Central Mindanao University

COLLEGE OF NURSING
University Town, Musuan, Maramag, 8710 Bukidnon
Tel No. 088-356-1910/13 Tele-Fax No. 088-356-1912
Email Add: [email protected]
Website: www.cmu.edu.ph

NCM 64
NURSING PROCESS IN THE CARE OF POPULATION GROUPS AND COMMUNITY

Name: JERICK E. ACHACOSO

Section: BSN-2B

1. What is Community Assessment and what are the three categories of community health
determinants?
A community is a social unit (a group of living things) with commonality such as norms, religion,
values, customs, or identity. Communities may share a sense of place situated in a given geographical
area (e.g. a country, village, town, or neighbourhood).

Community assessment is the process of identifying the strengths, assets, needs and challenges
of a specified community, Smathers (2014). It is usually performed early in the development of a
coalition to better understand the community and decide how the coalition might best address its
concerns (Butterfoss, 2007). The process of conducting a community assessment can be divided into
three phases: pre-assessment, assessment and post-assessment.  The nurse needs to collect data on
three categories of community health determinants which includes the people, the place, and the social
system.

2. Planned Approach to Community Health (PATCH) is a community health planning model based on
Green’s PRECEDE model which includes quantitative and qualitative data. What are the data collected
for the PATCH process for health planning? Explain.

The Planned Approach to Community Health (PATCH) was designed to provide a model to assist
state and local public health agencies, in their partnerships with local communities, to plan, conduct,
and evaluate health promotion and disease prevention programs. The development of PATCH was
influenced by the theoretical assumptions underlying the PRECEDE model.

The Planned Approach to Community Health (PATCH) includes data for community health planning and
includes:

a. Community profile is a data sheet that records information on a broad range of factors (such as
environmental/natural features and management, sociodemographic characteristics, political
and economic structures, local institutions, economic activities and livelihoods, basic household
and community facilities,

b. Morbidity and mortality data, including health events (e.g., completion of barangay health
station, a typhoon that caused flooding of residential areas.
 c. Behavioral data focusing on behavioral risk factors, such as smoking, drinking and leading a
sedentary lifestyle, and prevailing good health practices in the community such as breastfeeding
and getting regular exercise.

d. Opinion data from community leaders, such As what they think about the main health problems
of the community, their causes, measures that may alleviate or correct them.

3. Differentiate Comprehensive Needs Assessment vs Problem-Oriented Assessment.

Comprehensive needs assessment is a systematic approah that gathers data by means of

established procedures and methods through a defined series of phases (Bruce, 2018). It sets priorities
and determines criteria for solutions, so that stakeholders can make informed decisions. It focuses on
the needs which refers to the gap or the disrepancy between a present state or what is and a desired
state or what should be. Furthermore, needs assessment are focused on specific targeted populations in
an organization. Example of targeted populations include students, parents, teachers , administrators
and the community at large.

Meanwhile, Problem Oriented Assessment is focused on a particular aspect of health, focusing

on what problem the community have in mind. It is a type of an assessment in which focuses in
particular body system or patient complaints area only. For example, your patient complains of chest
pain, you perform vitals signs, asssess the patient’s pain and perform EKG.

Comprehensive Needs Assessment is more generalized compared to the latter as it gathers

information and data from community as a whole using a systematic manner to be able to identify the
potential health problems while Problem-Oriented Assessment is more specific because it focuses on a
specific aspect of health and it also differs in terms of the scope since it proceeds in gathering
information to the valuable subject of a certain problem.

4. Data sources are grouped into Primary Data and Secondary Data.
a. List down and explain the tools for community assessment under each data source and cite
examples.

