LABORATORY MANUAL IN DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING: MATLAB Rev 1.

LABORATORY MANUAL IN
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING:
(MatLab Approach)

Prepared by:
Engr. Angelino A. Pimentel, PhD EEE (units)
Engr. Teofilo M. Sagabaen, MEP-ECE (units)

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (ECE) DEPARTMENT

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
SAINT MARY’S UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
Tel No. 078-3212221
Website: www.smu.edu.ph

January 2020

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACTIVITY # TITLE PAGE SCORE
1 Familiarization with MatLab 7 __/20
2 Signal Sampling and Quantization 9 __/20
3 Generation of Digital Signals 15 __/20
4 Digital Convolution 19 __/20
Discrete Fourier Transform
5 23 __/20
and Signal Spectrum
6 The Z-Transform 31 __/20
7 Digital Signal Processing Systems 34 __/20
8 Basic Filtering Types 37 __/20
9 Finite Impulse Response Filter Design 43 __/20
10 Infinite Impulse Response Filter Design 49 __/20

Finals Project DSP Project Design 54 __/50

Appendix A Format of Front Pages 57 -
Appendix B Body of the Laboratory Report 58 -
Appendix C Laboratory Report Rubric 59 -
Appendix D Finals Project Design Rubric 60 -
Appendix E MATLAB BASICS 61 -

Student’s Name : John Paul A. Nidoy

Group Number : _________________________________________

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INTRODUCTION
In these recent days, we are bombarded with different kinds of signals – such as
speech signals, music and even unwanted noise signals. Thus, the need to process
these signals digitally either enhance, attenuate or store it arouses. Digital signal
processing is the mathematics, the techniques, the algorithms used to manipulate these
signals after conversion into digital form. If we were to attached an analog-to-digital
converter to a computer and obtain various real-world data. DSP will answer the
question, what’s next?

This laboratory manual, with the aid of MatLab (MATrix LABoratory), one of the
most popular and powerful interactive program for numerical computation and data
visualization, will help a student like you to definitely learn to appreciate the significance
of DSP. Specifically, the student will become familiar with MatLab, understand signal
sampling and quantization, how digital signals where generated and process thru digital
convolution, Discrete Fourier Transform, Z-transform and various filters (low pass, high
pass, band pass and bandstop). Also, student will design filters utilizing finite impulse
response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR). Nonetheless, at the end of the
course, you will be required to design a project and apply all the knowledge gained
through the activities.

The laboratory reports are due at the beginning of the lab section a week
following the activity. A student is expected to do HIS/HER OWN WORK. The grading of
each laboratory exercises and final design project will be based on the rubrics created
(see Appendix C&D respectively).

Disclaimer: This laboratory manual is essentially a composition of selected pertinent

problems/exercises, based on the assessment of the authors, and concepts from the book by
Tan & Jiang, 2013 referencing on the MatLab coding structures and syntaxes from book written
by Dukkipati, 2010.

Engr. Angelino A. Pimentel, PhD EEE (units)

Engr. Teofilo M. Sagabaen, MEP-ECE (units)

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General Policies and Guidelines in the Use of the Laboratory

1. Only students officially enrolled in the laboratory subject can use the facilities and
equipment in the laboratory.
2. No laboratory equipment should be taken out of the campus unless approved by
the instructor and/or Dean.
3. No laboratory activities will be conducted without the presence of the instructor or
the laboratory technician.
4. Students are expected to actively participate in the conduct of the laboratory
activities.
5. Proper behavior must be observed at all times.
6. Safety measures must be properly observed during the conduct of the laboratory
activities.
7. Proper care in handling laboratory equipment must be observed to avoid damage
to the equipment. Any damage to the equipment incurred by the group during the
conduct of the activity will be charges to the members of the group

Procedure in Borrowing and Returning Materials/Equipment/Apparatus

1. Only the group leader assigned will be allowed to borrow materials/equipment/

apparatus from the laboratory technician.
2. The group leader fills out the borrower’s slip and presents the same, with his
school ID, to the laboratory technician who will issue the materials/equipment/
apparatus listed.
3. The group leader should check the materials/equipment/apparatus issued for any
defects/damages and report these, if any, to the laboratory technician.
4. Before the class ends, the group should clean the materials/equipment/apparatus
before the group leader return the same to the laboratory technician
5. The laboratory technician should inspect the borrowed materials/equipment/
apparatus before releasing the borrower’s ID.

NOTE: Any student who is absent during the conduct on an activity is required to
perform it on his own.

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SAFETY RULES WHEN EARTHQUAKE OCCURS

DURING

1. If you are inside a structurally-sound building, STAY THERE! Protect your body
from falling debris by bracing yourself in a doorway or by getting under a study
desk or table.
2. If you are inside an old, weak structure. TAKE THE FASTEST AND SAFEST
WAY OUT.
3. If you are in a crowded place like a store, theater, or mall, DO NOT RUSH TO
THE EXIT. Get out calmly in an orderly manner.
4. If you are outdoors, MOVE TO AN OPEN AREA. Get away from power lines,
posts, walls and the like.
5. If you are in a coastal area and sea level shows unusual changes after an
earthquake. HEAD TO A HIGHER GROUND. An under-the-sea earthquake can
cause Tsunami or Tidal wave.
6. When driving. PULL OVER AND STOP. Do not attempt to cross a bridge or
flyover that has been damaged.
7. If you are on a mountain pass or road. STOP YOUR CAR AND STAY CLEAR
FROM STEEP ESCARPMENTS OR CLIFFS THAT MAY BE AFFECTED BY A
LANDSLIDE.

AFTER

1. CHECK YOURSELF and others for injuries.

2. CLEAN UP CHEMICAL SPILLS and secure toxic and flammable materials to
avoid any chain of unwanted events.
3. CHECK FOR FIRE. If there is one, bring it under control.
4. CHECK YOUR WATER AND ELECTRICAL LINES FOR DEFECTS. If you
suspect damage, turn off the system valve or switch.
5. BE PREPARED FOR AFTERSHOCKS. Gather information from battery-
operated radios.
6. OBEY PUBLIC SAFETY PRECAUTION. Do not use the telephone and your
vehicles unless there is an emergency.
7. IF YOU MUST EVACUATE. LEAVE A MESSAGE ABOUT WHERE YOU ARE
GOING. Take with you all necessary items for your comfort and protection.
(Reference: Phivolcs)

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WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF FIRE

WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF FIRE

1. If you detect smoke or any evidence of fire, notify your instructor immediately or
the nearest person in authority so that the fire alarm may be turned on.
2. Take time to plan an exit.
3. If the hallway appears safe, use the nearest stairway free of fire or the nearest
fire exit.
4. If the hallway is no longer safe, close doors leading to the room and stop up any
openings or cracks through which smoke may enter by using wet towels, sheets,
blankets or alike.
5. Open windows slightly and stay near it. Keep calm and avoid hysteria. Do not
jump out.

BEFORE FIRE STARTS

1. Know how to notify your fire department.

2. Know the location of the nearest fire alarm box and learn how to turn on an
alarm.
3. Know how to turn on an alarm by telephone.
4. Keep the fire department telephone number posted prominently.

WHEN FIRE STRIKES

1. Notify the fire department immediately. Get everybody out of the building or
house. If you turn on an alarm from the firebox, stay near the box to direct the
fireman to the location of the fire.
2. Don’t give fire a head-start by trying to fight it alone. Call first our help from your
department, and then use your first-aid fire appliances.
3. Fire in motors and other electrical appliance (Class C) call for non-conductive dry
powder, carbon dioxide gas or vaporizing liquid. Never use water for these kinds
of fires.
(Reference: Bureau of Fire Prevention and Protection)

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ACTIVITY #1
FAMILIARIZATION WITH MATLAB
OBJECTIVE:
To have a basic understanding of MatLab programming structures and syntaxes

TOOLS:
HARDWARE: Personal Computer or Laptop
SOFTWARE: MATLAB 6.1 or higher version

THEORY/SAMPLE PROBLEMS/OUTPUT:
(See Appendix E: MatLab Basics)

PROCEDURE:
1. Open MatLab
2. Open new M-File
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and run the program
6. See the command/figure window for the output

EXERCISES:

1. Evaluate the following expressions:,

a.
√3 π
7

Answer:

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b. (0.000234+4.56x10-3)x0.345x10-5

Answer:

V swing
−1) where Vref=4.5V, ∅ T =0.45 V ,V swing =2.25V
−1
c. VIL=Vref+∅ T cosh (
2 ∅T

Answer:

2. Define the following matrices:

X=¿] Y=¿] Z=¿]

a. Q=X+Y

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b. S=(X*Z)^2

3. The atmospheric pressure P at h miles above sea level leads to the equation

ln P – ln 14.7 = -0.21h

What is the atmospheric pressure at 6 miles above sea level?

Answer:

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4. Determine the roots of the system of equations:

3x1 + x2 + 4x3 = 10
2x1 – x2 + x3 = 14
-4x1 + 2x2 +6x3 = 7

Answer:

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SUMMARY (Briefly discuss what have you learned):

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION:

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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ACTIVITY #2
SIGNAL SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION
OBJECTIVE:
To write a MatLab program to quantize a given signal and calculate the signal-to-
noise ratio (SNR) due to quantization process.

TOOLS:
HARDWARE: Personal Computer or Laptop
SOFTWARE: MATLAB 6.1 or higher version

THEORY:
The process of converting analog voltage with infinite precision to finite precision
is called the quantization process. A unipolar quantizer deals with analog signals
ranging from 0 volt to a positive reference voltage, and a bipolar quantizer deals with
analog signals ranging from a negative reference to a positive reference. The notations
and general rules for quantization are as follows:

where xmax and xmin are the maximum value and minimum values, respectively, of the
analog input signal x. The symbol L denotes the number of quantization levels where m
is the number of bits used in ADC. The symbol ∆ is the step size of the quantizer or the
ADC resolution. Finally, xq indicates the quantization level, and i is an index
corresponding to the binary code.

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The ratio of signal power to quantization noise power (SNR) can be expressed
as:

If we express the SNR in terms of decibels (dB), we have

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Given a sinusoidal waveform with a frequency of 100 Hz,
x(t)=4.5 sin(2πx100t)
sampled at 8,000 Hz
a. write a MATLAB program to quantize x(t) using 4 bits to obtain and plot the
quantized signal xq, assuming the signal range is between -5 and 5 volts;
b. calculate the SNR due to quantization.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open MatLab
2. Open new M-File
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and run the program
6. See the command/figure window for the output

ALGORITHM:
1. Sample the signal
2. Generate sinusoids
3. Output quantized index
4. Recover the quantized value
5. Calculate quantized error
6. Plot signal

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MATLAB CODE:

MATLAB function for uniform quantization encoding.

MATLAB function for uniform quantization decoding

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MATLAB function for calculation of signal to quantization noise ratio

PROGRAM FOR THE SAMPLE PROGRAM

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OUTPUT:

EXERCISES:

1. Given a sinusoidal waveform of 100 Hz,

x(t)=4.5 sin(2πx100t)

sample it at 8,000 samples per second and

a. write a MATLAB program to quantize x(t) using a 6-bit bipolar quantizer to obtain
the quantized signal xq, assuming that the signal range is from -5 to 5 volts;
b. plot the original signal and quantized signal;
c. calculate the SNR due to quantization using the MATLAB program.

2. Given a signal waveform,

π
x(t)=3.25 sin(2πx50t)+ 1.25 cos(2πx100t+ )
4

sample it at 8,000 samples per second and

a. write a MATLAB program to quantize x(t) using a 6-bit bipolar quantizer to obtain
the quantized signal xq, assuming that the signal range is from -5 to 5 volts;
b. plot the original signal and quantized signal;

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c. calculate the SNR due to quantization using the MATLAB program.

SUMMARY (Briefly discuss what have you learned):

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION:

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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ACTIVITY #3
GENERATION OF DIGITAL SIGNALS
OBJECTIVE:
To write a MatLab program to sketch special digital sequences:

TOOLS:
HARDWARE: Personal Computer or Laptop
SOFTWARE: MATLAB 6.1 or higher version

THEORY:
DISCRETE – TIME SIGNALS
Unit impulse sequence
x(n)=δ(n)={01,,otherwise
for n=0

Unit step sequence 1 , for n ≥ 0

x(n)=u(n)={
0 , otherwise
Unit ramp sequence 1 , for n ≥ 0
x(n)=r(n)={
0 , otherwise
Sinusoidal sequence x(n)= Asin(ωn+∅ )
Exponential sequence x(n)=Aan, where A and a are constant

CONTINUOUS – TIME SIGNALS

Unit impulse sequence
x(t)=δ(t)={01,, otherwise
for t=0

Unit step sequence 1 , for t ≥0

x(t)=u(t)={
0 , otherwise
Unit ramp sequence 1 , for t ≥0
x(t)=r(t)={
0 , otherwise
Sinusoidal sequence x(t)= Asin(ωt+ ∅)
Exponential sequence x(t)=Aeat, where A and a are constant

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SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Given the signal x(n)
x(n)={-2 4 -1 -3 5 8 2 -5}

display the discrete waveform.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open MatLab
2. Open new M-File
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and run the program
6. See the command/figure window for the output

ALGORITHM:
1. Input the given signal
2. Specify its range
3. Plot signal

MATLAB CODE:

x=[-2 4 -1 -3 5 8 2 -5]
t=0:length(x)-1;
stem(t-3,x);

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OUTPUT:

EXERCISES:

1. Display the discrete waveform in the given expression below

a. x(-n+3)
b. 3x(n+4)
c. -2x(n-3)
d. 4x(3n-2)
2. Sketch each of the following special digital sequences:
a. 8δ(n)
b. -3.5δ(n-4)
c. 4.5u(n)
d. -6u(n-3)

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SUMMARY (Briefly discuss what have you learned):

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION:

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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ACTIVITY #4
DIGITAL CONVOLUTION
OBJECTIVE:
To write a MatLab program to perform Digital Convolution upon two given
discrete time signals

TOOLS:
HARDWARE: Personal Computer or Laptop
SOFTWARE: MATLAB 6.1 or higher version

THEORY:
Convolution is the process used to find the response of a Linear Time Invariant
system to a given input, assuming we already know the impulse response of that
system. In case of continuous-time signals, we can find the system response using the
Convolution Integral, while in case of discrete-time systems, the response can be
calculated using the convolution sum.
Let x1(n) and x2(n) be two discrete-time signals. The convolution sum of the two
signals can be calculated using the formula:
∞
y(n)=x1(n)*x2(n)= ∑ x1 (k )x 2 x 2 (n−k )
k=−∞

If x1(n) is a M-point sequence and x2(n) is N-point sequence, then the convolved
sequence, y(n) is a (M+N-1) – point sequence.
We can perform the convolution using the MatLab’s “CONV” function. MatLab
has a built in function called “conv”, which basically performs a linear convolution of any
given sequences.
Assume two discrete-time sequences x 1 and x2 in a Linear Time Invariant
System, given by:
x1(n)={1,2,-1,3} and x2(n)={2,3,-2}
We see that length of sequences x1 is (M=4) and that of sequences x2 is (N=3).
Therefore, the length of the convolved sequence will (M+N-1=6).

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Using any of the above given methods, we see that the resultant convolved
sequence can be given by:
y(n)=x1(n)*x2(n)={2 7 2 -1 11 -6}

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Consider a sequence

where k is the time index or sample number. Evaluate the digital convolution.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open MatLab
2. Open new M-File
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and run the program
6. See the command/figure window for the output

ALGORITHM:
1. Accept input signal sequences
2. Perform Linear Convolution using CONV command
3. Plot signal

MATLAB CODE:

%Linear Convolution using CONV command

clear all;close all;clc;
%Accept input signal sequences
x1=input('Enter Input Sequence for Signal x1(n): ');
x2=input('Enter Input Sequence for Signal x2(n): ');
%Perform Linear Convolution using CONV command
y=conv(x1,x2);
%Plot Input and Convolved Signals

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subplot(3,1,1);
stem(x1);
title('Input Signal x1(n)');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(x2);
title('Input Signal x2(n)');
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(y);
title('Convolved Signal y(n)=x1(n)*x2(n)');
xlabel('n');ylabel('y(n)');
%Display the convolved Sequence in Command Window
disp('Convolved sequence:');
disp(y);

OUTPUT:

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EXERCISES:

1. Using the sequence definitions

evaluate the digital convolution.

2. Using the sequence definitions

evaluate the digital convolution.

SUMMARY (Briefly discuss what have you learned):

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION:

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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ACTIVITY #5
DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM
AND SIGNAL SPECTRUM
OBJECTIVE:
To write a MatLab program to investigate discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and
use the window function to reduce spectral leakage.

TOOLS:
HARDWARE: Personal Computer or Laptop
SOFTWARE: MATLAB 6.1 or higher version

THEORY:
Fourier analysis is extremely useful for data analysis, as it breaks down a signal
into constituent sinusoids of different frequencies. For sampled vector data Fourier
analysis is performed using the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT).
The Discrete Fourier transform computes the values of the Z-transform for evenly
spaced points around the circle for a given sequence.
If the sequence to be represented is of finite duration i.e. it has only a finite
number of non-zero values, the transform used is Discrete Fourier transform.
DFT is defined as

where the factor WN is defined as

The inverse of the DFT is given by

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We can use MATLAB functions fft() and ifft() to compute the DFT coefficients and the
inverse DFT with the syntax
MATLAB FFT Functions

When we apply DFT to the sampled data in the previous section, we theoretically
imply the following assumptions: first, that the sampled data are periodic (repeat
themselves), and second, that the sampled data are continuous and band limited to the
folding frequency, that is, it should be a multiple of two waveform cycles. The second
assumption is often violated, and the discontinuity produces undesired harmonic
frequencies – spectral leakages. This phenomena could be dramatically reduced if
windowed sequences will be employed.
The common window functions are listed as follows.
The rectangular window (no window function):

The triangular window:

The Hamming window:

The Hanning window:

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
1. Given a sequence x(n) for 0≤n≤3, where x(0)=1, x(1)=1, x(2)=-1, and x(3)=0,
compute its DFT X(k).
2. Given the sinusoid,

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n
x(n)=2 sin(2000 π )
8000
obtained using a sampling rate of fs= 8000 Hz, use the DFT to compute the spectrum
with the following specifications:
a. Compute the spectrum of a triangular window function with window size = 50
b. Compute the spectrum of a Hamming window function with window size = 100
c. Compute the spectrum of a Hanning window function with window size = 150 and
a one-sided spectrum

PROCEDURE:
1. Open MatLab
2. Open new M-File
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and run the program
6. See the command/figure window for the output

ALGORITHM:
1. Sample the signal
2. Map frequency bin to frequency (Hz)
3. Apply triangular window function
4. Apply Hamming window function
5. Apply Hanning window function
6. Plot signal

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MATLAB CODE:

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OUTPUT:

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EXERCISES:

1. Consider three sinusoids with the following amplitudes and phases:

x1(t)=5 cos(2π(500)t)
x2(t)=5 cos(2π(1200)t+0.25π)
x3(t)=5 cos(2π(1800)t+0.5π)
a. Create a MATLAB program to sample each sinusoid and generate a sum of three
sinusoids, that is, x(n)=x1(n)+x2(n)+x3(n), using a sampling rate of 8,000 Hz. Plot
x(n) over a range of 0.1 seconds.
b. Use the MATLAB function fft() to compute DFT coefficients, and plot and
examine the spectrum of the signal x(n).

2. Consider the sum of sinusoids in Exercise 1.

a. Generate the sum of sinusoids for 240 samples using a sampling rate of 8,000
Hz.
b. Write a MATLAB program to compute and plot the amplitude spectrum of the
signal x(n) with the FFT using each of the following window functions:

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b.1 Rectangular window (no window);

b.2 Triangular window;
b.3 Hamming window.
c. Examine the effect of spectral leakage for each window use in (b).

SUMMARY (Briefly discuss what have you learned):

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION:

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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ACTIVITY #6

THE Z-TRANSFORM
OBJECTIVE:
To write a MatLab program to determine the inverse z-transform using partial
fraction expansion.

TOOLS:
HARDWARE: Personal Computer or Laptop
SOFTWARE: MATLAB 6.1 or higher version

THEORY:
Partial Fraction Expansion Using MATLAB

The MATLAB function residue() can be applied to perform the partial fraction expansion
of a z-transform function X(z)/z. The syntax is given as
[R,P,K]=residue(B,A)
Here, B and A are the vectors consisting of coefficients for the numerator and
denominator polynomials, B(z) and A(z), respectively. Notice that B(z) and A(z) are the
polynomials with increasing positive powers of z.

The function returns the residues in vector R, corresponding poles in vector P, and
polynomial coefficients (if any) in vector K. The expansion format is shown as

For a pole pj of multiplicity m, the partial fraction includes the following terms:

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SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Find the partial expansion of the following z-transform functions:
1
X(z)= −1 −1
(1−z )(1−0.5 z )

PROCEDURE:
1. Open MatLab
2. Open new M-File
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and run the program
6. See the command/figure window for the output

ALGORITHM:
1. Perform convolution to the numerator as necessary
2. Perform convolution to the denominator as necessary
3. Use the MatLab function residue()

MATLAB CODE/OUTPUT:

» conv([1 -1],[1 -0.5])

D=
1.0000 -1.5000 0.5000

From MATLAB, we have

» [R,P,K]=residue([1 0],[1 -1.5 0.5])
R=
2

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-1
P=
1.0000
0.5000
K=
[]
»

EXERCISES:

Find the partial expansion of the following z-transform functions:

z
a. Y(z)= 2
(z +0.2)( z −z+ 0.5)
z (z+ 0.5)
b. X(z)=
( z−0.1 )2 (z−0.6)

SUMMARY (Briefly discuss what have you learned):

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION:

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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ACTIVITY #7
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING SYSTEMS
OBJECTIVE:
To write a MatLab program to compute the system output given a difference
equation

TOOLS:
HARDWARE: Personal Computer or Laptop
SOFTWARE: MATLAB 6.1 or higher version

THEORY:
The MATLAB function filter(), developed using a direct-form II realization, can be used
to operate digital filtering, and the syntax is
Zi=filtic(B, A, Yi, Xi)
y=filter(B, A, x, Zi)
where B and A are vectors for the coefficients b j and aj whose formats are

and x and y are the input data vector and output data vector, respectively.
Note that the filter function filtic() is a MATLAB function which is used to obtain initial
states from initial conditions in the difference equation. The initial states are required by
the MATLAB filter function filter() since it is implemented in a direct-form II. Hence, Z i
contains initial states required for operating MATLAB function filter(), that is,

which can be recovered by another MATLAB function filtic(). Xi and Yi are initial
conditions with the length of the greater of M or N, given by

For zero initial conditions in particular, the syntax is reduced to

y=filter(B, A, x)

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SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Compute the system output
y(n)=0.5y(n-2)+x(n-1)
for the first four samples using the following initial conditions:
a. Initial conditions y(-2) = 1, y(-1) = 0, x(-1) = -1, and input x(n) = (0.5) nu(n)
b. Zero initial conditions y(-2) = 0, y(-1) = 0, x(-1) = 0, and input x(n) = (0.5) nu(n)

PROCEDURE:
1. Open MatLab
2. Open new M-File
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and run the program
6. See the command/figure window for the output

ALGORITHM:
1. Set the numerator and denominator parameters
2. Input initial conditions
3. Perform MATLAB function filtic()
4. Perform MATLAB function filter()
5. Display output

MATLAB CODE/OUTPUT:

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EXERCISES:

1. Given a difference equation

a. use the MATLAB functions filter() and filtic() to calculate the system response
y(n) for n = 0,1,…4 with the input of x(n) = (0.5) nu(n) and initial conditions x(-1) =
-1, y(-2) = 2, and y(-1) = 1.
b. use the MATLAB functions filter() to calculate the system response y(n) for n =
0,1,…4 with the input of x(n) = (0.5) nu(n) and zero initial conditions x(-1) = 0, y(-2)
= 0, and y(-1) = 0.

SUMMARY (Briefly discuss what have you learned):

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION:

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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ACTIVITY #8
BASIC FILTERING TYPES
OBJECTIVE:
To write a MatLab program to plot the magnitude frequency response and phase
response for each transfer function and identify the corresponding filter type.

TOOLS:
HARDWARE: Personal Computer or Laptop
SOFTWARE: MATLAB 6.1 or higher version

THEORY:
Given a transfer function, the MATLAB function freqz() can be used to determine the
frequency response. The syntax is given by
[h,w] = freqz(B,A,N)
where the parameters are defined as follows:
h = an output vector containing frequency response
w = an output vector containing normalized frequency values distributed in the
range from 0 to π radians
B = an input vector for numerator coefficients
A = an input vector for denominator coefficients
N = the number of normalized frequency points used for calculating the
frequency response

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Consider the following digital transfer function:
z
a. H(z) =
z−0.5
b. H(z) = 1-0.5z-1
0.5 z 2−0.32
c. H(z) =
z2 −0.5 z +0.25

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1−0.9 z−1 +0.81 z−2

d. H(z) =
1−0.6 z−1 +0.36 z−2

PROCEDURE:
1. Open MatLab
2. Open new M-File
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and run the program
6. See the command/figure window for the output

ALGORITHM:
1. Sample the signal
2. Generate sinusoids
3. Output quantized index
4. Recover the quantized value
5. Calculate quantized error
6. Plot signal

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MATLAB CODE:

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OUTPUT:

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EXERCISES:

1. Given a filter

a. plot the magnitude frequency response and phase response using MATLAB;
b. specify the type of filtering;
c. find the difference equation;

SUMMARY (Briefly discuss what have you learned):

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION:

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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ACTIVITY #9
FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTER DESIGN
OBJECTIVE:
To write a MatLab program to design finite impulse response (FIR) Filters

TOOLS:
HARDWARE: Personal Computer or Laptop
SOFTWARE: MATLAB 6.1 or higher version

THEORY:
Illustration of the MATLAB Function for FIR Filter Design Using Window Methods

The program below enables one to design FIR filters via the window method
using window functions such as the rectangular window, triangular window, Hanning
window, Hamming window, and Blackman window. Filter types of the design include
lowpass, highpass, bandpass, and bandstop.

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MATLAB function for FIR filter design using the window method

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SAMPLE PROBLEM:
a. Design a lowpass FIR filter with 25 taps using the MATLAB program listed in the
“MATLAB Programs” section at the end of this chapter. The cutoff frequency of
the filter is 2,000 Hz, assuming a sampling frequency of 8,000 Hz. The
rectangular window and Hamming window functions are used for each design.
b. Plot the frequency responses along with those obtained using the rectangular
window and Hamming window for comparison.
c. List the FIR filter coefficients for each window design method.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open MatLab
2. Open new M-File
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and run the program

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6. See the command/figure window for the output

ALGORITHM:
1. Specify FIR filter parameters
2. Use MatLab built-in functions
3. Generate FIR coefficients
4. Plot signal

MATLAB CODE:

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OUTPUT:

EXERCISES:

1. Design a 41-tap lowpass FIR filter whose cutoff frequency is 1,600 Hz using the
following window functions. Assume that the sampling frequency is 8,000 Hz.
a. rectangular window function
b. triangular window function
c. Hanning window function

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d. Hamming window function

e. Blackman window function

List the FIR filter coefficients and plot the frequency responses for each case.

