PRACTICAL -1

Aim: study of following network devices in detail

 Repeater
 Hub
 Switch
 Bridge
 Router
 Gate way

Apparatus (software): No software or hardware needed.

Procedure: following should be done to understand this practical.

1. Repeater: functioning at physical layer. a repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmit it
as higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer
distances. Repeater have two ports so cannot be used to connect for more than two devices.

2. Hub: an ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, hub or concentrator Is a device for connecting
multiple twisted pair or fiber optic ethernet devices together and Making them act as a single network segment.
Hubs work at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. The device is a form of multiport repeater. Repeater
hubs also participate in collision Detection, forwarding a jam signal to all ports if it detects a collision.

3. Switch: network switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that connects Network segments.
The term commonly refers to a network bridge that processes und routes data at the data link layer (layer 2) of
the OSI model. Switches that additionally process data at the Network layer (layer 3 and above) are often
referred to as layer 3 switches or multilayer Switches.

4. Bridge: a network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI
model. In ethernet networks, the term bridge formally means a device that behaves According to the IEEE
802.1d standard. A bridge and switch are very much alike; a switch being A bridge with numerous ports. Switch
or layer 2 switch is often used interchangeably with Bridge bridges can analyze incoming data packets to
determine if the bridge is able to send the Given packet to another segment of the network.

5. Router: a router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more computer networks, and selectively
interchanges packets of data between them. Each data packet contains address Information that a router can use
to determine if the source and destination are on the same Network, or if the data packet must be transferred from
one network to another. Where multiple Routers are used in a large collection of interconnected networks, the

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routers exchange Information about target system addresses, so that each router can build up a table showing the
Preferred paths between any two systems on the interconnected networks.

6. Gate way: in a communications network, a network node equipped for interfacing with another network that
use different protocols.

 A gateway may contain devices such as protocol translations, impedance matching devices, rate
converters, fault isolators, or signal translators as necessary to provide administrative procedures between
both networks.
 A protocol translation/mapping gateways interconnect networks with different networks protocol
technologies by performing the required protocol converters.

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 PRACTICAL-2

Aim: to understand basic networking commands.

Apparatus (software): CMD

1. PING
ping is one of the most basic yet useful network commands to utilize in the command prompt application. It tells
you whether your computer can reach some destination IP address or domain name, and if it can, how long it
takes data to travel there and back again.
Sample usage and output:

The command works by sending out multiple data packets and seeing how many of them return. If some of them
don’t return, it’ll tell you (“lost”). Packet loss leads to poor performance in games and streaming, and this is a
nifty way to test.
By default, it sends 4 packets, each one waiting 4 seconds before timing out. You can increase the number of
packets like this: ping www.google.com -n 10

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2. TRACERT
tracert stands for Trace Route. Like ping, it sends out a data packet as a way to troubleshoot any network issues
you might have, but it instead tracks the route of the packet as it hops from server to server.

The command outputs a line-by-line summary of each hop, including the latency between you and that particular
hop and the IP address of that hop (plus domain name if available).
Why do you see three latency readings per-hop?
The tracert network command sends out three packets per hop to cover packet loss or slowdowns. Just remember
that it doesn’t represent your true latency. It’s best practice to average the three.

3. PATHPING
pathping is similar to tracert except more informative, which means it takes a lot longer to execute. After sending
out packets from you to a given destination, it analyzes the route taken and computes packet loss on a per-hop
basis.
Sample usage and output:

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4. IPCONFIG
ipconfig often comes up as the most-used networking command on Windows. Not only is it useful for the
information it provides, but you can combine it with a couple of switches to execute certain tasks.
Sample usage and output:

The default output shows every network adapter on your system and how they resolve. The IPv4
Address and Default Gateway details under the Wireless LAN Adapter and Ethernet Adapter sections are the
most important to know.
Use this switch to flush your DNS cache:

5. GETMAC
Every device that’s compliant with IEEE 802 standards has a unique MAC address (Media Access Control). The
manufacturer assigns MAC addresses and stores them in the device’s hardware. Some people use MAC
addresses to limit which devices can connect to the network.
Sample usage and output:

You may see more than one MAC address depending on how many network-related adapters are on your system.
For example, Wi-Fi and Ethernet connections would have separate MAC addresses.

