Topic 12 Theorems About Circles

TOPIC OVERVIEW VOCABULARY

12-1 Tangent Lines English/Spanish Vocabulary Audio Online:

12-2 Chords and Arcs English Spanish
12-3 Inscribed Angles chord, p. 492 cuerda
12-4 Angle Measures and Segment inscribed angle, p. 499 ángulo inscrito
Lengths intercepted arc, p. 499 arco interceptor
point of tangency, p. 486 punto de tangencia
secant, p. 505 secante
tangent to a circle, p. 486 tangente de un círculo

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484 Topic 12  Theorems About Circles

 Earth Watch

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 12-1  Tangent Lines
TEKS FOCUS VOCABULARY
TEKS (12)(A)  Apply theorems about circles, • Point of tangency – the point where a circle and a tangent intersect
including relationships among angles, radii,
• Tangent to a circle – a line in the plane of the circle that intersects
chords, tangents, and secants, to solve non- the circle in exactly one point
contextual problems.

TEKS (1)(F)  Analyze mathematical • Analyze – closely examine objects, ideas, or relationships to learn
relationships to connect and communicate more about their nature
mathematical ideas.

Additional TEKS (1)(G), (6)(A), (9)(B)

ESSENTIAL UNDERSTANDING
A radius of a circle and the tangent that intersects the endpoint of the radius on the
circle have a special relationship.

Key Concept  Tangent Lines

A A tangent to a circle is a line in the plane of the

circle that intersects the circle in exactly one point.
B The point where a circle and a tangent intersect
is the point of tangency.
3
BA is a tangent ray, and BA is a tangent segment.

Theorem 12-1
Theorem If . . . Then . . .
< > < >
If a line is tangent to a AB is tangent to } O at P AB # OP
circle, then the line is
perpendicular to the radius A A
at the point of tangency.
P P
O B O B

For a proof of Theorem 12-1, see the Reference section on page 683.

hsm11gmse_1201_t05166 hsm11gmse_1201_t05174

486 Lesson 12-1  Tangent Lines

 Theorem 12-2
Theorem If . . . Then . . .
< > < >
If a line in the plane of a AB # OP at P AB is tangent to } O
circle is perpendicular to
A
a radius at its endpoint on
the circle, then the line is P
tangent to the circle. O B

You will prove Theorem 12-2 in Exercise 19.

Theorem 12-3 hsm11gmse_1201_t05174

Theorem If . . . Then . . .
If two tangent segments to BA and BC are tangent to } O BA ≅ BC
a circle share a common
A
endpoint outside the circle, B
then the two segments are
congruent. O
C

You will prove Theorem 12-3 in Exercise 12.

hsm11gmse_1201_t05177
Problem 1 TEKS Process Standard (1)(F)

Finding Angle Measures

Multiple Choice  ML and MN are tangent to } O. What is the value of x?
L

O 117 x M

N
58 63 90 117
What kind of angle
is formed by a radius Since ML and MN are tangent to } O, ∠L and ∠N are right angles (Theorem 12-1).
and a tangent? LMNO is a quadrilateral. Sohsm11gmse_1201_t05167
the sum of the angle measures is 360.
The angle formed is
a right angle, so the m∠L + m∠M + m∠N + m∠O = 360
measure is 90.
90 + m∠M + 90 + 117 = 360 Substitute.
297 + m∠M = 360 Simplify.
m∠M = 63 Solve.
The correct answer is B.

PearsonTEXAS.com  487
 Problem 2
Finding Distance STEM

Earth Science  The CN Tower in Toronto, Canada, has

an observation deck 447 m above ground level. About
How does knowing how far is it from the observation deck to the horizon?
Earth’s radius help? Earth’s radius is about 6400 km.
The radius forms a right
angle with a tangent line Step 1 Make a sketch. The length 447 m is about 0.45 km.
from the observation T
deck to the horizon. So
0.45 km 447 m
you can use two radii, the
tower’s height, and the E
tangent to form a right
triangle. C
6400 km

Not to scale

Step 2 Use the Pythagorean Theorem.

CT 2 = TE 2 + CE 2
(6400 + 0.45)2 = TE 2 + 64002 Substitute.
hsm11gmse_1201_t07766
(6400.45)2 = TE 2 + 64002 Simplify.
40,965,760.2025 = TE 2 + 40,960,000 Use a calculator.
5760.2025 = TE 2 Subtract 40,960,000 from each side.
76 ≈ TE Take the positive square root of each side.
The distance from the CN Tower to the horizon is about 76 km.

Problem 3

Finding a Radius
What is the radius of }C? B 12
A
AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2 Pythagorean Theorem x 8
Why does the value x
x
appear on each side (x + 8)2 = 122 + x2 Substitute. C
of the equation?
The length of AC, the x2 + 16x + 64 = 144 + x2 Simplify.
hypotenuse, is the radius 16x = 80 Subtract x 2 and 64 from each side.
plus 8, which is on the
left side of the equation. x=5 Divide each side by 16.
On the right side of the
equation, the radius is The radius is 5.
one side of the triangle.

488 Lesson 12-1  Tangent Lines

 Problem 4 TEKS Process Standard (1)(G)

Identifying a Tangent
Is ML tangent to } N at L? Explain.

25 M
What information N
does the diagram
give you? 7 24
• LMN is a triangle. L
• NM = 25, LM = 24,
NL = 7
• NL is a radius. The lengths To determine ML is a tangent if ML # NL. Use the
of the sides of whether ML is Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem to
△LMN hsm11gmse_1201_t05175
tangent to } N determine whether △LMN is a right triangle.

NL2 + ML2 ≟ NM 2
72 + 242 ≟ 252 Substitute.
625 = 625 Simplify.
By the Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem, △LMN is a right triangle with ML # NL.
So ML is tangent to }N at L because it is perpendicular to the radius at the point of
tangency (Theorem 12-2).

Problem 5

Circles Inscribed in Polygons

} O is inscribed in △ABC. What is the perimeter of △ABC?

A 10 cm D 15 cm B
O
F
8 cm E
C
How can you find the
length of BC? AD = AF = 10 cm Thm 12-3: Two segments tangent to a
Find the segments
  BD = BE = 15 cm circle from a point outside the circle are
congruent to BE and
EC. Then use segment    CF = CE = 8 cm congruent, so they have the same length.
addition. hsm11gmse_1201_t05180
P = AB + BC + CA Definition of perimeter
= AD + DB + BE + EC + CF + FA Segment Addition Postulate
= 10 + 15 + 15 + 8 + 8 + 10 Substitute.
= 66
The perimeter is 66 cm.