2. Design a 41-tap bandpass FIR filter with lower and upper cutoff frequencies of 2,500
Hz and 3,000 Hz, respectively, using the following window functions. Assume a
sampling frequency of 8,000 Hz.,
a. Hanning window function
b. Blackman window function.

List the FIR filter coefficients and plot the frequency responses for each design.

SUMMARY (Briefly discuss what have you learned):

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION:

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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ACTIVITY #10
INFINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTER DESIGN
OBJECTIVE:
To write a MatLab program to design infinite impulse response (IIR) Filters

TOOLS:
HARDWARE: Personal Computer or Laptop
SOFTWARE: MATLAB 6.1 or higher version

THEORY:
The MATLAB function freqs() can be used to plot analog filter frequency responses for
verification with the following syntax:
H=freqs(B, A, W)
B = the vector containing the numerator coefficients
A = the vector containing the denominator coefficients
W = the vector containing the specified analog frequency points (radians per
second)
H = the vector containing the frequency response

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MATLAB Functions for Bilinear Transformation Design

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. The normalized lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency of 1 rad/sec is given as

a. Use the given HP(s) and the BLT to design a corresponding digital IIR
lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency of 15 Hz and a sampling rate of 90 Hz.
b. Use MATLAB to plot the magnitude response and phase response of H(z).

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PROCEDURE:
1. Open MatLab
2. Open new M-File
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and run the program
6. See the command/figure window for the output

ALGORITHM:
1. Specify IIR filter parameters
2. Use MatLab built-in functions
3. Generate IIR coefficients
4. Plot signal

MATLAB CODE:

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OUTPUT:

EXERCISES:

1. Consider the normalized lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency of 1 rad/sec:,

a. Use HP(s) and the BLT to design a corresponding IIR digital notch (bandstop)
filter with a lower cutoff frequency of 20 Hz, an upper cutoff frequency of 40 Hz,
and a sampling rate of 120 Hz.
b. Use MATLAB to plot the magnitude and phase frequency responses of H(z).
2. Design a second-order digital bandpass Butterworth filter with a lower cutoff
frequency of 1.9 kHz, an upper cutoff frequency 2.1 kHz, and a passband ripple of
3dB at a sampling frequency of 8,000 Hz.
a. Determine the transfer function and difference equation.
b. Use MATLAB to plot the magnitude and phase frequency responses.

SUMMARY (Briefly discuss what have you learned):

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION:

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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DSP PROJECT DESIGN

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this course, the student should be able to:
1. Apply creatively what they have learned in activities/exercises #1 to #10.
2. Demonstrate skill in devising, programming, executing, running, and
troubleshooting of programs
3. Design a project relating to digital signal processing or operation

TOOLS:
HARDWARE: Personal Computer or Laptop
SOFTWARE: MATLAB 6.1 or higher version

TASK:
Construct a graphical user interface for FILTER DESIGN. The program must
illustrate the construction of FIR, IIR and multiple band-pass filters. The program must
have the following features:
1. Audio signal recording and retrieval of stored audio signal
2. User to define the filter characteristics such as the filter order, cut-off
frequency/ies, ripple at passband and stopband, sampling frequency, type of
frequency, type of frequency response (low pass, highpass, bandpass or
bandstop) and type of filter to be used (FIR, IIR or Multiple bandpass filter)
3. GUI should have ability to display the filter characteristics as required by user
(such as frequency response, zplane, impulse response, etc.)
4. Display original and filtered signal both in time domain and frequency domain.
Use different color in presenting the output.
5. Add any GUI tool that you wish to add. Explore on how to use those GUI tools.

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REMINDERS:
1. Students will be given one (1) week to accomplish their project design
2. Same format for the activities must be followed; however different rubric
(Appendix E) will be attached at the end of the finals project report.
3. All laboratory reports and finals project documentation must be compiled and be
ring-bounded.
4. The grading system is as follows:

Laboratory Reports (Individual) 60%

Finals Project Design (Individual) 40%
Total 100%

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REFERENCES

Dukkipati, R. V. (2010). MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications. Daryaganj, New

Delhi.

Jayalakhsmi Institute of Technology. (2008). 080290034 DIGITAL SIGNAL

PROCESSING. Thoppur, Dharmapuri District.

