Hence, sketch the graph of y = 3x4 + 16x3 + 24x2 – 6. [3](U4) 7(a) (– , –2) U ( – 2 , ) ; (–2, – 2 ) (b) (–2, 10) , (– 2 , 14 ) (c) (0, –6) min.
3 3 3 27
8. Show that the substitution y = ux transforms the differential equation
dy  y
x = y – 2x cot   into the differential equation x du = – 2 cot u. [3](P3)
dx  x dx

d2 y dy
9. Given that y = sin–1 x, show that (1 – x2) 2
–x = 0. [4](P3)
dx dx

8-12
16. A water storage tank ABCDEFGH is a part of an inverted right square based −1
pyramid as shown in the diagram. 19. Show that y = e sin x – 1 satisfies the differential equation
2
The complete pyramid OABCD has a  dy 
square base of sides 12 m and height (1 – x 2 )   = (y + 1)2 .
 dx 
12 m. The depth of the tank is 9 m.
Water is pumped into the tank at the d2 y dy
Deduce that (1 – x2 ) –x = y + 1. [4](U5)
constant rate of 1 m3 min–1 . dx
2
dx
3
(a) Show that the volume of the 20. Find an equation of the normal line to the curve x3 – 6x2y + 2xy2 + y3 = 8
water V m3 when the depth of at the point where the curve crosses the y-axis. [7](P6)
the water in the tank is h m is
dy x + 2y +1
given by V = 16 h(h2 + 18h + 108). [3] 21. The variables x and y are related by the differential equation = .
75 dx 3 − 2 x − 4 y
(b) Find the rate at which the depth Show that the substitution w = x + 2y transforms the differential equation to
is increasing at the moment dw = 5 . [3](P6)
when the depth of water is 3 m. [3] dx 3 − 2 w
(c) Calculate the time taken to fill up
the tank if initially the tank is empty. [3](P5) d2 y dy
22. If y = tan–1 x, show that (1 + x2) 2
+ 2x = 0. [3](P6)
dx dx
17. The curve y = 3x2 and a point P(1, 0) on the x-axis is shown in the graph.
The point Q(q, 0), where q < 1, is a variable point y
y = 3x 2 23. A function f is defined by f(x) = 3x7 – 7x3.
on the x-axis and q increases at a rate of 0.2 unit
per second. A point R on the curve moves such R
(a) Find the x-intercepts of the function. [2]
that the line RQ is always perpendicular to the x-axis.
(b) Determine the intervals where the function is increasing and decreasing. [5]
(a) Determine the area of PQR in terms of q. x[2]
Q(q, 0) P(1, 0) (c) Find the coordinates of the stationary points and determine their characteristics. [5]
(b) Calculate the rate of change of the area of PQR when q = –2. [3] (d) Sketch the graph of the function. [3](P6)
1
(c) Show that the length PR is minimum when q = . [6](U5)
3 24. Find the gradients of the curve xy2 + x2 – 2x2y = 4 at the points when
the x-coordinate is 1. [5](U6)
18. A drop of oil is dropped on a stagnant water surface. The oil drop makes a
circular mark which starts to increase in size. The radius r, in cm, of the 25 3
16(b) (c) 2021.76 17(a) q(1 – q) (b) –4.8
4(1+ t )
2 3888 2
circular mark is given by r = , where t in minutes, after the oil is
9 + t2 64t 128 3
dropped on the water surface. 18(a) 1 (b) (c)  (d) t > 3 (e) 4 20. y = x+2
(9 + t )2 2 125 2
4
(a) Find the value of t when r = . [2]
5 23(a) 0 , – 4 7 , 4 7
3 3
(b) Express dr in terms of t. [2]
dt (b) increasing in (–, –1) U (1, ) ; decreasing in (–1, 0) U (0, 1)
4
(c) Calculate the rate of change of the area of the circular mark when r = . [3] (c) (–1, 4) max. pt, (1, –4) min. pt, (0, 0) inf. pt.
5
(d) Determine the range of values of t when the rate of change of r decreases. [6] 7 1
24. ,
4 4
(e) Determine the limiting value of r. [2(U5)

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 − 1 ( x − 4 )2
25. A function f is defined by f(x) = e 2 . 29. A right circular cone, with base radius, r, and height, h, is inscribed in a
sphere of fixed radius, R.
(a) Determine the intervals in which the function increases and decreases.
State the coordinates of the extremum point. [6] (a) Express R in terms of r and h, and show that the volume of the cone is
1
(b) Determine the intervals where the function is concave upward and concave given by V = h2(2R – h). [5]
downward. State the coordinates of the points of inflexion. [6] 3
(c) Sketch the graph of the function. [3](U6) (b) Find the maximum volume of the cone in terms of R. [5]
2 2
(c) Show that h = R when d V2 = 0, and sketch the graph of V against h. [5](U7)
3 –1 3 dh
26. Water is pumped at a constant rate of 100 cm s into an empty inverted
conical container of radius 20 cm and height 60 cm.
dh 900
(a) Show that the rate of change of the height of water in the container is = ,
dt h2 25 (a) Increase : x  (– , 4) , Decrease : x  (4 , ) ; (4, 1)
where h is the height of water in centimetres at time, t, seconds. [5] (b) Concave up : x  (– , 3) U (5 , ) , Concave down : x  (3 , 5)
(b) Calculate the rate of change of the radius of water in the container at the − 1 − 1
(3, e 2 ) , (5, e 2 )
instant the radius of the surface of water is half of the radius of the container. [3]
(c) Find the time taken to fill the container completely. [2](P7) 1
26(b) (c) 80 27(c) 40 ; 80
3

27. In the study of the growth of a population of fish, the equation of a logistic 1 − cos t  3 3  r 2 + h2 32
28(a) (b)  ,1+  29(a) R = (b) R3
a 1 + sin t  2 2  2h 81
growth curve is given by P = , where P is the number of fish at time, t,
- 1t
1+ be 2
where a and b are positive constants. It is known that there are initially 16 fish
and the curve has an inflexion point at t = ln 16.
(a) Show that a = 80 and b = 4. [9]
(b) Show that the number of fish is always increasing. [3]
(c) Determine the number of fish at the point of inflexion and the limiting number
of fish population after a long period of time. [3](P7)

28. A curve has parametric equations x = t – cos t and y = t – sin t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.
dy
(a) Express in terms of t. [3]
dx
(b) Find the coordinates of the point on the curve where the tangent to the
curve is vertical. [3](U7)

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