International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-6, Issue-2, Feb-2020]

https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.62.3 ISSN: 2454-1311

Physicochemical Assessment of Groundwater

Quality from Hand Dug Wells and Boreholes of
Part of Mokola-Eleyele, Ibadan Metropolis,
Southwest Nigeria
Hammed. A Olayiwola1, K. Gbola Adewuyi2* and Anjorin, Ademola3
1Department of Geology, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria
2Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria
3Industrial Liaison and Placement office, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria

Abstract— Water is the second most important basic need of man after oxygen which is the first. The quality of
life in villages and cities depends on the regular supply of pure and unpolluted fresh water. The quality of water
bodies depends on their physicochemical and microbial characteristics. The hand-dug wells and boreholes are
charactacterised as groundwater under this study. Sampling was done on 21 points containing wells and bore
holes within part of Mokola-Eleyele in order to assess their physiochemical contents. The sample was collected
during September 2018 - February 2019. Laboratory analysis was carried out on them. The physical and
chemical contents observed are; pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), Calcium (Ca 2+), magnesium (Mg2+), Chloride
(Cl-), Sulphate (SO4+), Nitrate (NO3+) and iron content (Fe2+) were analyzed for each water sample collected.
The values of physical and chemical contents were compared with the standard values set by the Standard
Organization of Nigeria (SON) and the results were within their safe limits. The t-test analysis carried out
showed the correlation between chemical contents at 90%, 95% and 99% confidence level, the results shows that
the significant differences exist for the parameters. It can be concluded that the qualities of both hand dug wells
and boreholes water samples were suitable for human consumption
Keywords— Groundwater, Physicochemical, unpolluted, quality, parameters, Regulation standard

I. INTRODUCTION where the formations beneath the surface are porous and
Adequate water supply is an essential element in the list permeable enough to transmit this water to the zone of
of infrastructures of any developing area. Ibadan being an saturation. Groundwater becomes useable natural
urban area provides a good example of a region where resources when enough water can be tapped from this zone
industrial and social developments are being retarded by of saturation through wells or boreholes, springs or stream.
limited water supplies. With population of about 2.5 Many investigations had been carried out on water quality
million ( long term water supply data, 1979) the average in Nigeria, and these are limited to local scales and
water need of a person in Ibadan is about 50 consider as few in number by chemical constituents
gallon/head/day (WHO 1983), but daily supply of water (Ajibade et al., 2018). A survey was carried out on
per person by Oyo state water corporation is 28.0 groundwater and tap water quality determined from
gallon/head/day, 1985). Therefore inability of the Oyo different sources in southern Nigeria (Asubiojo et al,
state water corporation (OSWC) to adequately supply 1997). Nitrate-NO3 of up to 124 mg/l, nitrite-NO2 of up to
water to the entire population in the study area calls for the 1.2 mg/l in concentration in weathered basement rocks of
need to accelerate planned for groundwater. People in south-west Nigeria from sample of shallow groundwater
urban areas especially in the North Western part of Ibadan from dug wells was reported by (Malomo et al., 1990).
city, which is the local government area in which the study Scale formation may be caused by too much alkalinity
area falls into, rely mostly on shallow dug wells for their values and the water may also have a clearly flat, and may
domestic water needs. cause irritating taste (Orewole et al., 2007). The essential
Groundwater is being one of the earth’s most widely elements required much by the human body are calcium
distributed and most important natural resources and it (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) as calcium is used in teeth and
exists wherever water penetrates the subsurface soil and bone formation and also plays a crucial role in nerves and