Primary Data
 Data collected by the evaluator using mthods such as observations, surveys or interviews
 Offers opportunity to review any and all secondary data available before collecting primary data
 Can be expensive and time consuming but it allows for more targeted data collection

Examples:
 Observation- this method helps the nurse take note of the environmental conditions
and community facilities and also in determining community values, beliefs, norms,
priorities and concern.
 Survey- this method is made up of series of questions for systematic collections of
information from a sample of individuals or families in a community
 Informant interview- this methods is a purposeful talk with either key informants or
ordinary members of the community
  Community Forum- this is an open meeting of the members of the community (pulong
pulong sa barangay)
 Focus group- similar with community forum but is made up fo a much smaller number
or group

Secondary Data
 The data has already been colleted through primary sources and made readily available for
researchers to use for their own research.
Examples:
 Registry of vital events- civil registery sysetm of the Philippines that has the following
information of vital events such as births, marriages and deaths
 Health records and reports- this includes the FHSIS which is a tool in monitoring health
status of the population at different levels therefore has all its data.
 Census- an official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details
of individuals

b. What does FHSIS mean?

The FHSIS is the official system of the Department of Health and as per EO 352, was included by
National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) in a system of designated statistics, DOH (2011). It is one
of the main component of the network information sources developed by the Department of Health
(DOH) to allow it to improve in managing nationwide health service delivery activities. FHSIS was aimed
to offer the basic service data necessary to screen activities in each programs. Moreover, further
information related to these programs will be offered from other sources such as Hospital Services
Information System, Financial Information System, Physical Resources Information System and Human
Resources Information System.

c. What are the FHSIS Manual of Operations (DOH-IMS, 2011) recording and reporting tools?

RECORDING- These are facility based documents. Data are more detailed and contains day to day
activities of the health workers. The source of data for this component is the services delivered to
patients/clients.

1. Individual Treatment Record (ITR)- This is a document, form or piece of paper upon which is
recorded the date, name, address of patient, presenting symptoms or complaint of the patient on
consultation and the diagnosis (if available), treatment and date of treatment.

2. Target Client List (TCL) - The Target Client Lists constitute the second “building block” of the FHSIS
and are intended to serve several purposes. First is to plan and carry out patient care and service
delivery. The second purpose of Target Client Lists is to facilitate the monitoring and supervision of
service delivery activities. The third purpose is to report services delivered. The fourth purpose of the
Target Client Lists is to provide a clinic-level data base which can be accessed for further studies

3. Summary Table- The Summary Tables is a form with 12-month columns retained at the facility (BHS)
where the midwife records monthly all relevant data. The Summary Table is composed of: (1) Health
Program Accomplishment (2) Morbidity Diseases.
4 The Monthly Consolidation Table (MCT)- The Consolidation Table is an essential form in the FHSIS
where the nurse at the RHU records the reported data per indicator by each BHS or midwife.

REPORTING: These are summary data that are transmitted or submitted on a monthly, quarterly and on
annual basis to higher level. The source of data for this component is dependent on the records.

1. Monthly Form- contains selected indicators categorized as maternal care,child care, family
planning and disease control.
2. Quarterly Form- is the municipality/city health report and contains the three-month total of
indicators categorized as maternal care, child care, family planning and disease control.
3. Annual Forms- consist of data and indicators needed only on a yearly basis.

d. What is the building blocks of FHSIS? What information does it contain?

The building blocks of FHSIS are the Individual Treatment Record (ITR) and Target Client List
(TCL). The Individual Treatment Record (ITR) is a document, form or piece of paper upon which records
the date, name, address of patient, presenting symptoms or complaint of the patient on consultation
and the diagnosis (if available), treatment and date of treatment. This record will be maintained as part
of the system of records at each health facility on all patients seen. Moreover, Target Client List (TCL)
serves as the second “building block” of the FHSIS. These service record are used to plan and carry out
patient care and service delivery, to facilitate monitoring and supervision of service delivery activities.
The primary advantage of maintaining the Target Client Lists is that the midwife/nurse does not have to
go back to individual patient/family records as frequently in order to monitor patient treatment or
services to beneficiaries.

e. What is the significance of the FHSIS in our healthcare system?

One of the significance of the FHSIS in our healthcare system is it minimizes the burden of
recording and reporting at the service delivery level and to allow more time for patient care and
promotive activities. The FHSIS address the short term data needs of DOH staff with
managerial/supervisory functions in DOH facilities and in each of the program areas. The FHSIS
importance includes:

• Helps local government determine public health priorities.

