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THEORY REFERENCE NOTES

COURSE: B.Arch
SEMESTER: SEMESTER – 3
AUTHOR NAME: Ibrahim sir

BUILDING
SERVICES - 1
CONTENT

S.No CHAPTERS PAGE#

1. PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPERS 1-2
2. NOTES – UNIT:3 3-12

CREDITS

Source: Internet, Civil Content writer:

engineering textbooks,
architectural textbooks,
JNAFAU library
Editor: Ibrahim sir
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FOR ADMISSIONS, ENQUIRIES AND COLLABORATIONS CONTACT
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PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPERS (2013 – 2019)

✓ Write short notes on cock
✓ Write short notes on valves
✓ Write short notes on water meters
✓ Write short notes and uses of sump.
✓ Write short notes and uses of faucets
✓ Write short notes and uses of bathtub
✓ Explain the working of taps with the help of neat sketches
✓ Explain the working of washbasin with the help of neat
sketches
✓ Explain the working of bathtubs with the help of neat sketches
✓ Draw a kitchen for four members showing the location of the
sink, tap, traps its placements to a suitable scale. Draw the plan
and section
✓ Describe various types of centrifugal pumps. What are the
Advantages and disadvantages of centrifugal pumps?
✓ Draw the sanitary fittings and write the uses of washbasins
✓ Draw the sanitary fittings and write the uses of sinks
✓ Draw the sanitary fittings and write the uses of flushing
cisterns
✓ Describe briefly about various sanitary fixtures used in a toilet
with sketches. Describe briefly functioning of an Indian type
Water Closet connected to flushing cistern with help of
sketches/sections.
✓ Write short notes on Stop cocks
✓ With the support of sketches write short notes on wash basin
✓ With the support of sketches write short notes on sinks
✓ With the support of sketches write short notes on bathtub
✓ With the support of sketches write short notes on water closets
✓ With the support of sketches write short notes on urinals
✓ Write short notes on water meter
✓ Write short notes on bib corks
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FOR ADMISSIONS, ENQUIRIES AND COLLABORATIONS CONTACT
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✓ Write short notes on sump pump check valves

✓ Write short notes on faucets for kitchens
✓ Write short notes on pressure test gauges
✓ Sketch and explain check valve
✓ Sketch and explain flush valve
✓ Sketch and explain sluice valve
✓ Draw and briefly describe the various water and sanitary
fittings used in a toilet. Draw the section through a bathtub and
explain its functioning.
✓ Write short notes on stop cork
✓ Sketch urinals
✓ Sketch wash basins
✓ Name the various types of sanitary fittings. Describe with the
help of neat sketches

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UNIT - 3
SYLLABUS:
Domestic water supply system- water meter, sump pump,
centrifugal pump, check valves, foot valves and pressure test
gauges, overhead tank; System of water supply: Continuous,
intermittent, their advantages and disadvantages Service
connections, types and sizes of pipes, Types of fittings like taps,
bathtubs, showers, jets, cocks, valves, electrical fixtures, etc.
Faucets for kitchens, bathrooms and toilets.

The source and infrastructure which provides water to

households is known as Domestic water supply. A domestic water
supply can take different forms: a stream, a spring, a hand-dug
well, a borehole with hand-pump, a rainwater collection system, a
piped water supply with tap stand or house connection, or water
vendors.
Based on the supply of water into the house, water supply
system is of two types:
1. Direct Water Supply system
2. Indirect Water Supply system
VARIOUS INSTRUMENTS:
Water meter: A water meter is a device that measures the
amount of water being used by a consumer in a commercial or
residential building. The meter will record the amount of water
used in cubic meters (m3). One cubic meter is 1,000 liters or 220
gallons of water.
The water meters are classified into two types:
1. Positive Displacement Meters
2. Velocity meters

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Sump pump: A sump pump is a pump used to remove water that

has accumulated in a water-collecting sump basin, commonly
found in the basements of homes. Generally, it help to keep the
area under the building dry and to prevent it from flooding.

Centrifugal pump: A centrifugal pump is a mechanical device

designed to move a fluid by means of rotational energy generated
through the rotation of rotors called impellers. Fluid enters the
rapidly rotating impeller and is cast out by centrifugal force
through the impeller’s vane tips. The action of the impeller
increases the fluid’s velocity and pressure and also directs it
towards the pump outlet.

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Check valve: Check valves are the automatic devices which allow
water to flow only in one direction and prevent it from flowing in
reverse direction. These are also called as reflux valves or non
return valves.

Foot Valve: Foot Valve is a one way valve installed on the pick-up
end of the water pipe at the bottom of the well. The foot valve
prevents water from flowing back into the well when the jet
pump stops operating. Foot valve is mostly used in shallow and
deep well installations. It is also known as anti-siphon valve

Pressure test gauge: Water Pressure test gauges are used to

measure the pressure of water in a house or a building. The
reading on a gauge, which is the difference between two
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pressures, is known as the gauge pressure. There are two types of

pressure test gauges:
1. U-Tube manometer
2. Bourdon-tube gauge.
Overhead tank: Overhead water tanks are used for the purpose
of domestic water storage and commercial water storage. These
tanks are usually elevated from the roof top through the
column.They help in maintaining the flow of water for the general
usage in bathrooms and in washing machine and purifiers. The
tank can be made in different shapes but circular and rectangular
shapes are mostly used. The tanks can be made of RCC or even of
steel.
SYSTEM OF WATER SUPPLY:
Water Supply: It is the provision of water usage by various users
like public utilities, commercial organizations, community
endeavors or by individuals via a system of pumps and pipes.
The fundamental objective of a water service is to supply
adequate and safe water efficiently and effectively at an
affordable price so that the users are released from the hard
monotonous routine work of seeking their daily water.
Methods of supplying water: The water can be supplied to the
users by the two water supply systems:
1. Continuous system of water supply.
2. Intermittent system of water supply.
Continuous system of water supply: If the water is available
throughout the day (i.e. 24 hours), it is known as continuous
system of water supply. The system is always under pressure. If
the supply of water is cut off for half an hour daily, then supply
cannot be called as continuous supply

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Advantages:
a. In this system water is not stagnant in pipe at any instant &
hence fresh water is always available.
b. Lesser pipe sizes are required.
c. Fire hazards can be met within time.
Disadvantages:
a. If there are some minor leakages etc in the system, great
volume of water is wasted because of long duration of flow.
b. More water is required at the source which is difficult in
tropical countries like India, which get rains only during a
particular season.
c. More wastage of water due to lack of civic sense.
Intermittent system of water supply: If plenty of water is not
available, the areas are divided into zones & each zone is supplied
with water for fixed hours in a day. As the water is supplied after
intervals, it is called intermittent system. Since water becomes
stagnant in service reservoirs, bleaching powder is often used to
maintain a residual chlorine level.
Advantages:
a. For older distribution systems having weaker joints and
more leakage, restrained supply hours can limit leakage.
b. Reduced pressure also helps in lowering leakage.
c. Repair and maintenance time is available during the non
supply hours.
Disadvantages:
a. Pipelines are subjected to vacuum condition after supply
hours, which can cause groundwater infiltration into the
pipelines with contamination of the supply or pipes
deformation.

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b. Consumers need to store water between supplies and tend

to throw away remnant store. This causes water wastage
and storage costs.
c. Frequent wear and tear on valves and also water meters
malfunction
d. More manpower and infrastructures needed
SERVICE CONNECTIONS:
Service connections are pipes that connect drains from toilets,
baths, kitchens and laundry appliances in homes, businesses and
industries to the city sewer system. Specific service connections,
such as those for water and gas, have their own set of rules to
prevent contamination. These service connections usually have to
pass under sidewalks, drive ways, roads and other such crossings.
TYPES AND SIZES OF PIPES:
Pipes are used for carrying gas, cold and hot water, and other
liquids from one place to another safely. In a house drainage
system, pipes may be designated depending on the functions
carried by them. Different types of pipes are used in different
circumstances. They are as follows:
1. Soil pipe
2. Vent pipe
3. Waste pipe (horizontal & vertical)
4. Rainwater pipe
5. Anti-siphonage pipe
a. Connecting soil pipe
b. Connecting waste pipe
Soil pipe: Soil pipes are the drain pipes for fixtures like toilets
and urinals. These are the pipes through which human excreta
like urine and faecal matter flows. The main soil pipe has a
diameter of 110mm.
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Vent pipe: Vent pipe is a type of vertical pipe provided for the
purpose of the ventilation. It is attached to the drain line and
allows safe exit of foul gases and odor. It also allows fresh air into
the plumbing system to help water flow smoothly through the
drain pipes. The vent pipes are generally of diameter 50mm. It
should not be less than 32 mm in diameter.
Waste pipe: A waste pipe is a type of pipe that carries waste
water from the sinks, washing machine and shower. It is only
designed to carry liquid waste like water. It is differentiated into
two types.
a. Horizontal waste pipe: 30mm to 50mm diameter
b. Vertical waste pipe: 75mm diameter
Rainwater pipe: A rainwater downpipe is a pipe that is used to
direct rainwater away from a building, typically from roof gutter
to the group or to a drainage system. It is generally found at the
corner of the buildings and is available in 75mm diameter.
Anti-siphonage pipe: It is a pipe which is installed in the house
drainage to preserve the water seal of traps. These are provided
to maintain water seal so that foul gases of the sewer line do not
find entry into the toilet and bathrooms. It is differentiated into
two types:
a. Connecting soil pipe: 50mm diameter
b. Connecting waste pipe: 40mm diameter
TYPES OF FITTINGS:
A pipe fitting is used in plumbing system to join multiple pipes of
same size or different sizes, to regulate the flow or to measure the
flow and for other purposes, such as regulating or measuring fluid
flow. Various types of pipe fittings are available in plumbing
systems for different purposes and functions.

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The term taps, valves and cocks are used to name different types
of fittings required to control the flow of water either along or at
the end of a pipeline.
Taps: Taps are used at the end of a pipeline for draw off
purposes. Taps are of three types
a. Mixer tap
b. Bib tap
c. Self-Closing taps
Cocks: A stopcock is a component used in pipeline for controlling
or completely stopping the flow of water to the fixture. A stopcock
can also be concealed in the wall.
Valves: Valve is a component that is used to control the flow of
water, to regulate the pressures, to release or to admit air, to
prevent the flow of water in opposite direction. Types of valves
are:
a. Check valve
b. Foot valve
c. Sump pump check valve
d. Pressure test gauges
PLUMBING FIXTURES:
Each plumbing feature will be designed for a particular use, and
while design can vary. Fixtures are generally designed with
atleast one function in mind. The most common plumbing fixtures
are
a. Bathtub
b. Sink
c. Shower
d. Toilet
e. Faucet

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Bathtub: A bathtub is a large container for holding water in

which a person may bath. Modern bathtubs have overflow and
waste drains and may have taps mounted on them. They are
usually built-in, but may be free-standing or sometimes sunken.
Most modern bathtubs are made of acrylic or fiberglass, but
alternatives are available in enamel on steel or cast iron also.

Sink: A sink is a bowl shaped plumbing fixture that is usually

used for washing hands, dishes and other small objects. Often
called a basin, each sink will consist of a drain and a faucet that
provides both hot and cold water.

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FOR ADMISSIONS, ENQUIRIES AND COLLABORATIONS CONTACT
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Shower: A shower is a plumbing fixture which sprays warm or

hot or cold water. A shower can be part of the bath or a stand-
alone stall. The standard shower uses the house’s water pressure
to propel water through one or more shower heads. Most
showers have temperature, spray pressure and adjustable
showerhead nozzle settings.

Toilet: A toilet is probably the most important plumbing fixture

in any household. It is a place where urine and human waste is
excreted. It uses a flush system to move waste out of our homes
into a septic tank or a community sewage system.

Faucet: A faucet is essentially a plumbing valve for delivering

water from a plumbing system. It is used to control the flow of
water into the sink or bath. Faucets come in a variety of shapes
and sizes and consist of the following components: spout, handle,
lift rod, cartridge, aerator, mixing chamber, and water inlets.

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IBRAHIM SIBGATULLAH’S ARCHITECTURAL ACADEMY
FOR ADMISSIONS, ENQUIRIES AND COLLABORATIONS CONTACT
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 13

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IBRAHIM SIBGATULLAH’S ARCHITECTURAL ACADEMY
FOR ADMISSIONS, ENQUIRIES AND COLLABORATIONS CONTACT
79 9393 7711 | www.brahmii.com | [email protected]