5/25/2016

What we will learn

CE-611
project Planning • Be able to understand the different types of schedules in
& control construction and how to select when each is implemented.
• Understand the difference between scheduling and planning.
• Distinguish who needs scheduling
CHAPTER 1 - Introduction to • Be able to understand the concept of “Work Breakdown Structure”.
Scheduling & Project Planning
Professor Hanna

Scheduling? The who, what and why Scheduling

Scheduling is one of the most important parts of construction, why?

• Schedules let us initiate a plan (What?) • Scheduling - Determining the time needed for each of the
planned tasks and the overall length of the project schedule.
• Plan resources (How?)
• Calculate times (When?)
• Plan Work (Whom?) • Planning – Determining why a project is needed and for
• On Schedule and Under Budget = Successful Project! (Why?) whom and for how much
• Or developing a way to perform an activity

How do we create a schedule?

• The schedule consists of tasks that must be performed to
complete the project.
• Most projects for which formal schedules are used are defined with • The schedule is dominated by
hundreds or thousands of activities verbs—things to do—tasks.
• It is important that the logic be carefully laid out and that all • Most parties in the construction process
important tasks are included in the schedule. can benefit from making use of CPM
• It is important to leave enough contingency to allow for weather, as a routine element of the
permitting, material deliveries, and other potential delays. management of all of their projects

The purpose of every schedule is to plan a job

and perform it without delays.

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Who needs scheduling? Who needs scheduling?

struction is the Note: A moratorium in construction is the
not be performed time when an activity can not be performed
or example when • The Owner: To ensure that the job is constructedper
within a specific
contract regulations. For example when
shington Bridge a time. To reduce delays and open “shop” to beginworking
earningon$the
on George
their Washington Bridge a
e will be 6:00 am investment. moratorium for lane closure will be 6:00 am
er activities can be to 8:00 pm week days (other activities can be Owner
• The Contractor: To show progress, ensure work done is a timely
done during that time).
manner and get paid.
• The Engineers: To prepare inspections at a timely manner, determine
duration of activities, ensure contract end date is being met, and to
make progress payments, etc.

Contractor Engineer

Types of Schedules Critical path method (CPM)

• Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) • -Shortest Possible Time to Completion

• Critical Path Method (CPM) • Does not include every activity
• The arrow diagramming method (ADM) • Critical activities have the shortest duration and no float*
• The Resulted program evaluation review technique (PERT).

• *We will learn about float soon!

You already used CPM you just didn’t

Example of a critical path for a house. know it.
• Lets look at a CPM for an Undergraduate Civil
• 1st Clear Jobsite.
Engineer (Green) anything in green is not part of
• 2nd Excavate for the foundations.
the Critical Path since the classes can be taken at
• 3rd Place forms and rebar for continuous foundation
any point. If the classes are not taken until
• 4th Pour Concrete.
Design II is completed then they become part of
• 5th Let concrete cure
the CPM (more of that to follow on the next
weeks).
• 6th Backfill excavation.
• 7th Place masonry for home
Fluid
Install Mechanics
Seepage
Pits
Strength
Structural Steel Concrete
Form & Pour Curing Statics of Design I Design II
Clearing Excavation Backfill Masonry Analysis Design Design
Rebar Concrete Period Materials

Humanities Humanities
Elective Elective
Level I Level II

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You already used CPM you just didn’t

know it. How do you create a CPM?
• How do we know when we will graduate if we • By definition in order to create a CPM you need to have all the
don’t know our CPM? As in construction, CPM activities for a jobsite, right?
analysis are suggested prior to commencing • How do you come up with activities? Most people would think that it
work. is convenient to start with the first activity of a job and list each
activity one by one until you are done...This is not a good approach
• CPM allows the user to examine the trade-off for complex jobs since you will omit some activities from the
between the time & cost required for a project schedule. So what do you do? These omissions can become costly!
which will save money (more on this on the next
weeks)
• By accurately monitoring project status, decisions
can be made regularly about schedule viability
and changes to it as required.

You Start with a WBS How to develop a WBS

• Developing the WBS begins with the definition of the major
systems or components of a project.
• A Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) will allow you to develop a
schedule without the omission of any major tasks • Each system is defined in greater and greater detail until there
exists a discrete or measurable piece of
• A WBS is a systematic way to describe components of a schedule, work and a single responsibility—work packages
though it is not a schedule. This means that you create a WBS to
determine the activities of a project and then you can put them in a • Work packages can be viewed as mini projects
schedule in a logical sequence. All the work that will go into the that are contained within the entire project.
schedule must be developed in the WBS.
• See Page 11!