PearsonTEXAS.com  489
 NLINE
O

PRACTICE and APPLICATION EXERCISES Scan page for a Virtual Nerd™ tutorial video.
RK
HO

ME
WO

Lines that appear to be tangent are tangent. O is the center of each circle. What is
the value of x?
For additional support when 1.
2. 3.
completing your homework, 60
go to PearsonTEXAS.com. O x
O x x
O
60 43

STEM Apply Mathematics (1)(A)  The circle at the right represents Earth. The radius of h
d
Earth is about 6400 km. Find the distance d to the horizon that a person can see r
on a clear hsm11gmse_1201_t05183
day from each of the following
hsm11gmse_1201_t05182 heights h above Earth. Round your answer
to the nearest tenth of a kilometer. hsm11gmse_1201_t05184 E r
4.
5 km 5. 1 km 6. 2500 m
Analyze Mathematical Relationships (1)(F)  In each circle, what is the
value of x, to the nearest tenth?
7.
8. 10 cm 9. P 15 in. Q hsm11gmse_1201_t05195
x x
x
14 x O 9 in.
7 cm O x
x
10

Each polygon circumscribes a circle. What is the perimeter of each polygon?

10. 16 cm 11. 1.9 in.
8 cm hsm11gmse_1201_t05192
hsm11gmse_1201_t05193
hsm11gmse_1201_t07772 3.7 in.
3.4 in.

3.6 in.
6 cm
9 cm
A
B
12. Write a paragraph proof to prove Theorem 12-3.
Proof hsm11gmse_1201_t05190
Given: BA and BC are tangent to } O at A and C, respectively.
O
hsm11gmse_1201_t05189
Prove: 
BA ≅ BC C
13. a. A belt fits snugly around the two circular pulleys. CE is an B 35 in.
A
auxiliary line from E to BD. CE } BA. What type of
14 in. C
quadrilateral is ABCE ? Explain. 8 in.
E
hsm11gmse_1201_t05202
D
b. What is the length of CE?
c. What is the distance between the centers of the pulleys to
the nearest tenth?

490 Lesson 12-1  Tangent Lines hsm11gmse_1201_t07773

 14. Explain Mathematical Ideas (1)(G)  A nickel, a dime, A
and a quarter are touching as shown. Tangents are
drawn from point A to both sides of each coin. What
can you conclude about the four tangent segments?
Explain.
15. Analyze Mathematical Relationships (1)(F) 
Leonardo da Vinci wrote, “When each of two
squares touches the same circle at four points, one is
double the other.” Explain why the statement is true.
16. Two circles that have one point in common are
tangent circles. Given any triangle, explain how to draw
three circles that are centered at each vertex of the triangle and
tangent to each other.
17. Given: BC is tangent to }A at D. 18. Given:  }A and }B with common tangents
Proof
DB ≅ DC Proof DF and CE
Prove:  AB ≅ AC
Prove:  △GDC ∼ △GFE

D E
A G
A B

B C C F
D
19. Write an indirect proof of Theorem 12-2. A
Proof
Given:  AB # OP at P.
P
hsm11gmse_1201_t05203
Prove:  AB is tangent to } O. hsm11gmse_1201_t05204
O B

TEXAS Test Practice

hsm11gmse_1201_t05174
Lines in }O that appear to be tangent are tangent. What is the value of x?
20. 21.
O 114 x
O x
56

22. The perimeter of an equilateral triangle is 90 in. What is its area to the nearest
square inch?
hsm11gmse_1201_t05218
hsm11gmse_1201_t05219

PearsonTEXAS.com  491
 12-2  Chords and Arcs
TEKS FOCUS VOCABULARY
TEKS (12)(A)  Apply theorems about circles, including relationships • Chord – a segment whose endpoints are
among angles, radii, chords, tangents, and secants, to solve non- on a circle
contextual problems.

TEKS (1)(C)  Select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper

• Number sense – the understanding of
what numbers mean and how they
and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including
are related
mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve
problems.

Additional TEKS (1)(A), (1)(G), (5)(A), (5)(C), (6)(A), (9)(B)

ESSENTIAL UNDERSTANDING
You can use information about congruent parts of a circle (or congruent circles) to
find information about other parts of the circle (or circles).

Theorem 12-4 and Its Converse

Theorem B
Within a circle or in congruent circles, congruent
A
central angles have congruent arcs.
O C
Converse
D
¬ ¬
Within a circle or in congruent circles, congruent
arcs have congruent central angles.
¬ ¬
If ∠AOB ≅ ∠COD, then AB ≅ CD.
If AB ≅ CD, then ∠AOB ≅ ∠COD.
You will prove Theorem hsm11gmse_1202_t08234
12-4 and its converse in Exercises 7 and 24.

Theorem 12-5 and Its Converse

Theorem B C
Within a circle or in congruent circles, congruent
central angles have congruent chords. A O D
Converse
Within a circle or in congruent circles, congruent If ∠AOB ≅ ∠COD, then AB ≅ CD.
chords have congruent central angles.
If AB ≅ CD, then ∠AOB ≅ ∠COD.
You will prove Theorem 12-5 and its converse in Exercises 8 and 25.
hsm11gmse_1202_t08235

492 Lesson 12-2  Chords and Arcs

 Theorem 12-6 and Its Converse
Theorem

¬ ¬
Within a circle or in congruent circles, congruent B C

¬ ¬
chords have congruent arcs. If AB ≅ CD, then AB ≅ CD .
Converse O If AB ≅ CD, then AB ≅ CD.
Within a circle or in congruent circles, congruent A D
arcs have congruent chords.
You will prove Theorem 12-6 and its converse in Exercises 9 and 26.

hsm11gmse_1202_t08236
Theorem 12-7 and Its Converse
Theorem
BC
Within a circle or in congruent circles, chords
equidistant from the center or centers are congruent. E If OE = OF, then AB ≅ CD.
F
Converse A O If AB ≅ CD, then OE = OF.
Within a circle or in congruent circles, congruent
D
chords are equidistant from the center (or centers).
For a proof of Theorem 12-7, see the Reference section on page 683.
You will prove the converse of Theorem 12-7 in Exercise 27.

hsm11gmse_1202_t08242.ai
Theorem 12-8

¬ ¬
Theorem If . . . Then . . .
In a circle, if a diameter is AB is a diameter and AB # CD CE ≅ ED and CA ≅ AD
perpendicular to a chord, C C
then it bisects the chord and
its arc. E E
A B A B
O O
D D
You will prove Theorem 12-8 in Exercise 10.