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-6, Issue-2, Feb-2020]
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muscles draw out, and good to make it become smaller and Elueze, 1982). The rock in the study area serves as good
for blood clotting (Frantisek, 2003). aquifers because of the existence of secondary porosity
However, the major contributors to water hardness are and permeability which take place as a result of fractures
calcium and magnesium while calcium is crucial for strong and extreme degree of weathering in the study area.
teeth and bones. Trace metals in groundwater are chemical
elements that dissolved in water in quantity of minute, and
in concentration of less than 1 mg of trace metal per one
liter of water (United State Geological Survey, 1993).
Drinking water that was contaminated by diseases making
the microorganisms (i.e. pathogens) continues to exist and
globally recognised and this become a severe threat to
human health. (Hering, 2008). The primary standard
parameter with no health implication is pH (Standards
Organisation of Nigeria, 2007). Gastrointestinal disorder is
the health implication of high concentration of copper (Cu)
while cancer is that of chromium (Cr) (Standards
Organisation of Nigeria, 2007).
Potassium (K) from 1-3mg/l has no health effect in
drinking water standards (Nkono et al, 1998). The demand
for water in the study area has been on the increase as a
result of urban and industrial growth. Despite the fact that
the quality of water being supply by the state Water
Corporation is less compared to the WHO standard, it is
also irregular, erratic and sometimes with a lot of
impurities, thus groundwater now provides an alternative
means of getting portable water in the area of study. These
facts have therefore help to unveil the importance of this
study as enormous and immeasurable. Therefore, this
study assesses the physicochemical parameters of
groundwater quality from hand-dug wells and boreholes of
part of Mokola-Eleyele Axis and domestic uses and its
suitability for domestic use.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 The Study Area Fig. 1: Study Area Map
Mokola-Eleyele is located in part of Ibadan North and
North West Local Government of Oyo State. It is lying 2.2 Sample Collection
between latitude 7° 25′ 24″ to 7° 26′ 09″′N and 4° 22′ 28″ The total of twenty-one water samples were collected in
to 4° 23′ 13″E. The area is accessible through major and a random manner, 13 from hand-dug wells and 8 from
minor roads. Collective amenities such as shops, markets, boreholes within the study area and was collected into a
hospitals, schools, transport networks are readily available. screw capped polyethylene bottles of 75cl capacity. All
The area of study was within the rock basement complex the samples collected were labeled with their locations and
comprising; gneises, migmatite, quartzites and schists and source. Coordinates of sample points for the hand dug
older granites as well as quartzites southwesterns Nigeria wells and boreholes were determined (table 1). Sampling
within which Ibadan lies (Oyawoye, 1970; Rahman, 1976; was carried out without adding any preservatives in bottles

Table 1: showing sample locations, groundwater types and their coordinate (x, y) for the study.
Sample Location Groundwater Type Easting Northing
Police Headquarters Hand-dug well 595495.473 818993.115
Army Barrack Hand-dug well 596324.814 818404.818
Army Barrack Hand-dug well 596268.690 818292.570

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Mummy Market Hand-dug well 597828.935 819605.870

Mummy Market Hand-dug well 598014.144 819706.893
Oke Itunu Hand-dug well 597823.323 820183.947
Ade Royal Hand-dug well 598366.349 820004.914
Redeemed Christian Church Hand-dug well 597823.323 819998.738
Sabo Road Hand-dug well 598277.927 818112.974
Saint Isabel Private School Hand-dug well 596044.195 819628.320
Memorial Hospital Hand-dug well 598457.523 819229.840
School of Nursing Hand-dug well 595915.110 818152.261
Polo Ground Hand-dug well 596291.140 818606.864
Police Headquarters Borehole 595372.083 818984.889
Army Barrack Borehole 596235.016 818505.841
Mummy Market Borehole 597761.587 819746.180
Oke Itunu Borehole 598002.919 820094.148
Ade Royal Borehole 598234.733 819996.688
Saint Isabel Private School Borehole 595982.458 819695.668
Memorial Hospital Borehole 598350.888 819302.801
Polo Ground Borehole 596145.218 818533.903

2.3 Analytical Instruments 2.3.2 Laboratory Analysis

2.3.1 Onsite Field Analysis The measurements of Total dissolve solid (TDS) in
Site analysis was carried out on the field for pH, sample bottles were carried out in line with the standard
conductivity and turbidity as at when the sample was methods used by (APHA, 1995) and filtration process by
taken using American Public Health Organization (Sawyer et al., 1994). Standard methods of water
(APHA) standard methods and protocols and American sampling was used for other trace metals such as calcium,
Society for Testing and materials (ASTMs) using Nitrate, magnesium, sulphate, phosphate, iron content,
different calibrated standard instruments. The pH of the chloride, etc. to determine the amount of chemical
water samples was measured by using a pH meter (model contents present in them. Gravimertry method was used
HI 98130 HANNA Mauritius, iramac sdn, Bhd.). in which oven was used to heat the filtrate at more than
However, before measurements were taken, three 100c it was totally evaporated. The result showed that the
standard solutions (ph 4.0, 7.0, and 10.0) were used to left over residue represents the quantity of TDS in each of
calibrate the pH meter. After submerging the pH probe in the sample. Determinations of Anions (Nitrate, chloride,
the water sample and leave for some minutes to obtain sulphate, phosphate,) were done by spectrophotometer
accurate reading, then the value for each water sample (JENWAY Aquanova spectrophotometer) while
was taken. determination of Cations (potassium, magnesium and
Conductivity meter (model HI 98130 HANNA Mauritius, calcium) were done by flame photometry method. The
iramac sdn, Bhd.) was used to determine the Conductivity standard solution for each tested element was prepared
of the water samples. Standard solution was used to according to its concentration and used to calibrate the
calibrate the probe a known conductivity. Moreover, the system before analyzing each water sample. AAS system
probe was submerged into each of the water sample then, was connected to a computer and was used to record the
the reading was recorded after the stability indicator result automatically.
disappeared. At the end of each sample measurement,
deionized water was used to rinse the probe so as to avoid 2.4 Statistical and Descriptive Analysis
cross contamination among different samples. Turbidity Statistical and descriptive analysis was done using
meter HANNA HI 93703) was used to measure the water EVIEWS version 9 software to analyse the correlation
samples and each of the water samples were poured into between the chemical contents for the hand dug wells and
the sample holder and kept inside for a few minutes. boreholes. All elements were tested so as to know if there
Then, after determining the reading stability, the value for is any association among various elements determined
each water sample was recorded. and also analysis based on their measure of central
tendency and dispersion was done in the study. The
Pearson ‘r’ statistics for the t-test was done to show the

