Assignment - 2

1. Solve the potential flow governing equation ∇2 ψ = 0 around a circular

cylinder

(a) Consider a circular cylinder of diameter d1 =1.

(b) Take the outer boundary to be at a diameter of 20 ∗ d1
(c) Generate a grid around the cylinder; take uniform distribution in
θ and in radial direction.
(d) Solve the equation in cylindrical coordinates.
(e) Since it is a stationary cylinder, the value of ψ on the cylinder is
constant - no penetration boundary condition. Take this value to
be ψcylinder = constant = 20
(f ) On the outer boundary, define ψ = V∞ y + constant(i.e. 20), where
y is the y coordinate of the point on the boundary.
(g) Since the domain is multiply connected, take a cut line downstream
of the cylindear at y = 0 in the domain. This makes the domain
4 sided.
(h) Apply periodic boundary condition on this boundary.

(a) Use the following methods to solve the equation

i. Jacobi method
ii. Gauss-Seidel method
iii. Both the above with relaxation
(b) Compare the convergence of the residue.
(c) Plot and compare the velocity on the cylinder as obtained from
the above 3 methods with the analytical solution.

1
 Assignment no. 2

Potential Flow around a circular cylinder

Computational Methods for Compressible Flows

Date – 12/04/18

Vasu Bansode
SC15B009
Department of Aerospace engineering
Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram-695547
_____________________________________________________________________________

Abstract –
Computational fluid dynamics provide efficient way to solve complex flow problems. Here, two
dimensional potential flow over a rectangular cylinder of given dimensions is solved with
stream function formulation. Various iterative methods such as Jacobi method, Gauss Seidel
method, Jacobi method with relaxation, Gauss Seidel method with relaxation are used. Residue
for each method is calculated and their relative efficiency is compared in terms of number of
iterations required. Various graphs are obtained for each case. It’s found that Gauss Seidel
method with relaxation is the most efficient and fast compared to other methods.

Variables –
1. Diameter of cylinder = 1 m
2. Free stream velocity = 1 m/s

Boundary Conditions-
1. Physical domain is from 0.5 m to 10 m.
2. No penetration boundary condition on the cylinder surface i.e. ψ = constant = 20
3. On the outer boundary we have ψ = Vinf y +20 where y is the co-ordinate of the point
on the boundary,
4. Periodic boundary condition at y = 0 since the domain is multiply connected.

Problem Scheme-
1. The problem is solved in the cylindrical co-ordinates.
2. Radial distance is discretised into 30 elements.
3. Angular position is varied from 0 degree to 360 degree with 30 elements.
4. Total residue is set as convergence criteria.
 5. Convergence is achieved when total residue goes beyond 0.001.
6. For Jacobi method with relaxation, relaxation factor is equal to 0.9.
7. For Gauss Seidel method with relaxation, relaxation factor is equal to 1.8.

Results –
1. Rate of Convergence

a) Jacobi Method –

b) Gauss Seidel Method –

c) Jacobi Method with relaxation –

d) Gauss Seidel with relaxation –

2. Various plots –

a) Coefficient of pressure

b) Velocity magnitude –
c) Velocity Vector –

d) Velocity magnitude over the cylinder –

1. Gauss Siedel with relaxation -

2. Gauss Seidel method –

3. Jacobi method with relaxation –

4. Jacobi method –
 e) Stream function –

Observation –
1. For Jacobi method residue converges after 20031 iterations.
2. For Gauss Seidel method residue converges after 1012 iterations.
3. For Jacobi method with relaxation residue converges after 2021 iterations.
4. For Gauss Seidel method with relaxation residue converges after 110 iterations.
5. From stream function plot and velocity graph it can be seen that magnitude of the
velocity over the cylinder is symmetric with respect to the x – axis,
Discussion –
1. Convergence rate of residue largely depends upon the initial guess for the iterative
method. Here, initial guess is made as follows -

2. The Gauss Seidel method uses values calculated at previous grid points for calculating
values at the current grid point in the current iteration cycle. This is the reason for its
high convergence rate.
3. The convergence rate for relaxation methods depends upon the relaxation factor, for
given discretization there is an optimal value of relaxation factor for each method.
4. Under relaxation makes both the methods slow whereas effect is completely opposite
for over relaxation.
5. Relaxation factor for Jacobi method is kept around 0.9 for maximum efficiency.
Whereas for Gauss Seidel method it is kept around 1.8 for maximum efficiency.
6. The optimal value of relaxation factor for Jacobi method lies in the interval of 0.9 to 1
and for Gauss Seidel method it lies in the interval of 1.8 to 1.9.
7. The difference between the velocities calculated numerically and theoretically is
maximum at 90 degree and 270 degree. But on the most of the surface they are in
good agreement with sufficient accuracy.

Conclusion –
1. Rate of convergence for above mentioned methods follows the order –
Gauss Seidel method with relaxation > Gauss Seidel method > Jacobi method > Jacobi with relaxation

2. The difference in the velocities calculated theoretically and numerically can be

minimized by using higher order schemes.
3. Other iterative methods better than above mentioned exists and give better results.

Acknowledgement –
I greatly thank you to Dr. Manoj Nair for giving us this assignment and helping us to get
a deep insight into the subject. I also appreciate the help provided by Mr. Arun Govind
Neelan throughout the work.
Appendix –

a) MATLAB code for Jacobi Method

clear all; clc;close all

%% Defining constants

Vinf = 1;

d1 = 1;

din = d1/2;

d2 = 20*d1;

dout = d2/2;
%%

m = 30; % length of theta

n = 30; % length of R

theta=linspace(0,2*pi,m); % variation in theta

R = linspace(din,dout,n); % variation in R

dR = R(4) - R(3);

dt = theta(4) - theta(3);
%% Calculating x and y co-ordinates and intializing xi = stream function

for j = 1:m

for i = 1:n

x(i,j) = R(i)*cos(theta(j));

y(i,j) = R(i)*sin(theta(j));

xi(i,j) = 22 + Vinf*(R(i) - R(n)^2/R(i))*sin(theta(j));

end

end

xi(1,:) = 20;

for j = 1:m
 xi(n,j) = Vinf*y(n,j) + 20;

end

%% Main body of Jacobi iteration

XI = xi;

total_residue = 10;

k = 0 ;

tic

while abs(total_residue)>10^(-3)

% calculations for interior points

for j = 2:m - 1

for i = 2:n - 1

a(i,j) = (R(i+1) + R(i))/(2*dR^2);

b(i,j) = (R(i-1) + R(i))/(2*dR^2);

c(i,j) = 1/(R(i)*dt^2);

d(i,j) = 1/(R(i)*dt^2);

e(i,j) = (2*R(i) + R(i+1) + R(i-1))/(2*dR^2) + 2/(R(i)*dt^2);

XI(i,j) = (a(i,j)*xi(i+1,j) + b(i,j)*xi(i-1,j) +...

c(i,j)*xi(i,j+1) + d(i,j)*xi(i,j-1))/e(i,j);

end

end

% calculations at periodic boundary

for i = 2:n-1

a(i,1) = (R(i+1) + R(i))/(2*dR^2);

b(i,1) = (R(i-1) + R(i))/(2*dR^2);

c(i,1) = 1/(R(i)*dt^2);

d(i,1) = 1/(R(i)*dt^2);

e(i,1) = (2*R(i) + R(i+1) + R(i-1))/(2*dR^2) + 2/(R(i)*dt^2);

XI(i,1) = (a(i,1)*xi(i+1,1) + b(i,1)*xi(i-1,1) +...

