LECTURE I: Advanced Structural Systems

LECTURE I: Advanced Structural Systems

Course objective

 The objective of this course is to provide knowledge

on the static of advanced structural systems.
 The main Eight Structural Systems will be discussed
to make students familiar with the concepts about
design of structural systems.
 Emphasis is given especially to innovative structural
systems.

Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬ Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬
Architectural Engineering 1
Architectural Engineering 2
Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011

Lecture I: The STRUCTURE Lecture I: The STRUCTURE

1. Structural Requirements
1.1. Durability ‫المتانة والتحمل‬
1.2. Stability and Equilibrium ‫االستقرار والتوازن‬
1.3. Strength and Rigidity ‫القوة والصالبة‬
1.4. Loads ‫األحمال‬
1.4.1. MATERIALS
1.4.2. FORMS
2. Structure Types
2.1. Post and Beam Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF COMPRESSION)
2.1.1. Load Bearing Walls ‫الحوائط الحاملة‬
2.1.2. Skeleton Frame ‫المنشآت الهيكلية‬
2.2. Arches and Vaulted Halls, and Domes ‫األقواس والقبوات والقباب‬
2.3. Portal Frames ‫اإلطارات المستوية‬
2.4. Trusses ‫الجمالون‬
2.5. Space Frames ‫األطار الفراغي‬ Roofing
2.6. Folded Roofs )‫االسطح الخرسانية المطوية ( المتعرجة‬
2.7. Shells ‫المنشآت القشرية‬
2.8. Tensile Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION )
2.8.1. MEMBRANES ‫ذات أغلفة غشائية عضوية أو مصنعة‬
2.8.2. MASTED STRUCTURES ‫محمولة على أعمدة‬
3. Determination of Structural Form
3.1. Design Strategies
3.2. Selection of The Generic Type of Structure
3.3. Selection of Structural Material

INTRODUCTION
Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬ Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬
Architectural Engineering 3
Architectural Engineering 4
Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011

The Structure The Structure

1.STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS 1.STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS

1.1. DURABILITY 1.3. STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY

Durability of the structure depends entirely in the physical/chemical conditions of the Strength and rigidity are reached by the adequate specification of geometry, size, and the
structural material, and our willingness to continue using the building ( at the end of the material of the structural elements.
lifecycle of a building, it may be demolished) In example, for resisting the same structural load, a steel structural element needs a
smaller cross section than a reinforced concrete element, and this is due to the difference
1.2. STABILITY AND EQUILIBRIUM between the strength of the kind of materials.
When the structure is stable and in equilibrium it resists any load without suffering a major
change of shape or collapsing.

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Architectural Engineering 5
Architectural Engineering 6
(Post grad) Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 (Post grad) Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
10/26/2011 10/26/2011

1
 The Structure The Structure
1.STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS: MORE ABOUT STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS: 1.STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS: MORE ABOUT STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS:
1.4. LOADS: Buildings are subjects of gravity loads (the weight of the building itself and of its contents) 1.4. LOADS: How do loads act on elements?!

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Architectural Engineering 7
Architectural Engineering 8
Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011

The Structure The Structure

1.STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS: MORE ABOUT STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS: 1.STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS: MORE ABOUT STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS:
1.4. LOADS 1.4. LOADS

1.4.1. MATERIALS: Which MATERIALS cope better with loads? 1.4.2. FORMS: Which FORMS cope better with loads?

Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬ Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬
Architectural Engineering 9
Architectural Engineering 10
Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011

