Physics 211

1441 H

Slides By: Dr. Alaa Mahmoud

 Chapter 25
CAPACITANCE
 C H A P T E R O U T L IN E

26.1 Definition of Capacitance

26.2 Calculating Capacitance
26.3 Combinations of Capacitors
26.4 Energy Stored in a Charged
Capacitor
26.5 Capacitors with Dielectrics
26.6 Electric Dipole in an Electric
Field
26.7 An Atomic Description of
Dielectrics

▲ All of these devices are capacitors, which store electric charge and energy. A capacitor is
one type of circuit element that we can combine with others to make electric circuits.
(Paul Silverman/Fundamental Photographs)
Outline:
— Introduction
— Capacitor & Capacitance
— Charging a Capacitor
— Calculating the Capacitance
— Capacitors in Parallel and in Series
— Energy Stored in an Electric Field
— Energy Density
 Introduction

— Capacitor: a device in which electrical energy can be stored. e.g., the batteries in a
camera store energy in the photoflash unit by charging a capacitor

— The physics of capacitors can be generalized to other devices and to any situation
involving electric fields.
— e.g., Earth’s atmospheric electric field is modeled as being produced by a huge
spherical capacitor that partially discharges via lightning

— Our discussion of capacitors

— To determine how much charge can be stored
— This “how much” is called capacitance
 Introduction
— Capacitor: consists of two isolated conductors, halliday_c25_656-681v2.qxd
called plates, of any shape23-11-2009 14:32 Page 657

Area A H
V
d
— A parallel-plate capacitor, consisting of two parallel conducting plates of area A Bottom side of
Top side of
bottom
top plate has
separated by a distance d charge +q
plate has
charge –q

— The symbol of a capacitor in electric circuit (a )

Area A Fig. 25-3 (a) A parallel-plate

Electric field lines capacitor, made
V
a distance d. The charges on the facing plate surfa
d
opposite signs. (b) As the field lines +q
show, the elec
— When a capacitor is charged, its plates have charges of equal magnitudes
Bottom side of but opposite
Topuniform A
side of in the central region between the plates.
the plates, as indicated by the “fringing” of the fie
bottom
top plate has
signs +q & -q charge +q
plate has
charge –q
–q

— We refer to the charge of a capacitor as q (a ) shape. No matter what their (b) geometry, fl
— The net charge on the capacitor is zero plates.
Fig. 25-3 (a) A parallel-plate capacitor, made up of two plates of area A separated
Figure 25-3a shows a less general but m
a distance d. The charges on the facing plate surfaces have the same magnitude q but
a parallel-plate
opposite signs. (b) As the field lines show, capacitor,
the electric field consisting
due to the of tw
charged plates is
— Because the plates are conductors A separated by a distance d. The symbol
uniform in the central region between the plates. The field is not uniform at the edges w
à they are equipotential surfaces based
the plates, as indicated by the “fringing” onfield
of the the structure
lines there.of a parallel-plate cap
geometries. We assume for the time being th
à all points on a plate are at the same V or plastic) is present in the region between
shape. No matter what their geometry, remove thisflatrestriction.
or not, we call these conduc
— There is a potential difference between the two plates represented V
plates.
rather than ∆V Capacitor
When a capacitor is charged, its plates h
Figure 25-3a shows a less general but more
opposite signs:conventional
!q and "q.arrangement,
However, weca
 to each other; that is,
— q & V for a capacitor are proportional to each other q $ CV. (25-1)

The658
Where C is called the CHAPTE
proportionality
capacitance R 25 CCAPACITANCE
constant
of the capacitor is called the capacitance of the capacitor. Its
— C depends onvalue depends
the geometry only
of the on and
plates thenotgeometry
on q or V of the plates and not on their charge or
-681v2.qxd 23-11-2009
potential 14:32 Page 658 capacitance is a measure of how much charge must be
difference.
— The greater the capacitance, the more The
charge is required to produce a certain potential
l
put onthem
difference between the plates to produce a certain potential difference between
HALLIDAY them:h The
REVISED
greater
— The SI unit of the capacitance,
C is farad (F): 1 farad = the more charge
1coulomb/volt (pFis=10
required.
–12 F, μF =10–6F)
C
The SI unit of capacitance that follows from Eq. 25-1 is the coulomb per volt.
— Charging a Capacitor:
This unit occurs so often
by connecting the that
platesitwith
is given a special
a battery, name,
a potential the farad (F):
difference
between capacitor terminals is maintained + –
1 farad $ 1 F $ 1 coulomb per volt $ 1 C/V. B (25-2)
— The terminal of higher potential is + (positive terminal) S
CHAPTER 25
The terminalAs CAPACITANCE
you will
of lower see, isthe
potential farad isterminal)
– (negative a very large unit. Submultiples of the farad, such
(a )as
— When switchtheS is microfarad
closed (1 mF $ 10"6 F) and the picofarad (1 pF $ 10"12 F), are more
à charges (electrons)
convenient flowunits
throughin practice.
the wire Fig. 25-4 (a) Battery B, switch
+ - S, and pl
l Terminal C the circ
— E from battery drives electrons from plate h to +ve terminal of the
h batterycuit. (b) A schematic diagram with
h l
à plate h loses electrons à becomes positively charged C
+
Charging a Capacitor
— E drives electrons from –ve terminal of the battery to plate l B– V
à plate l gains electrons à becomes negatively charged + – that maintains a certain potential di
One way to charge a capacitor is to Bplace it in an electric circuit with a battery.
An electric circuit is a path through which charge
which charge can enter
S can flow. A batteryis
Terminal a
orSleave the b
device
— (as much as plate h, losing electrons, plate l gaining) cal reactions in which electric forces ca
(a ) (b)
 charged.
Initially, when the plates are uncharged, the potential difference between
— When plates are uncharged à V between them = zero
them is zero. As the plates become oppositely charged, that potential differ-
ence
— During increases
charging, until it
potential equals the
difference potential
V increases difference
until between
becomesVequals the terminals
to potential
CHAPTER 25theCAPACITANCE
of
difference Vbattery. Then plate h and the positive terminal of the battery are at the
of the battery
same potential, and there is no longer an electric field in the wire between
them.
— à plate h &Similarly,
+ve terminal plate l and
of the the have
battery negative
same terminal
potential reach the same potential,
Terminal
l C
and there is then no electric
à no electric field in the wire between them field in the wire between them. Thus, with the + -
h h l
field zero, there is no further drive of electrons. The capacitor C is then said to
be fully with a potential difference V and charge q that are +
— Similarly, platecharged,
l & -ve terminal reach the same potential B – related
V
à nobyelectric
Eq. 25-1.field in the wire between them+ –
In this book we assume that during B the charging of a capacitor and after-
Terminal S
— Whenward, charge
E = zero cannotbattery
between pass from one plate to the other
and plates S across the gap separating
à nothem. Also,
further driveweofassume
electrons (a )
that a capacitor can retain (or store) charge indefinitely, (b)
à capacitor
until it isisput
fullyinto a circuit
charged Fig.where
25-4 it(a)canBattery
be discharged.
B, switch S, and plates h and l of capacitor C, connected in a
cuit. (b) A schematic diagram with the circuit elements represented by their symbols
CHECKPOINT 1
Does the capacitance C of a capacitor increase, decrease, or remain the same (a) when
that maintains
the charge q on it is doubled a certain
and (b) when potential
the potential difference
difference between
V across it is its terminals (po
tripled? which charge can enter or leave the battery) by means of internal electroc
(a) same; cal reactions in which electric forces can move internal charge.
(b) same In Fig. 25-4a, a battery B, a switch S, an uncharged capacitor C, and
ns: !q and "q. However, we refer to the chargei of a capacitor as potentialdif erencewithVratherthanwiththe#Vweusedinpreviousnotation.
The charge qand the potenti#al dif erence Vfor a capacitor are proportional
absolute value of these charges on the plates.The (Noteexactthat q is not
definition of thetheflux of pacitor. A Gaussian surface
:the:electric field through a closed surface is
ure 23-7 shows Thus, fivepotential
the charged lumpsVof
difference Vplastic
between and any an
two pointsthroughi and
"0 the
f
E ! dA
in an
! q.
surface,
electric but as
charge muchon the (25-3)
enters
positive asplate
lea
n the capacitor, which is zero.)
Calculating
trically neutral coin. the TheElectriccross FieldCalculating
section
f !
found
of a
i by
Gaussian
allowing the
sur-
the Capacitance
area
net
of the
flux
squares shown in Fig.
tion
23-3
:of Eq.
to become
25-6
smaller
isapproach
taken alo
by is contributed. Thus, encisis
!qdA only the sum
field is equal to the negative of the line
and smaller, integral
q approaching (meaning
to each other;that is,
aon the integral
differential along
limit dA. a Theand area " Evectors then
:
the plates are conductors, they :are equipotential surfaces;
Here is the all points
charge enclosed a a Gaussian surface the net
e S is indicated. What
particular is
path) the of Enet !:d: selectric
from i ato flux through
f. However,
differential
electric limit
flux the
because
through
dA
:
. The the
that electrostatic
and
q3surface.
sum ofEq.Eq.
In 23-6
all 23-3
cases force gives
then
that isbecomes
we tending
us consider,
shall directly
an integral:
the Gaussian from the ne
hehalliday_c25_656-681v2.qxd
sameTo electric
relate thepotential.
electric Moreover,
field E
23-11-2009 there
between 14:32 istheaPage
potential
plates
surface
657 of difference
willto a capacitor
be use)
such that be-to
whenever the therecharge q on
is an electric flux through the positive
:
plate.
it, E will have
ace 1.if qAssume
" conservative,
q a charge
" !3.1 all
nC,
= qpaths
onq the
" (whether
q
plates
" easy or
#5.9 nC, difficult
and q " yield the same result.
o plates. Forplate,
historical reasons, we represent thea uniform
absolute
!
value:in Eof this
1 4 2 5 3
either we shall use Gauss’ law:
: :
Equation 24-18 allows us to calculate the magnitude
difference and
potential q
the vectors E and
between q dA
any
HALLIDAY! willq ! q
beREVISED
parallel. Equation 25-3
1 nC? with V rather than with the #V we used inthen
q$CV. (25-1)
: enc 1 2 3

# !
erence reduces
previous to E !24-18
dA& "becomes (electric" (23-4)
two points in the field.
2. Calculate E between the plates using Gauss’ law If we set potential V i " 0,ànotation.
"then
# Eq.
'
flux through a Gaussian surface).
'0
ge q and the potential difference V for a capacitor
: : are proportional q ! "0EA 0(special case of Eq. 25-3), (25-4)
"0 E ! dAf ! q. (25-3)
; that
3. is,Calculate V between K E Y the EA à V
I D plates The loop
" ! E!ds, on
: the
in which A:isintegral
the area of sign part !3.1
thatindicates of the that %
Gaussian
(24-19)
10
the
#9
C #
integration
surface 5.9
through %
is to10
which be
#9
Cis #
taken
there 3.1the
a over %
Here q is the charge enclosed
entire flux.
by newton
a Gaussian
i For convenience,
(closed)
it completely
surface. The
surface
enclosesand
The proportionality constant Cis cal ed the capacitance of the capacitor. Its
we shall
flux:
" always
of the
" E !ondA
the charge
:draw the Gaussian
electric
is! mthe
the positive 2 plate;
field 8.85issurface
netsee Fig. 25-5
in such
a%scalar,
10 andaCway
#12 its
2 SI
/N$m
that
for an example.
unit2 is the
4. Calculate
e net electric
flux & C
through à qthe $ CV.
surface depends –
on square-meter
the net (25-1)
per coulomb (N /C). 25-2 CAPACITANCE
rge qsurface
influx
enc enclosed
which through
by
we have
surface
thatdropped
S.
surface.the In all cases
subscript
We can that
f on
Calculating
we
Vf . shall
interpret
the
value depends only on the geometry of the plates and not on their charge or
Eq.consider,
Equation
Potential
23-4" 24-19
in#670
the
Difference
thegives
:
Gaussian
N$m
following us the 2
/C. way: First recall that we can use
onality constant will beCsuch
potential thatpoint
Visatcalled
any whenever the there
thef incapacitance electric
the density isfield
an
of electric
relative
the toflux
capacitor.
of:electric the
fieldthrough
zero Its
linespotential it, Eatwill
passing point
through have i. an area as a proportional mea-
ds a uniform
only
culation:
If wemagnitude
on The
the let point i be
geometry
coin does E
of
not
at
and
theinfinity,
Area the
plates
contribute
thenand
A vectors Eq.E
sure to
:
24-19
ofVInand
not
& the on gives
becausedA
themagnitude
notation
Electric
their usfield
willit
the
beof
of potential dif erence.The capacitance is a measure of how much charge must be
Theelectric
potential
parallel.
Chapter
lines
charge
the plates of a capacitorinward
the or minus
24 V (Eq.
is related toand
signEpoint
atfield
Equationany
24-18),
the field
:
shows
25-3
the
:there.
that difference
fpotential the net
Specifically,
E bythat the net charge within th
theflux
betweenthrough
magnitude E isth
then relative
reduces to the zero
to potential at infinity. proportional to the number of electric thus
field lines per unit area. Thus, the scalar
erence.
lates to
The
Calculating
produce
capacitance
the
a
Electric
eutral and thus contains equal amounts
certain
is a measure
Field:
potential
of how
difference
of
product
d much
positive
E
:
! dA
between
charge
: and
in Eq.
them:
must
23-4put on the plates to produce a certain potential dif e!rence betwe n them: The
A
be
negative.
is
The V
proportional
+q
V
f
: to :
E ! ds ,
the number of electric (25-5)
field lines
ative charge. We could include
qof! "0EA those Top
equalthrough
side
passing
of
amounts, area
: f
dA. Then, because the
# i ! #
i (25-4)
greater the capacitance,the more charge is required.
integration in Eq. 23-4 is carried out
Bottom side (special case of Eq. 25-3),
— E
pacitance, and dA
the simply
moreis parallelà
charge
bottom
they would CHECKPOINT sum+qis
top plate
torequired.
has
be3 zero when plate
over hasa we calculate
Gaussian
in which thesurface,
integral iswhich is
–q closed,along
to be evaluated we see anythat path that starts on one plate
nit in whichenclosed
A is figure
chargeà
the area of𝐸 =
that 𝑞/𝜀
apart
𝐴 ofof the
charge
par-Gaussian
–q surface through shallwhichalways there choose is a that follows an electric
netofcharge
capacitance The that follows
byhere the shows from
surface. &Eq.
family So, 25-1
let’s isand theends
not coulomb
bother.
on per
the other.
1
Wevolt.
The SI unit of capacitance that fol ows from Eq.25-1 is the coulomb per volt.
a path LI
B ERT

Y
urs soflux. Forthat
convenience, we shall field line, from the negative plate to theapositive plate. For this path, the vectors
arges qoftenand qallel it is
do given
equipotential
not a special
contribute (a ) always
surfaces name,
because draw
the
(in cross
they :the Gaussian
farad
TheEelectric are(F): out-
flux surface
through (b) in
a Gaussian such way
surface that
isdot Sproduct E
proportional
— Calculating ! dtos:the
willnet
be number of
:
4 5 the Potential Difference: and d s
:
will "have
2 opposite directions; so the equal
This unit oc urs o often that it is given a special name,the farad (F):
IN GOD WE

section) and five paths along which we

TRUST

it completely encloses the charge on the positive plate; see Fig. 25-5 for anwill example.
1988

e surface They electric #field lines passing through that surface.

1 farad S.$shall 1 F25-3
Fig. $ certainly
move 1 coulomb
(a) electron
an send
per
A parallel-plate
from electric
volt capacitor,
one $sur-1 C/V. field
tomade E ds.
3up of
thesurfaces
difference
lines
Thus,two the right
plates side
(25-2)
of areaof Eq.
A 25-5
separated then
by be positive. + Letting V represent
— We choose a distance
face atopath The charges
d.follows
another. on is
electric
(a) What thethefacing
field plate
line
direc- from –ve haveto +vei , we
Vf the
# Vsame
platecan then4 recast
magnitude q butEq. 25-5 as q1
ee, the farad is
Calculating
— For this
ad (1 mF $ 10the
tiona of
opposite
path,
uniform
very
F)
theand
the
"6 surfaces?
large
signs.
thethe
in
(b) As
Potential
electric
vectors
unit.
field
centralE
the
(b) For
region
picofarad
Submultiples
theassociated
field lines show,
&Difference
dsbetween with
have opposite
each path, (1
theof
the plates.
pF
is the $
the field
electric
directions
10
The
farad, 5due such
à
"12 field is not uniform
F), are
!
more
as
#
! 1farad$1F$1coulombpervolt$ 1C/V. (25-2)
to the charged
V
$
E ds
plates is
(special
at the edges of case of Eq. 25-5),
q3 (25-6)
–

the plates, as indicated by the “fringing” of the field lines there. Sample Problem
 #
!
"0 E ! dA ! q. (25-3)
f
:
Vf # Vi ! # E ! d: s, : :
(25-5)
Here q is the charge enclosed by a Gaussian i surface and " E ! dA is the net
electric
es in the
of whichflux through
the
plates, taking that
integral :
E tosurface.
is to
bebe In allthroughout
evaluated
constant cases
alongthatanywe path
the shall
region consider,
that startsthe
between on Gaussian
one plate PA R T 3
A
surface
Parallel-Plate
will on
be such
Capacitor
that whenever
:
and ends the other. We shall there alwaysis choose
an electric a pathflux that
through it, Ean
follows will have
electric
25-3
: CALCULATING
: THE CAPACITANCE 659

the Capacitance
a uniform
aw field
then
Fig.
line,magnitude
a Gaussian
: A: plate
and
reduces
E 25-5.
from
s will
dFrom
surface andencloses
Ethat
the negative theplate
: area, d distance between plates
toEq.have
25-4opposite
we can then
vectors
to the
just
directions;
E and
positive
the charge will
dA plate.
q on beFor
parallel.
the this Equation
path,
positive
:
write so the dot product E ! d s will be equal
:
25-3
the vectors

Capacitance
to # E ds. Thus, the right
qq !!
side
"" 0
of Eq. 25-5 will then be positive.
EA,
EA (special
the difference Vf # Vi , we can then recast Eq. 25-5 as
0 case of Eq. 25-3),
WeLetting
use
(25-7)
V represent
Gauss' law to relate
(25-4)
q and E. Then we integrate the

!
the
the area of the
capacitance plate.
of aofcapacitor once
in
ion which
25-6 A is the area
yields q that part $ of thewe know surface
Gaussian its through which
E to get the there is adifference.
potential
onsider S (25-6)
flux. Foraconvenience,
numberE dA of different
V ! geometries,
E
q#always ds it seems
o EAthe Gaussian surface in such a way that
(special case of Eq. 25-5),
enc

! !
we shall enc draw
to simplify the
it completely encloses work. '
In
the brief
o charge our on
d
plan
the is as follows:
positive plate; see Fig. 25-5
+ + + + + + + + + +
for +q
an example.
in which the V# !and $E remind
ds ! E us that ds !our Ed.
:
path of integration (25-8)
starts on the nega-
e plates; (2) calculate $ the electric 0 field E between
rge,tive
using
V ends
plateGauss’
and law;
E (3)
on ds E dsplate.
theknowing
positive : E d
E , calculate the
d A Gaussian
8, E can beare
placed outside the integral because it is atoconstant; the sec- –q surface
Calculating
en We
the plates
al then is simply
the
now
from Potential
ready
Eq. to
q 24-18;
the plate
Difference
apply
separation
EA
Eqs. 25-4
(4) calculate
d. A
and 25-6
C from some particular cases.
– – – – – – – – – –
Anow substitute q C o o
In the notation from VEq. 25-724and
of Chapter Ed V from
(Eq.
d Eq.the
24-18), 25-8potential
into the relation
difference betweenPath of
A Parallel-Plate
mplify
q. 25-1),
the platesweoffind Capacitor
the calculation of both the electric field and
:
a capacitor is related to the field E by integration
aking certain assumptions. We discuss each in turn.
!
Fig. 25-5 A charged parallel-plate ca-
We assume, as Fig. 25-5
"0 A suggests, that the plates
f of our parallel-plate capacitor are
: pacitor. A Gaussian surface encloses the
so large and C so
! close togetherVf that
# Viwe
(parallel-plate! can
# neglect
capacitor). s ,the fringing(25-9)
E ! d: (25-5)
of the electric field
d i charge on the positive plate. The integra-
eld tion of Eq. 25-6 is taken along a path ex-
on the plates.
in which
apacitance the integral
does indeed is to be
depend evaluated
only on along any
geometrical path
factors that starts
— namely,
tending on from
directly one plate
the negative plate to
etween
intheterms
plates ofseparation
qa capacitor toalways
thethat
charge dqAon
rea and
andAends the
on plate
the other. d. Note
We shall CEincreases
choose qencas we
a path thatincrease
follows an electric
plates of using Gauss’ law the positive plate.
Problems:

1. A parallel-plate capacitor with plate's area of 25cm2 and separation of 17.7mm is charged by
applying a voltage of 12V across its ends. Calculate the total charge of the capacitor.

𝐴𝜀& 25×10/0 ×8.85×10/34

𝐶= = /6 = 1.25𝑝𝐹
𝑑 17.7×10
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑉 = 1.25×10/34 ×12 = 15pC
 Problems:

2. A parallel plate capacitor has a capacitance of 8𝜇F. Calculate the capacitance if the
i. Plate separation is doubled
;<=
𝐶= >
= 8𝜇F
;<= A
When d’ = 2d à 𝐶 @ = = = 4𝜇F
4> 4

ii. Plate area is doubled

4;<=
When A’ = 2A à 𝐶 @ = = 2(8) = 16𝜇F
>
 re q is the charge enclosed by a Gaussian i surface and " E ! dA is the net
nctric fluxthe
which through that
integral is surface. In all cases
to be evaluated along thatanywe path
shall that
consider,
startsthe
on Gaussian
one plate
nd
A
faceends Cylindrical
will on
be such Capacitor
that whenever
the other. We shall there
alwaysis choose
an electric flux that
a path through
:
it, Ean
follows will have
electric
: :

ng the Capacitance
:
niform
eld line,magnitude
enand
E L: cylinder
d s will
reduces:
E and the
from the negative
length, a & b
vectors
plate
are inner
and dA plate.
E positive
to the
and outer
will beFor
radius
parallel.
:
Equation
this path,
to have opposite directions; so the dot product E ! d s will be equal
:
25-3
the vectors 660 CHAPTER 25 CAPACITANCE

o # E ds. Thus, the right side of Eq. 25-5 will then be positive. Letting V represent Total charge +q Total charge –q at th
he difference Vf # Vi ,qwe "0EA
!can then à 𝐸 = Eq.
𝑞/𝜀
(special
recast case 𝐴of Eq.
&25-5 as25-3), (25-4) – –
the

!
– –

which A is the area qpart (2surface

rL) through which there is a plat
E dVA! encE of
of that qthe Gaussian
E
$ – –
ds enc ds =o -dr
(special case of Eq. 25-5), (25-6)
x. For convenience, we shall #always
o draw the Gaussian surface in such a way that –
+ ++ +
–
.qxd 23-11-2009 14:32 Page 661 + + whe
ompletely encloses
n which the # and
theremind
$
charge a onqthe positive plate;
us that our path of
see Fig. 25-5
q integration
a 1 for on
starts
an the
example.
nega- L –
+ a
+
b +
+ –
V E ds dr dr HALLIDAY REVISED
+
+ r +
+
b 2
ive plate and ends on the positive plate.
Lr 2 L b r – + ++ + –
0 0
lculating the Potential
We are now
q Difference
ready to apply
b
Eqs. 25-4 and 25-6 to some particular cases. – –
In E
ln ds 24-18),
dr the potential difference between – –
ond
the notation of Chapter
2 0L a 24 (Eq. – – Gaussian
A plates
Parallel-Plate Capacitor
of a capacitor
q is related
q to the field2 E0 L
:
by
Path of
integration
surface
PA qR!T

!
C
We assume, as Fig.V 25-5 suggests,
q that theln
plates 25-3 CALCU
f b / aof our parallel-plate LATI
capacitor NG
areTH EFig.
CAPACITANCE
25-6 A cross section of a long 661
cylin-
ln b / a :
E ! d s ,the fringing of the electric
(25-5)
drical capacitor, showing a cylindrical
2 0 LVf that
# Viwe :
o large and so close together ! can
# neglect field Gaussian surface of radius r (that encloses
i the positive plate) and the radial path of in-
Thu
tegration along which Eq. 25-6 is to be ap-
L the
which the integral
C ! 2%"0is to be evaluated along any path that starts
(cylindrical capacitor).
on one plate
(25-14)
plied. This figure also serves to illustrate a
area
spherical capacitor in a cross section
dqends on the
on the other.ln(b/a)
plates. We shall always choose a path that follows an electric through its center.
the
d line,
he frominthe
plates negative
terms of q plate
usingtoGauss’
the positivelaw plate.
E AFor
qencthis path, the vectors
don
hat the:capacitance of a cylindrical capacitor, like that of a parallel-plate
d :
and d s will have opposite directions; so the dot product E
, depends only on geometrical factors, in this case the length L and the
f o ! d s
:
will be equal Cou
Problems:

3. A coaxial cable of radii 5mm & 3mm is connected by a battery of 12V. If the charge on each
cable is 6nC, find the length of the capacitor

F H×3&IJ
𝐶= = = 0.5×10/K F
G 34
P U
4L<=M SNO &.T×3&IJ×NO
Q V
For a cylindrical capacitor, 𝐶 = P à𝐿= = = 4.6m
NO Q 4L<= 4L×A.AT×3&IWX
can also serve as a central cross section of a capacitor that consists of
ic fluxthe
which through thatis surface.
integral to In all cases that we path
shall consider,
startsthe Gaussian
ric spherical shells, of be evaluated
radii a and b.along
As a any
Gaussianthat
surface weon one plate
: draw a
ceends
willA be such
Spherical
on that whenever
We shall there
Capacitor
the other. always is an electric
choose flux that
a path through it, Ean
follows willelectric
have
dius r concentric with the two shells; then Eq. 25-4 yields
: :

g the Capacitance
dorm
line,magnitude E and the
from the negative vectors
plate to the and dA will
E positive beFor
plate. parallel. Equation
this path, 25-3
the vectors
halliday_c25_656-681v2.qxd 23-11-2009 14:32 Page 660
2 :
nd da:
reduces s& tob are
will inner
have q! EA
and"0outer
opposite "0 E(4pr
radius
!
directions; ), dot product E ! d s: will be equal
so the
r2Eisds.
theThus,
areatheofright
the side of Eq.Gaussian
spherical 25-5 will then be positive.
surface. We Letting
solve this V represent
equation
difference Vf # Vi ,qwe "0EA
! can thenà 𝐸 = 𝑞/𝜀
(special
recast case
Eq. 𝐴of Eq. 25-3),
&25-5 as (25-4)
ning
ich A is the area of that
!
qpart
$
enc
For convenience, we shall #alwayso
of
4%
1qthe
E dVA!E !E ds enc (special
" draw
0
q
Gaussian
r 2
,
ds
the
o=E (
-dr4 r 2
surface) through which(25-15)
case of Eq. 25-5),
Gaussian surface in such a
there is a
way(25-6)
that
660 CHAPTER 25 CAPACITANCE

mpletely encloses the charge on q the positive plate; see

a Fig.
1to 25-5
q integration for an example. Total charge +q Total charge –q at the e
cognize
which theas# the
V andexpression
$ remind us
E ds for the
that electric
our
dr path field
of due a
dr uniform
starts on spher-
the nega- the plat
– –
plate and ends
distribution (Eq.on23-15).
the positive4 plate.r 2
4 b r2 – – We

ulating
bstitute the
this Potential
expressionDifference
0 0 plate, as
We are now ready to apply
into Eq. 25-6, we find some particular cases.
Eqs. 25-4 and 25-6 to – –

q 1 1 q b a
!
– –
ds q dr difference + ++ +

" #
where A
e notation q of4 Chapter
a
dr 24 (Eq.
q4 24-18),
1 the
1 potential b# a between + +
b +
Parallel-Plate Capacitor
a b ab + a
E ds !
ates of #a capacitor0
is ! to the0field# E by !
related
2
: , (25-16) – +
+ +
+ – Equ
4%"q0 b rq 4%"0 a abb 4%"0 ab + r +

!
ab – + ++ + –
assume, as C Fig. 25-5 suggests, that 4the plates
0 f : of our parallel-plate capacitor are
we have substituted
V together
arge and so close q # dr for
Vbf that ds.
# aViwe If we
bE !now
! #can neglectad : substitute
s ,the Eq. 25-16 into
(25-5)
fringing of the electric field – –
In Eq. 2
solve for C, we find 4 0 i –
– –
–
Gaussian
ond inte
Path of surface If w
ich the integral is to be evaluated along any path that starts on one plate integration q ! CV
ab
nds on theC other.
! 4 % "We shall always choose
(spherical a path that follows (25-17)
capacitor). an electric A cross section of a long cylin-
on the plates. 0
ine, from the negativeb plate
# a to the positive plate. For this path, the vectors
Fig. 25-6
drical capacitor, showing a cylindrical
qenc: Gaussian surface of radius r (that encloses
plates in terms of q using Gauss’ law E d A
d d s will have opposite directions; so the dot product E ! d s: will be equal
: the positive plate) and the radial path of in-
Thus, th
f o tegration along which Eq. 25-6 is to be ap-
the plat
Problems:

4. Two concentric spherical shells of radii 2cm & 4cm have a charge of 5nC. Find the potential difference
across the capacitor.

0L<= YZ 0 6.30 A.AT×3&IWX &.&4 (&.&0)

𝐶= = = 4.45×10/34 F = 4.45pF
Z/Y &.&0/&.&4
𝑞 5×10 /K
𝑉= = =1124V
𝐶 4.45×10/34
 C ! 4%"0 E! , capacitor).
(spherical
ab 2
(25-15)
(25-17)
b C# !a4%"04% "0 r (spherical capacitor).
b# a
(25-17)
An Isolated Sphere
ch we recognize as the expression for the electric field due to a uniform spher-
charge —distribution (Eq. 23-15).
A single isolated spherical conductor of radius R
ed Sphere An IsolatedthisSphere
halliday_c25_656-681v2.qxd 23-11-2009 14:32 Page 660
If we substitute expression into Eq. 25-6, we find

!
Vsign
ng that
!
— Assuming
& We can assignqthe
! a capacitance
E ds
by "
assuming
— the
# After
! # that
ng the Capacitance 4lines
%field
“missing
Theall,
field
the
“missing
a capacitance
a
to the dr
a single
plate”
“missing
2
b rleave
"0 that
plate”
lines
to q
! isolated
a is
4leave
isthe
that
a conducting
single

a%surface
0 the
1 isolated
1
#
plate” isspherical
sphere of conductor
spherical
#a conducting
a of
"conducting b of sphere
a positively
surface
q
infinite radius
! conductor
b # a of
of radius R
radius
, (25-16)
sphere of infinite
a4positively
"0 of ab
%charged infinite
isolated
R
radius.
radius.
chargedconductor
isolated
theagain
ere field must
linesend
conductor
we have somewhere;
that
must leave
end #thedrwalls
the
somewhere;
substituted surfaceofwalls
forthe
ds.the
Ifofroom
we in room
ofanow which
positively
the inthe
substitute conductor
charged
which isisolated
the25-16
Eq. housed
conductor
into isCHAPTER 25 CAPACITANCE
660
can serve
housed can effectively as our sphere of infinite radius.
must end
25-1 and forserve
C, weeffectively
somewhere;
solve the walls
find as our
ofsphere
the roomof infinite radius. the conductor is
in which at the edg
To find the capacitance of the conductor, we first rewrite Eq. 25-17 as Total charge +q Total charge –q
n serve effectively as
q ourqsphere
ab of infinite
ab radius. – –
the plates
CCof ab C !44%" a – – We d
d the capacitance the conductor, we00first
V 4%"0q b a (spherical
! rewrite
.
b1 #acapacitor).
a/b
Eq. 25-17 as
(25-17) – – plate, as i
b# a
If we then let b : $ 4 a for a, we find
and 0substitute R –
+ ++ +
–
C ! 4 % "0 . +
+ a b +
+ where A i
1 # a/b
bb àC∞! 4p"
– +
+ +
+ – Equa

Isolated
b : $Sphere
r +
aàR 0R (isolated sphere). (25-18)
–
+
+ ++ + –
let and substitute R for a, we find
a R
Noteathat
can assign this formula
capacitance toand the others
a single we have
isolated derivedconductor
spherical for capacitance (Eqs. 25-9,
of radius R –
– –
In Eq. 25
–
25-14, and 25-17)
assuming that theC“missing involve the
4 0R
plate” constant " multiplied
is a conducting by a quantity that has
sphere of infinite (25-18) the
radius. Path of – – ond integ
! 4p"C0 R
dimensions of a length.
(isolated 0
sphere). Gaussian
surface If we
er all, the field lines that leave the surface of a positively charged isolated integration q ! CV (

ductor
this must end
formula andsomewhere;
the othersthe wewalls
haveofderived
the roomforin capacitance
which the conductor
(Eqs.Fig. is
25-9,
25-6 A cross section of a long cylin-
drical capacitor, showing a cylindrical
used CHECKPOINT
can serve effectively 2
as our sphere of infinite radius.
25-17) involve the constant "0 multiplied by a quantity that has the
Gaussian surface of radius r (that encloses
the positive plate) and the radial path of in-
Problems:

5. An isolated sphere of surface area 0.5m2 is completely charged to 111pC. Calculate the
applied voltage across the sphere
𝐴 0.5
𝐴= 4𝜋𝑅 4 ⟹𝑅= = = 0.2𝑚
4𝜋 4 3.14
𝐶 = 4𝜋𝜀& 𝑅 = 4 3.14 8.85×10/34 0.2 = 22.2𝑝𝐹
𝑞 111×10/34
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑉 ⟹ 𝑉 = = = 5V
𝐶 22.2×10/34
 ab
A Spherical Capacitor C ! 4%"0 (spheri
b# a
:
Capacitance
Figure 25-6 can also serve as a central cross section of a capacitor that consists
two concentric spherical shells, of radii a and b. As a Gaussian surface we draw
es of the plates, taking E to be constant throughout
sphere ofthe region
radius betweenwith the two shells; then Eq. 25-4 yields
r concentric
An Isolated
aw a Gaussian surface that encloses just the charge q on the positive
q ! "Sphere
EA ! " E(4pr ), 0 0
2

Fig. 25-5. From Eq. 25-4 we can then write in which 4pr2 is We
the area
canofassign
the spherical Gaussian surface.
a capacitance to aWe solve this
single equati
isolated
Parallel q ! "0EA, Cylindrical
for E, obtaining
by assuming
(25-7) Spherical
that the1
Isolated
“missing plate” is a cond
q
the plate
area of the plate.
halliday_c25_656-681v2.qxd 23-11-2009 14:32 PageAfter 661
E!
all, the field lines
4 % " 0 r 2
, sphere
that leave the surface
(25-1

ion 25-6 yields conductor

which we recognize must end
as the expression for the somewhere; the
electric field due to walls
a uniformof sph
the
! !
HALLIDAY REVISED
' d
housed
ical charge distribution can
(Eq. serve effectively as our sphere of infi
23-15).
V! E ds ! E ds ! Ed. If we substitute this(25-8)
expression into Eq. 25-6, we find
To find the capacitance of the conductor, we
! !
$ 0
q sec-a dr q
" 1
#1 q b# a
&
8, E can be placed outside the integral because V! it is a L
constant;
E ds ! # the ! # ! a
, (25-1
2
al then is simply the plate separation d. # 4 % " 0 b r 4 % " 0 a b 4
C ! 04%"0
% " ab
now substitute q from Eq. 25-7 and V from Eq. 25-8
where againinto substituted # dr for ds.25-3
the relation
we have If weCALCU
now substitute TH125-16
LATI NGEq. a/b
E#CAPAin
Eq. 25-1), we find Eq. 25-1 and solve If we
for C,then
we findlet b : $ and substitute b à ∞R for a, we fin
aàR
"0 A L ab
C! (parallel-plateCcapacitor).
! 2%"0 C(25-9)
! 4% "
(cylindrical capacitor).
0 C
(25-14)
(spherical 4p"
capacitor).
! R (25-17
(isolated
d ln(b/a) b # a 0

apacitance does indeed

We seedepend
that theonly on geometrical
capacitance factors
of a cylindrical —
Note namely,
that this
capacitor, formula
like that and the others we have de
of a parallel-plate
rea A and the plate separation
capacitor, d. Note
depends only AnCgeometrical
that
on Isolated
increases Sphere
as we increase
factors, in this case the length L and the
 dimensions
+ + of a length.
+
b +
+ where A is the area
two concentric of theshells,
spherical plate.of radii a and b. As a Gaussian surface we draw a
+ a
– + + – Equation
sphere 25-6
of radius yields
r concentric with the two shells; then Eq. 25-4 yields

! !
+ r ++ 2
+ CHECKPOINT
+ ++ + 2 q !' "0 EA ! "0 E(4pr
d ),
– –
halliday_c25_656-681v2.qxd 23-11-2009V ! 14:32 E dsPage
! E 661 ds ! Ed. (25
2
in which 4pr is the
For capacitors charged by the same battery, does the charge area of the spherical
$ Gaussian surface.
stored by0 the capacitor We solve this equation
– – for E, same
obtainingeach of the following situations? (a) The
increase, decrease, or remain In the
Eq. 25-8, Eincan be placed outside the1integral q because it is a constant; theHA s
–
plate –
separation of a parallel-plate capacitor E ! , (25-15
– – ond integral then isissimply
increased.
the plate (b) The 4 % radius
separation
" 0 r 2 d.of the inner
Gaussian
cylinder of asurface
Path of cylindrical capacitor If weis increased.
now substitute(c) Theq fromradius Eq. of theand
25-7 outer spherical
V from Eq. 25-8 into the relat
which we recognize as the expression for the electric field due to a uniform spher
shell of a spherical capacitorqis
integration CV (Eq. 25-1), we find
!increased.
ical charge distribution (Eq. 23-15).
25-6 A cross section of a long cylin- If we substitute this expression"0 A into Eq. 25-6, we find 25-3(25-CA
! !
al capacitor, showing a cylindrical C! a (parallel-plate capacitor).
q ddr q
" 1 1
# q b# a
&
(a) decreases;
ssian surface of radius r (that encloses V! E ds ! # 2
! # ! , (25-16
(b)
positive plate) and the radial path of in- increases; # 4 % "0 b r 4 % " 0 a b 4 % "0 ab
Thus, the capacitance does indeed depend
L
only on geometrical factors — nam
ation along which Eq. 25-6 is to be(c) ap-decreaseswhere
the plateagain
areawe havethe
A and substituted
C! # dr for ds.
2%"separation
plate 0
If we that
Note now
d. (cylindrical Csubstitute
increasesEq.
capacitor). as 25-16 into
(25-1
we incre
d. This figure also serves to illustrate a ln(b/a)
Eq. A
area 25-1or and solve for
decrease C, we find
separation d.
erical capacitor in a cross section
ugh its center. Assee
We an that
aside,
thewecapacitance
point out that of aab Eq. 25-9 suggests
cylindrical onelike
capacitor, of our
thatreasons for writ
of a parallel-pl
thecapacitor,
electrostatic constant
depends C ! 4on
only in Coulomb’s
%"geometrical
0
law in the
factors,
(sphericalin form
this case
capacitor). 1/4p" . If we
the 0length Lhad
(25-17)
and
done b # a
twoso,
radiiEq. 25-9
b and a.— which is used more often in engineering practice th
Coulomb’s law — would have been less simple in form. We note further t
Eq. 25-9 permits us to express the permittivity constant "0 in a unit more app
AnA Isolated
priateSpherical Sphere
for use in Capacitor
problems involving capacitors; namely,
We can assign
Figure 25-6 cana capacitance
also serve astoaacentral single isolated
cross section spherical conductorthat
of a capacitor of radius
consistR
"0 ! 8.85 # 10$ 12 F/m ! 8.85 pF/m. (25-
bytwoassuming
concentricthatspherical
the “missingshells,plate” is a and
of radii conducting sphere ofsurface
b. As a Gaussian infiniteweradius
dra
 Capacitors in Parallel and in Series
— To simplify circuit, we replace a combination of capacitors in a circuit, with an equivalent capacitor
— Equivalent capacitor: a single capacitor that has the same capacitance as the actual combination of capacitors
Capacitors Combinations

Parallel Series
 lacement:
tal charge q and the same potential difference V as the actual Parallel capacitors and
etedanalyze a circuit of capacitors in parallel, we can simplify it with (a) +q the same Vtheir
Terminal (“par-V”).
equivalent have
in parallel can
— Capacitors in Parallel be replaced with an equivalent capacitor that +
B– V
eplacement:
harge q and the same potential difference V as the actual –q Ceq Parallelthecapacitors
same
Terminal and
V (“par-V”).
nnected — “in
When in aparallel
potential
parallel” can
meansbe replaced
differencethat the V is with
applied
capacitors an equivalent
across several
are directly capacitor
capacitors
wired thatconnected
together at one plate in and
+q directly wired
their together have
equivalent at the other plate
+
tal charge
member parallel,
— thisEach and
qthat
result the
capacitor same
potential
with the
has potential
difference
nonsense
same V, whichdifference
V is
wordapplied“par-V,”
produces asa the
Vacross actual
each
which
charge onis each25-4
capacitor.
close CAPACITORS
The(b)
Btotal
capacitor – V charge –q Ceq
I N PARALLE
the
+q
L AN +q 3D I N S+q
+ V (“par-V”).
same E2R I E S +q
connected
storedinon parallel can be replaced with ofanthe equivalent capacitor thatthe capacitors.
ean q“capacitors thein capacitors
parallel is the
have the sum same V.”) charges
Figurestored 25-4
25-8b onshows
all 25-4
CAPACITORS
(b)Fig. CAPACITORS
25-8 IN
B
+PARALLEL
(a) Three
V I N PARALLE
B AND IN
– Vconnected
capacitors L
–q
AN
SERIES VD I N S EVR66
–q
I–q
E
bertotal charge
this result
capacitor q and
(withwith the same potential
the nonsense
equivalent capacitance difference
wordC“par-V,” V as the
whichactualis closethe – 3 C 2 C
eq) that has replaced +q B. –q Cbattery 3 2
in parallel to battery The eq Terminal main-
When
s“capacitors a inpotential
parallel difference
have , CV
C1the is applied across several
25-8bcapacitors
shows connected in+ V
(with actual capacitances 2,same
and 3) ofFigure
CV.”) Fig. 25-8a. tains B
potential
25-8(b)– (a) difference
Three V across itsTerminal
termi-
member When
parallel, this
that we
result analyze
potentialwith athecircuit
difference nonsenseVofis applied
capacitors
word in each
“par-V,”
across parallel,
which weiscan
capacitor. Fig.
close
The simplify
total chargeit with –q Ccapacitors
(a)
Terminal connected
Terminal
+q +q 2 +q 1
citor
n
hen (with
expression When
a potential equivalent
for
difference capacitance
Ceq in Fig.
a potential is25-8b,
Vdifference
applied we VCfirst
across ) that
use
iseqapplied
severalhas
Eq. replaced
25-1
across to find
several
capacitors the the in nals
capacitors
connected connected
in and thus
parallel to inacrossB.
battery eq capacitor.
each
The +
battery (b) 3The
main-
ean
th
this
qthatmental
“capacitors
stored
actual on replacement:
parallel, thethat
capacitances inpotential
parallel
capacitorsC , C ,have
isdifference
the
and sumCthe ofof
) Vsame
the
is applied
Fig. V.”)
charges
25-8a. Figure
stored
across on25-8b
each all the shows
capacitors.
capacitor. The total
(b) charge B– V Parallel
V capacit
V
actual
llel, capacitor:
potential
emember this result with1 the difference V is applied
2 nonsense 3 across each capacitor.
word “par-V,” which is close The total charge
equivalent capacitor,
25-8 + (a)
Fig. difference
tains potential with capacitance
VThree +q
across C
3 +capacitors
its termi-+q
–q 3 eq
+q,
2 3 –q +q
connected+q
1
C 3their equivalent
2 C2
2 –q
1
capacitor
pression
ored on the for(with
q stored C
capacitorson equivalent
inthe iscapacitors
Fig. 25-8b,
the sum capacitance
we
ofis the
thefirstsum
chargesuseof Cthe
Eq. )
stored
eq that
charges
25-1 on tohas
stored
allfind
the replaced
theon all
capacitors. the
the capacitors.
replaces
nals and thus the parallel
in parallel
across eachB combination.
to V
– battery
B
capacitor.B.– TheVV battery
(b) The V V
main- V V
mean q “capacitors
C V, eq in parallel have the same V.”) Figure 25-8b shows
q C V, and q C V. –q –q–q
s (with 1 !
actual 1 !
capacitances
2 2 C , C ,3 !
and C3 ) of Fig. 25-8a. Fig. 25-8 (a) Three –q
capacitors
C –q
connected the
3CC 3same 1 V 1(“pa
2C C
al capacitor:
When (with
Capacitors
nt capacitor weconnected
analyze
equivalent aincircuit
parallel of
capacitance
1 2can capacitors
be replaced
Ceq) that
3 inwith
parallel,
hasan we can
equivalent
replaced equivalent
simplify
thecapacitor capacitor,
tains
it
that with with
potential (a)
3
capacitance
difference 3 V
TerminaleqC ,
across2 2 its termi- 2

an expression for C in Fig. 25-8b, we first use Eq. 25-1 to find the
replaces in parallel
the to battery
parallel B. The battery main-
combination.
eorson the
has parallel
the same combination
total charge q of
and Fig.
the 25-8a
same is then
potential difference V as the actual nals and thus across capacitor. (b)capacito
each Terminal The
qthis
When 1 ! we
mental
(with
C1V, actual
When
analyzereplacement:
q 2!a
capacitances
we analyze
eq
V, and
C2circuit ofC ,qC , andofCcapacitors
a capacitors
1circuit ) of Fig. 25-8a. in parallel, we can simplify
3 2! C3V. 3in parallel, we can simplify ittains withpotentialit(a)with
difference (a)V
Terminal across+qits Parallel
termi-
eactual
mental thiscapacitor:
ancapacitors.
expressionmentalfor
qreplacement: Ceq in Fig. 25-8b, we first use Eq. 25-1 to find the
replacement:
! q1 " q2 " q3 ! (C1 " C2 " C3)V. nalsequivalent
and thus across capacitor, with capacitance
each+ capacitor.
B – V Parallel capacitors and (b)their
The Ceq, capah
equivalent
Parallel
the parallel
ch actual combination
capacitor: of Fig. 25-8a is then replaces the parallel combination.
–q Cthe same V (“pa
q !
Capacitors
1 C 1 V, q
connected 2 ! Cin2V,
paralleland can q
be 3 ! C
replaced 3V. with an equivalent
equivalent capacitor, with capacitance
capacitor that their eqCeqtheir
,
equivalent equival
have
capacitance,
qhas qq1 " q
with q
the same
(C
total
C
charge
C )V.
q and applied potential replaces the parallel(b)combination. the same V (
(You
! the same
might
! C2 "V,
total
remember
Capacitors 3 !
q
charge
!
connected C
1 "
q V,
thisand "
and
the
result
in2 sameq
with
3
parallel can! C
potential
the
be V. difference
nonsense
replaced word
with V
an as the
“par-V,”actual
equivalent which is
capacitor close
that the same V (“par-V”).
the oncombination,
epacitorstheconnected
1parallel 1 iscombination
inthen
parallel
2 2 can be ofreplaced
Fig. 325-8a 3 is an
with then
equivalent capacitor that +q
capacitors.
tosame has
“party,” the
to same
mean total charge
“capacitors q and in the same
parallel potential
have theV difference
same as the actual
V Figure 25-8b shows +
acitance,
the
rge on with
total
the parallelthe
charge same
q and
combination total charge
the same of Fig. anddifference
q25-8a
potential applied
is then as the V.”)
potential actual B – 25-8
Fig. V (a) Three
+q capacitors c
combination, q ! q
capacitors.
is " q
thenq " q ! (C " C " C )V. +q + –q
the equivalent
acitors. Ceq !
1 capacitor
2 (with
! C1 " C2 " C3,
3 1 equivalent
2 3 capacitance C ) that has replaced the + C eq
B – inV parallel
B – toV battery B. The batter
eq
threemight q ! q
capacitors " Vq
(with" q ! (C " C " C )V. –q Ceq
capacitance,
(You
1
qwith
remember
2
the actual
3
same 1
this resultcapacitances
2
totalwithcharge the C
3
q1,andC2, and
nonsense C3) of“par-V,”
applied
word Fig. 25-8a.
potential which is close
(b) –q Ceq
tains potential difference V across
can
nt To
easilyCeqderive
capacitance, !to mean
extend an !expression
to
with any 1 "
the C2 "total
C“capacitors
number
same C
for
n ,Cparallel
of eq inwithFig.
capacitors,
charge q 25-8b,
as
and we
applied first use Figure
potentialEq. 25-1 to find the nals(b)
and thus across each capacito
the
to
might combination,
“party,”
(You might
remember is then
remember this in
3result have
the
V this result with the nonsense word “par-V,” which is closethe same
nonsense V.”)
word “par-V,” 25-8b
whichshows
is close
(b)
Fig. 25-8 (a) Three capacitors co
charge
asthe on eachto
theequivalent
combination, actual
is then
capacitor capacitor:
(with equivalent capacitance shows inequivalent capacitor, with capacita
arty,” to
to “party,”
mean mean
n“capacitors “capacitors
in parallel in
have parallel
the haveV.”)
same the C eq) that
same
Figure V.”) has
25-8b replaced
Figure
shows 25-8bthe C
parallel > C1, C
eq battery
to (a)2, Three
C
B.3,…..
Thecapacito
battery
easily extend to any q
number n of capacitors, as Fig. 25-8
replaces
(a) the parallel
Three combination.
capacitors connecte
threethe
quivalent C !C!
capacitors
eqequivalent
eq C
capacitor !j(with q q1!
(n
(with actual
capacitorCC1 1"capacitances
V,
capacitors (with
!equivalent equivalent
C2parallel).
in q"
2! CC
capacitanceC , Ccapacitance
3,2V, 1 and 2,C
and q)3C!3) C
that ofhas
(25-19) CFig.) 25-8a.
3V.eqreplaced the
Fig. 25-8
that has replaced the tainsinpotential
parallelB.difference
toThe
battery across
V The
B. bat
To
three derive C !
anactualV
expression! C " C
1 for 2C " C ,
in3, Fig. 25-8b,
eq
we first25-8a.
use Eq. 25-1 to find thein parallel to battery battery main-
n capacitors (with actual capacitances C13,)C
C 2, and C 3) of Fig. 25-8a.
j!1
nals tains
and thus acrossdifference
potential each capacitor acr
across itsV
eq
capacitors (with V capacitances eqC C2, and of Fig. tains potential difference V term
The total charge on the parallel combination of Fig. 25-8a is then1
ement:
ethe netThe
a circuit
2. charge
of capacitors of thatin
battery inwith
part
series,
directly
series
cannot
weproduces
have can
the
besimplify
changed
samecharges q.”)
by the
it with this
Figure onbattery
only
25-9
— two plates to which ithalliday_c25_656-681v2.qxd
b the
shows theseries” equivalent capacitor isthe(with
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n only be redistributed. to do how the capacitors are drawn. Rather,“in means that 23-11-2009 14:32

e— connected
capacitors
Capacitors
connected in series are in
can (the
equivalent
wired
Series
be bottom withplate
capacitance
serially,
replaced anone of
after
equivalent capacitor
the) that
Ceqcapacitor other, 3thatand
hasand the
replaced
that top plate
a potential of capacitor
the three actual 1capacitors
difference in
V is
nalyze
eatqare
and aFig.
the circuit
connected
same 25-9 of
ina).
total capacitors
(with
series
potential can
Charges bein
actual series,
capacitances
replaced
differencethat Vof we
aswith
are can Csimplify
an equivalent
theproduced
actual , C(In
1series 2, and
onitcapacitor
with
the
capacitors. this
) of
C325-9a,
otherFig.
that 25-9
platesa. are due merely to
nnectedapplied
in series across
can be the
replaced two
with ends
an equivalent the series.
capacitor that Fig. this potential difference V is
ment:
harge— q andthe
“in the same
shifting
series” total potential
To
of charge
means derive
that difference
an
already
the expression
capacitors V as
there. the actual
for
For
aredifferences
wired C series
in
example, capacitors.
Fig.
eq serially, in 25-9
one b,
Fig.we
after first
25-9 use Eq.
the part
thea,other 25-1 to
thefind the
ofcapaci-
nd the maintained
same total bypotential
potential battery
difference VB.)
as The
the potential
actual series capacitors. that then exist across the
circuit enclosed by difference
dashed of eachisactual
lines capacitor:
electrically isolated from the25-4 CAPACITORS
rest of the I N PARALLE L AN D I N S
mber tors
thisinwith the series
the produce
nonsense word identical
“seri-q” charges to mean “capacitors q on them.
member
er same
this
—with
are connectedcircuit.
The
q.”) this
the
in series
with
Figure Thus,
potential
nonsense
candifferences
thethe
25-9
be replaced
b net
nonsense
wordshows
with
charge
the
“seri-q”
that
word
anthen
equivalent
of
equivalent
to mean
that
exist
“seri-q”
capacitor
part
“capacitors
across
qcapacitor
to mean cannot thatcapacitors
the be changed
q“capacitors
(with in theby q theproduce
series batteryidentical
— charges
664 q on CHAPTER
them 25 CAPACITAN
rge q andits thecharge
same totalcan potential
only difference
be V as the
redistributed. V1 # actual series , Vcapacitors.
2 # , and V3 # .
metheq.”)
itance same CFigure
eq )q.”)that
25-9 Figure
b hasshows 25-9
replaced
the b shows the
equivalent the
three equivalent
capacitor actual
C 1 (with capacitor
capacitors C 2 (with C 3
Terminal
nce
itances When
Ceq)Cthat ahaspotential
When
replaced a difference
potential
Fig.the three
a. actualV is
difference applied V
capacitorsacross
is applied several
across capacitors
several connected
capacitors in
connected in Terminal
pacitance 1, C
When C2,eqand)we that 3) ofhas
Canalyze 25-9
replaced
a circuit ofthecapacitors
three actual
in capacitors
series, we can simplify it with this charge
nces
ember C
expression series,
, C ,
this and the
with
for C
C ) of
the The
capacitors
parallel,
in Fig.
Fig. total
that
25-9
nonsense 25-9 a. potential
have
b,word
we identical
potential “seri-q”
first difference
use charge
to
Eq. mean
25-1 q.V
V The
isdue
“capacitors
to find to
sum
applied the the
of thebattery
across potential
each iscapacitor.
the sum
differences of these
The total three +q 3
pacitances
1
mental
2 C , 3C
replacement:
1 eq2 , and C 3) of Fig. 25-9 a. +q +
ression
he sameacross
forq.”)Ceqall inthe
Figure potential
capacitors
stored
qcapacitor:
Fig. 25-9
25-9 b,bon
we differences.
the is capacitors
first
shows equal
use Eq. toThus, the
25-1 isto applied
the sum
find thepotential
of the charges difference
storedV. on all the capacitors. V1 B V V
ce of each actual
an expression for Ceq in Fig. 25-9the b, equivalent
we first usecapacitor Eq. 25-1(with to find the –q –
C1 –q 3 C 3
f each actual
acitance C capacitor:
) that has replaced the three actual capacitors
rence of each
acitances
V # ,We
C
q eq actualqcapacitor:
C1, C2V
V1 q#Capacitors
V can
, 2and
q#
#q explain
thatC3are
, When
Cand
),ofconnected
Fig. 25-9
and
V
qwe
q3 a.
V
3 # analyze
how the # V
in series
. capacitors
Ctotal
. can
a circuit
1
q
"
q# V " V " V # q 1 " 1 " 1 .
be2 replaced
end of up
3
capacitors
with
#
withCan equivalentC2 charge
1 in parallel,
identical
capacitor
C3 weby that
can simplify it with
following B
+
– V V(a)
2
+q

–q C 2 Terminal
n1expression
Chas the1 2 for
same CC in
charge 2Fig. q 25-9
and b,
theC we same first 3 use potential
Eq. 25-1 to find
difference the V as the actual series capacitors.
a
1V #
chain1 this
reaction,2eqmental
V2 #of events, , and
replacement: 3
in Vwhich
3 # . charging of each capacitor causes the
the Para
nce
al of each
difference actual
C
V 1 due The
capacitor:
to equivalent
the C 2 battery capacitance
is the sum C 3
isofthenthese three +q
difference V due to the battery is the sum of these three their
ces.
Thus,
charging
Thus, q of the next capacitor. We start with capacitor 3 and work upward to V3
ential q q q 1 –q
V1difference V# due, the toand the battery isfirstthe sum of these three C
(You # might
capacitor , 1.V2remember
When this
batteryV with
# the is .C nonsense
# connected
# word “seri-q”
to the to mean
series , of “capacitors
capacitors, it
3
the s
Capacitors connected 3 in parallel
eq can be replaced with an equivalent capacitor that
" " #
rences. Thus, C1 1 C2 same 11 11 Figure 1C3 25-9 V 1/C1the " 1/C 2 " 1/C3 capacitor (with
#VV# in
" series
1 V1 2" V23" has
V
ntial equivalent
" V have
#
difference V capacitance
V3 #the
q the
C
q same"total charge
due 1 to the
"
C C
" # q.”)
1 2 batteryC C
".
C
. b shows equivalent
q and the same potential difference V as the actual
Terminal
(a)
Series capacitors and
1C23eq) isthat 1the sum
has1 ofreplacedthese three the three actual capacitors their equivalent
+q have
" #
3
V V1then capacitors.
" V2capacitances
" V3 # q . Fig.125-9 a.1 +
nces.(with
itance
pacitance is #
Thus,thenisactual C "
, C , and " C )1of 1 B –the Vsame q (“seri-q”).
or C1 1 2C2 C33 # " " . +
+q –q Ceq
To derive an expression for C in Fig. 25-9 b, we first use Eq. 25-1 to find the
" # 1 eq Ceq C1 C2 C3 B
q 1 11 1 – V
CVeq ## V1 "#q
t capacitance V is " then
V # q " , " .
–q Ceq
(b)
potential
CeqV# 1/C 2difference
(You# " might
3 1/C2 "of eachC2actual
remember
C1/C , Cthis capacitor:
result with the nonsense word “par-V,” which is close
V 1 We 1/Ccan 1 " 1/C
1 3"extend
easily2 1/C3 this 3 to any number n of capacitors as
ores charge q to “party,” q to mean 1q “capacitors in parallel have the same V.”) Figure 25-8b shows (b)
capacitance is
Ceq # then # , q q C eq< C 1 C2Fig.
, , C3,…..25-8 (a) Three
identical ca- the
1 V 1 1/C equivalent V # capacitor
1 1" 1/C " 1/C , V (with
# equivalent
n, and V capacitance
# . C ) that has replaced the 25-9 (a) Three capacitors con-
2 13 1 Fig.
1 in parallel toThe
battery
battery B
eq
tential differ- #1 q "1 " 1 1. 1 1 C21 # C2! 3
(n capacitorsC3 in series). (25-20) nected in series to battery B.
CC eq # Cthree #1 # Ccapacitors
2" C3 " (with . ,actual
Ceq capacitances j#1 Cj
C1, C2, and C3) of Fig. 25-8a. tains potential
maintains potential differen
difference V between
on either eqca-
C C C C
The eq V 1 1/C
To derive
1 " 1/Can 2 " 1/C3 V due for
3 expression Ceq in Fig. 25-8b,is thewe firstofuse Eq. three
25-1 to find the the
(a) totalin potential
2difference to the battery sum these top and bottom plates of the series
nals and thus across ea
sthisareto any number n of capacitors as
nd the same potential difference V as the actual
rge q and the same potential
the topbe and difference
bottom V as of
platesanthe (withcapacitor
actual
the series actual in capacitances
that have+qthe C
series 1, C
same – , and
q.”) C3) of
Figure 25-9Fig. 25-9 a.
b shows the equivalent capac
nnected in parallel can replaced with equivalent +q–q2 Ceq

