The APA Style Citation and Documentation (6th Lumby (2001) said, “indeed, one researcher

Edition/Version) commented that technological innovations

have saved or extended the lives of many
Sample reporting/signal verbs/phrases to use patients” (p. 44).
• Said/has said
• Mentioned/has mentioned Citing a source within a source
• Stated/has stated • Where your source quotes or refers to
• Shared/has shared another source, for example Unsworth refers to
• Wrote/has written previous work by Halliday on linguistics, the
• Believed/has believed citation might read thus: (Halliday, as cited in
• Maintained/has maintained Unsworth, 2004, p. 15)
• Noted/has noted • Only Unsworth will appear in the Reference
• Emphasized/has emphasized list at the end of your assignment
• Recommended/has recommended
Bibliography - Reference List
IN-TEXT CITATIONS • Your reference list should be ordered
alphabetically by author and then
- tells the reader where you got any and all chronologically by year of publication.
information.
• Give the author’s last name and the Basically, the reference must include:
publication year. For book
• Only use page numbers for a direct quote. 1. Author/s name/s (last name, initials)
• Make sure the source information in 2. Year of publication
parentheses matches with your works cited. 3. Title
• The punctuation for the sentence goes AFTER 4. Place of publication
the parenthesis. 5. Name of publisher

-If your quote is longer than forty words, set it Magazines, Journals, Newspaper
off in a block text by beginning a new line, 1. Author/s name/s (last name, initials)
indenting one inch, and do not add quotation 2. Year
marks. At the end of the quote put the period 3. Title
after the last word of the sentence followed by 4. Name of magazine, journal, newspaper
the parentheses. 5. Volume, issue number
6. Page number/s
(Author-named in-text citation)
Dantzer (2003), Pinquart and Shen (2011) all Website
state that anxiety and depression has been 1.Author/s name/s (last name, initials)
identified as more commonly in children and 2.Year
adolescents with long-term physical conditions. 3.Title
4.Retrieval date
(Author-not-named in-text citation) 5.Website
Anxiety and depression have been identified
as more commonly in children and What is APA?
adolescents with long-term physical conditions - APA is the style of documentation of sources
(Dantzer, 2003; Pinquart & Shen, 2011). used by the American Psychological
Association.
Referencing a quotation -This form of writing research papers is used
Indeed, one researcher commented that mainly in the social sciences, like psychology,
“technological innovations have saved or anthropology, sociology, as well as education
extended the lives of many patients” (Lumby, and other fields.
2001, p. 44).
When working with APA, consider the A source with six or more authors:
following: •Use the first author's name followed by et al.
• in-text citations and the reference page. in all citations
• In-text citations will use the author’s last •6 authors: (Utley et al., 2001)
name and the date within your research •7 authors: (Yawn et al., 2001)
paper. • [Note: In the reference list, use of et al.
• The page number, appears only in a citation begins with 7-author references.]
to a direct quotation.
• These citations will refer back to the Sources with two or more author groups with
reference page at the end, which lists all the same first surname:
sources that you may have used in your If two or more six-author groups shorten to the
research paper. same surname, cite the surnames of as many
subsequent authors as needed to distinguish
When Would I Have to Cite a Source in APA? references:
• Anytime you summarize, paraphrase, or Examples: (Baldwin, Utley et al., 2001) (Baldwin,
quote information from another source, like Bevan et al., 2000)
passages from books or articles in an
academic journal, etc. Unknown Author:
If the work does not have an author, cite the
Additional Guidelines source by its title in the signal phrase or use the
• Place citations in sentences and paragraphs first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of
so that it is clear which material has come from books and reports are italicized; titles of
which sources. articles, chapters, and web pages are in
• Use pronouns and transitions to help you quotation marks.
indicate whether several sentences contain APA style calls for capitalizing important words
material from the same source or from different in titles when they are written in the text (but
sources. not when they are written in reference lists).

Parenthetical Citation: A similar study was done of students learning to

First and subsequent citations format research papers ("Using Citations,"
•Within a paragraph, omit the year in citations 2001).
after the first one if no confusion with other
studies Note: In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used
for the author, treat it as the author's name
A source with 1 or 2 authors (Anonymous, 2001).
•Cite name(s) in first and all subsequent In the reference list, use the name Anonymous
citations: as the author.
Examples: (Adkins & Singh, 2001) Adkins and
Singh (2001) When Two or more works in parentheses
•Authors with the same surname use initials •Arrange by order of the reference list;
even if the years are different • use a semicolon between works
Examples: D. Baldwin (2001) and M. L. Baldwin
(1999) Sample Citation: Several researchers
(Greenberg, Domitrovich, & Bumbarger, 2000;
A source with three to five authors Roy, 1995; Yawn et al., 2000).
•In all citations after the first, use the first
author's name followed by et al. When you have Representative works
•First citation: (Baldwin, Bevan, & Beshalke, Use e.g. (for Sample Citation) before
2000) parenthetical citations
•Subsequent citation: (Baldwin et al., 2000)
Sample Citation:
The need for more effective prevention of
mental illness in children has been the focus of
many reports (e.g. National Institute of Mental • Exceptions apply to short words that are
Health, 1998; U.S. Public Health Service, 2000; verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and
Weist, 2001). adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is Nothing
Left to Lose.
When you have Major work plus others (Note: in your References list, only the first word
• Use see also after major work of a title will be capitalized: Writing new
media.)
Sample Citation: (Roy, 1995; see also Embar-
Seddon, 2000; Greenberg, 2001) When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words
in a hyphenated compound word:
When you have Direct quotation from Natural-Born Cyborgs.
electronic source without page numbers, use
paragraph numbers (preceded by para. or ¶); Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon:
add section numbers for long documents: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's
Vertigo."
Sample Citation:
Universal interventions "target the general Italicize the titles of longer works such as
public or a whole population group that has books, edited collections, movies, television
not been identified on the basis of individual series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing
risk" (Greenberg et al., 2000, Section I, para. of the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz;
20). Friends.

• Direct quote: (include page number) One Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter
study found that “the listener's familiarity with works such as journal articles, articles from
the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the edited collections, television series episodes,
interpretation of the entire message” (Gass & and song titles: "Multimedia Narration:
Varonis, 1984, p. 85). Constructing Possible Worlds;" "The One Where
Chandler Can't Cry."
Note: For direct quotations of more than 40
words, display the quote as an indented block APA Bibliography or Reference List
of text without quotation marks and include Entries are arranged in alphabetical order
the authors’ names, year, and page number in occupying two lines use the hanging indent
parentheses at the end of the quote. format. References are presented by
categories, i.e. books, journals, websites.
Example:
This suggests that familiarity with nonnative Online Sources
speech in general, although it is clearly not as In the absence of indexing identification,
important a variable as topic familiarity, may include date of access and URL.
indeed have some effect. That is, prior o Reyes (2011, January 2). Accepting
experience with nonnative speech, such as special children. Newsweek Online, 27
that gained by listening to the reading, (2). Retrieved January 2, 2011, from
facilitates comprehension (Gass & Varonis, http://www.newsweekonline.net
1984, p. 77).
With Anonymous Author
In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and Alphabetize using the first content word in the
italics/underlining title of the article. Use the word anonymous if
• Always capitalize proper nouns, including that is written in the material.
author names and initials: D. Jones. o Qualities. (2011). Filipino children with
• If you refer to the title of a source within your special needs. Manila: Rex. Anonymous
paper, capitalize all words that are four letters (2010). Special children. Angeles:
long or greater within the title of a source: Phoenix.
Permanence and Change.
With an Editor Periodicals
Use (Ed/s.) after the middle initial of the editor. Include author’s name, year and month of
o Reyes, A. M. & Santos, P. R. (Ed.). 2011. publication, title of the article, title of the
Charisma. Manila: C&E. publication (italics), volume number (italics),
Book with Corporate Author issue number, and page number/s.
Start with the corporate name as the basis for o Reyes, M. A. (2011 January). Accepting
alphabetizing. Use author if the author is also the special children. SpEd Journal, 27 (2), 89-
publisher. 91.
o IRA. (2011). Reading as an art.
Novaliches: Author. Magazines
Include a definite date.
Multi-volume Book o Reyes, M. A. (2011 January 2). Accepting
Include the volume number in parenthesis. special children. Newsweek, 27 (2), 89-
o IRA. (2011). Reading as an art (Vol. 2). 91.
Novaliches: Phoenix.
Revised Edition Anonymous author or editorial
Include the edition number. Start with the title of the article. Specify if taken
o IRA. (2011). Reading as an art (2nd ed.). from an editorial in brackets.
Novaliches: Phoenix. o Pornography of politics. (2011 January 2).
Manila Bulletin, p. B2.
Two or more books with the same author o Pornography of politics {Editorial}. (2011
Use chronological arrangement. January 2). Manila Bulletin, p. B2.
o Reyes, A. M. (2010). Reading as an art
(Vol. 2). Novaliches: Phoenix. Article/Letter to the Editor in a Newspaper
o Reyes, A. M. (2011). Reading as a Include p or pp before page number. Exclude
passion. Novaliches: Phoenix. volume number. Specify if letter to the editor in
o Reyes, A. M. (2011a). Reading as a brackets.
passion. Novaliches: Phoenix. o Reyes, A. P. (2016 July 14). Duterte to
o Reyes, A. M. (2011b). Reading as a retract statement. Philippine Daily
hobby. Novaliches: Phoenix. Inquirer, p. B12.
o Reyes, A. P. (2009, March 14). PNoy must
Government Publication be epitome of justice {letter to the
If the author’s name is not stated, use the editor}. Philippine Daily Inquirer, p. B12.
government agency and country as author.
o Department of Education, Philippines. Online Sources
(2011). Reading as a passion. Novaliches: Include the URL and indexing information of the
Phoenix. article.
o Reyes (2011). Accepting special
Unpublished Thesis or Dissertation children. Newsweek Online, 27 (2), 89-91.
State the nature (Unpublished master’s thesis) http://www.newsweekonline.com.
before the name of the university.
o Ramos, E. R. (2010). TIP: Its implications.
Unpublished master’s thesis, De la Salle
University, Greenhills.
o Ramos, E. R. (2010). TIP: Its implications.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, De la
Salle University, Greenhills.
Topics for Midterm: Strategic Writing
THE WRITING PROCESS The Library Research Paper
What is writing? • also known as reference, research article
• a process of rendering/putting into graphic or term paper, written to provide a
symbols or printed words one’s thoughts, preliminary idea on research
ideas or feelings. • a type of discourse that observes the
• done for a purpose- for self-expression, for principles of effective writing
compliance, for publication, for social
purpose, etc. The Library Research
• a process, a strategy, a skill • Provides exposure and familiarity of using
library facilities and knowing the
I. Planning the Writing Task acceptable ways of documentation
Know your purpose • limited to gathering information from
General: (for expression, for comprehension) printed and on-line materials
Specific: (to inform, to persuade, to entertain)
Know your audience Types of Library Research
(age, status, interest, education) -
Know your subject/topic Informational Paper
(use of sources, experiences, opinion) • presents summaries of factual
Know yourself as a writer information from various sources
(tone or attitude, knowledge) • Involves focusing on the topic, looking for
information, and producing an
II. Stages of the Writing Process organized and coherent topic
A. Prewriting stage (before writing) Example: a study on the different causes of
1. Generating ideas/Finding a topic stress
2. Organizing ideas/Outlining
B. During writing stage Evaluative Paper
1. Drafting/writing the draft • Presents pertinent data in a persuasive
C. Post writing stage (after writing) way
1. Proofreading (identifying errors) • Involves stating opinion and providing
2. Editing (removing errors) support and evidence, analyzing data,
3. Revising (changing/rewriting the draft) and making conclusions
Example: how stress affects the performance of
III. Idea-Generating Techniques (Prewriting college students
stage)
1. Clustering Parts of a Library Research (IBC FORMAT)
Write the topic in the middle. Write related 1. Introduction
words and ideas by connecting them to the • Evokes a sense of excitement about the
middle idea. Circle these ideas. Connect these topic
ideas. • Presents an overview of the topic
2. Brainstorming • Contains universal knowledge
Write your topic on top of your paper. Jot down • Presents arguments and counter-
related words and ideas as they come to you. arguments
3. Freewriting • Consists of the lead-in, the explanatory
Think of the topic and start writing whatever sentences or statements, and the thesis
comes to your mind. Set aside rules on statement.
grammar, capitalization, • May be one or two paragraphs long
punctuations, and even sense or meaning.
If a new idea emerges, start writing about it.
4. Using WH Questions
Write the topic on top.
Write or answer the WHs questions about the
topic. 2. Body
 • Presents 3- 6 paragraphs that help broadest idea being at the top portion and
develop the topic the most specific at the base.
• Contains information drawn out from • If your topic is narrow or limited, you can
credible references deal with it in depth. If your topic is broad,
• Shows evidence of research through you will deal with it only in a shallow way.
proper citation of sources
V. Locating Sources and Reviewing Literature
3. Conclusion and Studies
• Gives a sense of finality to the discussion Two types of Sources
• Presents the summary of the topic 1. Primary Sources- first-hand information that
development have NOT YET BEEN COLLECTED AND
• Relates to the introduction but not its RECORDED by someone else
duplication
• May be expressed in different ways Personal observation allows the researcher to
witness the actual phenomenon and gather
IV. Selecting and Narrowing Down Topics pertinent data
Choosing a Workable Topic Interviewing is a way of collecting data by
Must be interesting to the researcher. talking
- Research requires effort, determination, and with individuals thus, providing explanation for
patience; therefore, a researcher will become questions if necessary
more highly motivated to complete the task if Conducting surveys is a cost-effective way
the topic stimulates his/her curiosity and interest. of collecting data by using many structured,
- It is ideal and practical to work on a topic well-prepared, and pilot-tested questions to a
related to one’s area of specialization and bigger population
experiences Experimenting provides first-hand data in
the form of its results. It is commonly-used in
Availability of adequate materials the physical and applied sciences.
- Research depends on what has been written
about a topic to provide baseline data or 2. Secondary Sources- second-hand
background information. information or data that HAVE BEEN
- Different sources may be used including WRITTEN/RECORDED ALREADY by somebody
printed and online sources. else.
-Provide data which serve as the foundation
Must be an objective one and overview of the topic
• The topic must be a factual one; not personal
nor emotional. Company data- include company profile,
• Doing research requires writing for statistics, addresses, earnings, industry
comprehension, not for expression in which groupings, profile of employees, etc.
writers present only what they feel and think. Library data- provided by on-line or printed
materials including periodicals or materials that
Must be limited in scope undergo recurrent publication such as
- A specific topic will provide focus and magazines, pamphlets, and journals
direction to the writer, making research more Journals are compilations of scholarly articles
manageable to develop and to complete. Documentary analysis- a technique of
gathering and analyzing information from
Narrowing down or Limiting a Topic structured documents
• A general or broad topic can be narrowed
down by using the analytic approach. It is
done by identifying related topics from the
broad or general one. The Library
• Analytic approach uses the funnel model. It • It is the most reliable and most
looks like an inverted pyramid that captures comprehensive place for research.
the structure of a narrowed down topic; the • It has print and non-print materials.
• Print materials come in books, • The text must be enclosed in quotation
encyclopedias, journals, newspapers, marks.
newspaper clippings/vertical files, • The quote must be brief and should be
magazines, almanac, atlas, theses, and used sparingly or at least one fifth of the
dissertations. total paper.