The Structure The Structure

2. STRUCTURAL TYPES 2. STRUCTURAL TYPES

1. Structural Requirements
1.1. Durability ‫المتانة والتحمل‬ ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH
1.2. Stability and Equilibrium ‫االستقرار والتوازن‬ VERTICAL ELEMENTS
1.3. Strength and Rigidity ‫القوة والصالبة‬
VERTICAL ELEMENTS
1.4. Loads ‫األحمال‬ SUBJECTS OF COMPRESSION: SUBJECTS OF TENSION:
1.4.1. MATERIALS
1.4.2. FORMS
2. Structure Types POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: TENSILE (MASTED) STRUCTURES
2.1. Post and Beam Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF COMPRESSION)
2.1.1. Load Bearing Walls ‫الحوائط الحاملة‬
2.1.2. Skeleton Frame ‫المنشآت الهيكلية‬ - LOAD BEARING WALLS
2.2. Arches and Vaulted Halls, and Domes ‫األقواس والقبوات والقباب‬ - SKELETON FRAME
2.3. Portal Frames ‫اإلطارات المستوية‬
2.4. Trusses ‫الجمالون‬
2.5. Space Frames ‫األطار الفراغي‬
2.6. Folded Roofs )‫االسطح الخرسانية المطوية ( المتعرجة‬ - ARCHES, VAULTED HALLS, AND DOMES
2.7. Shells ‫المنشآت القشرية‬
2.8. Tensile Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION )
- PORTAL FRAMES
2.8.1. MEMBRANES ‫ذات أغلفة غشائية عضوية أو مصنعة‬ - TRUSSES
2.8.2. MASTED STRUCTURES ‫محمولة على أعمدة‬
- SPACE FRAMES
3. Determination of Structural Form - FOLDED ROOFS
3.1. Design Strategies
3.2. Selection of The Generic Type of Structure - SHELLS
3.3. Selection of Structural Material - MEMBRANES AND TENTS

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Architectural Engineering 11
Architectural Engineering 12
(Post grad) Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 (Post grad) Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
10/26/2011 10/26/2011

2
 The Structure The Structure
2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2.1. Post and Beam Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF COMPRESSION)

1. Structural Requirements
1.1. Durability ‫المتانة والتحمل‬
1.2. Stability and Equilibrium ‫االستقرار والتوازن‬
1.3. Strength and Rigidity ‫القوة والصالبة‬
1.4. Loads ‫األحمال‬
1.4.1. MATERIALS
1.4.2. FORMS
2. Structure Types
2.1. Post and Beam Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF COMPRESSION)
2.1.1. Load Bearing Walls ‫الحوائط الحاملة‬
2.1.2. Skeleton Frame ‫المنشآت الهيكلية‬
2.2. Arches and Vaulted Halls, and Domes ‫األقواس والقبوات والقباب‬
2.3. Portal Frames ‫اإلطارات المستوية‬ Type I
2.4. Trusses ‫الجمالون‬
2.5. Space Frames ‫األطار الفراغي‬
2.6. Folded Roofs )‫االسطح الخرسانية المطوية ( المتعرجة‬
2.7. Shells ‫المنشآت القشرية‬
2.8. Tensile Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION )
2.8.1. MEMBRANES ‫ذات أغلفة غشائية عضوية أو مصنعة‬ TYPE II
2.8.2. MASTED STRUCTURES ‫محمولة على أعمدة‬
3. Determination of Structural Form
3.1. Design Strategies
3.2. Selection of The Generic Type of Structure
3.3. Selection of Structural Material

Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬ Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬
Architectural Engineering 13
Architectural Engineering 14
Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011

The Structure The Structure

2. STRUCTURAL TYPES 2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2.1. Post and Beam Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF COMPRESSION) 2.1. Post and Beam Structures - Load Bearing Walls ‫الحوائط الحاملة‬

Most architectural structures are of the post-and-beam

type.

Post and beam buildings carry the weight of their

structural components
(and the weight of objects and people in them) by
bearing on one another.

The weight of the roof and beams is carried by the

posts down to the foundation and then into the ground.

Horizontal beams are subject to bending loads,

therefore the structural materials should be able of
resisting both tension and
compression.

We can further subdivide the post and beam structures

into:

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Architectural Engineering 15
Architectural Engineering 16
Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011

The Structure The Structure

2. STRUCTURAL TYPES 2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2.1. Post and Beam Structures - Load Bearing Walls ‫الحوائط الحاملة‬ 2.1. Post and Beam Structures - Load Bearing Walls ‫الحوائط الحاملة‬

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Architectural Engineering 17
Architectural Engineering 18
(Post grad) Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 (Post grad) Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
10/26/2011 10/26/2011

3
 The Structure The Structure
2. STRUCTURAL TYPES 2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2.1. Post and Beam Structures - Load Bearing Walls ‫الحوائط الحاملة‬ 2.1. Post and Beam Structures - Load Bearing Walls ‫الحوائط الحاملة‬

Timber Structures for Domestic Buildings Timber Structures for Domestic Buildings

Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬ Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬
Architectural Engineering 19
Architectural Engineering 20
Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011

The Structure The Structure

2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2.1. Post and Beam Structures - Skeleton Frames ‫المنشآت الهيكلية‬

1. Structural Requirements
1.1. Durability ‫المتانة والتحمل‬
1.2. Stability and Equilibrium ‫االستقرار والتوازن‬
1.3. Strength and Rigidity ‫القوة والصالبة‬
1.4. Loads ‫األحمال‬
1.4.1. MATERIALS
1.4.2. FORMS
2. Structure Types
2.1. Post and Beam Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF COMPRESSION)
2.1.1. Load Bearing Walls ‫الحوائط الحاملة‬
2.1.2. Skeleton Frame ‫المنشآت الهيكلية‬
2.2. Arches and Vaulted Halls, and Domes ‫األقواس والقبوات والقباب‬
2.3. Portal Frames ‫اإلطارات المستوية‬
2.4. Trusses ‫الجمالون‬
2.5. Space Frames ‫األطار الفراغي‬
2.6. Folded Roofs )‫االسطح الخرسانية المطوية ( المتعرجة‬
2.7. Shells ‫المنشآت القشرية‬
2.8. Tensile Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION )
2.8.1. MEMBRANES ‫ذات أغلفة غشائية عضوية أو مصنعة‬
2.8.2. MASTED STRUCTURES ‫محمولة على أعمدة‬
3. Determination of Structural Form
3.1. Design Strategies
3.2. Selection of The Generic Type of Structure
3.3. Selection of Structural Material

Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬ Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬
Architectural Engineering 21
Architectural Engineering 22
Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011

The Structure The Structure

2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2.2. Arches and Vaulted Halls, and Domes ‫األقواس والقبوات والقباب‬

1. Structural Requirements
1.1. Durability ‫المتانة والتحمل‬
1.2. Stability and Equilibrium ‫االستقرار والتوازن‬
1.3. Strength and Rigidity ‫القوة والصالبة‬
1.4. Loads ‫األحمال‬
1.4.1. MATERIALS
1.4.2. FORMS
2. Structure Types
2.1. Post and Beam Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF COMPRESSION)
2.1.1. Load Bearing Walls ‫الحوائط الحاملة‬
2.1.2. Skeleton Frame ‫المنشآت الهيكلية‬
2.2. Arches and Vaulted Halls, and Domes ‫األقواس والقبوات والقباب‬
2.3. Portal Frames ‫اإلطارات المستوية‬
2.4. Trusses ‫الجمالون‬
2.5. Space Frames ‫األطار الفراغي‬
2.6. Folded Roofs )‫االسطح الخرسانية المطوية ( المتعرجة‬
2.7. Shells ‫المنشآت القشرية‬
2.8. Tensile Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION )
2.8.1. MEMBRANES ‫ذات أغلفة غشائية عضوية أو مصنعة‬
2.8.2. MASTED STRUCTURES ‫محمولة على أعمدة‬
3. Determination of Structural Form
3.1. Design Strategies
3.2. Selection of The Generic Type of Structure
3.3. Selection of Structural Material

Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬ Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬
Architectural Engineering 23
Architectural Engineering 24
(Post grad) Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 (Post grad) Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
10/26/2011 10/26/2011

4
 The Structure The Structure
2. STRUCTURAL TYPES 2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2.2. Arches and Vaulted Halls, and Domes ‫األقواس والقبوات والقباب‬ 2.2. Arches and Vaulted Halls, and Domes ‫األقواس والقبوات والقباب‬

Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬ Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬
Architectural Engineering 25
Architectural Engineering 26
Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011

The Structure The Structure

2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2.3. Portal Frames ‫اإلطارات المستوية‬