Theorem 12-9
hsm11gmse_1202_t08238.ai hsm11gmse_1202_t08239.ai
Theorem If . . . Then . . .
In a circle, if a diameter AB is a diameter and CE ≅ ED AB # CD
bisects a chord (that is
C C
not a diameter), then it is
perpendicular to the chord. E E
A B A B
O O
D D
For a proof of Theorem 12-9, see the Reference section on page 683.

hsm11gmse_1202_t08240.ai hsm11gmse_1202_t08241.ai
PearsonTEXAS.com  493
 Theorem 12-10
Theorem If . . . Then . . .
In a circle, the perpendicular AB is the perpendicular bisector AB contains the center of }O
bisector of a chord contains of chord CD
the center of the circle. C C

A B A B
O

D D
You will prove Theorem 12-10 in Exercise 11.

hsm11gmse_1202_t08244.ai hsm11gmse_1202_t08245.ai
Problem 1
Using Congruent Chords
B D
In the diagram, }O @ }P. Given that BC @ DF, what can
Why is it important you conclude?
that the circles are O P
¬ ¬
congruent? ∠O ≅ ∠P because, within congruent circles, congruent chords have C F
The central angles will congruent central angles (conv. of Thm. 12-5). BC ≅ DF because,
not be congruent unless within congruent circles, congruent chords have congruent
the circles are congruent.
arcs (Thm. 12-6).

hsm11gmse_1202_t06826.ai
Problem 2

Finding the Length of a Chord

What is the length of RS in }O?
S

The diagram indicates that O 9

PQ = QR = 12.5 and PR and RS 12.5 9
are both 9 units from the center. P R
Q

The length of chord RS PR ≅ RS, since they are the same distance from the
center of the circle. So finding PR gives the length of RS.

PQ = QR = 12.5 Given in the diagram hsm11gmse_1202_t06828

2 5
PQ + QR = PR Segment Addition Postulate . . . . . . .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.5 + 12.5 = PR Substitute. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
25 = PR Add. 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
RS = PR 
Chords equidistant from the center of a circle are 5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5 5 5
6 6 6
congruent (Theorem 12-7). 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8
RS = 25 Substitute. 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

494 Lesson 12-2  Chords and Arcs

 Problem 3 TEKS Process Standard (1)(C)

Investigating Special Segments of Circles

Choose from a variety of tools (such as a compass, straightedge, geometry
software, and pencil and paper) to investigate the perpendicular bisectors of
chords of a circle. Draw a circle with two chords that are not diameters. Construct
the perpendicular bisectors of the chords. Then make a conjecture about the
perpendicular bisector of a chord.
You can construct perpendicular bisectors using paper, a pencil, a compass, and a
straightedge. You can draw the circle and chords using a compass and straightedge,
and construct the perpendicular bisectors using paper folding.
Step 1 Use a compass to draw a circle on a piece of paper.
Step 2 Use a straightedge to draw two chords that are not
diameters.
Step 3 Fold the perpendicular bisector for each chord. The
perpendicular bisectors appear to intersect at the center
Why should you of the circle.
draw more than two
chords? Step 4 Draw a third chord and construct its perpendicular bisector.
The more examples you The third perpendicular bisector also appears to intersect the
can find to support your other two.
conjecture, the stronger
your conjecture becomes. Conjecture: The perpendicular bisector of any chord of a circle goes through the
center of the circle.

Problem 4 TEKS Process Standard (1)(A)

Using Diameters and Chords

Archaeology  An archaeologist found pieces of a jar. She wants
to find the radius of the rim of the jar to help guide her as she
reassembles the pieces. What is the radius of the rim?
How does the
construction help find Step 1  Trace a piece of Step 2  The center is
the center? the rim. Draw two chords the intersection of the
The perpendicular and construct perpendicular perpendicular bisectors.
bisectors contain Use the center to find
diameters of the circle.
bisectors.
the radius.
Two diameters intersect
at the circle’s center.
inch
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

The radius is 4 in.

hsm11gmse_1202_t08246
hsm11gmse_1202_t08247
PearsonTEXAS.com  495
 Problem 5
Finding Measures in a Circle
Algebra  What is the value of each variable to the nearest tenth?
Find two sides of a right
triangle. The third side A   LN = 12(14) = 7 
A diameter # to a chord bisects the
either is the answer or chord (Theorem 12-8).
leads to an answer. K
r r 2 = 32 + 72 Use the Pythagorean Theorem.
3 cm
L M r ≈ 7.6 Find the positive square root of each side.
N
14 cm

B   E BC # AF 
A diameter that bisects a chord that
A is not a diameter is # to the
15 chord (Theorem 12-9).
hsm11gmse_1202_t06831
11
B
C y
BA = BE = 15 Draw an auxiliary BA. The auxiliary BA ≅ BE
11
because they are radii of the same circle.
F
y 2 + 112 = 152 Use the Pythagorean Theorem.
y 2 = 104 Solve for y 2.
  y ≈ 10.2 Find the positive square root of each side.
hsm11gmse_1202_t06832
NLINE
O

PRACTICE and APPLICATION EXERCISES Scan page for a Virtual Nerd™ tutorial video.
RK
HO

ME
WO

In Exercises 1 and 2, the circles are congruent. What can you conclude?
1.
B 2. T M
For additional support when X L
completing your homework, C E
A Z F H J
go to PearsonTEXAS.com. Y K
G N

Find the value of x.

3.
4.
5.
hsm11gmse_1202_t06834 15
x 3.5 x
5 hsm11gmse_1202_t06835.ai
O
x
7 5 5
8

K G
Justify Mathematical Arguments (1)(G)  In the diagram
6.
at the right, GH and KM are perpendicular bisectors of
the chords they intersect. What can you conclude hsm11gmse_1202_t06841.ai
hsm11gmse_1202_t06836.ai
about the center of the circle? Justify your answer.
hsm11gmse_1202_t06840.ai
H M

496 Lesson 12-2  Chords and Arcs

hsm11gmse_1202_t08251
 7. Prove Theorem 12-4. 8. Prove Theorem 12-5.
Proof Proof

¬ ¬
Given: } O with ∠AOB ≅ ∠COD
Given:  }O with ∠AOB ≅ ∠COD
Prove:  AB ≅ CD
Prove:  AB ≅ CD

B A C
C

A O
O
D B D

9. Prove Theorem 12-6. 10. Prove Theorem 12-8.

Proof Proof hsm11gmse_1202_t06853.ai

¬ ¬
11. Prove Theorem 12-10. 12. Given:  }A with CE # BD
Proof Proof
hsm11gmse_1202_t08252
Given: 
/ is the # bisector of WY. Prove:  BC ≅ DC
Prove:  / contains the center of }X.
C