c(i,1)*xi(i,1+1) + d(i,1)*xi(i,m-1))/e(i,1);
end

XI(:,m) = XI(:,1);
% residue calculation

total_residue = 0;

for j = 2:m - 1

for i = 2:n - 1

residue(i,j) = XI(i,j) - ((a(i,j)*XI(i+1,j) + b(i,j)*XI(i-1,j) +...

c(i,j)*XI(i,j+1) + d(i,j)*XI(i,j-1))/e(i,j));

end

end

for i = 2:n - 1

residue(i,1) = XI(i,1) - ((a(i,1)*XI(i+1,1) + b(i,1)*XI(i-1,1) +...

c(i,1)*XI(i,1+1) + d(i,1)*XI(i,m-1))/e(i,1));

end

residue(:,m) = residue(:,1);

for j = 1:m

for i = 2:n-1

total_residue = total_residue + residue(i,j);

end

end

toc

k = k+1;

if mod(k,10)==0

hold on

plot(k,total_residue,'.');

xlabel('iteration')

ylabel('residue')

axis tight

axis([2500 20000 10^(-3) 1])

title('convergence of residue')

grid on
 drawnow;

xi = XI;

end

end

%% Analytical solution for velocity

for j = 1:m

for i = 1:n

V_r(i,j) = Vinf*(1 - (din/R(i))^2)*cos(theta(j)); % velocity in R direction

V_t(i,j) = Vinf*(1 + (din/R(i))^2)*sin(theta(j)); % velocity in theta direction

V_x(i,j) = -sin(theta(j))*V_t(i,j) + cos(theta(j))*V_r(i,j); % velocity in X

direction

V_y(i,j) = sin(theta(j))*V_r(i,j) + cos(theta(j))*V_t(i,j); % velocity in y

direction

V(i,j) = sqrt(V_x(i,j)^2 + V_y(i,j)^2); % total velocity

CpA(i,j) = 1-(V(i,j)/Vinf)^2; % coefficient of pressure.

end

end

%% Extracting radial component and tangential component of velocity

for j = 2:m-1

for i = 1:n

U_r(i,j) = (1/R(i))*((XI(i,j+1) - XI(i,j-1))/(2*dt));

end
end

for i = 1:n

U_r(i,1) = (1/R(i))*((XI(i,2) - XI(i,1))/(dt));

U_r(i,m) = (1/R(i))*((XI(i,m) - XI(i,m-1))/(dt));

end

for j = 1:m

for i = 2:n-1

U_t(i,j) = -(XI(i+1,j) - XI(i-1,j))/(2*dR);

end
end

for j = 1:m

U_t(1,j) = -(XI(2,j) - XI(1,j))/(dR);

U_t(n,j) = -(XI(n,j) - XI(n-1,j))/(dR);

end

%% Extracting x and y direction components

for j = 1:m

for i = 1:n

U_x(i,j) = -sin(theta(j))*U_t(i,j) + cos(theta(j))*U_r(i,j);

U_y(i,j) = sin(theta(j))*U_r(i,j) + cos(theta(j))*U_t(i,j);

U(i,j) = sqrt(U_x(i,j)^2 + U_y(i,j)^2);

Cp(i,j) = 1-(U(i,j)/Vinf)^2;

end

end

figure;

pcolor(x,y,Cp);

colorbar

shading interp;

axis equal

title('coefficient of pressure')

axis tight

grid on

figure;

quiver(x,y,U_x,U_y);

axis equal

title('velocity vector')

axis tight
grid on

figure;

plot(theta,U(1,:),'-o')

hold on

plot(theta,V(1,:),'-o')

hold off

axis tight

grid on

legend('Numerical solution','Analytical solution')

title('Velocity over the cylinder')

ylabel('velocity')

xlabel('angle in radians')

figure;

contour(x,y,XI,50);

shading interp;

colormap jet

axis equal

axis equal

title('stream function')

axis tight

grid on

figure;

pcolor(x,y,U);

colorbar

shading interp;

axis equal

title('Velocity magnitude')
axis tight

grid on

b) MATLAB code for Gauss Seidel Method

clear all; clc;close all

%% Defining constants an initial data

Vinf = 1;

d1 = 1;

din = d1/2;

d2 = 20*d1;

dout = d2/2;

%%

m = 30; % length of theta

n = 30; % length of R

theta=linspace(0,2*pi,m); % variation in theta

R = linspace(din,dout,n); % variation in R direction

dR = R(4) - R(3);

dt = theta(4) - theta(3);

xi = zeros(n,m);

%% calculating x and y co-ordinates and initializing xi

for j = 1:m

for i = 1:n

x(i,j) = R(i)*cos(theta(j));

y(i,j) = R(i)*sin(theta(j));

xi(i,j) = 22 + Vinf*(R(i) - R(n)^2/R(i))*sin(theta(j));

end

end

xi(1,:) = 20;

for j = 1:m
 xi(n,j) = Vinf*y(n,j) + 20;

end

%% Main program- gauss siedel

XI = xi;

total_residue = 10;

k = 0;

tic

while abs(total_residue)>10^(-3)

% for interior points

for j = 2:m - 1

for i = 2:n - 1

a(i,j) = (R(i+1) + R(i))/(2*dR^2);

b(i,j) = (R(i-1) + R(i))/(2*dR^2);

c(i,j) = 1/(R(i)*dt^2);

d(i,j) = 1/(R(i)*dt^2);

e(i,j) = (2*R(i) + R(i+1) + R(i-1))/(2*dR^2) + 2/(R(i)*dt^2);

XI(i,j) = (a(i,j)*xi(i+1,j) + b(i,j)*XI(i-1,j) +...

c(i,j)*xi(i,j+1) + d(i,j)*XI(i,j-1))/e(i,j);

end

end

% at periodic boundary

for i = 2:n-1

a(i,1) = (R(i+1) + R(i))/(2*dR^2);

b(i,1) = (R(i-1) + R(i))/(2*dR^2);

c(i,1) = 1/(R(i)*dt^2);

d(i,1) = 1/(R(i)*dt^2);

e(i,1) = (2*R(i) + R(i+1) + R(i-1))/(2*dR^2) + 2/(R(i)*dt^2);

XI(i,1) = (a(i,1)*xi(i+1,1) + b(i,1)*XI(i-1,1) +...

c(i,1)*xi(i,1+1) + d(i,1)*XI(i,m-1))/e(i,1);
end

XI(:,m) = XI(:,1);

xi = XI;

% residue calculation

total_residue = 0;

for j = 2:m - 1

for i = 2:n - 1

residue(i,j) = XI(i,j) - ((a(i,j)*XI(i+1,j) + b(i,j)*XI(i-1,j) +...

c(i,j)*XI(i,j+1) + d(i,j)*XI(i,j-1))/e(i,j));

end

end

for i = 2:n - 1

residue(i,1) = XI(i,1) - ((a(i,1)*XI(i+1,1) + b(i,1)*XI(i-1,1) +...

c(i,1)*XI(i,1+1) + d(i,1)*XI(i,m-1))/e(i,1));
end

residue(:,m) = residue(:,1);

for j = 1:m

for i = 2:n-1

total_residue = total_residue + residue(i,j);

end

end

toc

k = k+1;

if mod(k,1)==0

hold on

plot(k,total_residue,'.');

xlabel('iteration')

ylabel('residue')
 axis tight

axis([0 1100 10^(-3) 1])

title('convergence of residue')

grid on

drawnow;

end

total_residue

end
%% velocity from analytical solution

for j = 1:m

for i = 1:n

V_r(i,j) = Vinf*(1 - (din/R(i))^2)*cos(theta(j)); % velocity in R direction

V_t(i,j) = Vinf*(1 + (din/R(i))^2)*sin(theta(j)); % velocity in theta direction

V_x(i,j) = -sin(theta(j))*V_t(i,j) + cos(theta(j))*V_r(i,j); % velocity in X

direction

V_y(i,j) = sin(theta(j))*V_r(i,j) + cos(theta(j))*V_t(i,j); % velocity in y

direction

V(i,j) = sqrt(V_x(i,j)^2 + V_y(i,j)^2); % total velocity

CpA(i,j) = 1-(V(i,j)/Vinf)^2; % coefficient of pressure.

