PAT 409

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF WIND LOADING

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 ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF WIND LOAD

Course Content:
IDENTIFY the factors in wind speed and loading.
DISCUSS the current technology of wind tunnel testing for
high-rise building model.
ANALYSE the structural response due to wind loading
including sliding, overturning and torsion or twisting.
DESIGN the wind load for highrise building according to
MS1553.

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 CONTENTS

Part 1: Introduction - Wind Loads

Part 2: MS1553; 2002, Code of Practice

on Wind Loading for Building Structures
& Examples

Part 3: Examples

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 PART 1: INTRODUCTION

Design wind pressure at the

top of the tower were 19%
lower than they should have
been.

Ferrybridge Cooling Tower, UK (1965)

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NATURAL DISASTER DUE TO WIND
STORM

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 WIND STORM: TOP 10 NATURAL
DISASTER AFFECTED MALAYSIA

26 December 1996, Sabah - killed 270 people in.

12 February 1999, Kuala Lumpur- Several houses and buildings
structures has damaged and destroyed by wind. Loses are estimated
more than RM 250,000.
16 August 2004, Bukit Mertajam, Seberang Perai- Twenty vehicles
damage because roof apartment falling down
28 August, Penang- Windstorm caused serious damaged to 25 houses
but also injured people.
6 November 2004, wind storm has induced 40000 people affected in
east cost of Peninsular Malaysia.
19 February 2005, Sungai Siput. Perak -38 numbers of house damaged
due to windstorm.

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STRONG WIND EVENTS IN MALAYSIA

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 STRUCTURAL LOAD
Structural loads are forces, deformation or acceleration
applied to a structure or it components

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 TYPES OF LOAD

1. Dead Load - loads are relatively constant over time.

- also known as permanent or static loads

2. Live Load - dynamic or impose or moving loads, temporary of

short duration.
- Consideration: impact, momentum, vibration, slosh dynamic of
fluid

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 TYPES OF LOAD

The building materials impose dead loads (fixed, vertical)

The occupants and contents impose live loads (variable,
mostly vertical)
Wind and earthquake impose live loads (variable, mostly
horizontal)

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 LOAD DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

All types of loads can be considered as:

vertical load
lateral load
Vertical loads transfer through:
Bearing wall
Column
Core
Diagonal frame
Lateral loads transfer through
Shear wall
Slab core
Beam Core/Column
Diagonal Frame

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 WIND LOAD

Wind load has the ability to bring a building to sway.

Involve both pressure and suction.
Important for tall buildings
But also important for low buildings - bracing purposes
Wind velocity increases with the increase of height

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VARIATION OF WIND LOAD WITH THE
VARIATION OF FORMS

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 WIND LOADS ON BUILDINGS

Pressure on the windward face

Suction on other faces
Suction on low-pitched roofs - < 300
Buildings need bracing and tying- down
Wind can come from any direction

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WIND LOADS ON BUILDINGS

may need to weigh down roof

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 WIND LOADS ON BUILDINGS

Wind tends to overturn a tall building

Acts as a vertical cantilever

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 FACTORS IN WIND SPEEDS

General wind speed in the region (8 - 20 m/s) - pressure varies

with square of the speed
Local topography affects wind patterns
wind speed increases with altitude
wind speed decrease with terrain roughness

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 FACTORS IN WIND SPEEDS

Shelter from anything permanent will reduce loads

Shape of building affects loads (Box vs streamlined)

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 WIND LOADS ON ELEMENTS

Min wind pressure in MS1553 = 0.65 kPa

Wind Force = Multiply by the area exposed to wind

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 WIND LOADS

Dependent on the geographical location, height, type of

surrounding physical environment, shape and size of
building as well as many other factors.
Although exact prediction of the wind load magnitude on a
building is not possible, various building codes provide a
very clear and conservative method for designing for wind
loads.
Wind and earthquake loads are applied as lateral or
horizontal forces on the building.

Earthquake loads:
are highly unpredictable and their analysis is based on dynamic
and probabilistic methods. However, most building structures are
designed based on codes, which have provision for resisting
moderate earthquake without structural damage and resisting
major earthquake without collapse.

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 STRUCTURAL RESPONSE

Deflection
All structures experience stress and undergo a limited
amount of deflection when subjected to loading. A structure’s
deflection under the dead load is only in the vertical direction
with no lateral deflection at all. vertical deflection can
be in the form of bending in the horizontal spanning
members such as beams and slabs and shortening of
vertical load bearing members such as columns and walls.

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 STRUCTURAL RESPONSE

Deflection (continue)
When the live load is added to the structure, the produced
stresses and the resulted deflections become much higher.
The horizontal loads such as wind load and earthquake
loads can produce large lateral displacement of the
overall structure, which in turn will result in deformation
of structural members locally.
Excessive deflections are undesirable in a building because
they can result in damage of the building components and
create structural problems. Deflection limits imposed by
various building codes. These limits are based on the load
types and the structural member.

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 STRUCTURAL RESPONSE

Overall Structural Stability

If the structure or its foundation is not properly designed or
constructed the overall structural system can lose balance and
fail.
This failure can result in:
1.Sliding
2.Overturning
3.Member Failure

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 TYPES OF FAILURES

1. Sliding
Sliding is mostly due to the effect of lateral forces on
inadequately designed foundation systems.
If a structure’s foundation is not large enough to withstand
lateral forces or if the structure and its foundation do not
interact sufficiently, under extreme loads the overall structure
will move as a complete unit resulting in severe structural
damage to the building.
To prevent sliding the foundation must be placed over a wide
area or pile foundations can be used.