X A

B D
W Y E F
Z
13. a. Select Tools to Solve Problems (1)(C)  Select a tool, such as compass and
straightedge or geometry software, to construct two chords in a circle such that
the chords are perpendicular and have a common endpoint. Draw the line
hsm11gmse_1202_t06861.ai hsm11gmse_1202_t06863.ai
segment that joins the other two endpoints.
b. In the same circle, repeat part (a) several times, changing the lengths of the
perpendicular chords each time. Then make a conjecture about the line segment
that joins the endpoints of two perpendicular chords with a common endpoint.
14. Apply Mathematics (1)(A)  You are building a circular patio table. You have to drill
a hole through the center of the tabletop for an umbrella. How can you find the center?
}A and }B are congruent. CD is a chord of both circles. C
15. If AB = 8 in. and CD = 6 in., how long is a radius?
A B
16. If AB = 24 cm and a radius = 13 cm, how long is CD?
17. If a radius = 13 ft and CD = 24 ft, how long is AB? D
18. In the figure at the right, sphere O with radius 13 cm is intersected by a plane
5 cm from center O. Find the radius of the cross section }A.
19. A plane intersects a sphere that has radius 10 in., forming the cross section }B 5 cm O 13 cm
with radius 8 in. How far is the plane from the center of the hsm11gmse_1202_t06858.ai
sphere?
20. Connect Mathematical Ideas (1)(F)  Two concentric circles have radii of A
4 cm and 8 cm. A segment tangent to the smaller circle is a chord of the larger
circle. What is the length of the segment to the nearest tenth?
21. Display Mathematical Ideas (1)(G)  Use Theorem 12-5 to construct a regular
hsm11gmse_1202_t06852
octagon.

PearsonTEXAS.com  497
 22. In the diagram at the right, the endpoints of the chord are the y
x2
points where the line x = 2 intersects the circle x2 + y 2 = 25.
What is the length of the chord? Round your answer to the 3
nearest tenth.
23. Explain Mathematical Ideas (1)(G)  Theorems 12-4 and 12-5 x
both begin with the phrase “within a circle or in congruent 3 O 3
circles.” Explain why the word congruent is essential for both
theorems. 3
Prove each of the following.
Proof
24. Converse of Theorem 12-4: Within a circle or in congruent
circles, congruent arcs have congruent central angles.
25. Converse of Theorem 12-5: Within a circle or in congruent circles, congruent
chords have congruent central angles.
hsm11gmse_1202_t06859.ai
26. Converse of Theorem 12-6: Within a circle or in congruent circles, congruent arcs
have congruent chords.
27. Converse of Theorem 12-7: Within a circle or congruent circles, congruent chords
are equidistant from the center (or centers).
C
28. If two circles are concentric and a chord of the larger circle is tangent to the
Proof smaller circle, prove that the point of tangency is the midpoint of the chord. E
A B
O
29. Analyze Mathematical Relationships (1)(F) In }O, AB is a diameter of the
circle and AB # CD. What conclusions can you make? D

TEXAS Test Practice

hsm11gmse_1202_t06842.ai
30. The diameter of a circle is 25 cm and a chord of the same circle is 16 cm. To the
nearest tenth, what is the distance of the chord from the center of the circle?
A. 9.0 cm C. 18.0 cm
B. 9.6 cm D. 19.2 cm
31. From the top of a building you look down at an object on the ground. Your eyes are
50 ft above the ground, and the angle of depression is 50°. Which distance is the
best estimate of how far the object is from the base of the building?
F.
42 ft H. 65 ft
G. 60 ft J. 78 ft
32. A bicycle tire has a diameter of 17 in. How many revolutions of the tire are
necessary to travel 800 ft? Show your work.

498 Lesson 12-2  Chords and Arcs

 12-3  Inscribed Angles
TEKS FOCUS VOCABULARY
TEKS (12)(A)  Apply theorems about circles, • Inscribed angle – an angle whose vertex is on the circle and
including relationships among angles, radii, whose sides are chords of the circle
chords, tangents, and secants, to solve non-
contextual problems. • Justify – explain with logical reasoning. You can justify a
mathematical argument.
TEKS (1)(G)  Display, explain, and justify
mathematical ideas and arguments using precise • Argument – a set of statements put forth to show the truth or
mathematical language in written or oral falsehood of a mathematical claim
communication.

Additional TEKS (1)(D), (5)(A)

ESSENTIAL UNDERSTANDING
Angles formed by intersecting lines have a special relationship to the arcs the intersecting
lines intercept. In this lesson, you will study arcs formed by inscribed angles.

Theorem 12-11  Inscribed Angle Theorem

The measure of an inscribed angle is half the measure A
of its intercepted arc.

¬
B
        m∠B = 12 mAC C

You will prove Theorem 12-11 in Exericises 9 and 10.

Corollaries to Theorem 12-11:  hsm11gmse_1203_t06876

The Inscribed Angle Theorem
Corollary 1 Corollary 2 Corollary 3
Two inscribed angles that An angle inscribed in a The opposite angles of a
intercept the same arc are semicircle is a right angle. quadrilateral inscribed in a
congruent. circle are supplementary.

B
A
B
A C D C
You will prove these corollaries in Exercises 14–16.

hsm11gmse_1203_t08254.ai hsm11gmse_1203_t08255.ai hsm11gmse_1203_t08256.ai

PearsonTEXAS.com  499
 Theorem 12-12
The measure of an angle formed by a tangent and a chord is half the measure of the
intercepted arc.
B D B

C C

¬
m∠C = 12 m BDC
You will prove Theorem 12-12 in Exercise 17.

hsm11gmse_1203_t06899.ai
Problem 1
Using the Inscribed Angle Theorem

¬
What are the values of a and b? P a
Which variable should
you solve for first? m∠PQT = 12 m PT Inscribed Angle Theorem
¬
You know the inscribed Q 60
 T
angle that intercepts PT , 60 = 12 a Substitute. 30
b S
which has the measure a.

¬
120 = a Multiply each side by 2.
You need a to find b. So R
m∠PRS = 12 m PS
¬ ¬
find a first. Inscribed Angle Theorem
m∠PRS = 12 (m PT + m TS ) Arc Addition Postulate
b = 12 (120 + 30) Substitute.
hsm11gmse_1203_t06881
b = 75 Simplify.

Problem 2 TEKS Process Standard (1)(D)

Using Corollaries to Find Angle Measures

What is the measure of each numbered angle?

Is there too much A  B  70

information? 40 2
Each diagram has more
information than you
need. Focus on what you 70 38
1
need to find.

∠1 is inscribed in a semicircle. ∠2 and the 38° angle intercept the

By Corollary 2, ∠1 is a right angle, so same arc. By Corollary 1, the angles
m∠1 = 90. are congruent, so m∠2 = 38.
hsm11gmse_1203_t06892 hsm11gmse_1203_t06893

500 Lesson 12-3  Inscribed Angles

 Problem 3 TEKS Process Standard (1)(G)

Using Arc Measure

¬
S
< >
In the diagram, SR is tangent to the circle at Q. If mPMQ = 212,
what is mjPQR? Q

< > M
¬
R
• SR is tangent to the circle at Q
• m PMQ = 212

¬
m∠PQS + m∠PQR = 180. So
m∠PQR
first find m∠PQS using PMQ .

