CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POLYTECHNIC OF SULTAN AZLAN SHAH

DCC3093 ENGINEERING SURVEY 2
(ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 LABORATORY/WORKSHOP)
TITLE
EDM CLOSED TRAVERSE
DATE OF PRACTICAL 11/11/2017
DUE DATE 08/01/2018
CLASS DKA3A
SESSION DIS 2017
GROUP NUMBER A / B / C / D / E / F / G
REGISTRATION
NAME
NUMBER

15DKA16F2033 MURUGAA A/L VENGADASAN

15DKA16F2035 NORLIANA FITRIAH BINTI ABU SANUSI

NAME OF GROUP
MEMBERS 15DKA16F2036 SYAFIQAH BINTI MOHD YUNUS

15DKA16F1095 NAFIZ SULEIMAN BIN AZWAN FAIRUZ

LECTURER’S NAME PUAN NAFISAH BINTI HARUN

MARKING CRITERIAL GIVEN MARK

Content / Introduction (5%)
Safety And Health Procedure (5%)
Purpose & Objective (5%)
Theory (8%)
LECTURER’S Apparatus / Equipment (5%)
COMMENT Procedures (5%)
Data Collections / Results (5%)
Calculation / Analysis (40%)
Q & A / Discussion (6%)
Conclusion (6%)
Punctuality / Tidy (7%)
Reference (3%)
TOTAL MARK (100%)

CONTENTS
 CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER
INTRODUCTION 1

SAFETY AND HEALTH PROCEDURE 2-3

OBJECTIVE 4

THEORY 5

EQUIPMENT 6

PROCEDURES 7

CALCULATION / RESULT 8-11

DRAWING 12

ANALYSIS 13

DISCUSSION 14-15

COMMENT& SUGGESTIONS 16

CONCLUSION 17

REFERENCE 18

APPENDIX 19
 Practical 1

EDM: CLOSED TRAVERSE

INTRODUCTION

Traverse is a series of established station tied together by angle and distance.

A traverse is a form of control survey that is used in a wide variety of engineering and
property surveys. A closed traverse is beginning and ends at known points.

Closed traverse is a series of connected line which end at the starting point. It
is basically a traverse proceed from one coordinate point to another. A closed traverse
may be close back to its starting point or whose relative position is known. A closed
loop traverse starts and ends on the starting point with assumed coordinates and
azimuth without affecting the area, computation or relative position of the stations. It
usually need at least 4 point to conduct this survey. The coordinates must be tied to an
existing grid system and the traverse must start from a known station which is
azimuth on that system.

Closed loop traverse provides some check upon fieldwork and computations,
it does not provide for check of data that may cause systematic error during the
survey. A closed connecting traverse is almost looks like an open traverse, the only
different between closed loop traverse and closed connecting traverse is it begins and
ends at points or lines of known position and the direction at each of the particular
traverse. A traverse survey is one in which the framework consists of a series of
connected lines. The lengths and direction of which are measured with the help of
tape or chain and angle measuring instrument.

When the lines from a circuit which ends of the starting point, the survey is
formed a closed traverse. if the circuit does not close, the traverse as known as open
one. The closed traverse is suitable for wide areas and for locating the boundaries of
the lake. This method is applied for accurate and precise survey.

1
SAFETY PRECAUTION

Safety Boots

Safety Jacket

2
 Safety is important when working on any job, but for some careers it is of utmost
importance. Outdoor workers who work with many different colleagues and heavy
equipment are at the top of this list.

A professional land surveyor has many responsibilities. They organize and direct
one or more colleagues to survey portions of the earth, determining the exact location
and measurements of elevations, lines and areas of contours for construction projects,
mining, the division of land, mapmaking, and other projects that involve the need to
record data for precise land description.

Following safety procedures in this job is key to the well-being of the surveyor
and all other colleagues working on the project. Land surveyors work on many
different types of outdoor projects and they need to be conscious and aware of the
specific safety hazards of every survey job so they can take the proper precautions
beforehand.

Many land surveyors spend time driving vehicles to and from job locations and
often around construction sites. Surveyors need to be safe on the roads and highways
and also particularly safe while driving in construction areas. They need to practice
basic safe driving rules, such as always wearing a seatbelt, making sure that any
equipment on the vehicle is secured, and utilizing the strobe light on survey vehicles.

Surveyors need to be certain that they are wearing the correct safety gear and
clothing for the project they are working on; such as hard hats, protective footwear,
and goggles if required. Every construction site will have its own rules, regulations,
and requirements that need to be followed by all workers on the premises. It is a part
of the land surveyor’s job to know what these safety rules entail.

When working in a remote area, alternative communication plans need to be put

into place. Many times cell phone signals are weak or non-existent in these areas and
the surveyor must have a way of communicating with other workers. This is a
situation in which walkie-talkies often come in handy to assist surveyors with keeping
in touch with colleagues.

