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Industrial Revolution PDF

The industrial revolution began in England in the late 18th century and spread to other countries. It involved a transition from manual production to machine-based manufacturing. Key factors in England included agricultural surplus, trade, natural resources like coal and iron, and inventions like the steam engine. The cotton textile industry was an early adopter of mechanization. While industrialization increased production and living standards, it also exploited workers and caused environmental pollution. It progressed in multiple phases driven by new technologies.

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Arooj Zaman
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177 views

Industrial Revolution PDF

The industrial revolution began in England in the late 18th century and spread to other countries. It involved a transition from manual production to machine-based manufacturing. Key factors in England included agricultural surplus, trade, natural resources like coal and iron, and inventions like the steam engine. The cotton textile industry was an early adopter of mechanization. While industrialization increased production and living standards, it also exploited workers and caused environmental pollution. It progressed in multiple phases driven by new technologies.

Uploaded by

Arooj Zaman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

•The Industrial Revolution was the


transition to new manufacturing processes
from about 1760 to 1870. It brought some
radical changes to world.
•This transition included going from hand
production methods to machines, new
chemical manufacturing and iron
production, the increasing use of steam
power the development of machine tools
and the rise of factory system.
•It began in England and later spread to
France, Germany, Netherlands, Austro
Hungary and other nations/empires.
FACTORS LEADING TO INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN
ENGLAND

• Agricultural surplus in England due to new techniques in farming. The


‘Agricultural revolution’ of 17th century.
• Mercantilism – trading for profit, accumulation of wealth.
• The long coastline – no region is far away from a sea port. This facilitated
procurement of raw materials.
• Semi skilled workers readily available.
• Abundance of Coal and Iron – England was an initial pioneer in this field.
• A government that encouraged improvements in transportation and used it
navy to protects British trade.
• The administrative and military expenditures of England was lower than other
monarchies of Europe at that time.
• Resources in the form of colonies – cheap raw materials and ready markets.
• Scientific inventions were facilitated and promoted.
• Banks and banking system developed/ loans were easily available.
• Strong property law and political institutions.
•Low population – high cost of labor
•Incentive to invent and adopt machines
INVENTIONS THAT SPURRED AND SUSTAINED THE
REVOLUTION

• John Kay's “ Flying Shuttle – weaving


industry (1733)
•‘ Spinning Jenny – Enabling the spinning of
100s of yarns together.
•The Power loom. ( Edmund Cartwright)
STEAM ENGINE
James Watt’s Steam Engine (1769). It converts
heat energy into mechanical energy.
The evolution of steam engine completely
revolutionized the society. It opens new
avenues for trade and cause mass migration of
rural population into industrialized cities.
Example:
Stephenson's Rocket was an early steam
locomotive it was built in 1829 in London.

Textile Industry was the first to be affected by


Industrial Revolution. It was first completely
mechanized by 1830s
Telegraph ( Samuel Morse) in 1835 for
communication.
THE IMPORTANCE OF COAL IN INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION

• Availability near surface


• Abundant in England
• Cheaper than other heat sources like wood (also forests
were depleted)
• Rudimentary steam engines were first invented to pump
water out of the coal mines. These were improved upon
later.
• Iron production at commercial level could be done only due
to large quantity of coal it led to a revolution in machines
tools, trains and myriad of other industries.
IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Positive Negative

Capitalism- philosophy of profit


maximization. Resources of production
Factory System owned by few.
Standardization of factory work methods Exploitation of workers- long working
hours, no protective gear, hazardous and
and processes-massive production unhygienic working and living conditions
quantities. often led to epidemics like cholera.
Means of communication and Traditional weaver and workers wiped out
by machines.
transportation.
Child labor flourished because it was
Roads, bridges, railway tracks and cheaper to employ children ( and also
canals – transport to travel for common women)
man. More demand for colonial expansion.
Population increase – growth of slums, low
Urbanization – clean water, public wages
transport. Pollution – health and environment concern
No more hunger and famine – surplus Dominance of European nations over world
food could be transported easily. affairs in 18th and 19th century
The many negative impact of
industrial revolution led to the
growth of a different strand of
thinking in society.
Socialism – a model which
believed in equality where people
collectively own and control
means of production and the
distribution of results in
proportional.
THE PHASES OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1st Phase ( 1760-1850)
Steam engine and its application in
transport. The mechanization of
textile industry, mining and
metallurgy England led this phase

2nd phase (19th century)


Scientific inventions take centre
stage steel, chemicals
Growth of mass production (assembly
lines)
USA and Germany led this phase.

3rd phase
Communication technology
Internet
Energy ( Tesla cars)
Robotics
Digitization of manufacturing – 3D
printing
CONCLUSION

• The Industrial revolution is the result of far reaching


innovations in productive techniques and
centuries-old developments in the international
economy, the most important of which being the
continuous development of the New World.
• It was greatly favored by international trade and has
in turn revolutionized the international trading
system.

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