104 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression

Sample Structure and Written

Expression Test
Time: 25 minutes

This section tests your ability to recognize grammar and usage suitable for standard written
English. This section is divided into two parts, each with its own directions.

Structure

Directions: Items in this part are incomplete sentences. Following each of these sentences, there
are four words or phrases. You should select the one word or phrase-(A), (B), (C), or (D)-that
best completes the sentence. 111en fill in the space on your answer sheet that matches the letter of
the answer that you have selected.
Example! Sample Answer

Pepsin ____ an enzyme used

in digestion.
(A) that
(B) is
(C) of
(D) being

This sentence should properly read "Pepsin is an enzyme used in digestion." You should fill in (B)
on your answer sheet.
Example II Sample Answer

C!DCDCD~
____ large natural lakes are found
in the state of South Carolina.
(A) There are no
(B) Not the
(C) It is not
(D) No
This sentence should properly read "No large natural lakes are found in the state of South
Carolina." You should fill in (D) on your answer sheet.
As soon as you understand the directions, begin work on this part.

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 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 105

1. Martha Graham, of the pioneers 5. Many communities are dependent on

of modern dance, didn't begin dancing groundwater from wells for their
until she was twenty-one. water supply.
(A) who, as one (A) that obtained
(B) she was (B) obtained
(C) one (C) is obtained
(D) was one (D) obtain it

2. Tiger moths ____ wings marked with 6. experimental studies of the

stripes or spots. aging process, psychologist Ross McFarland
(A) have determined that people could work
(B) with productively much longer than had
(C) their previously been thought.
(D) whose (A) In that
(B) Through
3. Platinum is harder than copper and is
almost as pliable _ _ __ (C) Since
(D) Into
(A) gold
(B) than gold 7. often raise funds from the sale
(C) as gold of stock.
(D) gold is (A) For corporations to operate
(B) The operations of corporations
4. Most ofAnnie]ump Cannon's career as an
(C) Corporations operate by
astronomer involved the observation,
(D) To operate, corporations
classification, and _ _ __
(A) she analyzed stars 8. While all birds are alike in that they have
(B) the stars' analysis feathers and lay eggs, great
(C) stars were analyzed differences among them in terms of size,
(D) analysis of stars structure, and color.
(A) there are
(B) but are
(C) if there are
(D) to be

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106 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression

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9. There were _ _ _ federal laws 13. In 1791 Quebec was divided into two
regulating mining practices until 1872. sections, Upper Canada and Lower Canada,
(A) none ____ were ruled by elected
(B) not assemblies.
(C) no (A) they both
(D) nor (B) both of them
(C) in which both
10. The Masters, one of the most important of
(D) both of which
all golf tournaments, every year
in Augusta, Georgia. 14. are a form of carbon has been
(A) has held known since the late eighteenth century.
(B) being held (A) Diamonds
(C) is held (B) Because diamonds
(D) holding (C) That diamonds
(D) Diamonds, which
11. Not only places of beauty; they
serve scientific and educational purposes 15. Designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi,
as well.
(A) are botanical gardens (A) the United States was given the Statue
(B) botanical gardens to be of Liberty by the people of France
(C) botanical gardens are (B) the people of France gave the Statue of
(D) to be botanical gardens Liberty to the United States
(C) the Statue of Liberty was given to the
12. quicksand can be found all
United States by the people of France
over the world, little was known about
(D) the French people presented the
its composition until recently.
United States with a gift, the Statue of
(A) Except Liberty
(B) Although
(C) Even
(D) Despite

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 Section 2 .. Guide to Structure and Written Expression 107

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Written Expression

Directions: The items in this part have four underlined words or phrases, (A), (B), (C) and (D).
You must identify the one underlined expression that must be changed for the sentence to be
correct. Then find the number of the question on your answer sheet and fijI in the space
corresponding to
the letter.
Example! Sample Answer
"COCDCQ)
Lenses may to have either concave or convex shapes.
ABC --0-

This sentence should read "Lenses may have either concave or convex shapes." You should
therefore select an~wer (A).

Example II Sample Answer

When painting a fresco, an artist is applied paint directly to the damp plaster of a wall.
A B C 0

This sentence should read "When painting a fresco, an artist applies paint directly to the damp
plaster of a wall." You should therefore select answer (B).
As soon as you understand the directions, begin work on this section.

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108 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression

••••••••••••
16. There are thousand of different types of roses.
--A-- BCD

17. Since 1908 breeders set out to produce chickens that could survive Canada's cold climate.
A --B- C D

18. From 1865 to 1875, a remarkable various of inventions was produced.

-A- B C D

19. The simplest kind of plant, alike the simplest kind of anim:u, consists of only one cell.
A --B- C D

20. The fIrst recorded use of natural gas to light streetlamps it was in the town of Frederick,
A B --c- D
New York, in 1825.