Related Literature and Studies 2. Summarizing

• Essential information related to the topic are • The contents and ideas are condensed,
drawn from books, magazines, newspapers, focusing on the most important ones
journals, theses, dissertations, etc. only.
• Related literature come from books, • The meaning of the text remains.
magazines, newspapers; whereas related • The person who summarizes uses a
studies come from journals, theses, and combination of the words in the text and
dissertations. his own words.
• The length of a summary is 1/3 of the
VI. Gathering Data by using Note-taking Skills length of the original material.

Note taking is the systematic recording of data 3. Paraphrasing

from sources whose content is pertinent to the • A process of changing the form of the
research problem. statement without altering the message
and content of the original.
The three kinds of note taking are: • The author’s thoughts are restated or
1. quoting or direct quotations reworded.
2. summarizing • A process of restatement or rewording
3. Paraphrasing the author’s original message
• The length of the work must remain.
Ways to Take Down Notes • The meaning of the text remains.
• Read the entire text, note the key points and • The person who paraphrases uses his
main ideas. own words.
• Summarize in your own words what the
single main idea of the essay is. Seven Techniques in Paraphrasing
• Paraphrase important supporting points that 1. By using synonyms or synonymous phrases.
come up in the essay. O: Some special children are artistically gifted.
P: Some children with special needs are
Purposes of Note Taking talented.
• To provide support for claims or add O:Movies can be divided into three categories.
credibility to your writing Films can be divided into three types.
• To refer to work that leads up to the work you
are now doing 2. By changing plural nouns to singular ones.
• To give examples of several points of view on (Remember subject/verb agreement)
a subject O:Overweight people usually do little exercise.
• To call attention to a position that you wish P: An overweight person usually does little
to agree or disagree with exercise.
• To highlight a particularly striking phrase, O: Children learn what they live with.
sentence, or passage by quoting the original P: A child learns what s/he lives with.
• To expand the breadth or depth of your
writing
Three Kinds of Note taking 3. By changing parts of speech; e.g.noun to
1. Quoting or Direct Quotation verb.
• The quote is identified for its vividness and O: The WHO needs to find a solution to the
effectiveness. nCoV
• The quote must be copied exactly problem.
verbatim or word for word. P: The WHO wants to solve the nCoV problem.
O:The viewers express disagreement on ABS- Writing the Thesis Statement
CBN
What is a thesis statement?
possible closure .
• A thesis statement tells the main idea or
P:The viewers disagree on the ABS-CBN possible
central purpose of a report, research or an
closure.
essay.
4. By changing the voice of the verb.
1. ARGUMENTATIVE
O: Children with special needs can attend a
• A thesis statement presents an argument. It
school.
should not be a factual statement like “The
P: A school may be attended by children with
clouds are white.” because it is not a
special needs.
statement which you can argue.
O: The DOH has strictly monitored the PUIs status.
P: The PUIs status has been strictly monitored by
2. CLEAR AND UNDERSTANDABLE
the DOH.
• A thesis statement must be clear so that the
readers will be able to understand the thought
5. By changing sentence structures.
of your statement.
O: Some children with special needs can
improve, but most cannot become normal.
3. SPECIFIC
P: Some special children can improve but
• Instead of having a broad statement, it is best
cannot heal.
to compose a thesis statement which is direct
O: Wuhan is a prosperous city in China. It is a
to the point.
cultural hub. It is an educational center.
P: Wuhan, a prosperous city, is both a cultural
4. BRIEF
and an educational center in China.
• A thesis statement is usually 1 sentence long
and 2 sentences in maximum. All the important
6. By changing word order of the sentence
things that you want to state should be
O: Children with special needs may be sent to
minimized into 1-2 sentences only.
special schools.
P: To special schools, children with special
5. INTERESTING
needs can go.
• The thesis statement serves as a hook which
O: If you want to be nCoV-free, follow the
pulls the attention of the audience. It should
WUHAN rule.
make them want to finish reading your
P: Follow the WUHAN rule, if you want to be
research paper.
nCoV-free.
6. RESTRICTED
7. By using negative or opposite expressions
• A thesis statement must limit the scope of an
O: The viewers are disappointed because the
essay to what can be discussed in detail within
government pushes for the closure of ABS-CBN.
the perimeters of the paper's expected length.
P: The viewers are not satisfied because the…
O: It is a natural reaction to defend press
7. UNIFIED AND EXPRESSES ONE MAJOR IDEA
freedom.
• A good thesis may sometimes include a
P: It is not typical not to defend press freedom.
secondary idea only if it is strictly subordinated
to the major one.
Note: One best way to paraphrase is by
combining any of the seven techniques.
8. NOT A TOPIC SENTENCE
• A topic sentence gives the readers an idea of
what each paragraph is going to be about
while a thesis statement is what you are
arguing or trying to prove throughout your
entire paper.
 WRITING THE INTRODUCTION 3. Proper indention
4. Multiple division - a topic should never have a
single division, each division must have at least
PARTS
a pair.
1. Lead-in sentence
2. Explanatory
TYPES OF OUTLINE
3. Thesis Statement
1. Topic outline – main ideas and subheadings
are in words, phrases or clauses
TECHNIQUES
2. Sentence outline – sentence forms
1. Definition
3. Paragraph outline – paragraph forms
2. Brief history
3. Factual information
OUTLINE STYLES:
4. Current events, Problem, Statistics
Number-Letter System/Conventional Format
5. Quotation
I.
6. Question
A.
7. Statement of the Main Idea
B.
II.
A.
OUTLINING 1.
2.
OUTLINE
3.
–Skeleton or Framework of the paper.
B.
- shows the content and organization of the
III.
paper
– Process of Organizing the paper
Decimal System
- Process that shows topical organization.
1.
-used to simplify a complicated material
1.1
1.2
Importance of Outlining
2.
1. The writer/researcher thinks before he writes.
2.1
2. It enables the writer to recognize the
2.2
similarities and differences and form workable
2.3
categories and subcategories.
2.3.1
3. It enables you to distinguish the nature of
2.3.2
parts within each category and to see them
3.
from various points of view.
4. It provides a testing ground.

GUIDES FOR OUTLINING

1. Determine the topic;
2. Write the major ideas as the main topics;
3. Determine the minor details that develop the
main ideas;
4. List the topics that develop the subordinate
details or subheadings;
5. Apply the following principles in presenting
the topics.

PRINCIPLES OF OUTLINING
1. Logical subordination subheadings must not
be of equal or greater than the headings
2. Parallel construction or same grammatical
-felker
structure