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6. NSLOOKUP
nslookup stands for Name Server Lookup. It packs a lot of power, but most users won’t need that power. For
regular folks like you and me, its main use is finding out the IP address behind a certain domain name.
Sample usage and output:

Note that certain domain names aren’t tied to a dedicated IP address, which means that you may get different IP
addresses every time you run the command. This is normal for bigger websites because they spread their
workload across many different machines.
If you want to convert an IP address into a domain name, just type it into your browser and see where it leads.
Not all IP addresses lead to domain names though, and many IP addresses aren’t reachable over the web.

7. NETSTAT
netstat is a tool for network statistics, diagnostics, and analysis. It’s powerful and complex but can be simple
enough if you ignore the advanced aspects that you don’t need to know about (assuming you aren’t managing a
massive business or campus network, for example).
Sample usage and output:

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By default, the command shows all “active connections” on your system whether those connections are on LAN
or across the internet. An active connection doesn’t mean data moving occurs — it could just mean a port that’s
open and ready to accept a connection.
Indeed, netstat is mostly useful to regular users for its ability to show port information, and that can come in
handy when you need to forward ports.
But the command also has about a dozen switches that change what kind of information is displayed, such as
the -r switch which shows a routing table instead.

8. ARP
The ARP command corresponds to the Address Resolution Protocol. Although it is easy to think of network
communications in terms of IP addressing, packet delivery is ultimately dependent on the Media Access Control
(MAC) address of the device’s network adapter. This is where the Address Resolution Protocol comes into play.
Its job is to map IP addresses to MAC addresses.
Windows devices maintain an ARP cache, which contains the results of recent ARP queries. You can see the
contents of this cache by using the ARP -A command. If you are having problems communicating with one
specific host, you can append the remote host’s IP address to the ARP -A command.

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 PRACTICAL-3
Aim: Installation of packet tracer in windows

Os/software:

Procedure:

1. Packet tracer:

Packet Tracer is a very useful Cisco network simulation tool which allows network administrators and students to
experiment with cisco network device behavior. Packet Tracer provides simulation and visualization capabilities which
facilitates the lab testing and learning of complex scenarios and concepts Packet Tracer does not require physical
equipment. It creates a virtual network with an almost unlimited number of devices, encouraging practice, design scenarios
testing and troubleshooting.

2.Steps for installation of packet tracer in windows.

STEP 1 –Once we have downloading the Packet Tracer exe file, Click on the exe file downloaded. Once below Window
will appears, click “Next”

STEP 2 –On next screen, select “I accept the agreement” and click
on “Next”.

STEP 3 –Setup will show the folder in which the program’s shortcuts will be created. If you want to change the folder, you
can change it. Click on “Next”.

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STEP 4 –Then the program will ask whether to create a Desktop icon and create a Quick Launch icon. Make your choice
and click on “Next”.

STEP 5 –The summary of the settings we selected is displayed. Click on “Install”.

STEP 6 –The installation starts as shown below.

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STEP 7 –Installation gets completed and the below screen is shown. Click on “Finish”. Click “OK” on next popup asking
you to close or restart your computer.

STEP 8 –Packet Tracer is installed and ready to be used

PRACTICAL-4
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Aim: Connecting two pc using cisco package tracer
Software: packet tracer
Procedure:
Step 1: Open Cisco Packet tracer if you already have it installed

Step 2: On opening Cisco Packet Tracer select “End Devices” from the bottom left icons menu, on clicking “End Devices”
From this middle menu click and drag two Desktop computers to the white screen (work area).

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Step 3: Now connect the two pc with the help of connection Icon from the bottom left menu and then click on the
automatically select connection type or select copper cross-over.

Step 4: configure IP Addresses for both PC’s.

For IP Configuration click on PC2, a new window will open with tabs/buttons at the top, click on “Desktop” and
select “IP Configuration” from the new window.

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Step 5: Enter 192.168.1.2 in the IP Address field and click on the subnet mask it will automatically populate with
255.255.255.0, close this window and repeat step 6 and step 7 for PC3 with this IP Address 192.168.1.3

Step 6: For validating if our computer can communicate though, use ping command, if pinging the other computer results
in no packet loss then we are good and having a working network. Now click on Pc2 and select command prompt.
enter “ping 192.168.1.2” at the command prompt and wait for the result.

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Step 7: click on simulation icon located at the lower right most corner. a simulation panel will open in it Uncheck the
constant delay and in edit filters menu only select ICMP under Ipv4 column.

Step 8: Now to send a message, go to PDU icon with plus sign. As connection is now established select pc2 and pc3 click
Auto capture/play on simulation panel.

OUTPUT:-

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 PRACTICAL-5
AIM: Connecting pc using hub and switch in cisco packet tracer.

Software: packet tracer

Procedure:

Hub: A Hub is a networking device that allows you to connect multiple PCs to a single network. It is used to connect
segments of a LAN. A hub stores various ports, so when a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to various other ports. Hub
works as a common connection point for devices in a network.

Step1: open the program, the main page should be like this.

or

Step2: Chose the end devices icon, and extract 4 desktops and 1 hub.

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Step3: Now connect the PCs by using automatically choose connection type

Step4: Now assign IP address to each desktop and switch device to connect between the desktops.

 PC0: 13.13.33.1
 PC1: 13.33.23.2
 PC2: 13.33.43.3
 PC3: 13.03.33.4

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check the connection by pinging, go to desktop clicking terminal and use the command ping followed by ip
address “ping 13.13.33.1”

Step 5: click on simulation icon located at the lower right most corner. a simulation panel will open in it Uncheck the
constant delay and in edit filters menu only select ICMP under Ipv4 column.

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Step 6: Now to send a message, go to PDU icon with plus sign. As connection is now established select pc0 to pc3 click
Auto capture/play on simulation panel.

OUTPUT:-

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Switch: A network switch is a computer networking device that connects various devices together on a single computer
network. It may also be used to route information in the form of electronic data sent over networks. Since the process of
linking network segments is also called bridging, switches are usually referred to as bridging devices.

Step1: Open cisco packet tracer and Chose the end devices icon, and extract 4 desktops and 1 switch.

Step2: Now assign IP address to each desktop

 PC0: 13.13.33.1
 PC1: 13.33.23.2
 PC2: 13.33.43.3
 PC3: 13.03.33.4

Step3: Now connect the PCs by using automatically choose connection type

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Step 4: click on simulation icon located at the lower right most corner. a simulation panel will open in it Uncheck the
constant delay and in edit filters menu only select ICMP under Ipv4 column.

Step 6: Now to send a message, go to PDU icon with plus sign. As connection is now established select pc0 to pc3 click
Auto capture/play on simulation panel.

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OUTPUT:-

PRACTICAL-6
AIM: create bus typology using cisco packet tracer.

Software: packet tracer

Procedure:

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Bus topology: Alternatively referred to as a line topology, a bus topology is a network setup where each computer and
network device is connected to a single cable or backbone. Depending on the type of computer network card, a coaxial
cable or an RJ-45 network cable is used to connect them together.

Features of Bus Topology

1. It transmits data only in one direction.
2. Every device is connected to a single cable

Step1: Open cisco packet tracer and Select some desktops and some switches as per your requirement from the
bottom left menu.

Switches: desktop:

Step2: Now assign IP address and names (if you want to rename them) to each desktop.

 PC0: 12.77.86.3
 PC1: 12.12.22.1
 PC2: 12.32.11.1
 PC3: 12.12.34.2
 PC4: 12.35.67.7

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Step3: Now, click on the connection icon and select Automatically Choose Connection Type, click on PC0 and
then click on network Switch0, for all desktops.

check the connection by pinging, go to desktop clicking terminal and use the command ping followed by ip
address “ping 12.77.86.3”

Step 4: click on simulation icon located at the lower right most corner. a simulation panel will open in it Uncheck the
constant delay and in edit filters menu only select ICMP under Ipv4 column.

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Step 5: Now to send a message, go to PDU icon with plus sign. As connection is now established select pc0 to pc4 click
Auto capture/play on simulation panel.

OUTPUT:-

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