21. A museum in Denver, Colorado, chronicles black cowboys and his role in the history of the
A -""Be- D
American West.

22. Bluegrass music is a kind of country music who was pioneered by Bill Monroe of Rosine,
A -B- C 0
Kentucky.

23. A number of the materials used in manufacturing paint are potential dangerous if mishandled.
A B C D

24. There are several races of giraffes, but there are only one species.
--A- BCD

25. Chestnuts were once the most common tree in the eastern United States, but almost of them
A B --C-
were destroyed by a disease called chestnut blight.
D

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 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 109

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26. Despite they are small, ponies are strong and have great stamina.
A -B- -C------n-
27. Physical therapists help patients relearn how to use their bodies after disease or injure.
A -B- -C- --D-

28. Liquids take the shape of any container which in they are placed.
A ~ C --D-

29. The Sun supplies the light and the warmth that permit life on Earth existing.
~ B C D

30. For seventeen years, between 1932 to 1949, FredAllen was one of the most popular
A "-B C
comedians on radio.
D

31. Boolean algebra is most often used to solve problems in logic, probability, and engineer.
A B -C- D

32. Attorney Clarence Darrow is knowing for his defense of unpopular persons and causes.
ABC --D-

33. Phi Beta Kappa is a honor society that encourages scholarship in science and art.
~ B C ~

34. The French Quarter is the most famous and the most old section of New Orleans.
A B C D

35. There was once a widespread believe that all lizards were poisonous.
A B C D

36. In the late nineteenth century, many public buildings, especially that on college campuses,
A -B-

were built in the in the Romanesque Revival style of architecture.

C D

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110 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression

••••••••••••
37. Sponges have neither heads nor separate body organs.
~ - B - """"C -D-

38. A wooden barrel is made from strips of wood called staves holding together with metal hoops.
A -B- C -D-

39. Salt was once too scarce and precious that it was used as money.
A ~ C D

40. Sharks acquire many sets of tooth during their lifetimes.

-A- --B---C--o-

THIS IS THE END OF SECTION 2.

IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, CHECK YOUR WORK ON SECTION 2 ONLY
DO NOT READ OR WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION OFTHETEST.

~TO' ~TO~ ~TO' ~TO' ~TO' ~TO'

450 Practice Test 2

~ Structure and Written Expression

Time: 25 minutes
This section tests your ability to recognize grammar and usage suitable for standard written
English. This section is divided into two parts, each with its own directions.

Structure

Directions: Items in this part are incomplete sentences. Following each of these sentences, there
are four words or phrases. You should select the one word or phrase-(A), (B), (C), or (D)-that
best completes the sentence. Then fill in the space on your answer sheet that matches the letter of
the answer that you have selected.
Example! Sample Answer

Pepsin ____ an enzyme used

in digestion.
(A) that
(B) is
(C) of
(D) being
This sentence should properly read "Pepsin is an enzyme used in digestion." You should fill in (B)
on your answer sheet.
Example II Sample Answer

____ large natural lakes are found

in the state of South Carolina.
(A) There are no
(B) Not the
(C) It is not
(D) No

This sentence should properly read "No large natural lakes are found in the state of South
Carolina." You should fill in (D) on your answer sheet.
As soon as you understand the directions, begin work on this part.

lij.i.,;,t"Uj;tM.¥t a
- '
 Section 2 • Structure and Written Expression 451

1. Sharp knives are actually safer to use _ _ _ _ __

(A) as dull ones
(B) as ones that are dull
(C) than dull ones
(D) that are dull ones
2. Daniel Webster, Thaddeus Stevens, and many others _ _ _ _ _ _ prominent in public life
began their careers by teaching school.
(A) they became
(B) once they became
(C) became
(D) who became
3. As coal mines became deeper, the problems of draining water, bringing in fresh air, and
_ _ _ _ _ _ to the surface increased.
(A) transporting ore
(B) to transport ore
(C) how ore is transported
(D) ore is transporting
4. because of the complexity of his writing, Henry James never became a popular
writer, but his works are admired by critics and other writers.
(A) It may be
(B) Perhaps
(C) Besides
(D) Why is it
5. Piedmont glaciers are formed _ _ _ _ _ _ several valley glaciers join and spread out over a
plain.
(A) by
(B) when
(C) from
(D) that
6. As late as 1890, Key West, with a population of 18,000, _ _ _ _ _ _ Florida's largest city.
(A) that was
(B) to be
(C) was
(D) it was
7. A mastery of calculus depends on _ _ _ _ _ _ of algebra.
(A) an understanding
(B) is understood
(C) to understand
(D) understand

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452 Practice Test 2

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8. he was not a musician himself, Lawrence Hammond developed an electronic
keyboard instrument called the Hammond organ.
(A) Although
(B) That
(C) Despite
(D) For

9. Agnes De Mille's landmark musical play Oklahoma! was _ _ _ _ _ _ of story, music, and
dance.
(A) successfully combined
(B) a successful combination
(C) to combine successfully
(D) successful combining
10. single dialect of American English has ever become dominant.
(A) No
(B) Not only a
(C) Not
(D) Nor a
11. In 1837 the University of Michigan became the first state university _ _ _ _ _ by a board
of regents elected by the voters of the state.
(A) under the control
(B) it was controlled
(C) being controlled
(D) to be controlled
12. Indoor heating systems have made _ _ _ _ _ _ for people to live and work comfortably in
temperate climates.
(A) it is possible
(B) possible
(C) it possible
(D) possibly
13. Certain fish eggs contain droplets of oil, _ _ _ _ _ _ to float on the surface of the water.
(A) allowing them
(B) allows them
(C) they are allowed
(D) this allows them
14. Considered America's first great architect,
(A) many of the buildings at Harvard University were designed by Henry Hobson Richardson
(B) Henry Hobson Richardson designed many of the buildings at Harvard University
(C) Harvard University has many buildings that were designed by Henry Hobson Richardson
(D) it was Henry Hobson Richardson who designed many of the buildings at Harvard University
15. is caused by a virus was not known until 1911.
(A) That measles
(B) As measles
(C) Measles ~
(D) What if measles @.i.hi(.ihti;rtiiWn-~
 Section 2 • Structure and Written Expression 453

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Written Expression

Directions: The items in this part have four underlined words or phrases, CA), CB), (C), and CD).
You must identify the one underlined expression that must be changed for the sentence to be
correct. Then find the number of the question on your answer sheet and fill in the space
corresponding to the letter.
Example I Sample Answer

Lenses may to have either concave or

ABC
convex shapes.
--D-

This sentence should read "Lenses may have either concave or convex shapes." You should
therefore select answer (A).
Example II Sample Answer

When painting a fresco, an artist is applied paint

A B
directly to the damp plaster of a wall.
---c-·-- D
This sentence should read "When painting a fresco, an artist applies paint directly to the damp
plaster of a wall." You should therefore select answer CB).
As soon as you understand the directions, begin work on this section.

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454 Practice Test 2

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16. Dreams are commonly made up of either visual and verbal images.
A B --C-- D

17. The Yale Daily News is oldest than any other college newspaper still in operation in the
A -B- ---c- D

United States.

18. Mary Rinehart was a pioneer in the field of journalist in the early twentieth century.
A --B- C D

19. The Dave Brubek Quartet, one of the most popular jazz bands of the 1950's, had a particularly
A B
loyal following on campuses college.
C D

20. In the architecture, a capital is the top portion of a column.

--A-- --B- C D

21. Today, successful farmers are experts not only in agriculture, but also in market, finance, and
ABC

accounting.
D

22. In the early days of jet development, jet engines used great numbers of fuel.
--A- --B- C -0-

23. Georgia has too many types of soil that virtually any temperate-zone crop can be grown there.
ABC -D-

24. The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism's living cells are called its metabolism.
A B C 0

25. River transportation in the United States consists primarily of barges pull by towboats.
A B C ~

26. Most modern barns are both insulated, ventilated, and equipped with electricity.
A B C D

27. Many bridges in New England were covered with wooden roofs to protect it from
-A- B C
rain and snow.
D

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 Section 2 • Structure and Written Expression 455

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28. It is their nearly perfect crystal structure that gives diamonds their hardness, brilliance, and
A B C

transparent.
D

29. Needles are simple-looking tools, but they are very relatively diff1cult to make.
A B C D

30. Ducks are less susceptible to infection than another types of poultry.
~ B -c- D

31. Unlike competitive running, race walkers must always keep some portion of their feet
A B ---c:
in contact with the ground.
D

32. One of the most beautiful botanical gardens in the United States is the wildly and lovely
A B C

Magnolia Gardens near Charleston, South Carolina.

D

33. Composer John Cage used many unusual objects as instrument in his music, including
A B C

cowbells, flower pots, tin cans, and saw blades.

D

34. Woody Guthrie wrote thousands of songs during the lifetime, many of which became classic
A B C

folk songs.
D

35. RunnerWilma Rudolph win three gold medals at the 1960 Olympics, and she set the
A B C

world record for the laO-meter dash in 1961.

D

36. Some critics have called Theodore Dreiser's book Sister Carrie a first modern novel because
A -B- c
it broke so many traditions.
D

37. Abigail Adams' letters to her husband present a graphic picture of the age which she lived.
--A- -'-I C D

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456 Practice Test 2

••••••••••••
38. Viscosity is a measurement describing the relative difficulty or easy with which liquids flow.
A --B-- (~- 0

39. More than 10,000 years ago, glaciers moved across the Minnesota region four time, leveling
A -B- -C-

most of the land.

[)

40. The discover of gold and silver in the rugged mountains of Nevada in 1858 attracted many
A B C
fortune-seekers to that area.
o

THIS IS THE END OF SECTION 2.

IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, CHECK YOUR WORK ON SECTION 2 ONLY.

DO NOT RFAD OR WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION OF THE TEST.

~TO' ~T07 ~TO' ~TO' ~T07 ~TO'