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-6, Issue-2, Feb-2020]
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coefficient of their correlation and their significance level

(Table 5). Table 6 shows mean median, minimum and
maximum values for the chemical elements.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 2 shows the location of wells and bore holes as
determined from the study. Table 3 below shows the
results of the physicochemical analyses for the study.
Table 4 shows the summary of the result in table 3 and
their comparism with the Standard Organisation of
Nigeria SON (2003) standards. Table 5 shows correlation
coefficient matrix of all the chemical elements analyzed.
Table 2 shows the safe limits by SON for determining
water quality.

Fig. 2: Composite Map of the Study

Table 2: showing the safe limits by SON for determining water quality
Parameters/Chemical Contents SON Standards (mg/l)
Ph 6.5 – 8.5
Turbidity 5
Conductivity (us/cm) 1000
Total Dissolved Solid 500
Total Hardness 150
Chloride 250
Nitrate 50
Sulphate 200
Calcium 100
Iron 0.3
Carbonate 500
Magnesium 150
Source: Standard Organisation of Nigeria (2003)

Table 3. Concentration of Physicochemical Parameters in Groundwater Samples of the Study Area

Sam pH Turbi EC Hard TDS HCO3 Cl- NO3- SO42- PO4 Mg Fe Ca Na
ple dity (ucm) ness (mg/L - (mg/L (mg/ (mg/L 3- (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/L
No (ntu) (mg/L ) (mg/L ) L) ) (mg/ L) L) L) )
) ) L)
Police Headquarters, Eleyele along Ibadan-Eruwa Expressway, Ibadan
W 7.4 4.06 412 98.2 140.1 125.0 50.0 20.2 0.3 0.02 9.72 0.5 26.3 11.4
BH 5.5 3.76 505 54.1 231.7 130.1 75.1 41.8 0.24 0.02 8.01 0.02 14.4 8.2
Army Staff Quarters, Mokola Barrack, Ibadan