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 TYPES OF FAILURES

2. Overturning
Usually due to the effect of lateral forces, however in some
cases the gravity forces can set the structure out of balance
and create failure.
Overturning is a structural failure that is normally associated
with tall and slender buildings with relatively small
foundations.
In most cases a well-designed, large and rigid foundation can
provide the required resistance for balancing the loads and
assuring safety against overturning.

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 TYPES OF FAILURES

3. Members failure
The existing member failed to carry the load/burden.

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 TYPES OF FAILURES

Torsion or Twisting:
most likely induced by the action of lateral forces, like wind and
earthquake load, although gravity load can be a problem if the
structure is not properly designed.
The lateral forces acting as couples at the base of the structure
create a twisting motion, which is called torsion.
The torsion failure is significantly more of a problem for non-
symmetrical structure in which the centre of gravity of the
structure does not coincide with the centre of mass.
In seismic regions uniform distribution of structural elements
like floors, walls, and columns is highly recommended.

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 Structural Responses in
Types of Failures
Preventing Failures

Overturning/Sliding Wide Heavy Footings/Piles

Lateral
Cross Bracing/Rigid Connection/
Racking/Twisting or
Shear Walls
Torsion

Members Failure Member Sizing

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 TYPES OF FAILURES

Sliding/Overturning Preventing failures

Wind or Earthquake Forces

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 TYPES OF FAILURES

Lateral Preventing failures

Racking/Twisting/Torsion

Gravity Loads
Wind or Earthquake
Forces

Bracing: structural element for

Shear wall: Vertical diaphragm or wall
positioning, supporting, strengthening
acting as a thin, deep cantilever beam in
or restraining the member of a structural
loads to the ground foundation.
frame.
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 TYPES OF FAILURES

Member Failures Preventing failures

Gravity Loads

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 LIMITATIONS OF CODES

Not consider tornadoes and typhoons

Covers only building +- 200m high
Structures with roof spans less than 100m
Not off-shore structures, bridges and transmission towers

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 WIND TUNNEL TESTING

Current technology is based on simulating boundary-layer

(synoptic) wind profiles
Modelled building + surrounding structures + topography
are geometrically similar to full scale
Instrumentations are consistent with the required
measurement
Less effect of terrain and topography

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 WIND TUNNEL TESTING :
450 KW WIND TUNNEL

UBN Complex
Kuala Lumpur 1982
Aeroelastic test

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 WIND TUNNEL TESTING :
450 KW WIND TUNNEL

Menara MPPJ
Petaling Jaya 1983
Aeroelastic Test
Cladding pressure

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 WIND TUNNEL TESTING :
450 KW WIND TUNNEL

Meara Safuan
Kuala Lumpur 1984
Aeroelastic test
Cladding pressure
environmental wind
study

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 WIND TUNNEL TESTING :
1 MW WIND TUNNEL

Penang stadium
1997-1998
Aeroelastic
pressure study with
correlations (effective
static wind loads)

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 WIND TUNNEL TESTING :
450 KW WIND TUNNEL

Batang Baram
Bridge
Sarawak
1997
section model test

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 WIND TUNNEL TESTING :
1 MW WIND TUNNEL

Batang Baram
Bridge
Sarawak
1997
aeroelastic model
of full bridge and
erection stages

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 WIND TUNNEL TESTING :
450 KW WIND TUNNEL

University Teknologi
Petronas (UTP)
Troth 1999
cladding pressure
area-average pressure

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 WIND TUNNEL TESTING AT NUS

Meara Taming Sari

Melaka, 2003
cladding pressure
aeroelastic

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 SUMMARY

Not all extreme winds are boundary-layer winds

Thunderstorm downburst winds are dominant contributor to
extreme winds in equatorial climates near ground level
Synoptic winds may be dominant at greater heights - tall
buildings
Storm types must be separated in extreme value analysis
Full-scale measurements of vertical and horizontal profiles
in downbursts are required
Potential for laboratory and numerical simulation of flow
over buildings, topography

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VIDEO 1

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ULTRASONIC WIND SENSOR

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 Telecom Tower,
Seberang Jaya

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MALAYSIAN STANDARD MS 1553:2002

Malaysia has developed their code of practice MS

1553:2002 on wind loading for building structure.
MS: 1553:2002 has been base from Australia Standard
AS 1170.2 based on similarity of wind climate
(Sundaraj, 2002).
The code was developed using 23 meteorological all
over Malaysia and the basic wind speed for Malaysia
was established.
In year 2002 under research grant of wind profile study,
three ultrasonic wind sensors were installed in
Seberang Jaya Telecommunication Tower

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EFFECT OF WIND LOADING BUILDING

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WHAT WILL HAPPEN?

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 WIND LOADS

The most common lateral load considered in

building design is wind load.
Wind load vary in intensity depending on the
building's geographic location, elevation, degree of
exposure, relationship to nearby structures, building
height, size and shape.
The dynamic effect of wind load is usually analyzed
as an equivalent static load in most small and
moderate-sized buildings.

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 WIND LOADS

Wind against a building may builds up positive and

negative pressures on the windward and leeward
sides of the structure. Winds can apply loads to
structures from unexpected directions.

Wind loads have become particularly significant

because of the increasing number of high-rise
buildings.

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