1. Structural Requirements
1.1. Durability ‫المتانة والتحمل‬
1.2. Stability and Equilibrium ‫االستقرار والتوازن‬
1.3. Strength and Rigidity ‫القوة والصالبة‬
1.4. Loads ‫األحمال‬
1.4.1. MATERIALS
1.4.2. FORMS
2. Structure Types
2.1. Post and Beam Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF COMPRESSION)
2.1.1. Load Bearing Walls ‫الحوائط الحاملة‬
2.1.2. Skeleton Frame ‫المنشآت الهيكلية‬
2.2. Arches and Vaulted Halls, and Domes ‫األقواس والقبوات والقباب‬
2.3. Portal Frames ‫اإلطارات المستوية‬
2.4. Trusses ‫الجمالون‬
2.5. Space Frames ‫األطار الفراغي‬
2.6. Folded Roofs )‫االسطح الخرسانية المطوية ( المتعرجة‬
2.7. Shells ‫المنشآت القشرية‬
2.8. Tensile Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION )
2.8.1. MEMBRANES ‫ذات أغلفة غشائية عضوية أو مصنعة‬
2.8.2. MASTED STRUCTURES ‫محمولة على أعمدة‬
3. Determination of Structural Form
3.1. Design Strategies
3.2. Selection of The Generic Type of Structure
3.3. Selection of Structural Material

Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬ Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬
Architectural Engineering 27
Architectural Engineering 28
Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011

The Structure The Structure

2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2.3. Portal Frames ‫اإلطارات المستوية‬

1. Structural Requirements
1.1. Durability ‫المتانة والتحمل‬
1.2. Stability and Equilibrium ‫االستقرار والتوازن‬
1.3. Strength and Rigidity ‫القوة والصالبة‬
1.4. Loads ‫األحمال‬
1.4.1. MATERIALS
1.4.2. FORMS
2. Structure Types
2.1. Post and Beam Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF COMPRESSION)
2.1.1. Load Bearing Walls ‫الحوائط الحاملة‬
2.1.2. Skeleton Frame ‫المنشآت الهيكلية‬
2.2. Arches and Vaulted Halls, and Domes ‫األقواس والقبوات والقباب‬
2.3. Portal Frames ‫اإلطارات المستوية‬
2.4. Trusses ‫الجمالون‬
2.5. Space Frames ‫األطار الفراغي‬
2.6. Folded Roofs )‫االسطح الخرسانية المطوية ( المتعرجة‬
2.7. Shells ‫المنشآت القشرية‬
2.8. Tensile Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION )
2.8.1. MEMBRANES ‫ذات أغلفة غشائية عضوية أو مصنعة‬
2.8.2. MASTED STRUCTURES ‫محمولة على أعمدة‬
3. Determination of Structural Form
3.1. Design Strategies
3.2. Selection of The Generic Type of Structure
3.3. Selection of Structural Material

Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬ Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬
Architectural Engineering 29
Architectural Engineering 30
(Post grad) Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 (Post grad) Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
10/26/2011 10/26/2011

5
 The Structure The Structure
2. STRUCTURAL TYPES 2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2.4. Trusses ‫الجمالونات‬ 2.4. Trusses ‫الجمالونات‬

Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬ Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬
Architectural Engineering 31
Architectural Engineering 32
Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011

The Structure The Structure

2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2.5. Space Frames ‫األطارات الفراغية‬

1. Structural Requirements
1.1. Durability ‫المتانة والتحمل‬
1.2. Stability and Equilibrium ‫االستقرار والتوازن‬
1.3. Strength and Rigidity ‫القوة والصالبة‬
1.4. Loads ‫األحمال‬
1.4.1. MATERIALS
1.4.2. FORMS
2. Structure Types
2.1. Post and Beam Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF COMPRESSION)
2.1.1. Load Bearing Walls ‫الحوائط الحاملة‬
2.1.2. Skeleton Frame ‫المنشآت الهيكلية‬
2.2. Arches and Vaulted Halls, and Domes ‫األقواس والقبوات والقباب‬
2.3. Portal Frames ‫اإلطارات المستوية‬
2.4. Trusses ‫الجمالون‬
2.5. Space Frames ‫األطار الفراغي‬
2.6. Folded Roofs )‫االسطح الخرسانية المطوية ( المتعرجة‬
2.7. Shells ‫المنشآت القشرية‬
2.8. Tensile Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION )
2.8.1. MEMBRANES ‫ذات أغلفة غشائية عضوية أو مصنعة‬
2.8.2. MASTED STRUCTURES ‫محمولة على أعمدة‬
3. Determination of Structural Form
3.1. Design Strategies
3.2. Selection of The Generic Type of Structure
3.3. Selection of Structural Material

Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬ Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬
Architectural Engineering 33
Architectural Engineering 34
Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011

The Structure The Structure

2. STRUCTURAL TYPES 2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2.5. Space Frames ‫األطارات الفراغية‬ 2.5. Space Frames ‫األطارات الفراغية‬

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Architectural Engineering 35
Architectural Engineering 36
(Post grad) Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 (Post grad) Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
10/26/2011 10/26/2011

6
 LECTURE II: Advanced Structural Systems LECTURE II: Advanced Structural Systems
Space Grid Structures Space Grid Structures
 Probably the earliest examples of what we now commonly call space frames or space  Konrad Wachsmann (1901–80) Architect Konrad Wachsmann was
grids (light, strong, three-dimensional, mass-produced, modular structures) were born to Jewish parents in Frankfurt
developed by the inventor of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922).
was appointed in 1959 to
develop a space grid system
for large span aircraft hangars,
for the US Air Force.
Early  The brief demanded great
experimental flexibility in construction,
space grid
structure
geometry and building type,
developed by whilst also asking that the
Alexander components should be
Graham Konrad Wachsmann’s universal connector made from
Bell in the first demountable and reusable in a combination of four standard die forged elements
decade of the 20th the same or other which allowed up to twenty tubular members to be
century connected at each joint
configurations.
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Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011

LECTURE II: Advanced Structural Systems LECTURE II: Advanced Structural Systems
Space Grid Structures: Konrad Wachsmann Space Grid Structures

"… the young architect Konrad Wachsmann Wachsmann’s system

incorporated a relatively
began his journey in Niesky, Lower Silesia to complicated universal
Berlin intending to build a house for the great connector made from a
physicist Albert Einstein." combination of four
standard die forged (heated
to a plastic state prior to being
From (Albert Einstein in the World Wide Web: www.einstein-website.de) processed) elements which
allowed up to twenty Konrad Wachsmann’s universal connector made from
a combination of four standard die forged elements
tubular members to be which allowed up to twenty tubular members to be
connected at each joint. connected at each joint

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Architectural Engineering 39
Architectural Engineering 40
Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011

The Structure The Structure

2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2.6. Folded Roofs )‫األسطح الخرسانية المطوية (المتعرجة‬

1. Structural Requirements
1.1. Durability ‫المتانة والتحمل‬
1.2. Stability and Equilibrium ‫االستقرار والتوازن‬
1.3. Strength and Rigidity ‫القوة والصالبة‬
1.4. Loads ‫األحمال‬
1.4.1. MATERIALS
1.4.2. FORMS
2. Structure Types
2.1. Post and Beam Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF COMPRESSION)
2.1.1. Load Bearing Walls ‫الحوائط الحاملة‬
2.1.2. Skeleton Frame ‫المنشآت الهيكلية‬
2.2. Arches and Vaulted Halls, and Domes ‫األقواس والقبوات والقباب‬
2.3. Portal Frames ‫اإلطارات المستوية‬
2.4. Trusses ‫الجمالون‬
2.5. Space Frames ‫األطار الفراغي‬
2.6. Folded Roofs )‫األسطح الخرسانية المطوية (المتعرجة‬
2.7. Shells ‫المنشآت القشرية‬
2.8. Tensile Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION )
2.8.1. MEMBRANES ‫ذات أغلفة غشائية عضوية أو مصنعة‬
2.8.2. MASTED STRUCTURES ‫محمولة على أعمدة‬
3. Determination of Structural Form
3.1. Design Strategies
3.2. Selection of The Generic Type of Structure
3.3. Selection of Structural Material

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Architectural Engineering 41
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(Post grad) Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 (Post grad) Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
10/26/2011 10/26/2011

7
 The Structure The Structure
2. STRUCTURAL TYPES 2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2.6. Folded Roofs )‫األسطح الخرسانية المطوية (المتعرجة‬ 2.6. Folded Roofs )‫األسطح الخرسانية المطوية (المتعرجة‬

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Architectural Engineering 43
Architectural Engineering 44
Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011

The Structure The Structure

2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2.7. Shells ‫المنشآت القشرية‬