1 ¬ The measure of an ∠ formed by a hsm11gmse_1203_t08257.ai

tangent and a
2 mPMQ = m∠PQS
chord is 12 the measure of the intercepted arc.
1
2 (212) = m∠PQS Substitute.
106 = m∠PQS Simplify.
How can you check
the answer? m∠PQS + m∠PQR = 180 Linear Pair Postulate
One way is to use
¬
m∠PQR to find 106 + m∠PQR = 180 Substitute.

¬ ¬
m PQ . Confirm that m∠PQR = 74 Simplify.
m PQ + m PMQ = 360.

NLINE
O

PRACTICE and APPLICATION EXERCISES Scan page for a Virtual Nerd™ tutorial video.
RK
HO

ME
WO

Find the value of each variable. For each circle, the dot represents the center.
1.
2.
3.
a 95 4.
116 c q
For additional support when 25 p
completing your homework, b
go to PearsonTEXAS.com. a b 58
c
a

Use Multiple Representations to Communicate Mathematical Ideas (1)(D) 

Find the value of each variable. Lines that appear to be tangent are tangent.
5.
6. hsm11gmse_1203_t06913
hsm11gmse_1203_t06906
246 7.
y hsm11gmse_1203_t06915
hsm11gmse_1203_t06916
f
e
x 115
w 230

Justify Mathematical Arguments (1)(G)  Can a rhombus that is not a square be

8.
inscribed in a circle? Justify your answer.
hsm11gmse_1203_t06919.ai
hsm11gmse_1203_t06918.ai
hsm11gmse_1203_t06917.ai
PearsonTEXAS.com  501
 To prove Theorem 12-11, there are three cases to consider. In Case I, the
center of the circle is on a side of the inscribed angle. In Case II, the center
is inside the inscribed angle. In Case III, the center is outside the inscribed
angle. Below is a proof of Case I. A C

¬
Proof Given:  }O with inscribed j B and diameter BC

Prove:  mjB = 12 mAC O
Draw radius OA to form isosceles △AOB with OA = OB. So

¬
mjA = mjB by the Isosceles Triangle Theorem. Then, by the Triangle B

¬
Exterior Angle Theorem, mjAOC = mjA + mjB. So mAC = mjAOC

¬ ¬
since j AOC is a central angle. This means that mAC = mjA + mjB, and
therefore mAC = 2mjB. By the Division Property of Equality, mjB = 12 mAC .
hsm11gmse_1203_t06880
Write a proof of Case II and Case III for Exercises 9 and 10.
9. Inscribed Angle Theorem, Case II 10. Inscribed Angle Theorem, Case III
Proof Proof

¬ ¬
Given:  }O with inscribed ∠ABC
Given:  }S with inscribed ∠PQR
Prove:  m∠ABC = 12 mAC
Prove:  m∠PQR = 12 m PR

P R T
C
P
A O S

B Q

11. Explain Mathematical Ideas (1)(G)  The director of a

telecast wants the option of showing the same scene
from three different views.
hsm11gmse_1203_t06934.ai hsm11gmse_1203_t06935.ai
a. Explain why cameras in the positions shown in the
diagram will transmit the same scene.
b. Will the scenes look the same when the director
views them on the control room monitors?
Explain. Scene

Find the value of each variable. For each circle, the dot represents Camera
the center. 1 Camera
Camera 3
12. c 13.
120 d 2
44
b c
b
a
160 a
e 56 hsm11gmse_1203_t06929.ai

502 Lesson 12-3  Inscribed Angles

hsm11gmse_1203_t06921.ai hsm11gmse_1203_t06922.ai
 Write a proof for Exercises 14–17.

¬
14. Inscribed Angle Theorem, Corollary 1 15. Inscribed Angle Theorem, Corollary 2

¬
Proof Proof
Given:  }O, ∠A intercepts BC , Given:  }O with ∠CAB inscribed
∠D intercepts BC . in a semicircle
Prove:  ∠A ≅ ∠D Prove:  ∠CAB is a right angle.

C
B A B
D
O O
C
D
A
16. Inscribed Angle Theorem, Corollary 3 17. Theorem 12-12
Proof Proof
Given: Quadrilateral ABCD
Given:  GH and tangent /

¬
inscribed in }O hsm11gmse_1203_t06938.ai
intersecting }E at H
hsm11gmse_1203_t06937.ai
Prove:  ∠A and ∠C are supplementary. Prove:  m∠GHI = 12 m GFH

∠B and ∠D are supplementary.

A F
B G 
I
O E
D C H

TEXAS Test Practice

hsm11gmse_1203_t06939.ai
hsm11gmse_1203_t06940.ai
For Exercises 18 and 19, what is the value of each variable in }O?
18. A. 25 19. 60 F.
20
y
O B. 35 G. 30
O
130 x C. 45 H. 50
D. 65 J. 60

20. Is the following proof valid? If not, explain why, and then write a valid proof. B
hsm11gmse_1203_t06942.ai C
Given: Quadrilateral ABCD, ∠A ≅ ∠C, BD bisects
∠ABC
hsm11gmse_1203_t06941.ai
Prove: 
∠ADB ≅ ∠CDB A
BD ≅ BD by the Reflexive Property. Since BD bisects ∠ABC, it also

bisects ∠ADC. So ∠ADB ≅ ∠CDB.
D

hsm11gmse_1203_t08261
PearsonTEXAS.com  503
 Technology Lab Exploring Chords and Secants

Use With Lesson 12-4 teks (5)(A), (1)(E)

1
Construct }A and two chords BC and DE that intersect at F.
E
C
1. Measure BF, FC, EF, and FD.
2. Use the calculator program of your software to find BF # FC and EF # FD. A
F B

3. Manipulate the lines. What pattern do you observe in the products?

4. What appears to be true for two intersecting chords?
D

2
A secant is a line that intersects a circle in two points. A secant segment is
a segment that contains a chord of the circle and has only one endpoint
< > < > Ghsm11gmse_1204a_t06963.ai
outside the circle. Construct a new circle and two secants DG and DE
that intersect outside the circle at point D. Label the intersections with F
the circle as shown.
A
5. Measure DG, DF, DE, and DB. D
6. Calculate the products DG # DF and DE # DB. B
E
7. Manipulate the lines. What pattern do you observe in the products?
8. What appears to be true for two intersecting secants?