Loquias, R. T. (2015). Employability of the Bachelor of Science in Electronics

Engineering Graduates of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges. Camarines Sur:
Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research.

Tan, L., & Jiang, J. (2013). Digital Signal Processing: Fundamentals and Applications.
Waltham,, USA.

Thoppur, R., & Ravikiran, B. A. (n.d.). Digital Signal Processing Lab Manual. Bangalore,
Karnataka, India.

Valiente, Jr., L. (2005). Digital Signal Processing: Laboratory Manual.

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APPENDIX A: Format of Front Pages

SAINT MARY'S UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE
AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

<Single Space,
Arial, 12>
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING:
(MatLab Approach)

<Single Space,
<Single Space, Arial, 18>
Arial, 16> ACTIVITY #__
_________________________________
<Single Space,
<Single Space, Arial, 20>
Arial, 12>

Name: ___________________________ GRADE

Course/Yr.: _______________________
Group No.: _______________________

Date of Performance: ______________

Date of Submission: _______________
<Single Space,
Arial, 12>

<Single Space,
Arial, 12>
_____________________________
Professor

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APPENDIX B: Body of the Laboratory Report

ACTIVITY #__
<1.5 Space, Arial,
(TITLE OF THE ACTIVITY) 14>

EXERCISE: <1.5 Space, Arial,

1. 18>

…
2. <1.5 Space, Arial,
… 12>

MATLAB CODE:
1.
…
2.
…
OUTPUT:
1.
…
2.
…
SUMMARY(Briefly discuss what have you learned):
…
…
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION:
…
…

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APPENDIX C: Laboratory Report Rubric

Name of Student: Date Submitted:

Activity Title: Professor:
Poor Fair Good Very Good Excellent
Criteria Score
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
The laboratory
A. Completeness report is very
The laboratory The laboratory The laboratory
The laboratory report neat, well
and report is untidy, did report is untidy, report is neat,
is neat, followed the presented,
organization of not follow the given followed the given followed the given
given format, and no followed the given
the Laboratory format, and some format, and some format and some
missing parts format and the
Report parts are missing parts are missing parts are missing
required content
is complete
The project is not The program is The program is The program is The program is
B. Functionality of working and working but working and working and presents working and
the Project presents wrong presents wrong presents mostly partially correct presents correct
output output incorrect output output output
The conclusion
The conclusion The conclusion The conclusion The conclusion was was based on the
was not based on was based on the was based on he based on the objectives and all
C. Conclusion the objectives and objectives but not objectives and few objectives and most of the ideas are
all ideas are not all of the ideas are ideas are coherent of the ideas are coherent and
coherent or clear coherent nor clear but not too clear coherent and clear presented very
clearly
The laboratory The laboratory The laboratory
The laboratory report The laboratory
report was report was report was
D. Promptness was submitted one to report was
submitted two or submitted one submitted three to
two days late submitted on time
more weeks late week late six days late

TOTAL: /20

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APPENDIX D: Finals Project Design Rubric
Name of Student: Date Submitted:
Activity Title: Professor:
Poor Fair Good Very Good Excellent
Criteria Score
(2) (4) (6) (8) (10)
The project
A. Completeness The project The project The project documentation is
The project
documentation is documentation is documentation is very neat, well
and documentation is
untidy, did not untidy, followed the neat, followed the presented,
organization of neat, followed the
follow the given given format, and given format and followed the given
the Project given format, and no
format, and some some parts are some parts are format and the
Documentation missing parts
parts are missing missing missing required content
is complete
The project is not The program is The program is The program is The program is
B. Functionality of working and working but working and working and presents working and
the Project presents wrong presents wrong presents mostly partially correct presents correct
output output incorrect output output output
The design of the
The design of the The design of the The design of the
project The design of the
project project project
demonstrates project demonstrates
demonstrate no demonstrate no demonstrates
C. Creativity originality and does originality but
partial originality originality and
originality and
and somehow somehow unique
not contain unique somehow shows shows unique
shows unique qualities
qualities unique qualities qualities
qualities
The presenter was The presenter
The presenter was The presenter was The presenter was
not able to answer was able to
not able to answer able to answer few able to answer almost
most of the answer all the
all the questions of the questions all of the questions
D. Mastery and inquiries about
questions and
and inquiries about and inquiries about
questions and
inquiries about the inquiries about
the design of the the design of the the design of the
design of the the design of the
project project project
project project
The finals project The finals project The finals project
The finals project The finals project
design was design was design was
E. Promptness design was presented design was
presented two or presented one presented three to
one to two days late presented on time
more weeks late week late six days late

TOTAL: /50

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