1. Structural Requirements
1.1. Durability ‫المتانة والتحمل‬
1.2. Stability and Equilibrium ‫االستقرار والتوازن‬
1.3. Strength and Rigidity ‫القوة والصالبة‬
1.4. Loads ‫األحمال‬
1.4.1. MATERIALS
1.4.2. FORMS
2. Structure Types
2.1. Post and Beam Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF COMPRESSION)
2.1.1. Load Bearing Walls ‫الحوائط الحاملة‬
2.1.2. Skeleton Frame ‫المنشآت الهيكلية‬
2.2. Arches and Vaulted Halls, and Domes ‫األقواس والقبوات والقباب‬
2.3. Portal Frames ‫اإلطارات المستوية‬
2.4. Trusses ‫الجمالون‬
2.5. Space Frames ‫األطار الفراغي‬
2.6. Folded Roofs )‫االسطح الخرسانية المطوية ( المتعرجة‬
2.7. Shells ‫المنشآت القشرية‬
2.8. Tensile Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION )
2.8.1. MEMBRANES ‫ذات أغلفة غشائية عضوية أو مصنعة‬
2.8.2. MASTED STRUCTURES ‫محمولة على أعمدة‬
3. Determination of Structural Form
3.1. Design Strategies
3.2. Selection of The Generic Type of Structure
3.3. Selection of Structural Material

Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬ Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬
Architectural Engineering 45
Architectural Engineering 46
Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011

The Structure The Structure

2. STRUCTURAL TYPES 2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2.7. Shells ‫المنشآت القشرية‬ 2.7. Shells ‫المنشآت القشرية‬

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Architectural Engineering 47
Architectural Engineering 48
(Post grad) Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 (Post grad) Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
10/26/2011 10/26/2011

8
 The Structure The Structure
2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2.8. Tensile Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION )

1. Structural Requirements
1.1. Durability ‫المتانة والتحمل‬
1.2. Stability and Equilibrium ‫االستقرار والتوازن‬
1.3. Strength and Rigidity ‫القوة والصالبة‬
1.4. Loads ‫األحمال‬
1.4.1. MATERIALS
1.4.2. FORMS
2. Structure Types
2.1. Post and Beam Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF COMPRESSION)
2.1.1. Load Bearing Walls ‫الحوائط الحاملة‬
2.1.2. Skeleton Frame ‫المنشآت الهيكلية‬
2.2. Arches and Vaulted Halls, and Domes ‫األقواس والقبوات والقباب‬
2.3. Portal Frames ‫اإلطارات المستوية‬
2.4. Trusses ‫الجمالون‬
2.5. Space Frames ‫األطار الفراغي‬
2.6. Folded Roofs )‫االسطح الخرسانية المطوية ( المتعرجة‬
2.7. Shells ‫المنشآت القشرية‬
2.8. Tensile Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION )
2.8.1. MEMBRANES ‫ذات أغلفة غشائية عضوية أو مصنعة‬
2.8.2. MASTED STRUCTURES ‫محمولة على أعمدة‬
3. Determination of Structural Form
3.1. Design Strategies
3.2. Selection of The Generic Type of Structure
3.3. Selection of Structural Material

Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬ Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬
Architectural Engineering 49
Architectural Engineering 50
Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011

The Structure The Structure

2. STRUCTURAL TYPES 2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2.8. Tensile Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION )
2.8.1. Membranes ‫ذات أغلفة غشائية عضوية أو مصنعة‬
1. Structural Requirements
1.1. Durability ‫المتانة والتحمل‬
1.2. Stability and Equilibrium ‫االستقرار والتوازن‬
1.3. Strength and Rigidity ‫القوة والصالبة‬
1.4. Loads ‫األحمال‬
1.4.1. MATERIALS
1.4.2. FORMS
2. Structure Types
2.1. Post and Beam Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF COMPRESSION)
2.1.1. Load Bearing Walls ‫الحوائط الحاملة‬
2.1.2. Skeleton Frame ‫المنشآت الهيكلية‬
2.2. Arches and Vaulted Halls, and Domes ‫األقواس والقبوات والقباب‬
2.3. Portal Frames ‫اإلطارات المستوية‬
2.4. Trusses ‫الجمالون‬
2.5. Space Frames ‫األطار الفراغي‬
2.6. Folded Roofs )‫االسطح الخرسانية المطوية ( المتعرجة‬
2.7. Shells ‫المنشآت القشرية‬
2.8. Tensile Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION )
2.8.1. MEMBRANES ‫ذات أغلفة غشائية عضوية أو مصنعة‬
2.8.2. MASTED STRUCTURES ‫محمولة على أعمدة‬
3. Determination of Structural Form
3.1. Design Strategies
3.2. Selection of The Generic Type of Structure
3.3. Selection of Structural Material

Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬ Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬
Architectural Engineering 51
Architectural Engineering 52
Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011

The Structure The Structure

2. STRUCTURAL TYPES 2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2.8. Tensile Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION ) 2.8. Tensile Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION )
2.8.1. Membranes ‫ذات أغلفة غشائية عضوية أو مصنعة‬ 2.8.1. Membranes ‫ذات أغلفة غشائية عضوية أو مصنعة‬

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Architectural Engineering 53
Architectural Engineering 54
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9
 The Structure The Structure
2. STRUCTURAL TYPES 2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2.8. Tensile Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION )
2.8.2. Masted Structures ‫محمولة على أعمدة‬
1. Structural Requirements
1.1. Durability ‫المتانة والتحمل‬
1.2. Stability and Equilibrium ‫االستقرار والتوازن‬
1.3. Strength and Rigidity ‫القوة والصالبة‬
1.4. Loads ‫األحمال‬
1.4.1. MATERIALS
1.4.2. FORMS
2. Structure Types
2.1. Post and Beam Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF COMPRESSION)
2.1.1. Load Bearing Walls ‫الحوائط الحاملة‬
2.1.2. Skeleton Frame ‫المنشآت الهيكلية‬
2.2. Arches and Vaulted Halls, and Domes ‫األقواس والقبوات والقباب‬
2.3. Portal Frames ‫اإلطارات المستوية‬
2.4. Trusses ‫الجمالون‬
2.5. Space Frames ‫األطار الفراغي‬
2.6. Folded Roofs )‫االسطح الخرسانية المطوية ( المتعرجة‬
2.7. Shells ‫المنشآت القشرية‬
2.8. Tensile Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION )
2.8.1. MEMBRANES ‫ذات أغلفة غشائية عضوية أو مصنعة‬
2.8.2. MASTED STRUCTURES ‫محمولة على أعمدة‬
3. Determination of Structural Form
3.1. Design Strategies
3.2. Selection of The Generic Type of Structure
3.3. Selection of Structural Material

Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬ Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬
Architectural Engineering 55
Architectural Engineering 56
Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011

The Structure The Structure

2. STRUCTURAL TYPES 2. STRUCTURAL TYPES
2.8. Tensile Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION ) 2.8. Tensile Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION )
2.8.2. Masted Structures ‫محمولة على أعمدة‬ 2.8.2. Masted Structures ‫محمولة على أعمدة‬

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Architectural Engineering 57
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(Post grad) 10/26/2011
(Post grad) 10/26/2011

Lecture I: The STRUCTURE Lecture I: Sample Exam Questions

1. Structural Requirements
1.1. Durability ‫المتانة والتحمل‬
1.2. Stability and Equilibrium ‫االستقرار والتوازن‬
1.3. Strength and Rigidity ‫القوة والصالبة‬
1.4. Loads ‫األحمال‬
1.4.1. MATERIALS
1.4.2. FORMS
2. Structure Types
2.1. Post and Beam Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF COMPRESSION)
2.1.1. Load Bearing Walls ‫الحوائط الحاملة‬
2.1.2. Skeleton Frame ‫المنشآت الهيكلية‬
2.2. Arches and Vaulted Halls, and Domes ‫األقواس والقبوات والقباب‬
2.3. Portal Frames ‫اإلطارات المستوية‬
2.4. Trusses ‫الجمالون‬
2.5. Space Frames ‫األطار الفراغي‬
2.6. Folded Roofs )‫االسطح الخرسانية المطوية ( المتعرجة‬
2.7. Shells ‫المنشآت القشرية‬
2.8. Tensile Structures (ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION )
2.8.1. MEMBRANES ‫ذات أغلفة غشائية عضوية أو مصنعة‬
2.8.2. MASTED STRUCTURES ‫محمولة على أعمدة‬
3. Determination of Structural Form
3.1. Design Strategies
3.2. Selection of The Generic Type of Structure
3.3. Selection of Structural Material

Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬ Department of Advanced Structural Systems & Arch Technology ‫نظم إنشاء متطورة‬
Architectural Engineering 59
Architectural Engineering 60
(Post grad) Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011 (Post grad) Dr. Sherief A. Sheta, 2011
10/26/2011 10/26/2011

10