3 hsm11gmse_1204a_t06964.ai

Construct }A with tangent DG perpendicular to radius AG and secant DE

that intersects the circle at B and E. G

9. Measure DG, DE, and DB.

10. Calculate the products (DG)2 and DE # DB.

A D
11. Manipulate the lines. What pattern do you observe in the products? B
12. What appears to be true for the tangent segment and secant segment? E

hsm11gmse_1204a_t06965.ai

504 Technology Lab  Exploring Chords and Secants

 12-4  Angle Measures and Segment Lengths
TEKS FOCUS VOCABULARY
TEKS (12)(A)  Apply theorems about circles, including relationships among • Secant – a line that intersects a
angles, radii, chords, tangents, and secants, to solve non-contextual problems. circle at two points

TEKS (1)(C)  Select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and
pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math,
• Number sense – the understanding
of what numbers mean and how
estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems.
they are related
Additional TEKS (1)(D), (1)(F), (5)(A), (6)(A), (6)(D)

ESSENTIAL UNDERSTANDING

• Angles formed by intersecting lines have a special • There is a special relationship between two intersecting
relationship to the related arcs formed when the lines chords, two intersecting secants, or a secant that
intersect a circle. intersects a tangent. This relationship allows you to find
the lengths of unknown segments.

Theorem 12-13
The measure of an angle formed by two lines that intersect inside a
circle is half the sum of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
x 1 y
m∠1 = 12 (x + y)

For a proof of Theorem 12-13, see the Reference section on page 683.

Theorem 12-14
hsm11gmse_1204_t06968 .ai
The measure of an angle formed by two lines that intersect outside a circle is half the
difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs.

y° x° y° 1
x° 1 1 x° y°

I: angle formed by II: angle formed by a III: angle formed by

two secants secant and a tangent two tangents

m∠1 = 12 (x - y)

You will prove Theorem 12-14 in Exercises 24 and 25.

PearsonTEXAS.com  505
 Theorem 12-15
For a given point and circle, the product of the lengths of the two segments from
the point to the circle is constant along any line through the point and the circle.
I. II.
III.
a t
c x w
b P P
d P y y
z z

a # b = c # d ( y + z) y = t 2
(w + x)w = ( y + z)y
You will prove Theorem 12-13 in Exercises 13 and 14.

hsm11gmse_1204_t06982hsm11gmse_1204_t06983 hsm11gmse_1204_t06984

Problem 1 TEKS Process Standard (1)(C)

Investigating Special Angles of Circles

Choose from a variety of tools (such as a protractor, a compass, or geometry
software) to investigate angles formed by chords intersecting inside a circle.
Explain why you chose that tool. Construct a circle and several pairs of
intersecting chords. Then make a conjecture about the measure of an angle
formed by two chords intersecting inside a circle.
Geometry software could help you investigate angles created by chords. You can create
a circle and two chords and then drag the chords around the circle to investigate angle
measures and make a conjecture.
Step 1 Draw a circle and two chords that intersect in the
interior of the circle.
Which angles are
formed by the E
Step 2 Measure angles formed by the intersection of the C
intersection of chords and their intercepted arcs. Record your
the chords in the
findings in the table below. F B
diagram? A
∠CFD, ∠EFB, ∠CFE, and
Step 3 Drag the chords to form different angles. Record
∠DFB
your findings in a table.

Vertical angle measure 65° 41° 81° D

Intercepted arc 44° 59° 30°

Intercepted arc 86° 23° 132°
Sum of arc measures 130° 82° 162°
hsm11gmse_1204a_t06963.ai
Conjecture: The measure of an angle formed by two chords that intersect inside a
circle is half the sum of the measures of its intercepted arcs.

506 Lesson 12-4  Angle Measures and Segment Lengths

 Problem 2
Finding Angle Measures
Algebra  What is the value of each variable?
A  B   95
z
Remember to add 46 x 90
arc measures for arcs 20
intercepted by lines
that intersect inside
a circle and subtract
arc measures for arcs x = 12 (46 + 90) Theorem 12-13 20 = 12 (95 - z) Theorem 12-14
intercepted by lines that
x = 68 Simplify. 40 = 95 - z Multiply each side by 2.
intersect outside a circle.
hsm11gmse_1204_t06974.ai hsm11gmse_1204_t06975.ai
z = 55 Solve for z.

Problem 3

Finding an Arc Measure

Satellite  A satellite in a geostationary orbit
above Earth’s equator has a viewing angle
of Earth formed by the two tangents to the
equator. The viewing angle is about 17.5°.
What is the measure of the arc of Earth
that is viewed from the satellite?
A
Satellite

Earth
17.5
E
B
¬
How can you
represent the
¬
Let mAB = x.
measures of the arcs?

¬ ¬
The sum of the measures Then m AEB = 360 - x.
of the arcs is 360°. If the hsm11gmse_1204_t08584.ai
measure of one arc is x, 17.5 = 12 (m AEB - mAB ) Theorem 12-14
then the measure of the
other is 360 - x. 17.5 = 12[(360 - x) - x] Substitute.

17.5 = 12 (360 - 2x) Simplify.

17.5 = 180 - x Distributive Property
  x = 162.5 Solve for x.
A 162.5° arc can be viewed from the satellite.

PearsonTEXAS.com  507
 Problem 4 TEKS Process Standard (1)(F)

Finding Segment Lengths

Algebra  Find the value of the variable in }N.
How can you identify
the segments needed A  B  z
8
to use Theorem 12-15? 6
Find where segments N N 8
intersect each other 7 y 16
relative to the circle. The
lengths of segments that
are part of one line will
be on the same side of (6 + 8)6 = (7 + y)7 Thm. 12-15, Case II (8 + 16)8 = z 2 Thm. 12-15, Case III
an equation.
84 = 49 + 7y Distributive Property 192 = z 2 Simplify.
hsm11gmse_1204_t06986 hsm11gmse_1204_t06987
35 = 7y   13.9 ≈ z Solve for z.
5=y Solve for y.

NLINE
O

PRACTICE and APPLICATION EXERCISES Scan page for a Virtual Nerd™ tutorial video.
RK
HO

ME
WO

Find the value of each variable using the given chord, secant, and tangent
lengths. If the answer is not a whole number, round to the nearest tenth.
For additional support when 1.
x 2. 3.
15 20 y
completing your homework, 11 x 5
go to PearsonTEXAS.com. 20
26 7
13 15
c

In the diagram at the right, CA and CB are tangents to }O. Write an expression A y

¬ ¬
for each arc or angle in terms of the given variable.
D x C
4. m ADB using x 5. m∠C using x 6. m AB using y O
hsm11gmse_1204_t06999 hsm11gmse_1204_t07002B
hsm11gmse_1204_t07000
Find the value of each variable.
7.
8. 60 9. y
53
160 y
x  68 x
hsm11gmse_1204_t07004
x

70

10. Analyze Mathematical Relationships (1)(F)  You focus

your camera on a circular fountain. Your camera is at the
hsm11gmse_1204_t06992
vertex of the angle formed byhsm11gmse_1204_t06996
tangents to the fountain.
hsm11gmse_1204_t06997
You estimate that this angle is 40°. What is the measure of
the arc of the circular basin of the fountain that will be in
the photograph?