Because surveyors are working outdoors, they need to take precautions when it
comes to dealing with insects, animals, and poisonous weeds and plants that may be
growing in the area. Sunscreen is also a very necessary safety precaution, as most
surveyors spend many hours in the sun.

Though the land surveyor’s job may appear to be a relatively safe one, it is their
interactions on job sites that include collaborating with many other workers and
potentially dangerous equipment that makes it vital that they protect themselves and
their colleagues by following strict safety guidelines for every project.

3
OBJECTIVE

a. Gives the basic principles of traversing and experiences of the field works
procedure, so that students are able to establish the control points by surveying
approach with minimize errors and practicable.

b. To develop skill in using Total Station thus could be explore more function
that assist on the instrument.

c. To learn the principles of running closed field traverse.

d. To enhance students’ knowledge in traversing procedure.

e. To enable students to get hands-on experience in setting up and working with

the theodolites, tripod stand as well as other instruments and collect data of the
relevant fieldwork.

4
THEORY

A traverse is a survey where the boundaries of something is established or set up.

In survey explanation, traverse is defined as the field operation of measuring the
lengths and directions of a series of straight lines connecting a series of points on the
earth. Each of these straight lines is called a traverse leg, and each point is called a
traverse station or control point. Traverse can be divided into two types, open traverse
and closed traverse. Open traverse do not close or end at a point of known coordinates
which should be avoided in conducting traversing.

Closed traverses are consecutive lines that begin and end in points of known
coordinates. Traversing is that type of survey in which member of connected survey
lines from the frame work and the direction and lengths of the survey lines are
measured with the help of an angle (or direction) measuring instrument and a tape(or
a chain). When the lines form a circuit which ends at the starting points, it is known as
closed traverse. It the circuit ends elsewhere, it is said to be an open traverse.

The traverse lines or legs should be passed through the area to be surveyed. The
joins of two points of each lines is known as traverse station and the angle at any
station between two consecutive traverse legs is known as traverse angle.

The method of measuring the angle and bearing of a traverse may be divided into
classes. Firstly, those in which the angle at different stations are measured directly and
the bearing subsequently calculated from the measured angles and the given bearing
of an initial line. Secondly, by direct observation of bearing of different survey lines
by a total station. Total Station Traversing by Direct Observation of Angle. In this
method, horizontal angles measured at different stations may be either, firstly,
Included Angle, or secondly, deflection Angle1 Traversing by the method of included
angles:-In a closed traverse included angles can be measured by running a traverse in
clockwise or counter clockwise direction. The common practice is to run a closed
traverse in counter clockwise direction, but it is well to adhere to a regular of routine
of measuring angles. Generally interior angles are obtained it the traverse is run
anticlockwise and exterior ones when it is run clockwise.

The theory of EDM-height traversing is summarized and the necessary formulae

are given. A practical test executed in Australia is discussed in detail, and the results
of investigations in other countries are reviewed. In the Australian Test, a standard
deviation for 1 km of reciprocal EDM-height traversing of ±4.3 mm was achieved. It
is found that EDM-height traversing fulfils easily the specifications for third-order
levelling and that it should replace geodetic levelling in many cases on economical
grounds.

5
 EQUIPMENT
Equipment Function Quantity

To read slope distances from the

instrument to a particular point, and an 1
on-board computer to collect data and
perform advanced coordinate based
calculations

Total Station

As a pointing target for vertical and 2

horizontal angle measurement

Prism With Tribrach

To support any one of a number 3

of surveying instruments, such as
theodolites, total stations

Tripod

As a mark points in surveying

7

Picket

6
PROCEDURE

a.Choose positions for stations as close as possible to the object to be located (min 5
station).

b.The stations are marked by the peg/picket on the ground and should be visible to
each other.

c.The distance chosen is between point >20m and < 100m.

d.The baseline is assumed.

e.Observation of angle and distance from baseline could be clockwise.

f.Set up a total station on the face left at station B, centre it over the ground station
marked and level it accurately with levelling screws.

g.The upper plate is unclamped, the total station is swung clockwise and sight the
signal at C accurate bisection of the signal is made by using upper tangent screw only.
Read the angle and distance BC.

h. Repeated step (g) to (h) to get the face right at station BA and BC.

i. Both the angle is read and the average readings is found.

j. Shift the total station to the next traverse stations in turn and repeated the steps (f) to
(j) at every traverse station in the same sequential order.

k. Calculated the area, accuracy ratio and applied correction of traversing.

A C

Angle, distance
Angle, distance

7
CALCULATION

MISCLOSURE

331˚30˚42˚ - 331˚30˚0˚
6
= 0˚0˚42˚
6
= 7˚

√ (8.971)² + (4.845)²
236.549

= 10.196
236.549

= 0.0431

= 1: 23.200

AREA OF BUILDING

= ½ [ (100 x 85.092) + (144.516 x 115.322) + (153.312 x 133.861) +

(107.441 x 140.994) + (55.557 x 122.456) + (58.761 x 99.97)] – [ (100 x 144.516) +
(85.092 x 153.312) + (115.322 x 107.441) + (133.861 x 66.557) + (140.944 x 58.761)
+ (122.456 x 100.001) ]

= ½ [ (8509.20) + (16665.87) + (20522.50) + (15143.16) + (8150.30) + (5874.34)] –

[ (14451.6) + (13045.62) + (12390.31) + (8909.39) + (8282.01) + (12245.72) ]

= ½ (74865.37 – 69324.65)

= ½ (5540.72)

= 2770.36 m²
 11
ANALYSIS

Setting up the heavier EDM equipment puts an added strain on tripods and
instrument stands. The tripods used to support EDM equipment should be sturdy and
in good condition. Therefore, hinge and foot screws should be checked for tightness
quite regularly.

Tribrachs Plumbing errors cannot be eliminated by measuring procedures.

Therefore, tribrachs must be checked for adjustment (bubble and optical plummet)
frequently. This includes not only the tribrachs used for the EDM instrument, but also
those used with the reflectors. If a tribrachs is accidentally bumped, dropped, or
knocked over, it should be checked before any additional measurements are made.

Reflections From Extraneous Objects Under most circumstances, an EDM

measurement will be within the accuracy specified for that instrument even if the line
of sight passes through leaves, fences, or other obstructions. However, such objects
can sometimes reflect or interrupt the light rays and cause erroneous measurements.

This occurs usually when the object is relatively close to the instrument. Roadside
reflectors, windows, or other reflective objects in the path of or behind the prism can
often cause erroneous measurements. When the line of sight cannot be cleared, such
conditions should be recorded. Then, if poor closures result, those distances can be
isolated and rechecked. When measuring various distances along a straight line, only
one reflector should face the instrument. Otherwise, the instrument may be measuring
to the wrong reflector.

In the final analysis, extreme caution should be exercised to make sure that the
EDM prism constant setting coincides with that of the prisms being used. Be sure to
check the EDM operator’s manual and the specifications for the type prisms currently
being used.

13
DISSCUSION
Location of practical work that we did is at CADD LAB PSAS. We started our
practical work at station 2. The reading of bearing from Face Left at Station 2 to
Station 1 is 151°30’00”, and reading of bearing from Face Right is 331°30’00”. The
reading of bearing from Face Left at Station 3 is 341°33’45”, and reading of bearing
from Face Right is 161°33’55”. The reading of min bearing at Station 2 is
252°20’55”. The final bearing at Station 2 is 341°33’30”.

Next, at Station 3, the reading of bearing from Face Left at Station 3 to station 2 is
161°33’50”, and reading of bearing from Face Right is 341°33’50”. The reading of
bearing from Face Left at Station 3 to station 4 is 72°20’45”, and reading of bearing
from Face Right is 252°20’55”. The reading of min bearing at Station 3 is 72°20’50”.
The final bearing at Station 3 is 72°20’30”.

After that, at Station 4, the reading of bearing from Face Left at Station 4 to station
3 is 252°20’50’’, and reading of bearing from Face Right is 72°20’50”. ”. The reading
of bearing from Face Left at Station 4 to station 5 is 157°55’00”, and reading of
bearing from Face Right is337°55’00”. The reading of min bearing at Station 3 is
157°55’10”. The final bearing at Station 4 is 157°55’00”.

Next, at Station 5, the reading of bearing from Face Left at Station 5 to station 4 is
337°55’10”, and reading of bearing from Face Right is 157°55’10’’. The reading of
bearing from Face Left at Station 5 to station 6 is 170°08’10”, and reading of bearing
from Face Right is 350°08’30”. The reading of min bearing at Station 5 is
170°08’20”. The final bearing at Station 5 is 170°08’00”
.
In addition, at Station 6, the reading of bearing from Face Left at Station 6 to station 5
is 350°08’20”, and reading of bearing from Face Right is 157°55’10”. The reading of
bearing from Face Left at Station 6 to station 7 is 170°08’10”, and reading of bearing
from Face Right is 350°08’30”. The reading of min bearing at Station 3 is
170°08’20”. The final bearing at Station 6 is 248°56’00”.

Next, at Station 1, the reading of bearing from Face Left at Station 1 to station 6 is
68°56’40”, and reading of bearing from Face Right is 248°56’40”. The reading of
bearing from Face Left at Station 1 to station 2 is 331°30’34”, and reading of bearing
from Face Right is 151°3’50”.The reading of min bearing at Station 1 is 331°30’41” .
The final bearing at Station 7 is 331°30’00”.