Series capacitors
CHAPTER 25 CAPAC

their equivalent h
14

the same q (“seri

combination. (b) The equivalent capacitor,
al charge q and the same potential differenceCapacitors V as the To derive
actual B –anVexpression
equivalent
Capacitors
+
Combinations capacitance
+
B– V
(b) forCC
that are connected in
eq)eq that Fig.
in series 25-9
hascan beb,
replaced we the
replaced first
with use
three Eq. 25-
actual
an equivalent
ember this result with withthe nonsense
capacitance Ceqword “par-V,”
, replaces PA R T 3
which is difference
the series closehas actual
(with the same charge
capacitances
–q –qand
Ceq qactual CC the, Csame
2, and
+qtotalC3)potential
of Fig. 25-9difference
a. V as the actual
potential of each + eq1 capacitor:

23-11-2009
an “capacitors in parallel combination. have the same V.”) Figure 25-8b shows To derive an expression Ceq in Fig. 25-9 b, we first use Eq. 25-1
V for capacitors
(b)Fig. 25-8 B(a)
PARALLEL
result
er thiswith
apacitor resultthe
(with ANDnonsense
with the
equivalent INnonsense
SERIES
word “par-V,”
capacitance wordC“par-V,”
eq
663
which
) that is
has close
whichreplaced
(b)
is close
potential
the difference of
in parallel q
to
– Three
each actual–qcapacitor:
battery B. The q Ceq
battery
connected
main- q
ors inactual
capacitors
(with parallel have
incapacitances
parallel
Parallel the same
have C the
, C V.”)
,same
and Figure
C V.”)
) of 25-8b
Figure
Fig. shows
25-8b shows
25-8a.
(You might V1 #(b) , V2 # Series
remember this with the, and V3 # “seri-q”
nonsense word . to m
(a) Three capacitors connected
ember
ith
itor thisequivalent
equivalent
(with result with
capacitance the1 nonsense
capacitanceC
2
) that
C
3 word “par-V,” which
has
) replaced
that has the
replaced
Fig.
the
25-8
Fig.
is close
in series 25-8
tains theCV
havepotential (a)
same
1 #
Three qq.”) Figure
difference
, V
CV#2across
capacitors
,
connected
q 25-9itsb termi-
and showsV #
Cq3 .equivalent
the
eanexpression for Cin
Terminal
“capacitors eq in Fig. 25-8b,
parallel
eq we first
have the
eq use Eq. 25-1 to find
same V.”) Figure inthe
25-8b parallel
shows
equivalent
to battery
innals
parallel B.across
capacitance
TheCbattery
to battery
and thus 1
C1 each )
2 main-
B. Thecapacitor.
battery
that C2has main-
(b) The
replaced
3
C
the three a

–q C 1

–q C 2

–q C 3
3
l capacitances
hctual
actual
capacitor: C
capacitances
1 , C 2 , and
C 1 , C C2 ,
3 ) of
and Fig.
C 3) 25-8a.
of Fig. 25-8a.The total potential
tains potential
tains difference
Fig.
difference
potential
equivalent 25-8V
V
difference
capacitor, due
eq
across
with(a) to the
Three
its termi- battery
capacitors
across its termi-
Vcapacitance C , is the
connected sum of
napacitor in(with equivalent capacitance eq)
Cto thatto has
findreplaced
(with the
actual capacitances , , and ) of Fig.
C C C eq 25-9 a.

halliday_c25_656-681v2.qxd

+q

+q

+q
for Ceqfor
ression Fig.
Ceq+q25-8b,
in Fig. we25-8b, first weusefirst
Eq.use 25-1 Eq. find
25-1 the The and
the total potential in difference
parallel 1 V
to 2due toB.
battery 3the
(b)battery
The battery is main-
the sum of th
+q +q potential differences.
nals thus
nals Thus,
across
and
replaces
To derive
thus
the each
acrosscapacitor.
parallel
an expression
each (b) The
capacitor.
combination. The
for CeqCin ,Fig. 25-9 b, we first use Eq

+q
l(with actual
C1V, capacitances
q32 ! C2V, 2and C1, Cq2,3and 3) of Fig. 25-8a. equivalent
1
itor: q1+!
capacitor: ! CC 3V.
potential differences.
tains
capacitor,
equivalent Thus,
withpotential
capacitor, capacitance
with difference
capacitance VCacross
eq, its termi-

V1

V3
V2
Terminal

Terminal
B– V V V V potential difference of each actual
eq
capacitor:
n expression for C eq in –q Fig. 25-8b, –qwe first use Eq. 25-1 replacesto findreplaces
theparallel
""
1 1 capacitor.
11 11 The
##

(a)
–q C C C the the
nals combination.
parallel
and thus combination.
across each (b)
on
qV, 1!C
the parallel
q21V,
! C2qV, combination
2!C
3 and 2V, qand
3 2of
3 ! C3qV.
Fig.
2 25-8a
3 ! C3V.
1 is
1 then V # V1 V"#VV21 " "V V23 "#V3q# q "" " " ..
actual capacitor: equivalent capacitor, q C with
qC capacitance
1 1, and C C22 V # C 33 C q,
eq
(C V # , V # .
" q2 "
q ! Terminal
q1combinationofqFig. "isC 2 " Cis 3)V.

V
664
llel
he combination
(a)parallel 3 ! 25-8a
of 1Fig. then
25-8a then replaces 1 the parallel
C 2 combination.
C 3
C

+
q1 ! C1V, q2 ! C2V, and q3 ! C3V.The equivalent capacitance is then The equivalent capacitance is then 1 2 3

+
B–
apacitance,
1q"! q2q" 1"
with
q3q!
2" (Cq1the
3" Csame
!Parallel
(C
2"1" Ctotal
C charge q and applied potential
3capacitors
2 " C3)V. and
)V. The total potential difference q V due to 1the battery is the sum
on the V is constant
parallel combination
he combination, is then of Fig. 25-8a is then CqeqI # # 11/C " 1/C ,
their equivalent have q or
potential differences. Thus, is constant
V 1/C 3,
, with the
citance, same
with thetotal
samecharge q and applied
total charge potential
q and applied potential Ceq # # 1 " 2

tion, isqthen
! qis1" qq2 " ! (CV
theq3same 1"(“par-V”).
C2 " C3)V. V 1/C1 " 1/C2 "1 1/C3 1
ombination,
Ceq !
capacitance,
q
then
V
! C1 " C2 " C3,
qwith the same total charge q and appliedorpotential
V # V1 " V2 " V3 # q
1
#
1
"
1 C 1
" 1 .
"
C2
"
C3
.
1
" #
Che
eq ! C ! C1+q
combination, "!CC 3,2 " C3,
1""CC Ceq 1 C1 1 C2 1C3
V toisany
2then 1
an +Veqextend
easily number n of
CHECKPOINT 3 capacitors, as The equivalent capacitance is then
B– V or We can easily extend this to# " n of"
anyCnumber . as
capacitors
xtend
–q
to any number
asily extend to
n any qnAofbattery
Ceq
number of potential
capacitors,
n of as V stores
capacitors, as charge q
C eq 1q C 2 C 31
Ceq # ,
C !
CHECKPOINT
! 3a C
on!
(b) Ceq ! eq Cj V (npacitors.1 " in
capacitors Cparallel).
2 "of
combination , identical ca- (25-19)
C3two
What are the potentialWe
1
can easily extend this to any number
differ- # !
n
V
1
#
1/C "
n of(ncapacitors
1 1/C 2 " as1/C
capacitors in series).
3
nA battery of potential V stores
n j!1 charge q Ceq j#1 Cj
!
can!C
on C!
easily
eq a ! (n
extend
j combination
j
ence across and the charge on either ca-
Ccapacitorsto in parallel).
(n capacitors
any
of in parallel).
number
two
(a) Threeofcapacitors identical n of (25-19)
capacitors,
ca- (25-19)
as
connected we simplyUsing n
Fig.
j!1 25-8
equivalent j!1 capacitance pacitor if the capacitors
a parallel combination, are (a) in add Eq. 25-201you can show 1 1that the1 equivalent
pacitors.C What
> C
in parallel to battery
pacitances. eq
n
1 , are
C2 , Cthe potential
,…..
parallel
3 and (b) differ-
in
B. The battery main-series? or
C
#
capacitances is always
C eq<
C the
less than
C 1 , (n
C
#
C leastC
2capacitors
, C 3 ,…..
"
1
capacitance
in
C inC
"
1
!
capacitance
series).
.
the series.
of a
 1 1 1 1
or # " " .
Ceq C1
halliday_c25_656-681v2.qxd C2
23-11-2009 C314:32 P
CHECKPOINT 3 Terminal
is applied across several capacitors connected in We can easily extend this to any number n of capacitors as
A battery of potential V stores charge q
e V is applied across each capacitor. The total charge +q 3 +q 2 +q 1
+
on charges
sum of the a combination
stored onof all
twotheidentical ca-
capacitors. B– V V n V V
1 1
pacitors. What are the potential differ-
C !
–q 3 C 3 # –q 2 C 2
C
–q(n
1 C
capacitors
1 in series).
ence across and the charge on either ca- eq j#1 j

it of capacitors
pacitor ifinthe
parallel, we can
capacitors are simplify
(a) in it with (a) Terminal
Using Eq. 25-20 664 showCHAPTER
you can 25 CAPACITANC
that the equivalent capac
parallel and (b) in series? Parallel capacitors and
capacitances is always less than the least capacitance in the s
their equivalent have
Terminal
(a)replaced
V, q/2; with an equivalent capacitor that
the same V (“par-V”).
lel can be
the same(b)potential
V/2; q difference V as the actual +q
+q V1
+ –q C 1
B– V
–q Ceq
+q
+
(b) B– V V2
sult with the nonsense word “par-V,” which is close –q C 2
s in parallel have the same V.”) Figure 25-8b shows Fig. 25-8 (a) Three capacitors connected
h equivalent capacitance Ceq) that has replaced the in parallel to battery B. The
+q
battery main-
V3
apacitances C1, C2, and C3) of Fig. 25-8a. tains potential difference V across
–q C 3 its termi-
or Ceq in Fig. 25-8b, we first use Eq. 25-1 to find the nals and thus across each capacitor. (b) The
or: Terminal
equivalent capacitor, with capacitance
Series C eq,
capacitors and
(a)
 The potential V that is applied to the capacitors produces Is ca
charge, capacitor 3 is not in series with capacitor 1 (or ca- We firstreduce
charge on the bottomWe plate
first ofreduce the The
capacitor
the The
3. equivalent
That ofof The
charge
equivalent The
ing equivt
the
equival
pacitor 2). circuittothe
toa asingle
single parallel capacitors series cap

q = CV
23-11-2009 14:32 Page 666 Sample Problem
day_c25_656-681v2.qxd
causes charge to shiftcircuitfrom top plateparallel
of capacitors
capacitor 3. series
that capa
shift
Are capacitor 1 and capacitor 2 in parallel? Yes. capacitor.

A
capacitor. is islarger.
larger. is
isto smaller
smaller.
However,
Their top plates are directly wired Capacitors
note
together and
that
in parallel the shifting
their and inAseries
charge
HALLIDAY can
REVISED move to the the bo
bottom plates of both A capacitor 1 and capacitor A A 2. capacitor
bottom plates are directly wired together,
(a) Find the equivalent capacitance for the
and
combination
electric
of charge, capacitor 3 is not in series with capacitor 1 (orequivalen
ca-

charge.
potential is applied between the top-plate Because there
pair and is themore than one route for the shifting
capacitances shown in Fig. 25-10a, across which potential pacitor C 1C2).
=1 = C 12= =
C 2C=2 = C 12
bottom-plate
difference V ispair. Thus,
applied. capacitor 1 and capacitor 2 are Are
Assume 12.0µcapacitor
12.0 FµF 5.30
1 and
5.30 µ FµF capacitor 17.3 217.3inµ FµF
parallel? Yes.
in parallel, and Eq. 25-19 tells us that their equivalent ca- Their C
C1 ! 12.0CHAPTER
666 mF, C2 !25 5.30CAPACITANCE
mF, and C3 ! 4.50 mF. V V top plates areB directly Vwired V together B Band their V V C 123
3.5
pacitance C12 is bottom plates are Bdirectly wired together, and electric 3.57
C C3 =
3=
We first reduce the
potential The is equivalent
applied of
between The
the C 3C=3 = pairofand the
equivalent
top-plate
4.50
4.50 µ FµF
2 are Next,
C12 ! C1 " C2 !K12.0 EY IDEA
mF " 5.30 mF circuit ! 17.3tomF. 4.50 FµF
a single bottom-plateparallel pair. Thus, capacitor
capacitors series 1 4.50
and µcapacitor
capacitors
From Eq. 25-20, we have
Any capacitors connected in series can be replaced with inWorking
parallel, backwards:
and Eq. 25-19 To get us
tells thethat
charge
their on capacitor
q1equivalent 1,backw
ca-
In Fig. 25-10b, we have replaced capacitorscapacitor.
1 and 2 with we work is larger.
backwards
(a) (a) is smaller.
to that capacitor, (b)(b)starting with the (c )(c
their equivalent 1
1 capacitor, 1 any capacitors connected in
and pacitance C 12 is desire
their equivalent !capacitor,
$ called capacitor 12 (say “one equivalent capacitor 123. Because the given potential differ-
parallel canC123 be replaced
C12 C3 their equivalentA capacitor.
with
ence C (! C
12.5 V)C
A
12.0 mFacross
" 5.30 ! 17.3
V ! " 2is!applied themFactual combination
mF. Pa
two” and notwe “twelve”).
should first(The connections
whether any at of points A and B Series
=
12 1
Therefore, check the capaci- Series capacitors
capacitors
of three capacitors in Fig. 25-10a, and and it is also applied across the
aretors
exactly
in Fig.the same inin1Figs. 25-10aand
or 1series. b.) C 1 = # 1 In Fig. 25-10b, we have replaced Applying
Applying
capacitors V V
= =
1q/Cq/C
and 2yields
yields with
3
25-10aare parallel theirequivalent
C 2 =C their equivalent C =have
12have
! 0.280 F , 123 in Figs. 25-10d and e. Thus, Eq. 25-1 (q ! CV) gives us
the potential
!
Is capacitor 12 17.3 in series $
"F with 4.50 capacitor
"F
"
3?µF
12.0 Again apply-5.30their
µF the equivalent
the 17.3
sameq q(“seri-q”).
same µF
capacitor,
(“seri-q”). the
called potential
capacitor 12difference.
difference.
(say “one the

