Experiment 2

Aim: To study of Double sideband suppressed carrier and Signal Sideband AM Generation & Study of Phase
reversal in DSBSC signal

Theory:
Different forms of AM:
1) Double side band full carrier - (DSBFC)
2) Double-sideband suppressed carrier - (DSBSC or DSB)
3) single- sideband suppressed carrier - (SSBSC or SSB)
4) Independent sideband – ( ISB)
5) Vestigial sideband – (VSB)

Generation of different forms of AM: AM generators are called AM modulators

 Generation of DSBFC:
There are two types of amplitude modulators for generating DSBSC. They are low-level and high-level
modulators. Low-level modulators generate AM with small signals and must be amplified before transmission
High-level modulators produce AM at high power levels, usually in the final amplifier stage of a transmitter

Low-level modulators are: Diode Modulator, Transistor Modulator, PIN Diode Modulator, Differential Amplifier
modulator. In low-level modulator circuits signals are generated at very low voltage and power amplitudes. The
voltage is typically less than 1 V, and the power is in mW.

High-level modulators are: High-level collector modulator, High-Level series Modulator

Drawbacks of DSBFC-AM signal:

1) Carrier contains no information, the sidebands contain all the information

2) Information contained in LSB is identical to the information contained in the USB i.e. transmitting both the
sidebands is redundant
3) In conventional AM carrier power constitutes two third of the total power which doesn’t contain any
information i.e (wastage of power)
4) Bandwidth is 2fm which is large which increases noise level
5) Overall DSBFC is power and bandwidth inefficient

 Advantages of Single sideband transmission

a) Power conservation:
 In SSB only one sideband is transmitted and carrier is suppressed as a result much less total
power is required to produce same quality signal
 Carrier contains 2/3rd of total power and each sideband contains 1/6th of the power so
eliminating carrier and one sideband would increase the power available for the sideband
b) Bandwidth conservation:
 SSB requires bandwidth equal to fm i.e. half that of Conventional AM so more no of signal can be
transmitted through the conventional AM bandwidth
 This greatly conserves spectrum space and allows more signals to be transmitted in the same
frequency range.
c) Noise reduction:
 As bandwidth is reduced by factor of 2, noise power is reduced by half which increases SNR
  The amount of noise in the signal is reduced.

d) Selective fading:
 There is less selective fading of an SSB signal over long distances.
 So selective fading is not a problem with SSB since only one sideband is being transmitted.

 Disadvantages of Single sideband transmission:

a) Complex receiver:
 SSB system requires more complex and expensive receivers than conventional AM receivers
b) Tuning difficulties:
 SSB receiver requires more complex and precise tuning than conventional receivers.This
disadvantage can be overcome by using more accurate, complex and expensive tuning circuits

 Generation of DSBSC signal:

DSBSC signals are generated by using Balanced modulatorsA balanced modulator is a circuit that
generates a DSB signal, suppressing the carrier and leaving only the sum and difference frequencies at the
output.The output of a balanced modulator can be further processed by filters or phase-shifting circuitry to
eliminate one of the sidebands, resulting in a SSB signal.

o Types of Balanced Modulator:

1) Balanced ring modulator or Balanced lattice modulator or Balanced modulator

2) Balanced bridge modulator
3) FET push-pull Balanced modulator
4) Linear Integrated circuit (LIC) Balanced modulator

 Generation of SSB signal:SSB signal is generated by first generating the DSBSC signal by balanced
modulator and the suppressing one of the side bands by using a band-pass filter
  SSB generation- methods:1)Filter method2) Phasing method3) Third method

Procedure:
This experiment investigates the generation of signal sideband (SSB) amplitude modulated waveforms, using the
Scientech 2201 module.

1. Ensure that the following initial conditions exist on the board:

a) Audio input select switch in INT position.
b) Mode switch in SSB position.
c) Output amplifier's gain pot in fully clockwise position.
d) Speaker switch in OFF position.

2. Turn on power to the Scientech 2201 board.

3. Observe the output of ‘Audio Oscillator’ block on Oscilloscope Amplitude and Frequency of this audio signal
can be varied using the respective Amplitude and Frequency control pots. The amplitude varies from 0 to 2vpp
approx and frequency varies from 300Hz to 3 KHz approx. This is the audio frequency sine wave which will use as
modulating signal input to Balanced Modulator and Band Pass Circuit 1. [CH1(Y) – 0.5V; Time base – 0.1 mS]

4. To achieve signal- sideband amplitude modulation monitor the two inputs to the balanced modulator block and
noting that:

a) The signal is the audio frequency sine wave from the audio oscillator block. This is the modulating input
to the balanced modulator block

b) The signal is a sine wave whose frequency is slightly less than 455 KHz. It is generated by the 455 KHz
oscillator block, and is the carrier input to the balanced modulator block.

5. Next, turn the ‘Balance’ pot to its minimum position and examine the output of the balanced modulator block,
together with the modulating signal, trigger the Oscilloscope on the modulating signal. Check that the waveforms
are as shown [CH1(Y) – 1V; CH2(X) – 0.2V Time base – 0.1 mS]

6. Now vary the amplitude of the modulating audio signal by varying the amplitude pot in the audio oscillator block
and observe the effect on AM waveform. The amplitude of two sidebands can be reduced to zero by reducing the
amplitude of the modulating audio signal to zero. Do this by turning the amplitude pot to its MIN position, and note
that the signal becomes an un-modulated sine wave of frequency 455 KHz, indicating that only the carrier
component now remains.
7. Now continuing with the above setting (modulating audio signal amplitude reduced to zero), turn the balance pot
in the balanced block, until the carrier signal becomes almost of zero amplitude. Once you get a zero amplitude line
then gradually increase the amplitude of audio oscillator signal and observe the output

8. Phase reversal in DSB-SC signal is occurring at the zero crossing of modulating signal. Observe this signal with
continuation of above setting.

Set the Oscilloscope as follows:-

[CH1(Y) –50 mV; Time base – 50 uS]

Press Magnifying switch X5/X10;

Use Level Trigger mode to trigger the signal.

Use X Pos Control to rotate the trace to bring the zero crossing of modulation signal at the center area of the screen.

Time Base variation control pot can be used to trigger and to expand the signal for better view.

9. Next, turn the audio oscillator block's frequency pot throughout its range. Note that for most audio frequencies,
the waveform is a good, clean sine wave, indicating that the lower sideband has been totally rejected by the filter.
For low audio frequencies, you may notice that the monitored signal is not such a pure sinusoid. This is because the
upper and lower sidebands are now very close to each other, and the filter can no longer completely remove the
lower sidebands are now very close to each other, and the filter can no longer completely remove lower sideband.
Nevertheless, the lower sideband's amplitude is sufficiently small compared with the upper sideband, that its
presence can be ignored. Since the upper sideband dominates for all audio modulating frequencies, we say that
single sideband (SSB) amplitude modulation has taken place.
[CH1(Y) – 50mV; Time base – 0.5 uS]

Observations:

Sr No Modulating Carrier Sideband frequency (fc + fm)

frequency (fm) frequency (fc) Ideal Practical
1
2

Conclusion: