Module 5: Psychoanalytic Theory of Topographical Model of Mind

Development (Three Layers)

1. Conscious - individual is aware
Findings on the Nature of Mind - Contact with external and
1. All behavior is motivated, often by internal world of dreams
unconscious dynamics - Info is directly and currently
2. Theory of dreams emphasized available w/ immediate
meaningfulness of dreams as awareness
manifestations of unconscious mind 2. Preconscious - Tidal Level
3. Unintended behavior are expressions - Individual is unaware of contents
of unconscious forces - Info is available but can only be
4. Sexuality is a major motivating in achieved thru questions/ stimuli
human behavior (infantile sexuality) - Actively involved in mental
5. Early child rearing experiences are activities (insights to complex/ Tripartite Model of Mind/ Structures of

significant factors of dev’t creative problems) Personality

3. Unconscious - experience and 1. Id (Biological Drive) - impulses

Sigmund Freud’s Psychodynamic information requires special efforts to - Present at birth

Perspective be brought into awareness - Driven by Pleasure Principle

- Neurology and Psychology - Unawareness of drives, urges, - Satisfaction through

- Self is conceptualized as "Ego” instincts, but influences behavior instinctual needs

1. Motivated by unconscious - Persists through Primary Process

2. Motivated by sexual and - Satisfy current desires (now)

aggressive desires - Bodily tension,Gratification,

3. Influenced by early childhood Attachment to source of

experiences Gratification
- Knows no values, morality
2. Ego (Psychological Drive) - rationality, - 3 Functions/ Goals - suck, drink, eat, kiss, smoke, talk, bite
practicality; reason, common sense 1. Inhibit impulses of id - governed by self-love
- Driven by Reality Principle 2. Substitute moralistic goals - Oral Receptive
- Finding a way in real life to for Ego’s realistic goals - Low frustration
relatively fulfill my needs 3. Strive for perfection - Needs satisfied w/ min. anxiety
- Secondary Process - Holds up certain norms - Warning
- Satisfy Id’s demands thru - Frustration increasing
realistic processes within Intrapsychic Conflict - Oral Sadistic
limitations of environment Id (unconscious) - I want, survival need - Aggressive = needs aren’t met
- Compromise between Ego (unconscious but present in - Copes w/ anxiety through
inner world of subjective perceptual system of conscious) should stimulating the mouth
experiences & demands of Superego (all three layers) - I will, ideal 2. Anal Stage - anal region is the
external (objective) world - Believes it can do what it thinks primary erogenous zone during second
- Id’s demands not met, - Tells Id & Ego why you can’t year
Realize: need to deal with - Regulation of bodily impulses thru
external world, birth of Ego Psychosexual Stages of Human Dev’t activities like toilet training
- Perceptual conscience sys. over - Psychosexual development begins in - Holding Back - prolonging evacuation
takes external world -security, early infancy, passes through series of in order to obtain stronger sensations
success stages, provides libido satisfaction - Letting Go - experiencing relief and
3. Superego (Social Drive) - social-moral - Erogenous Zones - parts of the body pleasure from evacuation
represents the ideal w/ strong pleasure giving qualities - Early Anal
- Driven by Morality Principle - Fixation/ Regression - inability to fully - Sadistic desires are stronger
- Virtuous/ wicked standards revolve in a particular stage; - Aggressive behaviors and
- Internalized Moral Code over/under-gratification frustration in toilet training
- Ego-ideal - pride 1. Oral Stage - oral region during first - Expelling (rejecting, destroying)
- Conscience - guilt year of life is primary source of pleasure - Late Anal
 - Friendly interest toward feed (?) - Homosexual Phase: ties to own sex but acceptable way (like a
- Negative reaction of parents grows; exclusion of opposite sex specific displacement)
- Retaining (controlling, possessing) 5. Genital Stage (Puberty) - Undoing - atonement, penance,
- Anal Triad: Order, Stingy, Obstinance - Rapid increase in sexual tension punishing self for undesirable acts
3. Phallic Stage - libido satisfaction from demanding gratification - Rationalization - most common;
stimulation of one’s erogenous zones - Conflict b/w Id, Ego, Superego justification with plausible reasons
- “Little Puberty” from age 3 to 6 - Attraction to opp. sex returns - Displacement - substitute for
- Manipulation and touching of sex - Due to internalized moral code libidinal energy
organs as pleasurable - Displace sex urges to love object - Identification - copy/ absorb
- Boys Defense Mechanisms characteristics of object or
- Oedipus Complex/ Situation - - Operates unconsciously person into the personality
pride in penis, increased desire - Helps Ego cope with anxiety and - Imitation - part of identification;
and love for mother, father-rival relieves tension and inner conflicts superficial copying of behavior
- Castration Anxiety - father may - Distorst, transforms, falsifies reality - Intellectualization - explain
cut off penis - Primitive Defenses - limited choice, undesirable feelings;
- Girls automatic and unconscious; being out complicated reasoning;
- Electra Complex - oedipus of touch with reality - Isolation - affect is separated
situation for girls - Denial - refusal to acknowledge from the content
- Penis Envy - blaming mother for “Bitch, nah this ain’t hap” - Other Defenses
missing an organ; love of father - Projection - ascribe feelings to - Repression - unconscious process
develops jealousy & attraction others “You farted” “You like me” of returning to awareness
4. Sexual Latency - less urgent libido - Reaction Formation - reversal into something traumatizing/ stressful
- 6 to Puberty, acquires important the opposite; ex: kill with kindness - Suppression - conscious effort to
social and moral values - Higher Level Functioning Defenses let ideas surface to awareness;
- Suppressed sexual desires are - Sublimation - bringing emotion “don’t think about it”
displaced for wholesome activities somewhere else in a thorough
- Asceticism - self-denial or personality is a guide to behavior Awareness + Experience of Trauma and
mortification of flesh; cut off because they lack in areas Negative Experiences with Therapy
sexual desire because it’s - Regression - going back to an - Safe space to express emotions
uncomfortable (asexuals) earlier stage - Learn to model from therapist
- Introjection (Internalization) - Goal of Psychodynamic Therapy - Remembering trauma serves as
specific part of another’s - Uncover the unconscious as it motivation to cut the pattern
manifests in various ways
 Module 6: Erik Erikson’s Theory of - Personal Identity - behavioral and Identity Achievement [Independent,
Psychosocial Development personality repertoire that distinguishes “Selfish”]
Findings on the Nature of Mind you - Thoughtful, introspective (understand
- Development is shaped by challenges - Social Identity - occupation of what’s important)
that individuals face from the social recognized roles; a valued niche within - Functions well under stress
relationship and institutions they are society - Open to fact that value commitments
involved at each stage of their lives CRISIS: Who was & am = Who will I be may change
Stages of Psychosocial Development Psychosocial Moratorium - Autonomy
- Epigenetic Principle - A “time out” period - Relies less on others opinions in
- The eight stages are in sequence - Individual can freely explore various one decision (they do what they
as one develops on top of roles, beliefs, preoccupations without think is right)
another having to commit - Androgynous sex roles
- “Whole” is greater than the sum - Others serve as “social mirrors”
of its parts through which the person learns about Identity Moratorium
- Psychosocial “Crisis” in each stage self (Cooley: Looking-glass Self) - Anxious or Quietly Thoughtful - ambivalent

- Biological/ Psychosexual - Society recognizes and affirms/ rejects struggle

- Strong previous attachment to family
development the characteristics and roles of the
- Uncertain, reluctant in relationship
- Shaped by significant person
commitment - skeptical & warry
relationships & institutions Identity Status Paradigm
Identity Foreclosed
- Ego development - development of COMMITMENT - Happy and self-satisfied; well behaved,
“I/ Me” placid
Quest for Identity CRISIS Yes No
- Inflexible & defensive
- Ego Identity - subjective sense of Yes Achieved Moratorium - Authoritarian, conventional values
temporal spatial continuity - Often seen in more collective
No Foreclosed Diffused
societies
- Low autonomy as they don’t think for - Don’t experience conflict, but don’t have - Lack of societal options or from
themselves a set identity development deficits
- Questioning them will lead to - Most diverse group - Lacking of a central core
defensiveness of identity - Superficial, unhappy, hopeless belief/values system
- Their belief system is ingrained, - Distant, withdrawn - Low self-esteem & autonomy
conventional - Unable to make identity commitments - No role models for orphan
Identity Diffusion

Stage Conflict Positive Outcome Negative Outcome

Infancy (0-18 m) Trust|Mistrust Hope (self & Insecurity, withdrawal

“I am given what I’m others) - security,
given” the world is good
[Id-Oral]

Toddler (18m-3) Autonomy|Shame, Doubt Will & self Self-doubt

“I am what I will” - child’s increasing awareness of self through control of bodily determination
[Ego-Anal] functions and expression of other motor and linguistic skills

Pre-school (3-6) Initiative|Guilt Purpose, Over-controlled inhibition

“I am what I imagine” responsibility, self-
[Superego-Phallic] regulation

School Age (6-12) Industry|Inferiority Competence, self- Incompetence, low self worth
“I am what I efficacy
can do”
[Sexual Latency]

Adolescence Identity|Role Confusion Fidelity to values, Diffusion (not knowing)

“I am much more” occupations,
[Genital/ Puberty] ideologies

Young Adult Intimacy|Isolation Love: “true Loneliness, self-centered

“I am my - ability to fuse identity with somebody else’s without fear of losing genitality”,
connectedness to something yourself connection
others” - absence of partner; ultimate aloneness

Middle Adult Generativity|Stagnation Care, “maintaining Self-absorption, stagnation (being lost)

“I am what the world”
survives me”

Late Adult Ego Integrity|Despair Wisdom, Regret, despair, fear of death

“I am the totality of my - Ability to accept one’s own mortaility coherence,
life accept life &
death
 Looking-Glass Self: ○ Typical symbolic interactionist stance - [Dewey]
● Self concepts - formed as reflection of responses and man is active by nature
evaluations of others in the environment ○ Dismisses subject of motivation because there is
● Mirrors - reference groups, significant others that reflect no operational mechanism to deal with self-as-
images of self subject in the development of self-evaluations
● Looking Glass Self - idea of self-evaluation based on ○ Looking-glass self + Oversocialized, Over
efficacious Conformist image of man is left
○ Leaves a passive & conformist view, emphasizing ● Symbolic interactionism - emphasizes on interpersonal
external sources (e.g. opinions) as locus of content social psychology
upon which we construct our self-concepts ○ Preemptive focus on situated activity and others
● Effective action - well-spring of the self to neglect transsituational characteristics of the
● Active/ Assertive self - acts of possession (e.g. saying self
“mine” or “my”); often results to conflict with the ○ Diverts attention from development of self-
environment evaluation through autonomous action outside
○ [Cooley] sense of self is discovered not in the interpersonal context, large features of social
reflection, but course of vigorous effort arising in structures
striving in the fact of obstacles
○ Appraisal of others is one of the processes of self- ● What to do: link action to social structure via rules; self
concept formation evaluation to social structure via reflected appraisals of
role performance
Problems of Cooley Emphasizing the Looking-Glass Self ● Overconformist view: society provides roles and
● Self-as-actor - basic assumption about human reality; standards of performance; motivation remains solely
major source of indeterminacy in human conduct; based upon a desire to effect a positive self-image in
therefore inaccessible to scientific study the eyes of others
● Self-as-subject - symbolic interactionist approach to ● “I” - source of unknown drives, desires, and
motivation; contributes to creation of self-as-object unpredictable impulses
 ○ Coming to know ourselves + evaluate ourselves
Beyond the Looking-Glass Self from actions, consequences, accomplishments,
● Self that develops out of the autonomous and product
efficacious actions of the individual ● Work - constitutes man’s most important activity, through
○ Experiential locus - sense of volition or casual work he creates his world & himself
agency and its consequences ○ Product of activity reflects man’s nature
○ Motivational component - self-efficacy/ ○ Basis of self-evaluation: human beings experience
competence motivation/ effectance motivation -- themselves as active subjects
human beings are motivated to experience ● Alienation from Labor
themselves as causal agents in their environment ○ Dissociation of self from products of work activity
○ Sense of self - from reflected appraisal of others, under capitalism
consequences of behavior that are attributed to ○ Under capitalism, products of work are no longer
the self as an agent in the environment (“active reflections of self
self”) ○ Estrangement from work under alienated labor
● Active self is located in a physical and social produces estrangement of self
environment
○ Based on self-initiated action Efficacious Action & Reflected Appraisals as Bases of Self-
○ Organism/ environment interaction sparks esteem
emergence of mind and selfhood Sources of Self Esteem
○ Inchoate self - through action, environment and ● Inner self-esteem - derived from experience of self as an
self are given forms active agent
● Consequence of our actions constitute the basis of our ○ Making things actually happen and realizing one’s
knowledge intents in an impartial world
● Experience of self-efficacy ○ Inner - stems from feelings of one’s own capacity,
competence and potency
 ● Outer self-esteem - bestowed by others; meaningful ● Efficacy-based self-esteem is dependent on nature of
input in the approval or acceptance of particular others social contexts; this affects the organization of practical
● Two sources overlap in which self-esteem is derived - activities
people praise us based on accomplishments, we use ● Feature of context that determine possibilities for
appraisals as evidence of our own competence efficacious action + self-esteem
● [Goffman] Situationism - the active and efficacious self is ○ Degree of constraint on individual autonomy
truanced by impression management and interpersonal (allow selection and pursuit of valued goals)
manipulation ■ Autonomous Person - develops and pursues
○ Expressive action in interpersonal context alternative courses of action, free to pursue
○ Sense of self formed through appearance of own desires, not instrument of another’s will
competence ■ Important aspects of control in workplace
● Control over use of time and physical
Social Structure and Efficacy Based Self-Esteem movement
● Self-esteem depends upon opportunities to engage in ● Freedom from hierarchical authority
efficacious action ■ People make themselves through taking
● Social structures (ex. Institutions, ideologies) both enable decisions and accepting responsibility for
and constrain individual’s opportunities in engaging in their choices; allows for self-determination
efficacious action and growth
● Considering objective characteristics of situations and ○ Degree of individual control (allow selection and
meanings individuals attach to these, there is a pursuit of valued goals; makes possible the
dependence of efficacy based self-esteem on structural realization of goals)
conditions ■ Potential transformative capacity to
produce intended effects
Contexts of Action ○ Resources available to produce intended
outcome (makes possible the realization of goals)
 ● Power - social relations dealing with influence and ○ Attribution schemes affecting experience of
control; ability of person to change or control the efficacy as products of structural conditions
behavior of others ■ Indicators individuals attribute to agency
○ Power relationships - function of resources, are socially learned
dependencies, and alternatives available within ○ Consideration of differential valuation of context
context of action ■ Prestige scale - some are valued lesser,
○ Ex: Hierarchical power relationships at work: as therefore those in the lesser contexts derive
status increases, efficacy-based self-esteem also less esteem from their performance
increases ● Angles of making out - individual capacity in terms of
Meaning of Action skills and knowledge on machine operators
● Experience of efficacy is predicated upon the meaning ○ Possible to assess competence, determine status,
of action prestige, and self-esteem on the basis of one’s
● Subjective dimension - involves perceptions as self-as- success are the game of making out (win)
cause (meanings given to action in a given context) ● In order to develop efficacy-based esteem, individuals
○ Self-efficacy is enhanced by how people perceive must have opportunity to experience efficacy in valued
success, not at the performance of success contexts of action
● Objective dimension - involves differential valuation of ● It is the meaning of action that mediates its
context of action (context of action are valued consequences for self-esteem
differentially on both a cultural and community level)
○ Ex: Nuclear Physicist - valued more in universities, Unintended Consequences of Action
Clown - valued at circus ● Perceive things as “turning out” better or worse than
○ Individuals are more likely to judge themselves in expected as result of our actions
comparison to others like them who are ● Necessarily attributing unrealized potentials to enhance
performing similar efficacy-based esteem
● Dimensions can be linked to social structures ● Social structure implications
○ Via meaning of action - competent performance
may backfire
○ Attribution schemes in context serve as ideological
functions
○ Most important: reproduction of social structure -
re-creates conditions that limits possibilities from
deriving self esteem
MODULE 7: LOOKING GLASS SELF - GOING BEYOND

SOCIALIZATION SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND EFFICACY-BASED SELF-ESTEEM

- culture is key to development and adaptation - EFFICACIOUS ACTION ENABLERS AND HINDRANCES
- process of preparing individuals for membership in - distribution of material and nonmaterial
a given society resources in a society
- ideological belief systems that influence
THE LOOKING-GLASS SELF perception and evaluation
- Cooley: our self-concepts are formed as reflections
of the responses and evaluations of others in our CONNECTIONS BETWEEN IT VIA THE STRUCTURAL
environments ORIGINS OF THE MEANING OF ACTION
- reference groups and significant others as mirrors that 1. SUBJECTIVE DIMENSION: meaning of action,
reflect images of the self self-as-cause
2. OBJECTIVE DIMENSION: differential valuation of
LABELLING THEORY OF DEVIANCE contexts of action
- Imposition of a deviant identity upon a person
STRUCTURAL EFFECTS OF ACTION
SELF-EVALUATION BASED ON EFFICACIOUS ACTION - unintended consequence of action
- Effective action is the well-spring of the self - to recreate the conditions that limit
possibilities for deriving self-esteem for
SELF-AS-ACTOR it
- symbolic interactionist approach to motivation
1. Self-as-subject PRESENTATION OF SELF IN EVERYDAY
LIFE
2. Self-as-object - FACE-TO-FACE INTERACTION
 - purely interpersonal social psychology neglects tran- - reciprocal influence of indivi-
situational characteristics of the self and larger features duals upon one another’s
of social structure actions when in one another’s
- Self - esteem: value we put on ourselves immediate physical presence

AUTONOMOUS AND EFFICACIOUS ACTIONS 1. EXPRESSION GIVEN

- located in PHYSICAL and SOCIAL environment - verbal symbols used solely to
- AGENCY = know what you need to do and do it convey info that both actor and
audience understand

2. EXPRESSION GIVEN OFF

- impression management
- wide range of actions that others
can treat as being performed for
reasons outside the info conveyed