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W 6.3 2.05 536 78.6 170.4 108.8 35.0 14.2 0.33 0.08 22.8 0.01 32.2 12.5
W 7.2 7.66 453 56.0 260.8 205.0 70.2 32.1 0.15 0.02 9.15 0.01 36.7 11.5
BH 7.3 1.67 628 50.9 290.4 160.3 65.4 28.8 0.17 0.01 20.5 0.02 33.6 11.0
Mammy Market Mokola Ibadan
W 6.1 1.95 464 101.7 300.7 163.7 75.6 28.0 0.24 0.02 12.8 0.02 36.8 9.9
W 5.9 2.07 577 79.4 265.8 156.0 62.8 22.2 0.3 0.01 26.3 0.02 20.4 7.5
BH 5.7 1.25 258 56.7 301.9 144.8 45.5 28.8 0.22 0.01 16.2 0.02 26.2 10.7
Oke Itunu Mokola, Ibadan
W 6.4 2.9 227 100.7 290.5 202.3 165.0 28.4 0.17 0.08 19.4 0.01 39.9 7.2
BH 6.9 3.25 361 88.1 300.2 215.0 75.8 16.2 0.02 0.08 28.4 0.01 57.9 9.4
Ade Royal Mokola Ibadan
W 5.6 4.48 282 67.4 109.9 122.1 70.0 18.6 0.02 0.2 35.4 0.03 46.3 10.5
BH 7.1 5.86 144 56.6 170.0 217.4 40.0 21.8 0.2 0.12 10.3 0.07 33.5 9.9
Redeemed Christian Church of God Mokola, Sango Road, Ibadan
W 6.0 4.02 124 86.2 236.3 146.0 52.4 13.6 0.15 0.03 14.8 0.02 20.7 6.8
Sabo Road Mokola, Ibadan
W 4.7 2.37 303 55.8 240.6 151.2 75.0 18.4 0.13 0.12 43.7 0.01 26.6 7.2
Saint Isabel Private School Eleyele-Mokola Ibadan
W 5.4 8.33 278 58.7 220.2 168.0 90.2 42.1 0.24 0.1 4.58 0.01 31.1 6.2
BH 5.9 5.03 377 61.1 230.3 152.4 95.0 45.0 0.09 0.14 6.87 0.03 26.1 6.1
Memorial Hospital Mokola, Ibadan
W 5.7 3.23 319 76.4 176.2 152.0 70.0 21.4 0.05 0.2 11.4 0.02 21.7 8.2
BH 6.9 4.01 402 59.2 163.7 118.2 35.6 13.2 0.2 0.08 2.3 0.02 29.4 9.4
School of Nursing Eleyele
W 5.6 6.68 274 54.4 142.6 148.0 52.2 18.6 0.3 0.1 3.43 0.03 23.4 6.0
Polo Ground Mokola, Ibadan
W 5.9 2.82 305 87.5 278.8 180.2 70.2 42.0 0.14 0.1 5.7 0.02 22.8 8.9
BH 6.1 3.96 351 57.0 167.1 172.6 50.0 42.8 0.2 0.1 7.2 0.02 31.3 9.5
SON 6.5- 5 1000 150 500 500 250 50 100 0.5 0.2 0.3 100 200
Std 8.5
Safe
Limit
W = Hand-dug Wells, BH = Bore Holes

Table 4: Summary of the physicochemical Analyses Results in comparism with SON (2003) Standards for Drinking Water.
Parameter mg/l Range Mean Maximum Permissible No of samples above
SON Standard permissible level
Lowest Highest
Ph 4.7 7.4 6.2 6.5 – 8.5 Nil
Turbidity 1.25 8.33 3.88 5 3
Conductivity 124 628 361 1000 Nil
Total Hardness 50.9 101 70.7 150
Total Dissolve Solid (TDS) 109 301.9 223.2 500 Nil
Bicarbonate 108.8 217.4 159 500 Nil
Chloride 35 95 67.7 250 Nil
Nitrate 13.2 45 26.6 50 Nil
Sulphate 0.02 0.3 0.18 200 Nil
Phosphate 0.01 0.2 0.07 0.5 Nil
Magnesium 2.3 43.7 15.2 150 Nil
Iron 0.01 0.5 0.05 0.3 1
Calcium 14.4 57.9 30.3 100 Nil
Sodium 6.0 12.5 8.9 200 Nil
Source: Author compiled

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within the limits set by (SON, 2003) (Table 4). The

values of electrical conductivity (EC) of hand dug wells
ranged from 124 to 577 microhoms/cm and borehole
ranged from 144 to 628 microhoms/cm, then, the values
for both wells and boreholes ranged from 124
microhoms/cm to 628 microhoms/cm which are within
the permissible range of 1000 microhoms/cm by SON.
The results of the turbidity results for hand dug wells
a ranged from 1.95 to 8.33 ntu and boreholes ranged from
1.25 to 5.86 ntu, then the values for both wells and
boreholes ranged from ranges from 1.25 ntu to 8.33 ntu
which are within the limit 5 nephelometric turbidity unit
(ntu) prescribed by SON for drinking water.
The total dissolve solid (TDS) for hand dug wells ranged
from 109.9 to 300.7 mg/L and boreholes ranged from
163.7 to 301.9 mg/L, then the values for both hand dug
wells and boreholes ranged from 109mg/L to 301.9 mg/L
which are lower than the allowable limits of 500 mg/L by
b (SON, 2003) standard of 500 mg/L. Water with more than
500 mg/L of TDS is not good for drinking water. Several
factors may accounts for the presence of total dissolve
solid obtained from the water samples collected. Most of
the locations are within residential areas where septic
tanks are indiscriminately site around the wells.
The result of the total hardness in this study for the hand
dug wells ranged 54.4 to 101.7 mg/L and boreholes
c ranged from 50.9 to 88.1 mg/L, then, both the hand dug
wells and boreholes ranged from 50.9 mg/L and 101
mg/L and are within the limit set by (SON, 2003).
According to the classification of groundwater based on
hardness by (Sawyer and McCarthy, 1987), total samples
of 88.3% assessed were soft and 3.3% are hard, thereby
making the groundwater suitable for drinking. Water with
total hardness value greater than 150mg/L is designated
as being hard; soft water have values less than 60ml/L
d (Freeze, and Cherry, 1979). Sulphate content in water in
Fig. 3(a-d): Chart showing the chemical contents for both the study area for the hand dug wells ranged from 0.02 to
Hand dug wells and Boreholes 0.33 mg/L and boreholes ranged from 0.02 to 0.24 mg/L,
then both the hand dug wells and boreholes range
3.1 Result of chemical content analysis for both Hand dug between 0.02 mg/L to 0.33 mg/L and considered
wells and Boreholes generally low compared with the safe limits of 200mg/L
Measurements of pH are measured in relation to the minimum prescribed by (SON, 2003). With
acidity or alkalinity of the water. It is acidic if the pH recommended limit of 250 mg/L for CaSO4, NaSO4, and
value is below 7.0 while, alkaline if the pH value is ZnSO4, sulphate could lead to problem of sense of taste if
higher than 7.0. Corrosion of metal pipes and plumbing associated with some cations. More of SO4 2- in
system is to acidity while the disinfectant is to alkalinity groundwater could be associated to the geology of soil,
in water. SON, (2003) has recommended maximum interaction between clay and sandy soil could encourage
permissible limit of pH from 6.5 to 8.5 (Table 2). At all sulphide such as pyrite from stratified matter reacting
locations for hand dug wells, pH values ranged from (4.7 with water to produce SO42- (Olobaniyi and Owoyemi,
to 7.4) and that of boreholes ranged from (5.5 to 6.9). 2006). There is no health impacts recorded for high
Therefore, the values for both the hand dug wells and sulphate intake (SON, 2007). Excess concentrations of
borehole ranged from (4.7 to 7.4) and the values were

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sulphate in groundwater not an indication to health hazard High nitrate values observed in some locations were due
but can cause scale formation and may lead to a bitter to poultry rearing and cassava processing wastes dump in
taste in water which can result in laxative effect of the area. The concentration of bicarbonate HCO3 for hand
humans and young livestock (Orewole et al., 2007). dug wells ranged from 108 to 205 mg/L and boreholes
According to the Department of National Health and ranged from 118.2 to 217.4 mg/L, the both the hand dug
Welfare, Canada, it was reported that, the chloride comes wells and boreholes ranged from 108 mg/l to 217 mg/L
from natural and man-made sources are the main sources and are within 100-500mg/L permissible limit set by
of chloride in groundwater. The sources are agricultural (SON, 2003) for bicarbonate contents in water. HCO3-
runoff, inorganic fertilizers, industrial and septic tank has no effect as both the wet and the dry season showed
effluents, animal feed stocks. Chloride is not harmful to no correlation effects and no health-based guidelines were
human at low concentration but could alter the taste of indicated for HCO3- by (SON, 2003). Sodium is an
water at concentrations above 250 mg/L. The values of important component of most groundwater.
chloride for hand dug wells ranged from 35 to 165 mg/L The concentration of sodium from hand dug wells present
and boreholes ranged from 35.6 to 95 mg/L, the both ranged from 6 to 12.5 and boreholes ranged from 6.1 to
hand dug wells and boreholes ranged 35.0 and 95 mg/L 11 mg/L, then both the hand dug wells and boreholes
and the result are within the safe limit set by (SON, ranged between 6.0 mg/L and 12.5 mg/L are considerably
2003). The Hardness is directly related to Calcium and not exceeds the permissible limit of 200 mg/L set by
Magnesium content in water is related to hardness. (SON, 2003). Iron ranged between (0.01 - 0.5) mg/L.
Moreover, in this study, the Calcium contents from hand Only in Police headquarters is found having iron content
dug wells ranged from 20.4 to 46.3 mg/L and boreholes of 0.5 mg/L higher than the (SON, 2003)maximum
ranged from 14.4 to 57.9 mg/L, then both the hand dug permissible of 0.3 mg/L. pH, basin hydrological
wells and boreholes ranged between 14.4 mg/L to conditions; local geological structure are some of the
57.9mg/L which are below the permissible of 100 mg/L crucial factors that could influence the ability of being
limit set by (SON, 2003). The magnesium content for able to dissolve and resulting in iron content as pointed
hand dug wells ranged from 3.43 to 43.7 mg/L and out by (Amadi et al., 1989). However, geology of the area
boreholes ranged from 2.3 to 28.4 mg/L, then both the could be related to the other source of the iron content
hand dug wells and boreholes ranged from 2.3 mg/L to (Edet, 2003). Iron is one of important element useful in
43.7 mg/L which are below the permissible limit of 150 the body system; moreover, iron toxicity could lead to
mg/L by WHO. Magnesium (Mg2+) does not show any liver malfunctioning and diabetes mellitus (Klaassen et al,
side effect since it is an essential element required by the 1986).
human body (Frantisek, 2003).
Nitrates for hand dug wells ranged from 13.6 to 42.1 3.2 Result of Statistical Analysis
mg/L and boreholes ranged from 13.2 to 45 mg/L, the Number of observations (N) = 21
both the hand dug wells and boreholes ranged between Pearson’s correlation (r)
13.2 mg/l to 45 mg/l and are very low compared to the Degree of freedom (df) for a two tailed = N – 2
standard limit of 50 mg/L set by SON. Phosphate for Degree of freedom (df) = 21 – 2= 19
hand dug wells ranged from 0.01 to 0.2 mg/L and From the Pearson’s critical table at two tailed, the degree
boreholes ranged from 0.01 to 0.14 mg/L then both the of freedom df (19) at 99% (0.01) confidence interval =
hand dug wells and boreholes ranged between 0.01 mg/L 0.549, at 95% (0.05) confidence interval = 0.433 and at
to 0.2 mg/L and was very low compared to the 90% (0.1) confidence interval = 0.369.
permissible limit of 0.5 mg/L by (SON, 2003) (Table 2). This values were compared with the