µC
q123not C123V ! (3.57 V V) !Cat 44.6
ingFinding
the equivalent
test
from which
for series capacitance:
capacitances, Capacitors
we see
V that1 andthe
3 are
charge
B
two” and V! “twelve”). (The connections
B mF)(12.5
q q
points
123
= =
=mC. A and12.5 B V
connected one after the other, but are they in series? No. are exactly the q 12 12= = in Figs. 25-10aand b.)12
qsame 3.57
12 µF
that shifts from the top plate of capacitor 3 must entirely C3 = go The series capacitors
44.6
44.6 µ12µC
C 12 and 3 in Fig. 25-10b
44.644.6µ CµC each have the 3
The potential V that is applied 1 to the capacitors produces Is capacitor C in =series with capacitor 3? Again apply-
to charge
the bottom same charge as their3 equivalent capacitor 123 (Fig. 25-10f).
on theplate of capacitor !12. Thus,
"F. capacitor 12 and
Cbottom 3.57 4.50 µF
(Answer) C 12= =
C 12 Cthat
C 12 = = the
V 12Vcharge
= =
123 ! plate of
# 1 capacitor 3. That charge ing the test for 4.50 µF
series capacitances, we see 12 12 12
capacitor 3 are in 0.280 " F Thus, capacitor 17.3
17.3 µ 12
µF
F has charge q ! q ! 44.6 mC. From
causes charge to series, and the
shift from we topcan plate
replace them with
of capacitor 3. theirthat shiftsV Vfrom qthe top plate
12 123 17.3
17.3 µ FµF 2.58
2.58 V V
12.5
Eq. 12.5
25-1 andq 3Fig.
=3 =25-10g , theofpotential
capacitor
12.5
12.5 q 33q=must
V V difference
3=
entirely
across ca- go
equivalent
However,
(b) The 123 (“one
Cnote
potential two three”),
that difference
the shiftingapplied astoshown
charge can movein terminals
the input Fig. 25-10c.
to (a)
the topacitor
the bottom 44.6
12 must µ(b)
plate
44.6 µCof capacitor 12. Thus,
C
be 44.6 (ccapacitor
44.6µ)CµC 12 and 12.5 12V
bottom
in Fig.plates
25-10a is ofV both
! 12.5capacitor
V. What is 1theand capacitor
charge on C1? 2. capacitor 3 areC 3C in=3 series,
= and we can replace C 3Cthem V 3V=3 their
=3 = with =
q 44.6 " C 4.504.50µin
FµFFig.
9.92
9.92 VV
Because there is more than one route for the shifting equivalent C4.50 4.50 µ FµF two
123V(“one
12 !
12
!three”), as!shown 2.58 Parallel
V. 25-10c.
capacitors a
 V (! we12.5
ence work
1 V V)(! isbackwards
applied
12.5 V) 1 across
is to that
applied the1 across
actual
capacitor, combination
the starting
actual
causes with
combination
charge the
to shift from capacitor.
the top plate ofmove is larger. 3.
capacitor tha
work backwards
equivalent capacitorto that capacitor,
123. Because starting
0.280the F However,
with
given # 1
, the
potential note
differ-that
C the
in shifting
Figs. Eq. charge
25-1
25-10d and
HALLIDAY
andcan Fig.
e. 25-10g
Thus,
REVISEDto Eq.the
, the25-1 to
poten(q
ree capacitors
! equivalent
of three in
$ Fig.
capacitor
capacitors 25-10a,123.
in
! it is
Because
Fig. also
25-10a,
" applied
the given
itbottom across
isHowever,
alsopotential note
applied
123
that
differ-
acrossthe capacitor
shifting
A charge cancapacitor
move to the A to
alent (b)
17.3 The
capacitor" Fpotential
123. 4.50 difference
Because " F
the given applied
potential to
differ-the input
plates terminals
of both pacitor 1
12 and
must be 2. cap
nence
Figs.
ence
C
(! 12.5
V25-10d
inV (!
Figs. and V)e.is
12.5
25-10d V) applied
Thus, is
and Eq.
applied
e.
across
25-1
Thus, (q the
!
across
Eq.
actual
CV) the
25-1 gives
bottomcombination
actual
(q usCV plates
combination
) gives q123 capacitor
ofusboth ! C123V ! 1 and(3.57capacitor
mF)(12.5 2. V) cap !
V (!in Fig.
12.5
123 V)25-10a
is applied is V across
! 12.5
of three capacitors in Fig. 25-10a, it is also Becausethe V. What
actual is the
Because
combination charge
! there
applied there on C
acrossis
1 ? more than one route for the shifting equ
ree of three
capacitors capacitors
in Fig. 25-10a, in itFig.
is 25-10a,
also applied it is also
across applied is more than
across C 1 =one route C 2 for
= the qshifting
12
C 1244.6
= equ "C
q
CH ! C
123 in Figs. V ! (3.57 mF)(12.5 V)
123 25-10d and e. Thus, Eq. 25-1 (q ! CV ) gives us! 44.6 mC. The series capacitors
12.0 µ F 5.30 V
12 and
µ F12 ! 3 in! Fig.
17.3 µ F 25-
C 123A P T EqR
n Figs.C123 in Figs.
25-10d and
123 2! 5
1 e. C CA
25-10d V
Thus, Eq.
123 PAC! (3.57
and25-1I TA
e. E N mF)(12.5
Thus, C
(q ! CV E
Eq. V)
25-1
) gives ! 44.6
(q ! CV) gives
us mC. us charge C 17.3B"F
C123 ! !3 3.57 K Y
"F. I D E A S (Answer) same V as their B equivalent V 12 capacito
series capacitors
q !
0.280 C V12 #and
! 1 (3.57
F mF)(12.5 12 in Fig.
mF)(12.5 25-10bV) ! each
44.6 have
mC. the
q123 The
! C123
123series
V
q ! !
"
123capacitors
(3.57 C V ! V)
(3.57 and
! 44.6 3
mF)(12.5 in
mC. Fig.
V) 25-10b
! 44.6 each have
mC. Thus, thecapacitor The C 312= has
parallel charge1 qand
capacitors 12
C != 2 q
eac
12
charge as their
123 equivalent
123 capacitor 123 (Fig. We 25-10f).
first reduce the The equivalent of The equivalent of
3
25-20, we have
The We
same
series now
charge need
capacitors as to
their
12 work
and backwards
equivalent
3 in Fig. capacitor
25-10b from We
each 123the
have (Fig.
first reduce
the Eq.
equivalent the25-1The
Working
25-10f). and Fig.
4.50 µ25-10g
backwards:
equivalent
difference
Fof
as their , To
Thethe potential
get
equivalent
equivalent
the µ F dif
4.50ofcharg
capac
eries
ential capacitors
capacitor 1 12 has
difference 12 and
1 applied
3 in
charge q12 Fig. 25-10b
to !the each
q123input have
! 44.6terminals
mC.the
circuitFromto a single we parallel
work capacitors
backwards series
to capacitors
that capacitor
1
same The
Thus, series
capacitance
charge capacitor
$as capacitors
to
their get 12 thehas
equivalent12charge
andcapacitor
charge 3 onin(Fig.
q Fig.
a 25-10b
particular
! 123q (Fig.
! each
circuit have
to amC.
capacitor.
44.6
25-10f). pacitor
single the
We
From 12 must
parallel be
capacitors series capacitors
a charge
5-1
!
is Vand as
C
! 12 their
Fig.
12.5 equivalent
25-10gV. 3What
C , the capacitor
potential
isequivalent
the charge 123
difference 12 25-10f).
across
123
capacitor.
on C1? capacitor. ca-
equivalent
is capacitor
larger.
capacitor
(a) 1 has
123.
is potential
Because
smaller. differenc
(b)
the giv
123
same charge as their capacitor 123 (Fig. ence V
25-10f). is (!
larger.
12.5 V) is applied is smaller. across the
Thus, have
or 12Eq.
capacitor
must two
25-1
capacitor
12
be techniques
and Fig. 25-10g
has 12
charge has q for
charge
12 ! qsuch
, the q
!
123 12 “backwards
potential
44.6
! q mC.
123 ! From work”:
difference across
44.6 mC. (1)
From Seri-q:
of ca-
three from Eq.
capacitors 25-1q 12
inand 44.6
Fig.
Fig. 25-10i,
25-10a, "C the it cha
is
A A V A ! ! ! 2.5
5-1
Eq.and
!Thus,
25-1
SeriesFig.
pacitor capacitor
1
and25-10g
Fig.
capacitors
12 must,$the
25-10gbe12have,has
1
potential
thethe charge
difference
potential
!same 0.280 qcharge!Fq#123
across
difference
12 " 1ca- 44.6 equivalent
across
,as!their mC.ca- From
C123 in Figs. 25-10d C 12A
Series capacitors12and
and e. Thus, 17.3 Eq.
" F 25-1 (
or 12Eq.
pacitor
17.3K
must12 "E
bemust
25-1
FqY I D
and be 44.6
4.50
E A S
"" FC
12Fig. 25-10g , the potential difference across ca- q123 ! C123V !q(3.57 V1 ! (12.0
1 ! CmF)(12.5
1Applying V= " F)
q/C
capacitor.
V ! (2) ! Par-V: Parallel
!
q12"F 44.6 "C 2.58 capacitors
V. have theC 2The same their equivalent
C
=2 = parallel capacitors = have V) !
h 12
C 17.3 C 1 =C 1 = C C 12 =
12 112and 2 3each
the potential havediffe
pacitor
potential
ed to Vwork 12 q must
12 12 V
difference
backwards
1244.6
be
q ! " C
as !
their
44.6
from
2.58"equivalent
CV. the ! 2.58
capacitor.
12.0
equivalent µF
12.0 V.
µF 5.30
5.30 The
µF µF seriesthe same q
capacitors
17.3
17.3µF µF (“seri-q”). ! 31.0
and " C.
in Fig. 25
12 ! 1!
V1212 ! 17.3 12
!C123.57 17.3
!
"F.! "F 2.58VV. difference
same charge as their as their equivalent
equivalent capacitor ==capacito 12
C # 1 "F
C123 ! ! (Answer) V V B B VV CC123 =! q12
parallel
to get the capacitors
charge
0.280 "1F and
C12 2aqeach
on 12 17.3have
particular "F the
44.6 Csame potential
"capacitor. V We B capacitor B Thus, capacitor 1 has44.6 q 12 =12 has charge
potential difference
3.57
123
3.57 µFµF qq 12
12 V ! 1

enceThe
hniques
parallel parallel
ascapacitors
their
forequivalent
such V12“backwards
1 capacitors
and 2! 1
capacitor
each !and
have 12
the 2 each
(Fig.
work”:
same !
have 2.58
25-10h).
(1)
potential theV.Csame
Thus,
Seri-q: = potential
Eq. 25-1 and Fig. µ C25-10g , the potential d 44.6 µ C 1
otential
The parallel difference
capacitors 1 C
applied
and
12 2 eachto 17.3have
the "F the same potential
input terminals 3 C 3 = from
Sample Eq.
pacitorProblem25-1
12 must and
C C= =Fig.
3 C3 12be= 25-10i, the charge C =on V
enceis
citor
itors
10a difference
as Vtheir
1have
has! potential
the
12.5 assame
equivalent Vtheir equivalent
capacitor
difference
. What chargeis the12V as 1 capacitor
(Fig.
charge25-10h).
V12 !on
!their 12
Thus,
2.58 C1V,
equivalent (Fig.
? 4.50
and,4.50
25-10h).
µF µF Thus, 4.50
4.50 µFµF
17.3 µ F q12 44.6 "17.3
12
C µF 2
difference
The
itorPar-V:
1 hasand as
parallel their
potential equivalent
capacitors
difference capacitor
1Vand V 212have
each 12
! 2.58have(Fig.
V, 25-10h).
and,the same Thus,
potential 12.5 V q1 ! V q123=C1V1C!
! (12.0
! 12.5 "F)(2.58
V qF
3=
! V 2
2)
Eq. capacitor
25-1 Fig.1
Parallel has
25-10i, potential
capacitors
the charge 1! difference
on capacitor V
the 1! V
same
must be
! 2.58 V, and, 17.3 "
capacitor
Eq. 25-1 and
difference
1Fig.
hasKE potential
25-10i,
as
Y IDEA
their the charge difference
equivalent
S
on capacitor V1 !
capacitor 1 One
V121 !
must
12 becapacitor
(Fig.
12 (a)
2.58 and,charging up(b)another
V, (a)
25-10h). Thus,
(b)44.6 µ C capacitor12
(c(c)) 44.6 µ C
erencefrom asEq.their
25-1 equivalent
and25-10i,Fig. 25-10i, capacitor.
the charge on capacitor 1bemustThebe parallel capacitors!C 3 31.0
= "C. 1 and 2 each C 3 have
=
from
need Eq.
toq 25-1
! C
work andV Fig.
! (12.0
backwards " the
F)(2.58 charge
from V) on
the capacitor
equivalent 1 must 4.50 µ F 12 9
e tocapacitor
q1 1!the 111 !1has
C1Vcharge (12.0 potential
"F)(2.58 difference
V) V1 ! V12 ! 2.58 V,difference
and, as their
4.50 µ Fequivalent capacitor
Parallel
Parallel capac
capac
Capacitor
get
31.0
q25-1 1, q with
CC. !
on
C C V
! (12.0
1 ! ! 3.55
a particular
(12.0 mF,
"F)(2.58 " is
F)(2.58charged
capacitor.
V) onSeriesSeries
V)
(Answer) toWe
a potential
capacitors
capacitors
capacitor
and and 1 has potential q ! C V
difference
! (3.55 %V101 !
from! Eq. "and 1V1“backwards
Fig. 25-10i, thework”:
charge capacitor
Seri-q: 1 must be Eq.
echniques !31.0
for !such 1 1 1 (1) 0 1 0 their equivalen
difference
1" C.
V0 !same 6.30 V, using as a 6.30 (Answer)
V Sample
battery.
their The
equivalent battery
Problem
from
have is
Applying
25-1(and
Applying Vf V)==q/C q/Cyields
Fig. yields
25-10i, the theircharge
(g )
equivalen on
acitors have the
! 31.0
charge
"C.
their their equivalent(Answer)
equivalent have the potential C1V1!
difference.!22.365 10 VC.
%"same
the same # 6
V (“p
(“p
(2) Par-V: Parallel !q31.0 "
CtheC.
capacitors
(12.0 have the
"F)(2.58 the (Answer)
same
same q
V) as in Fig. 25-11 (“seri-q”). the q1 !
potential difference. (12.0 the F)(2.58
then removed,1 and
ifference as their
! 1V1 !
equivalent
capacitor is connected
capacitor.the same q (“seri-q”). Fig.
! 31.0 25-10 "C. (a) – (d) Three capaci
Problems:
6. In this figure, C1 = 6𝜇F and C2 = C3 = C4 = 2𝜇F. Calculate the equivalent capacitance.
C2