508 Lesson 12-4  Angle Measures and Segment Lengths

STEM 11. Apply Mathematics (1)(A)  Arc Wankel engine
The basis for the design
x
of the Wankel rotary engine
8 in.
is an equilateral triangle.
Each side of the triangle is
a chord to an arc of a circle.
The opposite vertex of the
triangle is the center of the
circle that forms the arc. In Center
the diagram at the right, each
side of the equilateral triangle is 8 in. long.
a. Use what you know about equilateral triangles
and find the value of x. hsm11gmse_1204_t06991
b. Justify Mathematical Arguments (1)(G)  Copy the diagram and complete
the circle with the given center. Then use Theorem 12-15 to find the value
of x. Show that your answers to parts (a) and (b) are equal.
12. A circle is inscribed in a quadrilateral whose four angles have measures 85, 76,
94, and 105. Find the measures of the four arcs between consecutive points of
tangency.
Recall that there are three cases to prove Theorem 12-15. In Case I, the product of
the chord segments are equal. In Case II, the products of the secants and their outer
segments are equal. In Case III, the product of a secant and its outer segment
equals the square of the tangent. Below is a proof of Case I.
Proof Given:  a circle with chords AB and CD intersecting at P
C
Prove:  a
# b=c # d A
a c
Draw AC and BD. jA ≅ jD and jC ≅ jB because each pair intercepts b
P B
the same arc, and angles that intercept the same arc are congruent. d
△APC = △DPB by the Angle-Angle Similarity Postulate. The lengths of
a D
corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional, so d = bc .
#
Therefore, a b = c d. #
Use similar triangles to prove Case II and Case III.
13. Prove Theorem 12-15, Case II. 14. Prove Theorem 12-15, Case III. hsm11gmse_1204_t06985
Proof Proof
15. The diagram at the right shows a unit circle, a circle with radius 1. D
E
a. What triangle is similar to △ABE? 1
b. Describe the connection between the tangent ratio for ∠A and the
segment that is tangent to }A. A B C
hypotenuse
c. The secant ratio is length of leg adjacent to an angle . Describe the connection
between the secant ratio for ∠A and the segment that is the secant
in }A.

hsm11gmse_1204_t08590 .a

PearsonTEXAS.com  509
 ¬ ¬
For Exercises 16 and 17, use the diagram at the right. Prove each statement. Q
16. m∠1 + m PQ = 180 17. m∠1 + m∠2 = m QR R
Proof Proof 1
18. a. Select Tools to Solve Problems (1)(C)  What tool(s) can you use to 2
investigate the relationships between an angle formed by two perpendicular P
tangents to a circle and the arcs intercepted by the angle? Explain your choice.
b. Construct a circle with a several pairs of tangents that intersect at a right
angle. Make a conjecture about the relationship between the right angle and
the minor arc intercepted by the angle. hsm11gmse_1204_t07013
19. In the diagram at the right, the circles are concentric. What is a formula
you could use to find the value of c in terms of a and b?

¬ ¬ ¬
20. △PQR is inscribed in a circle with m∠P = 70, m∠Q = 50, and c b
a
m∠R = 60. What are the measures of PQ , QR , and PR ?
Find the values of x and y using the given chord, secant, and tangent
lengths. If your answer is not a whole number, round it to the nearest tenth.
21. y 10 22. 4 23.
6 8 x 16 12
x y
y hsm11gmse_1204_t08588 .ai
5 x

24. Prove Case II of Theorem 12-14. B A

Proof

¬ hsm11gmse_1204_t07009
¬
Given:  }O with secants CA and CE O C
Prove:  1
m∠ACE = 2 (m AE - m BD )
hsm11gmse_1204_t07008 hsm11gmse_1204_t07010
D
E
25. Prove Case I and Case III of Theorem 12-14. P b
Q
Proof
26. Use the diagram at the right and the theorems of this lesson to prove the a R
Proof Pythagorean Theorem. a c
O
hsm11gmse_1204_t07012
27. If an equilateral triangle is inscribed in a circle, prove that the tangents a
Proof S
to the circle at the vertices form an equilateral triangle.

TEXAS Test Practice

hsm11gmse_1204_t07014
For Exercises 28 and 29, use the diagram at the right. A
B
¬ ¬
28. If BC = 6, DC = 5, and CE = 12, find AC.
C
29. If m∠C = 14 and m AE = 140, find m BD .
D
E

hsm11gmse_1204_t07015
510 Lesson 12-4  Angle Measures and Segment Lengths
 Topic 12  Review
TOPIC VOCABULARY
• chord, p. 492 • point of tangency, p. 486 • tangent to a circle, p. 486
• inscribed angle, p. 499 • secant, p. 505

Check Your Understanding

Use the figure to choose the correct term to complete each sentence.
A
D E
X

B
C F
< >
1. EF is (a secant of, tangent to) }X .
2. DF is a (chord, secant) of }X .
hsm11gmse_12cr_t09116.ai
3. △ABC is made of (chords in, tangents to) }X .
4. ∠DEF is an (intercepted arc, inscribed angle) of }X .

12-1  Tangent Lines

Quick Review Exercises

A tangent to a circle is a line that intersects the circle at Use }O for Exercises 5–7.
exactly one point. The radius to that point is perpendicular
B
to the tangent. From any point outside a circle, you can 5
draw two segments tangent to a circle. Those segments are
A
congruent.
2 O
x
Example
> >
PA and PB are tangents. Find x. A
60 3
The radii are perpendicular to the
O x 40 P
tangents. Add the angle measures
C
of the quadrilateral:
B
x + 90 + 90 + 40 = 360 5. What is the perimeter of △ABC?
x + 220 = 360 6. OB = 128. What is the radius?
x = 140 hsm11gmse_12cr_t09053.ai
7. What is the value of x?
hsm11gmse_12cr_t09048.ai

PearsonTEXAS.com  511
 12-2  Chords and Arcs

Quick Review Exercises

A chord is a segment whose endpoints Use the figure at the right for Exercises 8–10.
are on a circle. Congruent chords are 8. If AB is a diameter and CE = ED, A
equidistant from the center. A diameter then m∠AEC = ? .
that bisects a chord that is not a
diameter is perpendicular to the chord. 9. If AB is a diameter and is at right
The perpendicular bisector of a chord angles to CD, what is the ratio of
CD to DE? C D
contains the center of the circle. E
10. If CE = 12 CD and m∠DEB = 90, B
Example what is true of AB?
hsm11gmse_12cr_t09054.ai
What is the value of d? Use the circle below for Exercises 11 and 12.
Since the chord is bisected, m∠ACB = 90. hsm11gmse_12cr_t09056.ai
The radius is 13 units. So an auxiliary 9
13 5
segment from A to B is 13 units. Use the B y
d
Pythagorean Theorem. x 5
12
C 12
d2 + 122 = 132 A
d 2 = 25 11. What is the value of x?