Table 5: Correlation Coefficient Matrix for hand dug wells

HCO
CL_ EC_ µS/ FE_m Hardnes 3_mg Mg_mg NA_m PO43_mg SO42_m TDS_
CA_mg_l mg_l cm g_l S_ mg_l _l _l g_l NO3_mg_l PH _l g_l mg_l Turb._ntu
CA_mg_l 1
CL_mg_l 0.431*** 1
EC_ µS/
cm 0.032 -0.346 1
FE_mg_l -0.125 -0.232 0.133 1
Hardness_ 0.030 0.253 0.076 0.364 1

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mg_l
HCO3_
mg_l _ 0.116 0.675* -0.155 -0.344 0.013 1
MG_mg_l
_ 0.266 0.053 0.092 -0.179 -0.136 -0.325 1
NA_mg_l _ 0.422*** -0.355 0.583* 0.355 0.222 -0.295 0.081 1
0.418**
NO3_mg_l 0.120 * -0.025 -0.155 -0.006 0.688* -0.490 -0.130 1
PH 0.172 -0.041 0.344 0.571* 0.449** 0.143 -0.423 0.630* 0.042 1
PO43_mg_l 0.177 0.099 -0.390 -0.278 -0.356 -0.236 0.262 -0.135 -0.061 -0.568 1
SO42_
mg_l -0.263 -0.273 0.517** 0.311 0.149 -0.204 -0.294 0.065 -0.070 0.295 -0.656 1
TDS_mg_l -0.049 0.481** 0.085 -0.394 0.324 0.751* -0.070 -0.222 0.501** 0.018 -0.500 0.025 1
Turb._ntu 0.134 -0.006 -0.271 0.002 -0.617 0.265 -0.496 -0.177 0.363 0.109 0.029 -0.006 -0.251 1

The Correlation coefficient matrix from table 5 above and 99% confidence level. pH depends on Fe, hardness
shows the relationship that exists between chemical and Na with r = (0.571, 0.449, 0.630) at 90% and 95%
contents for the hand dug wells. The results shows that confidence level. SO42 depends on EC with r = (0.517) at
Cl- depends on Ca with r = 0.431 at 90% confidence 95% confidence level. TDS depends Cl-, HCO3 and NO3
level. HCO3 depends on Cl- with r = 0.675 at 99% with r = (0.481, 0.751, 0.501) at 95% and 99% confidence
confidence level. Na depend on Ca and EC with r = level.
(0.422, 0.584) at 90% and 95% confidence level. NO 3
depend on Cl- and HCO3 with r = (0.418, 0.688) at 90%