C2, C3 & C4 are in parallel à C234 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 𝜇F C1

SW×SXV` H×H C3
C1 & C234 are in series à Ceq = = = 3𝜇F
SWaSXV` HaH
C4

7. Calculate the equivalent capacitance this figure, 4𝜇F 4𝜇F

1𝜇F
1𝜇F + 3𝜇F = 4𝜇F
4𝜇F
6𝜇F + 2𝜇F = 8𝜇F
8𝜇F 8𝜇F
4×4 6𝜇F
= 2𝜇F 3𝜇F
4+4 2𝜇F
8×8
= 4𝜇F
8+8
8𝜇F
2𝜇F + 4𝜇F = 6𝜇F
2𝜇F
4𝜇F
Problems:
8. In this figure, C1 = 6𝜇F, C2 = 2𝜇F and V = 12V. Calculate:
i. Their equivalent capacitance.
Ceq = C1 + C2 = 6 + 2 = 8 𝜇F

ii. The charge on capacitor C2. C2

C1
q2, = C2 V = 2 × 10/H × 12 = 24 × 10-6 C V=12V
q1 q2
 t the
W!
electric field that buildscan

plates, you have

— expense
tion that
capacitor
additional
a battery,
of
To charge form
its astore
! tends
additional
string
We
dW !
up inrecover
the space
plates,
to doa increasingly
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toattransfer
Suppose
you
electrons.
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of
capacitor, the
the
visualize
of expense
the
oppose
electrons.

In
a capacitor
electric
chemical
work
between
ends to oppose further transfer. Thus, as charge accumulates
have
Energy Stored
larger
potential
the
expense
further
In

practice,
the
of its
potential
energy.
must
practice,
to energy
amounts
that, at
do
worka
electrons. In practice, this work is done not by “magic tweezers” but by
tostore
be
2C
C 0in an Electric Field
of of

the
this
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energy
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work
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to the
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Thus,
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Suppose
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athe
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(battery)
energy
a
at
.
bow bytweezers”
potential releasing
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will,
on the

transferred
given
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as being
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to
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stored
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The
the plates.
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but

from
in
stored
a
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the
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in a stretched bow by r
to the kinetic energy of an arrow.
to transfer
bybydischargingone
charge
the capacitor
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in a stretched bow
l energy.Arguments like this tend to verify our earlier assumption:
You at difference V# betw
potential
string to transfer thebeenergy tointhe kinetic
you energy of andq#
arro
s potential energy U in the capacitor, so that
ualize the work requiredWecan visualize
thatto instant
charge
recover the
this work
awill berequired
capacitor
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aswill,
at If an
being tostored
by charge
extra in
discharging athecapacitor
increment
that instant as
ofwill
the capacitor being
charge stored
dq#
q#/C.
in isIfthen
a circuit,an the
transferred,
extra
just as increment of charge is
eld,the one with twice the volume between its plates has twice the
ectric potentialform
— energy
We visualize of
can U
the inincrement
the electric
electric
therecover
work potential offield
the potential
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toenergy
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incapacitor
the
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willelectric
the from
inas field
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aincrement that,
stretched
being between
24-7,
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the
thegiven
plates.instant,
required
releasing
form ofYouwill
the be,
bow-
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charge q# has been
Eq. 24-7,
potential
us, of two otherwise identical capacitors with the same charge and
r this energy atcan
will,recover
by discharging the capacitor
thistransfer
energy at will, in adischarging
bythe circuit, just asthe youcapacitor in a circuit, just as you
energy U in string
the to
electric field the
betweenenergy theplate
tocapacitorkinetic of a capacitor
energy
plates to the other. The potential
q#of an arrow. q# difference V
r the potential energy stored in a stretched bow by releasing the bow-
can recover the potential
Suppose that, atenergy
a given storeddW
instant,in!aaV#
that dq# ! q#will
stretched
charge
instant bow
hasdq#.
by
be releasing
beenq#/C. Ifthe
transferred andWbow- ! V#one
from dq# ! dq#.
5-21 tells us that capacitor 1 has twice the stored potential energy of
extra increment of charge d
ansfer the energy to the kinetic energy of an arrow. C C
q2
— To string
at calculate to
platetransfer
aofcharge
the energy the
a capacitor energy
q# hasinto
stored to the kinetic
thetransferred
other. Thefrom
capacitor: energy
potential of an
one difference arrow. V# between the plates at
se that, a given instant,
The work required
been
to bring the increment of work torequired will be, fromcharge
Eq. 24-7,
e the same charge q,the electric fields between their plates are iden-
apacitor to the other.Suppose
that
The that, will
instant
potential at abegiven
difference q#/C.V# If anthe
instant,
between extra total
a the
charge capacitor
plates
The
q#athas
increment work charge
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been
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transferred
charge a final
bring
is from
then value
the total
one q is
capacitor
transferred, up to a fin
U! ! ! energy). ! !
— Suppose
Page that,
(potential
14:32 668 at a given instant, a charge q’ has been transferred from one 2plate of a capacitor to the other
t will be q#/C. plate of
thea increment
If an extra capacitor
increment to ofthe
of work
chargeother. dq#The
required
is thenpotential
will difference
be, from
transferred, 1 Eq.
q 24-7, V# betweenq the plates at 1 q q# q2
half the capacitance of capacitor 2.Equation 25-4 tells us that if both
W !dWdW ! !V# dq# ! q# dq# !dq#. .
— The
ent of work that
— If anthe 2C
instant
potential
required
increment
extra
be,will
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ofof
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work
q#
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HALLIDAY
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bedq#!/C
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REVISED
. transferred,
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Then capacitor 1 has twice the volume between its plates and also,
dq#. of work required will be
dW !This V# dq# !
work C is stored as potentialThe
dq#. energy work
This
q# U in required
the capacitor,
work is storedto as bringthatthe total
sopotential energycapacitor charge so
U in the capacitor, uptha
t are identical except that capacitor 1 has twice the plate separation to

! !
The work required to bring
equired to bring the total capacitor charge up to dW !the
a final V# total
dq# q!
value
capacitor
is dq#.charge up to a final value q is
1 q q2
! this as ! !
q 2 C q 2

!
n also write
me physical insight into energy storage,consider two parallel-plate
The work required ! 1 (potential energy).
U capacitor
1 q to bringq 2the total charge up to a
q
final
W!
value qUis! dW (25-21)
q
! (potentialq#energy).
2 dq# ! .
W ! dW ! q# dq# ! W
. ! dW !
2C C q# dq# ! . 2C C 0 2C
! !
2C
C 0 2C 0
21 and 25-22 hold no matter what the geometry of the capacitor is.
q 2
1 This work iscapacitor,
stored as potential q
is stored as potential energy
From
This workin is
U Eq.the W
capacitor,
25-1,
storedweas
!can sodW
that!
also
potentialwrite thisq#
energy Uasdq#
From !Eq.
in the . we
25-1, can
so also writeenergy
that this as U in the capacitor, s
PACITANCE
— This work is stored as potential energy U given
C by:
0 2C
1 2
U ! 21 CV 2
U! 2 CV
q2 (25-22) 2
(potential energy).
This
U !work is stored asenergy). U !qU
potential energy 12 in the
2 capacitor, so that q (25-22)
U ! 12 CV
(potential energy).
2
(potential CV (25-21) (potential energy). (potential energy).
2C or U ! 2 (potential energy). or U ! (25-21) (potential energy).
2
2C 2C
Equations 25-21 and q
25-1, we can also write this
The aspotential U !25-22
energy of a hold(potential
no matter
charged whatmay
Equations
capacitor
energy). the geometry
25-21beand
viewedof
25-22 the
hold
as capacitor
no matter
being
(25-21) is.what
stored in the geometry o
the ,we can also write this as
From Eq. 25-1,some
To gain we can also2C
write
physical this into
insight as energy storage,
To gain someconsider
physical two parallel-plate
insight into energy storage, consider
U ! 12electric
CV 2 field between
(potential energy). its plates. From Eq. 25-1, we can also write this as
(25-22)
capacitors that are identical except that capacitor
capacitors 1 has
that aretwice the plate
identical separation
except that capacitor 1 has twice th
 ! Safety V.
3.9 % 10 engineers attempt to keep the potential of the personnel below this level
byEnergy Density
yngineers
engineers attempt
attempt to keep to keep
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potential of the personnel
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“bleeding” off the charge say, athis conducting
eeding”
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off charge
the Density
the chargethrough,through, say, a conducting
say, a conducting floor. floor.
Energy Density
In a parallel-plate capacitor, neglecting fringing, the electric field has the same
In avalue at all points
parallel-plate betweenneglecting
capacitor, the plates.fringing, Thus, the theenergy
electric density u — the
field has that same
is, the
gyDensity
Density
— In Energy
apotential
value at all Density
parallel-plate energy
pointscapacitor
per unit
between the the
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Thus, the same plates
energyvalue at all points
—density
should also
u between
be uniform.
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is, the
allel-plateà We
the
potential canenergy
energy
capacitor,
In find
neglecting
a capacitor,
parallel-plate uper
density by dividing
iscapacitor,
uniform
unit
fringing, volume the
the electric total
field potential
between
neglecting the
hasfringing,
the energy
plates
same the by the field
—electric
should volume
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Ad
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parallel-plate neglecting fringing, the electric field has the same
all points between
space the plates.the
between Thus, the energy
plates. Using density u — thatwe
Eq.potential
25-22, is, obtain
the
at all We
points can
value atfind
between all u by
points
the dividing
between
plates. Thus, the the
the
l energy per unit volume between the plates — should also be uniform.
total
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plates. density
Thus, energy
the
u — that by
energy the
is, the volume
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tial u byspace
find energy perbetween
potential
dividing unit totalthe
volume
theenergy plates.
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per
potential unit Using
energy volume Eq.
thebyplatesthe 25-22,
between
volume U we
— should obtain
also
Ad theCV
of the 2be uniform.
plates — should also be uniform.
antween
— Energy
findthe
uWeplates.
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by dividing
Using Eq.
u:
the the
total
25-22,
potential
we potential
obtain
energy
energy u per
! by unitthe !volume
volume between
. Ad of the plates
the (25-23)
can find u by dividing the totalUpotential Ad CV 2Ad 2 energy by the volume Ad of the
between — space
the
To plates.
find u for Using
between U Eq. 25-22,
a parallel-plate
the plates. 2 we
CV Using
obtain
capacitor:
u! divide
Eq. 25-22, the
! we total potential
.
obtain energy by the volume(25-23)
Ad of the space between the
Withas:
plates Eq.u25-9 ! (C!! #0 A/d),
Ad U2Ad
.
CV
this
2 Ad
result becomes 2Ad
(25-23)
2
u! ! . U CV (25-23)
. 25-9 (CWith Eq.this 25-9 (C becomes A/d), this 2Adresultu ! becomes
" #
! #0 A/d), result ! #0Ad 1 ! V 2
. (25-23)
u !Ad2 0 2Ad
# . (25-24)
d2
" #
2
Eq. 25-9 (C ! #0 A/d), uthis 1result Vbecomes
— With
UsingEq.equation
! 2 #0
25-9 (C ! d# A/d),à
However, from Eq.1024-42V(E2 ! &'V/'s),
.
this uresult " #1
! 2 #becomes
0
V (25-24)
.
dV/d equals the electric field magnitude
(25-24)
— 24-42
r, from Eq.
E; so(E ! &'V/'s),
From u, !
EV/d " #
equals
=2 #V/d, so:the. electric field magnitude (25-24)
" #
2
0
d V
However, from Eq. 24-42 (E ! &'V/'s), u ! 12 #0V/d equals . the electric field magnitude (25-24)
ever, from E; Eq.
so 24-42 (E ! &'V/'s), V/duequals 1 the2 electric d field magnitude
u ! 12 #0E 2 (energy density). ! 2 #0E (energy
(25-25)density). (25-25)
However, from Eq. 24-42 (E ! &'V/'s), V/d equals the electric field magnitude
1 an 2electric field of a
gh we derived
E;
this
Although
so
result for the
we1 derived special
2
ucase
2 0E for (energy
of
this result
! # the special density). case of an electric (25-25)field of a
-plate capacitor,
— This it holdsu ! # E
generally,
0 (energy
whatever density).
may be the source of (25-25)
parallel-plate
tric field.Although
equation of:2energy
If an electricwe
capacitor,
fieldderived
E exists at
densityitit holds
any point
holds
in
generally,
generally,
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whatever
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whatever may ofbethethe
is the source source
electric field of
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result
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:
(25-25)
ough we the
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this field.
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el-plate
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ectric field.Although
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 Sample Problem

Potential energy and energy density of an electric field

An isolated conducting sphere whose radius R is 6.85 cm (b) What is the energy density at the surface of the sphere?
has a charge q ! 1.25 nC.
KEY IDEA
(a) How much potential energy is stored in the electric field
of this charged conductor? The density u of the energy stored in an electric field depends
on the magnitude E of the field, according to Eq. 25-25
KEY IDEAS (u ! 12'0E 2).

(1) An isolated sphere has capacitance given by Eq. 25-18 Calculations: Here we must first find E at the surface of
(C ! 4p'0R). (2) The energy U stored in a capacitor depends the sphere, as given by Eq. 23-15:
on the capacitor’s charge q and capacitance C according to
Eq. 25-21 (U ! q2/2C). 1 q
E! .
4%'0 R2
Calculation: Substituting C ! 4p'0R into Eq. 25-21 gives us
The energy density is then
2 2
q q
U! ! 1 2
q2
2C 8% ' 0 R u! 2 '0E
!
32% 2'0R4
(1.25 " 10#9 C)2 (1.25 " 10#9 C)2
! !
(8%)(8.85 " 10#12 F/m)(0.0685 m) (32% 2)(8.85 " 10#12 C 2/N& m2)(0.0685 m)4
! 1.03 " 10#7 J ! 103 nJ. (Answer) ! 2.54 " 10#5 J/m3 ! 25.4 $J/m3. (Answer)

Additional examples, video, and practice available at WileyPLUS

 Problems:

9. An isolated sphere is completely charged to 60pC when a voltage of 12V is applied. Calculate
i. The radius of the sphere
F H&×3&IWX
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑉 ⟹ 𝐶 = = = 5×10/34 F
G 34
𝐶 5×10/34
𝐶 = 4𝜋𝜀& 𝑅 ⟹ 𝑅 = = = 4.5𝑐𝑚
4𝜋𝜀& 4 3.14 8.85×10/34

ii. The energy stored within the sphere

3 3
𝑈 = 𝑞𝑉 = ×12×60×10/34 = 360×10/34 J
4 4
 (1) (2) (3) 9the Aswitch is closed and
parallel-plate the circuit
capacitor is connected to a battery of electric
reaches equilibrium, what are (a) Fig. 25-22 Question 8.
potential difference V. If the plate separation is decreased, do the
Fig. 6q plots Question
3q 25-20 q 3q 4.6q the potential difference across each capacitor and (b) the charge
1 6qFigure 25-18 shows of 3q 3 following
(a) In Fig.quantities
25-19a, are increase,
capacitors decrease, or remain
1 and 3 in series? (b) Inthe
on the left plate of each capacitor? (c) During charging, what net
the same:
same (a) the
a figure, are capacitors 1 and 2 in
2C versus potential
charge C 3Cdifference C 2C 2C capacitor’s
charge passescapacitance, (b)parallel?
through the meter?
(c) Rankdifference
the potential the equivalent ca- the ca-
across
Initially, a single capacitance C1 is wired to a battery. Then ca- pacitances
for three parallel-plate capacitors b pacitor, of(c)thethe
four circuitson
charge showntheincapacitor,
Fig. 25-19, greatest
(d) thefirst.
energy stored by
acitance C2 isthe
that have added in parallel. Are
(1)plate areas and separa-(2)
(a) the potential(3)difference c 9 A parallel-plate capacitor is connected to a battery of electric
the capacitor, (e) the magnitude of theCelectric field between the
crosstions
C1 and (b) the charge q
given in the table. Which 1 on C
plot
1 now more than, less than, or
V potential difference V. If the plate separation 3 is decreased, do the
Fig. 25-20 Question 4. plates, and (f ) the energy density of that electric field?
he same
goesas previously?
with (c) Is the equivalent
which capacitor? Fig.capacitance
25-18 QuestionC12 of1.C1 following quantities increase, decrease, or remain the same: (a) the
nd C25more than,aless
Initially, than,
single or equal to
capacitance C1 Cis1? (d) Is
wired tothe chargeThen
a battery. storedca- 10 When
capacitor’s aC1dielectric(b)slab
+ capacitance,
C2
is inserted
the potential + difference across the ca-
– –two C2 C1
n C1 and C together more than, less than, or equal to the charge pacitor, (c)the
between theCplates
charge of
on one
the capacitor,
of the (d) the energyC stored by
pacitance
2 C2 is added in parallel. Are (a) the potential difference 3 +
Capacitor Area the capacitor, (e) the in
magnitude of the electric field between the
tored across
previously
C1 and on(b) ? charge
C1the q1 on CSeparation
1 now more than, less than, or
identical capacitors Fig. 25-23,
(a)and (f ) the energy density of(b)
do the – B
plates,
following properties of that capacitor in-that electric field?
the same
Repeat as previously?
Question 1 5 for C2 (c) Is the
added
A inequivalent capacitance
series drather C12 of C1
than in parallel. κ C
and C2 more than, less than, or equal to C1? (d) Isa,2;b,1;c,3
the charge stored crease,
10 When decrease, or remain
a dielectric slab istheinserted
same: (a) C1
2 2A d
Foroneach
C1 andcircuit in Fig. more
C2 together 25-21,than,
are less
the than,
capacitors
or equalconnected
to the chargein between the (b)
capacitance, plates of one
charge, (c) of the twodif- +
potential C
Fig. 23-19
+
eries, in parallel,
stored or 3in neither
previously on C1? mode?A 2d identical C3 in Fig. 25-23, do the
capacitors
ference, Cand (d) potentialC energy? (e) – B
– 10.
2 Question
following
How
1
aboutproperties+ of that
the same capacitorof
properties in-the κ C C
Repeat
26 What
– + is C Question 5 for C2 addedeach
eq of three capacitors,
in series rather thanC,
of capacitance in ifparallel.
they – 3
crease, decrease, or remain the same: (a)
are
7 connected to a battery
For each circuit (a)25-21,
in Fig. in series
arewith
the one anotherconnected
capacitors and (b) inin other capacitor?
+ capacitance, (b) charge, (c) potential dif- C Fig. 23-19
parallel?
series, in (c) In which
parallel, – +
or in arrangement
neither mode? is there more charge on the (c) (d) 2
– 11 Youand
ference, are (d)
to connect
potentialcapacitances
energy? (e) C1 andQuestion
C2, with10.
C1 ! C2, to a
equivalent capacitance? Fig. 25-19 Question 3.
– + battery,
How aboutfirstthe
individually, then inofseries,
same properties the and then in parallel. Rank
a) (b) (c)
other arrangements
those capacitor? according to the amount of charge stored, greatest
– + +
Fig. 25-21 Question 7. – first.
11 You are to connect capacitances C1 and C2, with C1 ! C2, to a
(a) (b)
** View
(c)
All Solutions
battery,Here ** then in series, and then in parallel. Rank
first individually,
those arrangements according to the amount of charge stored, greatest
Fig. 25-21 Question 7. first.

Tutoring problem available (at instructor’s discretion) in WileyPLUS and WebAssign

SSM a, series;
Worked-out b, available
solution parallel; c, parallel
in Student Solutions Manual WWW Worked-out solution is at
parallel, C1 alone, C2 alone, series
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday
–
 and #70 pC,
(a) What which
••19 is the In
result in a the
capacitance
Fig. 25-34,ofthe
20 Vsystem?
batteryFig.
has(b) If the Problem
25-24
potential charges 1. V ! capacitance?
are
difference If the outer plate radius is increased to 2.5 Fig. 25-39
potential mercury spheres, each of radius R $ 2.00 mm, merge?
changed
9.0 V,todifference
C"200 pC between
and #200them. pC, what does the capacitance be-
2 ! 3.0 mF, C4 ! 4.0 mF, and all the capacitors are initially
•5 cm What by inflation, (a) how many
is the capacitance of a electrons
drop that results
2
Problem when 24. two
(a) What
c25_656-681v2.qxd is the capacitance
23-11-2009 of the system?
14:32 (b)
Page If
677the charges are •6 You
move have two
through flat
pointmetal
P plates,
and (b) each
do theyof area
move 1.00 m , with which to
come? (c) WhatWhen
uncharged. does the potential
switch 12 mC passes mercury spheres, each
S is closed, a total charge ofhalliday_c25_656-681v2.qxd of radius R $ 2.00 mm, merge?
changed tobecome?
"200 pC and #200 pC, what does S the capacitance be- construct a parallel-plate capacitor.
23-11-2009 (a) If14:32the capacitancePage 679 of the device
difference
through point a and a total charge of 8.0 mC passes through point •6 toward You
or away from
have two flat
HALLIDAY
the battery?
metal plates,
REVISED each of area 1.00 m 2
, with which to
come? (c) What does the potential is to be 1.00 F, what
halliday_c25_656-681v2.qxd must be the
23-11-2009 separa-
14:32 Page 679
•2 Theb. What are (a)inCFig.
capacitor 1 and (b) C
25-25 3? a
has S ••25 In
construct Fig. 25-40, two
a parallel-plate parallel-plate
capacitor. (a) If the ca-capacitanceCof the device
difference become? tion between the plates? (b) Could this d (pm) C2
capacitance of 25 mF and is initially + is pacitors
to be 1.00 (with
F, whatair between
must be thethe plates)
separa- are 1
C capacitor actually be constructed?
•2 The capacitor
uncharged. The battery 25-25 hasaa –
in Fig.provides tionconnected
between the to aplates?
battery.(b) Capacitor
Could this 1 hasd da(pm)
S + a b •7 If
plate an area uncharged
of 1.5 cm 2 parallel-plate
and an electric
s
field
capacitance of 25 mF and
potential difference of 120 V. After1 is initially
C
–** View All Solutions Here **
C 2
C3 C4
C capacitor actually be constructed? Fig. 25-40

**** View
AllAll Soluti
uncharged. The V
battery
switch S is closed, how much charge provides a capacitor
(between (capacitance
its plates)C) is connected
of magnitude 2000 V/m.ds PA R T
Problem 25.
potential difference
will pass through it? of 120 V. After
Fig. 25-25 Problem 2. If an one
to•7a Capacitor
battery,
capacitor
tively
2uncharged
plate
has
(capacitance
becomes
a plate parallel-plate
area
C)move
ofnega-
0.70 cm2 and
is connected
View Solutions
PROBLEMS 677
switch S is closed, how much charge ancharged
electric as electrons
field of magnitude to1500
theV/m. What is the total charge on
sec.pass
will 25-3throughCalculating
it? the
Fig.Capacitance Fig. 25-25
25-34 Problem 19. Problem 2. to athe
plate battery,
facetwo(area oneA).plate
capacitors? In Fig.becomes
25-26, nega-the
tivelydcharged as electrons movecome to the 0 Vs
•3
potential difference V of the battery. The density of conduction elec- depth
SSM A parallel-plate capacitor has circular plates of 8.20 cm
are
•••26
from
(c) V which
Capacitor
the electrons
1 and (d)3qin 1 of
Fig. capacitor
25-41a is1, a (e)
variableV2 and (f)
capacitor
V (V)q2 of (itscapacitor
capaci- 2,
sec.
radius25-3
and
••20 Calculating
1.30
Figure mm 25-35 the
separation.
showsCapacitance
(a)
a Calculate
28 the capacitance.
3 (b) inplate
thesec.
sec. face
plate25-5
25-5 (area
in A). In
aEnergy
particular
Energy Fig.
Stored
Stored 25-26,
capacitor
in anin istheElectric
an
Electric Field Field C
trons in the copper plates is 8.49 ! 10 electrons/m . The vertical and
tance (g)CV 3 and
3 can be(h) q3 of capacitor
varied). Figure 25-41b 3? gives 0
the electric V
potential C2 " 5.00
•3
FindSSM A parallel-plate
the charge for agap”
potential capacitor has of
difference circular
120 V. plates of 8.20 cm depth
plotted d from
against which
a range the
of electrons
values for come
the
scalevariable
is set by d“air capacitor to Fig. 25-26 Problem by7.
s
s " 1.00 pm, and the horizontal scale is set by Vs " 20.0
•29
•29
V Whatcapacitance
What capacitance is required
is required
1 across capacitor 1 versus C3. The horizontal scaleV is
to store
store an energy
an energy of(V)
10 of
setkW 10
!Ch3skW h differ
= !tial ti
radiusforand 1.30 mm
manual separation.
tuning. Alternate (a) Calculate the capacitance. (b) in the plate
ataapotential
at
12.0 in
potential
mF. Electric a particular
difference
difference
potential capacitor
of
of 1000V11000 V? V?
approachesis an asymptote of 10 V as (e) V1, an (e
V.What is the ratio C/A? A
Find plates
the charge for a potential
are connected difference of 120 V.
together; plotted against a range of values for the Fig. Problem 7.
C
•303 : How
•30 ".
HowWhatmuch
muchareenergy
(a) theiselectric
energy stored
is stored potential
in 1.00
in mC3 5V
1.00 of25-26
macross
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ofdue the
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theto “fair
the
capacitor
(b)“fair ca
sec. one
25-4group Capacitors
of plates is infixed
Parallel
in and in Series d
C 1, and (c)
weather”
weather” C2? field
electric
electric of magnitude
field C4
of magnitude 150 V/m?
150 V/m? ••39 ••
position, and the other group
•8 How many 1.00 mF capacitors must be connected ** View All Solutions Here **
A in parallel to
•31
•31 SSM A+2.02.0 mFmF capacitor andand a 4.0 CmF 3 capacitor are con-
mF. If nom
storeis acapable
charge of rotation.
of 1.00 C Consider
with a potential of 110 V across the SSM V A
nected in parallel
capacitor 10 a 4.0 mF capacitor are con-
– across a 300 V potential difference. Calculate the stand a p
st
a capacitor
capacitors? of n ! 8
alternating polarity, each plate
plates of
** View All Solutions Here **
Fig. 25-35 Problem 20.
A
nected in parallel across
total energy stored in the capacitors. 8
total energy stored in the C
a 300
1 capacitors.
V potential difference. Calculate the
more tha
ure, what
m
•9 Each
havingofarea the uncharged
A ! 1.25 cmcapaci- 2
and •32 A parallel-plateCair-filled capacitor 6 having area 40 cm2 and u

V1 (V)
6 2 of the m
tors in Fig. 25-27 hasadjacent
a capacitance •32V A parallel-plate air-filled C capacitor
plate spacing 1.0 mm is charged to1 a potential difference of 600 V. having area 40 cm and
separated from plates by distance d !C 3.40 mm. C What C is 4a potential difference of 600 ference oth
of 25.0 mF. A potential difference plate
Find (a)spacing
the 1.0 mm
capacitance, is charged
(b) the to
magnitude of the charge on each V.
the maximum capacitance of the device? V C2 C3 energy thfe
of V " 4200 V is established when Find
plate, (a)
(c) the
the capacitance,
stored energy, (b)
(d) thethe magnitude
2
electric field of
between the charge
the plates, on each
••21 SSM WWW In Fig. 25-36, the capacitances are C1 ! 1.0 mF en
plate,
and (e) (c)
the the stored
energy Fig.energy,
density 25-31
between(d) theProblem
the electric
plates. 15.
field between the sec. 25-6
plates,
the switch
and C2 !is3.0 closed.
mF, andHow many
both capacitors a and (e)
••33 the energy
A charged density
isolated metal between
sphere0of the plates. 10 cm has a po-
diameter C 3s •40 An s
coulombs of charge then
are charged to a potential difference pass ••16 Plot 1 in Fig. 25-32agives the charge q that
S1 C 3 can
(µ F)be stored on ca- pF. The •4se
through meter A? Fig. 25-27 Problem 9. tential
••33 of
A 8000
chargedV relative
isolated to V " 0 at
metal infinity.
sphere of Calculate
diameter the
10 energy
cm has a po-
of V ! 100 V but with opposite po- ++ ++ –– –– pacitor 1 versus (a)the electric potential V of settheupsphere.
across it. The vertical
(b) tween thep
C1 C2 density
tential in
of the
8000electric
V field near
relative to the
V " surface
0 at infinity. Calculate the energy
larity as shown. Switches
•10 In Fig. 25-28, find the equivalent S1 and S –– ––
capacitance
2 of the combination.
++ ++ scale is set by qs = 16.0 mC, and the horizontal scale is set by Vs = 2.0 V. stant of tw
th
are now closed. (a) What is now the S2 density
••34 In in the25-28,
Fig. electric
Fig. field
25-41
a potential Problem
neardifference
the surface V26.
"of100
theVsphere.
is applied