end

end

%% extracting velocity from stream function

for j = 2:m-1

for i = 1:n

U_r(i,j) = (1/R(i))*((XI(i,j+1) - XI(i,j-1))/(2*dt));

end

end

for i = 1:n

U_r(i,1) = (1/R(i))*((XI(i,2) - XI(i,1))/(dt));

 U_r(i,m) = (1/R(i))*((XI(i,m) - XI(i,m-1))/(dt));

end

for j = 1:m

for i = 2:n-1

U_t(i,j) = -(XI(i+1,j) - XI(i-1,j))/(2*dR);

end

end

for j = 1:m

U_t(1,j) = -(XI(2,j) - XI(1,j))/(dR);

U_t(n,j) = -(XI(n,j) - XI(n-1,j))/(dR);

end

%% Extracting x and y direction velocity components

for j = 1:m

for i = 1:n

U_x(i,j) = -sin(theta(j))*U_t(i,j) + cos(theta(j))*U_r(i,j);

U_y(i,j) = sin(theta(j))*U_r(i,j) + cos(theta(j))*U_t(i,j);

U(i,j) = sqrt(U_x(i,j)^2 + U_y(i,j)^2);

Cp(i,j) = 1-(U(i,j)/Vinf)^2;

end

end

figure;

pcolor(x,y,Cp);

colorbar

shading interp;

axis equal

title('coefficient of pressure')

axis tight
grid on

figure;

quiver(x,y,U_x,U_y);

axis equal

title('velocity vector')

axis tight

grid on

figure;

plot(theta,U(1,:),'-o')

hold on

plot(theta,V(1,:),'-o')

hold off

axis tight

grid on

legend('Numerical solution','Analytical solution')

title('Velocity over the cylinder')

ylabel('velocity')

xlabel('angle in radians')

figure;

contour(x,y,XI,50);

shading interp;

colormap jet

axis equal

title('stream function')

axis tight

grid on

figure;
pcolor(x,y,U);

colorbar

shading interp;

axis equal

title('coefficient of pressure')

axis tight

grid on

c) MATLAB code for Jacobi method with relaxation –

clear all; clc;close all

%% Defining constants

Vinf = 1;

d1 = 1;

din = d1/2;

d2 = 20*d1;

dout = d2/2;
%%

m = 30; % length of theta

n = 30; % length of R

theta=linspace(0,2*pi,m); % variation in theta

R = linspace(din,dout,n); % variation in R

dR = R(4) - R(3);

dt = theta(4) - theta(3);

w = 0.9; % relaxation factor

%% Getting x and y co-ordinates and initializing xi = streamline function

k = 0;

for j = 1:m

for i = 1:n
 x(i,j) = R(i)*cos(theta(j));

y(i,j) = R(i)*sin(theta(j));

xi(i,j) = 22 + Vinf*(R(i) - R(n)^2/R(i))*sin(theta(j));

end

end

xi(1,:) = 20;

for j = 1:m

xi(n,j) = Vinf*y(n,j) + 20;

end

%% Main body - Jacobi iteration with relaxation

XI = xi;

total_residue = 10;

tic;

while abs(total_residue)>10^(-3)

% for interior points

for j = 2:m - 1

for i = 2:n - 1

a(i,j) = (R(i+1) + R(i))/(2*dR^2);

b(i,j) = (R(i-1) + R(i))/(2*dR^2);

c(i,j) = 1/(R(i)*dt^2);

d(i,j) = 1/(R(i)*dt^2);

e(i,j) = (2*R(i) + R(i+1) + R(i-1))/(2*dR^2) + 2/(R(i)*dt^2);

XI(i,j) = (1-w)*xi(i,j) + w*((a(i,j)*xi(i+1,j) + b(i,j)*xi(i-1,j) +...

c(i,j)*xi(i,j+1) + d(i,j)*xi(i,j-1))/e(i,j));

end

end

% at periodic boundary

for i = 2:n-1

a(i,1) = (R(i+1) + R(i))/(2*dR^2);

 b(i,1) = (R(i-1) + R(i))/(2*dR^2);

c(i,1) = 1/(R(i)*dt^2);

d(i,1) = 1/(R(i)*dt^2);

e(i,1) = (2*R(i) + R(i+1) + R(i-1))/(2*dR^2) + 2/(R(i)*dt^2);

XI(i,1) = (1-w)*xi(i,1)+ w*((a(i,1)*xi(i+1,1) + b(i,1)*xi(i-1,1) +...

c(i,1)*xi(i,1+1) + d(i,1)*xi(i,m-1))/e(i,1));

end

XI(:,m) = XI(:,1);

% calculating the residue

total_residue = 0;

for j = 2:m - 1

for i = 2:n - 1

residue(i,j) = XI(i,j) - ((1-w)*XI(i,j)+w*(((a(i,j)*XI(i+1,j) + b(i,j)*XI(i-1,j)

+...
c(i,j)*XI(i,j+1) + d(i,j)*XI(i,j-1))/e(i,j))));

end

end

for i = 2:n - 1

residue(i,1) = XI(i,1) - ((1-w)*XI(i,1)+ w*(((a(i,1)*XI(i+1,1) + b(i,1)*XI(i-1,1)

+...
c(i,1)*XI(i,1+1) + d(i,1)*XI(i,m-1))/e(i,1))));

end

residue(:,m) = residue(:,1);

for j = 1:m

for i = 2:n-1

total_residue = total_residue + residue(i,j);

end

end

toc;

k = k+1;
if mod(k,1)==0

hold on

plot(k,total_residue,'.');

xlabel('iteration')

ylabel('residue')

axis tight

axis([0 2400 10^(-3) 1])

title('convergence of residue')

grid on

drawnow;

total_residue

end

xi = XI;

end
%% velocity from analytical solution

for j = 1:m

for i = 1:n

V_r(i,j) = Vinf*(1 - (din/R(i))^2)*cos(theta(j)); % velocity in R direction

V_t(i,j) = Vinf*(1 + (din/R(i))^2)*sin(theta(j)); % velocity in theta direction

V_x(i,j) = -sin(theta(j))*V_t(i,j) + cos(theta(j))*V_r(i,j); % velocity in X

direction

V_y(i,j) = sin(theta(j))*V_r(i,j) + cos(theta(j))*V_t(i,j); % velocity in y

direction

V(i,j) = sqrt(V_x(i,j)^2 + V_y(i,j)^2); % total velocity

CpA(i,j) = 1-(V(i,j)/Vinf)^2; % coefficient of pressure.

end

end

%% Extracting the radial and tangential velocity from the stream function

for j = 2:m-1

for i = 1:n
 U_r(i,j) = (1/R(i))*((XI(i,j+1) - XI(i,j-1))/(2*dt));

end
end

for i = 1:n

U_r(i,1) = (1/R(i))*((XI(i,2) - XI(i,1))/(dt));

U_r(i,m) = (1/R(i))*((XI(i,m) - XI(i,m-1))/(dt));

end

for j = 1:m

for i = 2:n-1

U_t(i,j) = -(XI(i+1,j) - XI(i-1,j))/(2*dR);

end

end

for j = 1:m

U_t(1,j) = -(XI(2,j) - XI(1,j))/(dR);

U_t(n,j) = -(XI(n,j) - XI(n-1,j))/(dR);

end

%% Extracting x and y direction velocity

for j = 1:m

for i = 1:n

U_x(i,j) = -sin(theta(j))*U_t(i,j) + cos(theta(j))*U_r(i,j);