A simple WBS Lets understand the “Work Breakdown

Structure” on the previous page
As you saw we separated the Project/Schedule in “groups” (you
breakdown the work) and then each group can be subdivided as required.
For example the “site work” can be divided into grading, installation of
storm and sewer utilities, curbing, concrete flatworks, and paving.

Creating a WBS will prevent you from omitting any activities

As you can see the graph represents the work that shall
be performed.

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Lecture break CE-611

What do we know so far?
project Planning
• Why do we Schedule.
• Who uses Schedules. & control
• Critical Path Method (the shortest possible time for a construction)
Lesson #1- Introduction to Scheduling & Project
• WBS created to track major activities
Planning
PART 2

Professor Hanna

The second part of the lecture. Scheduling vs Planning.

• The planning portion of a construction project relates to

• Scheduling vs Planning developing the logic of how a project will be constructed.
• Duration vs Event. • The Scheduling consists of integrating that
• This part of the lecture will focus on the difference types of plan with a calendar or specific time frame.
schedules we have and when we choose which to use.
They are both independent and key for a jobsite to be successful

Duration vs. Event We all schedule

An event is the point in time, or an instant • Scheduling consists of determining the time needed
at which the status of completion of a project or activity can for each of the planned tasks and the overall length
be defined. For example “Concrete cured” or “Project of the project schedule
completed”. These events do not consume time but merely
describe the project status at one point. • We all schedule on a daily basis, from how long it
The duration of an activity is the time that will be consumed will take to drive to school or work to how long it
in completing a task. will take you to graduate.
• How do we schedule in estimating

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Scheduling in Construction Bar Diagrams vs Network Diagrams

• Scheduling and planning begins during

estimating. How long it will take you to prepare • Used for Complex Schedules (most construction jobsites benefit
and submit a bid and how long it will take for you from this type of schedules).
to finish the job. • You should be able to draw them by hand since a courtier may
not be heady in the field. If you are at a meeting and need to
• Most construction bids require a preliminary draw one I want you to be able to do it neatly by hand.
schedule to complete the project.
• It is important to understand that schedules
always change!

Bar Diagrams Network Diagrams

Bar Charts
Scheduling in construction • Henry Gantt developed a method of relating
a list of activities to a timescale in a very
• Depending on the project different tools can be used for effective manner, by drawing bar charts.
scheduling the most common ones are Bar charts and
Scheduling Networks.
• Bar Charts are very simple to use and a great tool for simple
schedules. Bar Charts lack the ability to be used in more
complex schedules.
• Scheduling Networks are great for complex schedules but
not as easy to use.

Pros of Bar Charts Cons of Bar Charts

• Very simple to use. • Limited for Complex schedules (we will see this in the
future classes).
• Easy to read and obtain the necessary information • Do not show dependencies between activities (when one
from them. activity begins and ends its easy to see but time delays and
• Bar charts are the most popular means by which others are hard to explain)
scheduling information is communicated in the • In construction things happen that make you change your
construction industry for simple projects! schedule, in Bar Charts changes are not easily made.

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Scheduling Networks Scheduling Networks

• What do you do when bar charts can not be used? (Large projects) • The advantage of Scheduling Networks is the ability to see the CPM
• You create a scheduling network! (most used scheduling technique in (Critical Path Method).
large jobsites) • How do we see the CPM on a Critical Path Method? Its simply shown
• Each activity is assigned duration; calculations through the network with arrows, which is also called the Activity-on-Arrow or Arrow
provide a single, specific duration for the project as a whole Diagram.
• It is important to recognize the distinction between duration and event. • The alternative approach is Activity-on-Node
(A-on-N), referred to as the Precedence technique
• We will doing more of this in the future classes!

How to Download free NJIT software

1. This is 100% legal so don’t worry, NJIT has a lot of software for students.
2. It makes a difference if you are on campus or not but you can download
them either way.
3. http://ist.njit.edu/software/download.php
4. If you are in campus you don’t need to do anything else but select the
software.
5. Software can be downloaded and installed on your local machine. Titles
vary by platform, and license terms vary by vendor and depend on your
role at the university (e.g. student, faculty, researcher or staff
member).If downloading software while off-campus, you must
use Virtual Private Network software (VPN ). You also must have a valid
UCID and UCID Password to download software licensed by NJIT.
6. Please try this before next week’s class and let me know if you have any
issues.