Table 6: Correlation Coefficient Matrix for the Boreholes

CA_m CL_ FE__ Hardness_ HCO3_ MG_m NA_ NO3_ PO43 SO42_ TDS_ TURB._nt
g_l _ mg_l EC_µS/ cm mg_l mg_l mg_l g_l mg_l mg_l PH _mg_l mg_l mg_l u
Ca_ mg_l 1
Cl_ mg_l 0.040 1
0.426*
EC_ µS/ cm -0.156 ** 1
Fe_ mg_l -0.139 -0.306 -0.612 1
Hardness_
mg_l 0.833* 0.301 -0.190 -0.309 1
0.436*
HCO3_ mg_l 0.728* 0.021 -0.473 * 0.524** 1
Mg_ mg_l 0.731* 0.256 0.129 -0.291 0.593* 0.561* 1
0.428**
Na__MG_L_ 0.269 -0.686 -0.016 -0.009 -0.135 0.192 * 1
0.523*
NO3_ mg_l -0.589 * 0.216 -0.070 -0.421 -0.257 -0.334 -0.524 1
PH 0.618* -0.308 0.060 0.262 0.193 0.469** 0.340 0.476** -0.712 1
0.470* 0.13
PO43_ mg_l 0.229 0.115 -0.511 * 0.273 0.403*** -0.352 -0.575 0.062 6 1
-
SO42___MG 0.28
_L -0.778 -0.594 -0.021 0.241 -0.841 -0.503 -0.577 0.323 0.196 8 -0.409 1
-
0.438* 0.06
TDS_ mg_l 0.307 * 0.317 -0.485 0.329 0.078 0.821* 0.233 -0.057 5 -0.594 -0.395 1
0.07
TURB_ntu -0.058 0.052 -0.444 0.653* 0.056 0.297 -0.530 -0.589 0.093 3 0.855* -0.095 -0.752 1

The Correlation coefficient matrix from table 6 above depends on Cl- with r = 0.426 at 90% confidence level.
shows the relationship that exists between chemical Water hardness depends on Ca with r = 0.833 at 99%
contents for the boreholes. The results shows that EC confidence level. HCO3 depends on Ca, Fe and water

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-6, Issue-2, Feb-2020]
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hardness with r = (0.728, 0.436, 0.524) at 95% and 99% confidence level. PO43 depends on Fe and HCO3 with r =
confidence level. Mg depends on Ca, water hardness and (0.470, 0.403) at 95% and 90% confidence level. TDS
HCO3 with r = (0.731, 0.593, 0.561) at 99% confidence depends on Cl- and Mg with r = (0.438, 0.821) at 95%
level. Na depends on Mg with r = (0.428) at 90% and 90% confidence level. Lastly, Turbidity depends on
confidence level. NO3 depends on Cl- with r = (0.523) at Fe and PO4 with r = (0.653, 0.885) at 99% confidence
95% confidence level. pH depends on Ca, HCO3 and level.
Nawith r = (0.618, 0.469, 0.476) at 99% and 95%

Table 7: Correlation coefficient matrix for the Chemical Contents for both hand dug wells and Boreholes
Hardn
ess MG NO3 PO4-3
(mg_l HCO3 (mg/L NA (mg/L (mg/L SO42(mg TDS
CA (mg/L) CL (mg/L) EC.(ʯcm) FE (mg/L) ) (mg/L) ) (mg/L) ) PH ) /L) (mg/L) Turb_ntu
CA (mg/L) 1
CL (mg/L) 0.239 1
EC. (ʯcm) -0.050 -0.127 1
FE (mg/L) -0.105 -0.184 0.044 1
Hardness
(mg_l) 0.215 0.327 -0.054 0.332 1
HCO3(mg/L) 0.442** 0.398*** -0.282 -0.227 0.092 1
MG (mg/L) 0.384 0.134 0.078 -0.140 0.112 -0.046 1
NA (mg/L) 0.350 -0.441 0.392*** 0.287 0.063 -0.104 0.128 1
NO3 (mg/L) -0.223 0.357 0.109 -0.142 -0.234 0.244 -0.445 -0.215 1
PH 0.380*** -0.166 0.251 0.410*** 0.179 0.300 -0.246 0.589* -0.190 1
PO43 (mg/L) 0.176 0.123 -0.432 -0.193 -0.129 -0.0134 0.130 -0.254 -0.041 -0.362 1
SO42 (mg/L) -0.448 -0.302 0.313 0.295 0.006 -0.314 -0.320 0.104 -0.010 0.072 -0.567 1
TDS (mg/L) 0.119 0.425*** 0.184 -0.356 0.226 0.475** 0.151 -0.076 0.280 0.021 -0.533 -0.113 1
TBD_ntu_ 0.045 0.031 -0.327 0.049 -0.356 0.248 -0.468 -0.282 0.219 0.060 0.243 -0.010 -0.398 1
*, ** and *** denotes 1% (0.01), 5% (0.05) and 10% (0.1) significance level respectively for a 2
tailed Test (Significant level at 0.01 *, 0.05** and 0.1***)
and Fe at 90% confidence level with (r = 0.380, 0.410)
The Correlation coefficient matrix from table 7 above which shows positive and week relationship/correlation
shows the relationship that exists between chemical between pH (Ca, Fe) and higher than the Pearson’s
contents both from the hand dug wells and boreholes. The critical value (r) of 0. 369 and Na+ which also shows
results shows that HCO3 depends on increase in Ca at strong relationship/correlation between (pH and Na+).
95% confidence level with (r = 0.442) which shows Therefore, high correlations that exist between pH and
positive and week relationship/correlation and higher than Na+ showed that the two chemical contents are from the
the Pearson’s critical value (r) of 0.433 and Cl at 90% same source (Edet et al., 2011). The result of TDS results
confidence level (r = 0.398) which shows positive and in increase in Cl- at 90% confidence level with (r = 0.425)
week relationship/correlation and higher than the which is higher than the Pearson’s critical value (r =
Pearson’s critical value (r) of 0. 369. Increase in Na+ 0.369) and HCO3 at 95% confidence level with (r =
depends on increase in EC at 90% confidence level with 0.475) which showed positive relationship between TDS
(r = 0.392) which shows week relationship/correlation and Cl, HC03 and higher than the Pearson’s critical value
and higher than the Pearson’s critical value (r) of 0. 369. (r = 0.433).
The result also shows that increase in pH depends on Ca