U_y(i,j) = sin(theta(j))*U_r(i,j) + cos(theta(j))*U_t(i,j);

U(i,j) = sqrt(U_x(i,j)^2 + U_y(i,j)^2);

Cp(i,j) = 1-(U(i,j)/Vinf)^2;

end

end

figure;

pcolor(x,y,Cp);
colorbar

shading interp;

axis equal

title('coefficient of pressure')

axis tight

grid on

figure;

quiver(x,y,U_x,U_y);

axis equal

title('velocity vector')

axis tight

grid on

figure;

plot(theta,U(1,:),'-o')

hold on

plot(theta,V(1,:),'-o')

hold off

axis tight

grid on

legend('Numerical solution','Analytical solution')

title('Velocity over the cylinder')

ylabel('velocity')

xlabel('angle in radians')

figure;

contour(x,y,XI,50);

shading interp;

colormap jet
axis equal

axis equal

title('stream function')

axis tight

grid on

figure;

pcolor(x,y,U);

colorbar

shading interp;

axis equal

title('coefficient of pressure')

axis tight

grid on

d) MATLAB Code for Gauss Seidel method with relaxation –

clear all; clc;close all

%% Defining constants

Vinf = 1;

d1 = 1;

din = d1/2;

d2 = 20*d1;

dout = d2/2;
%%

m = 30; % length of theta

n = 30; % length of R

theta=linspace(0,2*pi,m); % variation in theta

R = linspace(din,dout,n); % variation in R

dR = R(4) - R(3);

dt = theta(4) - theta(3);
w = 0.9; % relaxation factor

%% Getting x and y co-ordinates and initializing xi = streamline function

k = 0;

for j = 1:m

for i = 1:n

x(i,j) = R(i)*cos(theta(j));

y(i,j) = R(i)*sin(theta(j));

xi(i,j) = 22 + Vinf*(R(i) - R(n)^2/R(i))*sin(theta(j));

end

end

xi(1,:) = 20;

for j = 1:m

xi(n,j) = Vinf*y(n,j) + 20;

end

%% Main body - Jacobi iteration with relaxation

XI = xi;

total_residue = 10;

tic;

while abs(total_residue)>10^(-3)

% for interior points

for j = 2:m - 1

for i = 2:n - 1

a(i,j) = (R(i+1) + R(i))/(2*dR^2);

b(i,j) = (R(i-1) + R(i))/(2*dR^2);

c(i,j) = 1/(R(i)*dt^2);

d(i,j) = 1/(R(i)*dt^2);

e(i,j) = (2*R(i) + R(i+1) + R(i-1))/(2*dR^2) + 2/(R(i)*dt^2);

XI(i,j) = (1-w)*xi(i,j) + w*((a(i,j)*xi(i+1,j) + b(i,j)*xi(i-1,j) +...

 c(i,j)*xi(i,j+1) + d(i,j)*xi(i,j-1))/e(i,j));

end

end

% at periodic boundary

for i = 2:n-1

a(i,1) = (R(i+1) + R(i))/(2*dR^2);

b(i,1) = (R(i-1) + R(i))/(2*dR^2);

c(i,1) = 1/(R(i)*dt^2);

d(i,1) = 1/(R(i)*dt^2);

e(i,1) = (2*R(i) + R(i+1) + R(i-1))/(2*dR^2) + 2/(R(i)*dt^2);

XI(i,1) = (1-w)*xi(i,1)+ w*((a(i,1)*xi(i+1,1) + b(i,1)*xi(i-1,1) +...

c(i,1)*xi(i,1+1) + d(i,1)*xi(i,m-1))/e(i,1));

end

XI(:,m) = XI(:,1);