• Basis for monitoring and evaluating health program implementation.

• Basis for planning, budgeting, logistics, and decision making at all levels.

• Source of data to detect unusual occurrence of a disease.

• Needed to monitor health status of the community.

• Helps midwives in following up clients.

• Documentation of RHM/PHN day to day activities.

5. There are various methods to present data from assessment.
a. List down and explain those methods.

 Tables: used when your key findings lie in structured numeric information more than three or
four numbers.
 Chart: Used when your key points lie in the relationships between numberts demonstrating
trend or making comparisons.
 Text- used when your key findings include only a few data points.\
 Graphs- used when your key findings are too numerous or complicated to be described
adequately in the text and in less space. Graphs are a common method to visually illustrate
relationships in the data
i. Bar Graph- used to compare values across different categories. Presents
categorical data with rectangular bars with heights or lengths proportional to
the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally.
ii. Line Graph- To have a visual image of trends in data over time or age.  A type of
chart which displays information as a series of data points called 'markers'
connected by straight line segments
iii. Pie Chart- To show percentage distribution or comparison of a variable. Uses
"pie slices" to show relative sizes of data.
iv. Scatter Plot- a graph in which the values of two variables are plotted along two
axes, the pattern of the resulting points revealing any correlation present.
e. Refer to the data below and present it accordingly.

Top 10 Leading Causes of Mortality

Year 2010
Diseases of the Heart
3% Vascular System
5%4% 26% Diseases
6%
6% Malignant Neoplasms
9% Pneumonia
17% Accidents
11% TB
13% Chronic LRD
Diabetes
Top 10 Leading Causes of Mortality Nephritis
Perinatal Period
Year 2005-2009
3%
6%3% 25%
6%
7%

10% 16%

11%
13%

Diseases of the Heart Vascular System Diseases Malignant Neoplasms

Pneumonia Accidents TB
Chronic LRD Diabetes Nephritis
Perinatal Period
 Top 10 Leading Causes of Mortality
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2005-2009 Column1

Top 10 Leading Causes of Mortality

2005-2009 Column1
250000

200000

150000

100000

50000

0
 Top 10 Leading Causes of Mortality
Year 2005-2009
100000
90000 88299
80000
70000
60000 58761
50000
44627
40000 37865 35005
30000
25296 21586
20000 20964
10000 12321 12257
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

2005-2009

MORTALITY:  TEN (10) LEADING CAUSES

NUMBER AND RATE/100,000 POPULATION
 Philippines
5-Year Average (2005-2009) & 2010
CAUSES 5-Year 2010*
Average
(2005-2009)
Numbe Rat Numbe Rate
r e r
1. Diseases of the Heart 88,299 99.4 102,93 109.
6 5
2. Diseases of the Vascular System 58,761 66.2 68,553 72.9
3. Malignant Neoplasms 44,627 50.3 49,820 53.0
4. Pneumonia 37,865 42.6 45,591 48.5
5. Accidents** 35,005 39.5 36,329 38.6
6. Tuberculosis, all forms 25,296 28.6 24,714 26.3
7. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 21,586 24.4 22,877 24.3
8. Diabetes Mellitus 20,964 23.6 21,512 22.9
9.Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and 12,321 13.9 14,048 14.9
nephrosis
10. Certain conditions originating in 12,257 13.8 12,086 12.9
the perinatal
period
Note: Excludes ill-defined and unknown causes of mortality
* reference year
** External causes of Mortality

References

Butterfoss, F.D. (2007). Coalitions and Partnerships in Community Health. San Francisco, CA:
Jossey-Bass.

Bruce, F. (2018). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation. SAGE
Publications. ISBN 150632617X, 9781506326177

Department of Health . (2011). Electronic Field Health Information Service Information . Philippines:
DOH-Information Management Service.

Famorca, Z., Nies, M., & McEwen, M. (2013). Nursing Care and the Community . Elsevier .

Lobb, J., & Smathers, C. (2014, October 15). Community Assessment. Retrieved from Ohio State
University Extention : https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/CDFS-7