Table 8: Descriptive statistics for the parameter study

CA CL CON FE Hardn HCO3 MG NA NO3 PH PO43 SO42 TDS TU
(mg/l) (mg/l) D (mg/l) ess (mg/L (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/l) RB_
(ʯcm) (mg/L ) l) l) l) l) l) ftu
)
Mean 30.34 67.667 360.9 0.044 70.70 159.0 15.1 8.95 26.5 6.17 0.07 0.18 223.3 3.87
8 52 0 05 9 2 81 1 8 4 7
Median 29.40 70.000 351 0.020 61.10 152.4 11.4 9.40 22.2 6.00 0.08 0.20 231.7 3.76

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0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Max. 57.90 165.00 628 0.500 101.7 217.4 43.7 12.5 45.0 7.40 0.20 0.33 301.9 8.33
0 0 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Min. 14.40 35.000 124 0.010 50.90 108.8 2.30 6.00 13.2 4.70 0.01 0.02 109.9 1.25
0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 0 0
Std. 9.760 27.810 133.0 0.105 17.24 31.20 11.0 1.94 10.6 0.72 0.05 0.09 61.18 1.93
Dev. 04 3 0 1 5 55 1 9 0 6
Skewn 1.037 1.995 0.226 4.147 0.572 0.422 1.07 0.00 0.50 0.18 0.56 - -0.23 0.84
ess 1 8 3 7 1 0.28 7
Kurtosi 4.329 8.243 2.483 18.47 1.842 2.371 3.42 1.89 1.89 2.31 2.57 2.33 1.737 2.96
s 7 4 3 3 0 4 1 0
Jarque- 5.314 37.984 0.413 269.7 2.318 0.970 4.17 1.07 1.95 0.54 1.26 0.65 1.579 2.51
Bera 67 4 3 8 0 2 9 5
Prob. 0.070 0.000 0.813 0.000 0.314 0.616 0.12 0.58 0.37 0.76 0.53 0.71 0.454 0.28
4 5 6 4 2 9 4
Sum 637.3 1421.0 7580 0.920 1484. 3339. 319 188. 558. 129. 1.64 3.86 4688 81.4
00 0 70 10 2 6 0 0 1
Sum 1905. 15468. 35380 0.222 5946. 19468 242 75.6 227 10.4 0.06 0.16 74853 74.9
Sq. 21 3 28 .2 6 5 1 0 9 1 6
Dev.
Obs. 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21

The major chemical parameters that are mostly with high and boreholes in the study area. The result from the study
concentrate in the water sample are; electrical will help in knowing the type of treatment to be carried
conductivity (EC) with (360.952, 351.000, 628.000, out on the hand dug well and the boreholes that are
124.000), Hydrogen carbonate (HCO3) with (159.005, presently in use and the one to use in the future so as to
152.400, 217.400, 108.800) with high value in average prevent people from contacting diseases
mean, median, maximum and minimum, total dissolve
solid (TDS) while other are total hardness with (70.700, REFERENCES
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