Then, we calculated the correction by take the last reading of min bearing minus with
reading of Face Right at Station 2 to Station 1. Then, the total number divided by the
total number of total station.
14
To calculate the Latitude and Departure of adjustment, we used Transit Method.

Formula = × Different

We used coordinate 100 at all of the station. By applying coordinates, we able to

calculate the area of traverse based on what we learned and complied standards.
Linear Misclosure is calculate to know the difference of the distance. We used
formula

Based on the calculation, we can determined the class of ratio is no class

 15
COMMENT

Before finishing the traverse work, make sure the misclosure does not exceed the
allowable misclousure, is no class, .if exceed this value , the traverse work must
repeating again. Make sure the total station and prism is level and well set up by
referring the bubble which should be in the centre of the circle. Make sure the datum
that being used is checked first before proceed with the readings. The traverse work
should be started and ended at the same known datum line. In my opinion, choose the
right place for the study so the work is easy and get the right decision.

Surveyors have developed distinct methods, based on separate control networks,

for measuring horizontal and vertical positions. In this context, a horizontal position is
the location of a point relative to two axes: the equator and the prime meridian on the
globe, or to the x and y axes in a plane coordinate system.

We will now introduce two techniques that surveyors use to create and extend
control networks (triangulation and trilateration) and two other techniques used to
measure positions relative to control points (open and closed traverses).

Surveyors typically measure positions in series. Starting at control points, they

measure angles and distances to new locations, and use trigonometry to calculate
positions in a plane coordinate system. Measuring a series of positions in this way is
known as "running a traverse." A traverse that begins and ends at different locations,
in which at least one end point is initially unknown, is called an open traverse. A
traverse that begins and ends at the same point, or at two different but known points,
is called a closed traverse. "Closed" here does not mean geometrically closed (as in a
polygon) but mathematically closed (defined as: of or relating to an interval
containing both its endpoints). By "closing" a route between one known location and
another known location, the surveyor can determine errors in the traverse.

16
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, electronic distance measurement (EDM) is a method of

determining the length between two points, using phase changes, occur as
electromagnetic energy waves travels from one end of the line to the other end.

We know that the measuring by EDM is very simple but provides a way to
measuring distances very accurately.

Moreover, the angles are obtained through the usage of equipment provided by
lecturer. However, we were unable to obtain the exact 3600. Therefore adjustment was
made in order to achieve 3600.
Closed Traverse Plat Survey was consistent. We used techniques from past labs.
This labs help us gain knowledge the total area of a section.
The most challenging task was finding the total area of the parcel land.

We enable to know how to measured the horizontal and vertical angles of

theodolite and gain knowledge of how to handle the equipment during the field work.
Theodolite must be centred on the point using plum bob. We know how to adjusted
the reading system of the theodolite angle at the right plane. Centering and levelling
the instrument was to ensured the horizontal angle that was measured.

We also know what to ensued to horizontal classified that was measured. We also
know what types of theodolite classified that is Vernier theodolite, Optic theodolite,
Electronics theodolite. We also know now about that a modern theodolite consists of a
movable telescope mounted within two perpendicular axes-horizontal axis and
vertical axis.

We learn many lesson in surveying that will prove in valueable as we enter into
the career world. A general understanding of surveying equipment was developed. We
are also now capable of assisting in surveying activities if the necessity should arise.
We learned how errors impact surveying efforts and how minor preliminary errors
could lead to major miscalculation in future observations.

Overall, the survey experiences was more beneficial in the fact that we are able to
identify surveying equipment and are able to perform basic surveying practices.

17
REFERENCE

Date : 12 / 11 / 2017 (9:07 a.m)

Website: https://www.slideshare.net/felixvong/traversing-finalreport

Date : 14 / 11 / 2017 (11:13 a.m)

Website : https://mygeosurvey.blogspot.my

Date : 21 / 11 / 17 ( 5: 45 p.m)

Website : https://www.ngs.noaa.gov

Date : 18 / 12 / 17 (8 : 45 a.m)

Website :http://ockre.deviantart.com/art/Google-Earth-Logo-PNG-Al-
209664132

Date : 26 / 12 / 17 (10 : 18 p.m)

Website :http://iphonehacks.com/2014/10/autocad-for-mac-2015-released-
new-features-windows.html

Date : 4 / 1 / 18 (12 : 47 p.m)

Website :http://www.google.com/[email protected]/data=!

3m1!1e3

18
APPENDIX

19
Bearing 1-2 = 188˚1’10’’

Assume Bearing 1-2 = 188˚0’00’’

Chainage = - 42’’ for every station 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 1.

Correction = 07’’per station