% calculating the residue

total_residue = 0;

for j = 2:m - 1

for i = 2:n - 1

residue(i,j) = XI(i,j) - ((1-w)*XI(i,j)+w*(((a(i,j)*XI(i+1,j) + b(i,j)*XI(i-1,j)

+...
c(i,j)*XI(i,j+1) + d(i,j)*XI(i,j-1))/e(i,j))));

end

end

for i = 2:n - 1

residue(i,1) = XI(i,1) - ((1-w)*XI(i,1)+ w*(((a(i,1)*XI(i+1,1) + b(i,1)*XI(i-1,1)

+...
c(i,1)*XI(i,1+1) + d(i,1)*XI(i,m-1))/e(i,1))));

end

residue(:,m) = residue(:,1);

for j = 1:m

for i = 2:n-1
 total_residue = total_residue + residue(i,j);

end

end

toc;

k = k+1;

if mod(k,1)==0

hold on

plot(k,total_residue,'.');

xlabel('iteration')

ylabel('residue')

axis tight

axis([0 2400 10^(-3) 1])

title('convergence of residue')

grid on

drawnow;

total_residue

end

xi = XI;

end
%% velocity from analytical solution

for j = 1:m

for i = 1:n

V_r(i,j) = Vinf*(1 - (din/R(i))^2)*cos(theta(j)); % velocity in R direction

V_t(i,j) = Vinf*(1 + (din/R(i))^2)*sin(theta(j)); % velocity in theta direction

V_x(i,j) = -sin(theta(j))*V_t(i,j) + cos(theta(j))*V_r(i,j); % velocity in X

direction

V_y(i,j) = sin(theta(j))*V_r(i,j) + cos(theta(j))*V_t(i,j); % velocity in y

direction

V(i,j) = sqrt(V_x(i,j)^2 + V_y(i,j)^2); % total velocity

CpA(i,j) = 1-(V(i,j)/Vinf)^2; % coefficient of pressure.

 end

end

%% Extracting the radial and tangential velocity from the stream function

for j = 2:m-1

for i = 1:n

U_r(i,j) = (1/R(i))*((XI(i,j+1) - XI(i,j-1))/(2*dt));

end
end

for i = 1:n

U_r(i,1) = (1/R(i))*((XI(i,2) - XI(i,1))/(dt));

U_r(i,m) = (1/R(i))*((XI(i,m) - XI(i,m-1))/(dt));

end

for j = 1:m

for i = 2:n-1

U_t(i,j) = -(XI(i+1,j) - XI(i-1,j))/(2*dR);

end

end

for j = 1:m

U_t(1,j) = -(XI(2,j) - XI(1,j))/(dR);

U_t(n,j) = -(XI(n,j) - XI(n-1,j))/(dR);

end

%% Extracting x and y direction velocity

for j = 1:m

for i = 1:n

U_x(i,j) = -sin(theta(j))*U_t(i,j) + cos(theta(j))*U_r(i,j);

U_y(i,j) = sin(theta(j))*U_r(i,j) + cos(theta(j))*U_t(i,j);

U(i,j) = sqrt(U_x(i,j)^2 + U_y(i,j)^2);

 Cp(i,j) = 1-(U(i,j)/Vinf)^2;

end

end

figure;

pcolor(x,y,Cp);

colorbar

shading interp;

axis equal

title('coefficient of pressure')

axis tight

grid on

figure;

quiver(x,y,U_x,U_y);

axis equal

title('velocity vector')

axis tight

grid on

figure;

plot(theta,U(1,:),'-o')

hold on

plot(theta,V(1,:),'-o')

hold off

axis tight

grid on

legend('Numerical solution','Analytical solution')

title('Velocity over the cylinder')

ylabel('velocity')

xlabel('angle in radians')
figure;

contour(x,y,XI,50);

shading interp;

colormap jet

axis equal

axis equal

title('stream function')

axis tight

grid on

figure;

pcolor(x,y,U);

colorbar

shading interp;

axis equal

title('coefficient of pressure')

axis tight

grid on