d=5 12. What is the value of y?

hsm11gmse_12cr_t07095.ai
hsm11gmse_12cr_t09055.ai

12-3  Inscribed Angles

Quick Review Exercises

An inscribed angle has its Intercepted A Find the value of each variable. Line O is a tangent.
vertex on a circle, and its sides arc
B C 13. 14. b 
are chords. An intercepted arc
40
has its endpoints on the sides Inscribed angle a
a
of an inscribed angle, and its d
other points in the interior of the c 20 c 
b
angle. The measure of an inscribed
angle is half the measure of its hsm11gmse_1203_t06873
intercepted arc. 15. c  16. b
a
59 b 
hsm11gmse_12cr_t09058.ai

¬
Example 72 hsm11gmse_12cr_t07097.ai
a

P 140

¬
What is m PS ? What is mjR? d 45
d c
¬
S 
m∠Q = 60 is half m PS , so
m PS = 120. ∠R intercepts the 60
same arc as ∠Q, so m∠R = 60. Q R
hsm11gmse_12cr_t07098.ai
hsm11gmse_12cr_t07099.ai

512 Topic 12 Review hsm11gmse_12cr_t09057.ai

12-4  Angle Measures and Segment Lengths

Quick Review Exercises

A secant is a line that intersects a circle at two points. Find the value of each variable.
The following relationships are true:
17.
x
c y 26
a 1
O 100
x d b

abcd
18. 145
m1  1 (x  y)
2
hsm11gmse_12cr_t07106.ai
a b
x
w 45
O
b
ahsm11gmse_12cr_t07102.ai
B
z
y
19. 6
(w  x)w  ( y  z)y 5
x
mB  1 (a  b) hsm11gmse_12cr_t07105.ai
2
10
a
t
O b
hsm11gmse_12cr_t07103.ai
z B
y 20.
5 10
( y  z)y  t 2
hsm11gmse_12cr_t09059.ai
mB  1 (a  b) x 8
2

Example
What is the value of x?
hsm11gmse_12cr_t07104.ai
19
(x + 10)10 = (19 + 9)9 9 hsm11gmse_12cr_t07109.ai
10x + 100 = 252 x 10
x = 15.2

hsm11gmse_12cr_t07108.ai

PearsonTEXAS.com  513
 Topic 12  TEKS Cumulative Practice
Multiple Choice 4. What is the value of x in the figure shown below?

Read each question. Then write the letter of the correct 102
answer on your paper.
1. A vertical mast is on top of building and is positioned x
6 ft from the front edge. The mast casts a shadow
perpendicular to the front of the building, and the tip of
the shadow is 90 ft from the front of the building. At the 76
same time, the 24-ft building casts a 64-ft shadow. What
F.
112 H.
102
is the height of the mast?
G.
104 J.
89
A.
7 ft 6 in. C.
12 ft
5. A photographic negative is 3 cm by 2 cm. A similar
B.
9 ft 9 in. D.
33 ft
print from the geom12_gm_c12_csr_t0005.ai
negative is 9 cm long on its shorter
2. Javier leans a 20-ft-long ladder against a wall. If the base side. What is the length of the longer side?
of the ladder is positioned 5 feet from the wall, how
A.
1.5 cm C.
12 cm
high up the wall does the ladder reach? Round to the
nearest tenth. B.
6 cm D.
13.5 cm
F.
19.4 ft H.
17.5 ft 6. What is the value of x?
G.
18.8 ft J.
15 ft F.
45°
3. △FGH has the vertices shown below. If the triangle is G.
60°
x 45
rotated 90° counterclockwise about the origin, what are
H.
75°
the coordinates of the rotated point F′? 75
J.
105°
y
7. One side of a triangle has length 6 in. and another
G 4
side has length 3 in. Which is the greatest possible
whole-number value for the length of the third side?
F
x A. 3 in. C. 8 in.
geom12_gm_c12_csr_t0004.ai
4 2 2 4

¬
B. 6 in. D. 9 in.
2
8. What is m RT in the figure at the right?
H
4
F.
162°
T
G.
146°
R 55
(1, -3) C.
A. ( -1, 2)
H.
110°
(3, -1) D.
B. (1, -2)
J.
73° 104
S

geom12_gm_c12_csr_t0002.ai

514 Topic 12  TEKS Cumulative Practice

geom12_gm_c12_csr_t0003.ai
Gridded Response Constructed Response
9. A ski ramp on a lake has the dimensions shown below. 15. △DEF has vertices D(1, 1), E( -2, 4), and F(4, 7). What
To the nearest hundredth of a meter, what is the height is the perimeter of △DEF ? Show your work.
h of the ramp?
16. In }A below, AE = 13.1 and AC # BD. If BC = 6.8,
what is AC, to the nearest tenth? Show your work.
75 4.8 m
h B
C
D
A
10. What is the value of n in the trapezoid shown below?
(23n)
E

geom12_gm_c12_csr_t0008.ai 17. What is the measure of an exterior angle of a regular

(14n5)
dodecagon (12-sided polygon)? Show your work.

11. In the figure shown below, MN } OP, LM = 12, 18. The endpoints of HK are H( -3, 7) and K(6, 1), and
MN = 15, and MO = 6. What is OP? the endpoints of MN are M( -5, -8) and N(7, 10).
What are the slopes of the line segments? Are the

L line segments parallel, perpendicular, or neither?
geom12_gm_c12_csr_t0009.ai
Explaingeom12_gm_c12_csr_t0011.ai
how you know and show your work.
19. Suppose a square is inscribed in a circle such
M N as square HIJK shown below.
H K
O P
12. In the figure below, XY and XZ are tangent to }O at
points Y and Z, respectively. What is m∠YOZ in degrees?

Y
geom12_gm_c12_csr_t0010.ai I J

50 X
a. Show that if you form a new figure by connecting
O the tangents to the circle at H, I, J, and K, the
new figure is also a square.

Z b. The inscribed square and the square formed

by the tangents are similar. What is the scale
13. In parallelogram ABCD below, DB is 15. What is DE? geom12_gm_c12_csr_t0013.ai
factor of the similar figures?
A B c. Let a regular polygon with n sides be inscribed
E in a circle. Do the tangent lines at the vertices
of the polygon form another regular polygon
geom12_gm_c12_csr_t0011.ai with n sides? Explain.
D C

14. The measure of the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle

is 112. What is the measure of a base angle?

hsm11gmse_07cu_t05664
PearsonTEXAS.com  515