 Biot-Savart Law

 The direction of magnetic field (B)

 Magnetic force between two or more parallel
conductors
 Ampere’s Law
 Application to Ampere’s Law

Lecturer:
Dr. Ewe Lay Sheng
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Ways to calculate electric field (E)
 Coulomb’s law
E = F/q E = kq/r2

 Gauss’s law
Φ = EAcos Φ= q/εo

EAcos =q/εo
Ways to calculate magnetic field (B)
 Biot-Savart Law
 Ampere’s Law

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 Biot-Savart Law says that if a wire carries a steady
current I, the magnetic field dB at a point P
associated with an element of the wire dL has the
following properties.

r
I

dL   dB  dB 
r
I  dB  r  1/dB

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A current flowing through a wire is equivalent to a
collection of electrons moving with a certain
velocity along the direction of the wire.
 Each of the moving electrons produces a magnetic
field.
 Consider a small segment of the wire with a length
dL (see Figure above).
 At any given time, a charge dq will be located in this
segment.
 The magnetic field, dB, generated by this charge at
point P is equal to

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5
 p
r
1
a 2
-x +x
dL I

Bp= (µoI / 4a ) [cos 1 – cos 2] -------(1)

For infinite long straight wire

B= µoI / 2a --------------------(2)

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 r
P dBx
x
x
dB
dBy

Bx= µo I R2 / 4(x2 + R2)3/2 ------------(3)

where R = radius of the circular loop

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 dL
I
R

B = (µoI / 4R2 ) [L]

= (µoI / 4R2 ) [R]
= (µoI / 4R) [] ----------------(4)
Full circle, = 2
B = (µoI / 4R) [2] = (µoI / 2R) ----(5)
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The direction of the
force from fig here
is toward wire 1 for
diagram 1 and
toward wire 2 for
diagram 2.

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 I1 I2
a
 Given two long straight parallel wires separated by
a distance a and carrying currents I1 and I2 in the
same direction, let’s find the force each exerts on
the other. The force on a length L of wire 1 is
given by
F1 = I1LB2
 Where B2 is the magnetic field produced by wire 2
at the site of wire 1. But this magnetic field is
given by

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 Note that if the two currents are in opposite
directions in the two parallel wires, then the
magnitude of the force remains the same, but the
direction becomes mutually repulsive.

Examples
 Find the magnitude and direction of magnetic force
on 3 m long wire 2 carries a current 3 A into the
page.
5A X X • 6A
4 cm 6 cm
1 2 3

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1 5A
•
Example
4 cm  Find the magnitude and

2 direction of magnetic
•

4A force on 3 m long wire 2

that carries a current 4 A
6 cm out of the page.
X

3 3A

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 Two long, parallel conductors carry currents I1 =
3.00 A and I2 = 3.00 A, both directed into the page in
Figure below. Determine the magnitude and
direction of the resultant magnetic field at P.

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 B
Iinto
r

 The magnetic field at a distance r from a very long

straight wire, carrying a steady current Iinto, has a
magnitude equal to
 The direction of B always perpendicular to r and I.
 The path integral along a circle centered on the wire
(see Figure above) is equal to

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 This expression is Ampere's Law
 The integral of B around any closed mathematical
path equals u0 times the current intercepted by the
area spanning the path.
What is permeability? u0
 permeability is the measure of the ability of a
material to support the formation of a magnetic field
within itself.
 In other words, it is the degree of magnetization that
a material obtains in response to an applied magnetic
field.
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 Ampere's Law states that for any closed loop path,
the sum of the length elements times the magnetic
field in the direction of the length element is equal to
the permeability times the electric current enclosed in
the loop.
 In electric case, we can use Gauss's Law for
calculating electric fields. In magnetic case, we can
use Ampere’s Law to calculate magnetic field.

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 We can use a long straight coil of wire to generate a
nearly uniform magnetic field similar to that of a bar
magnet.
 Such coils, called solenoids, have an enormous
number of practical applications.
 The field can be greatly strengthened by the addition
of an iron core. Such cores are typical in
electromagnets.

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 1

2 3

B4

µo= 4 x 10-7 T/Am

n = the number of turns per unit length = N/ l

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 Finding
the magnetic field inside a toroid is a good
example of the power of Ampere's law.

 The
current enclosed by the dashed line is just the
number of loops times the current in each loop.

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 Amperes law then gives the magnetic field by

 All the loops of wire, which make up a toroid

contribute magnetic field in the same direction
inside the toroid.
 The sense of the magnetic field is that given by the
right hand rule, and a more detailed visualization of
the field of each loop can be obtained by examining
the field of a single current loop.

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 The magnetic field lines around a long wire which
carries an electric current form concentric circles
around the wire.
 The direction of the magnetic field is
perpendicular to the wire and is in the direction the
fingers of your right hand would curl if you
wrapped them around the wire with your thumb in
the direction of the current.

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 The magnetic field of an infinitely long straight wire
can be obtained by applying Ampere's law. Ampere's
law takes the form

 And for a circular path centered on the wire, the

magnetic field is everywhere parallel/along to the
path. The summation then becomes just

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31. What current is required in the windings of a long
solenoid that has 1 000 turns uniformly distributed over a
length of 0.400 m, to produce at the center of the solenoid
a magnetic field of magnitude 1.00 10–4 T?

33. A single-turn square loop of wire, 2.00 cm on each

edge, carries a clockwise current of 0.200 A. The loop is
inside a solenoid, with the plane of the loop perpendicular
to the magnetic field of the solenoid. The solenoid has 30
turns/cm and carries a clockwise current of 15.0 A. Find
the force on each side of the loop and the torque acting on
the loop.

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26. The magnetic coils of a tokamak fusion reactor
are in the shape of a toroid having an inner radius
of 0.700 m and an outer radius of 1.30 m. The
toroid has 900 turns of large-diameter wire, each
of which carries a current of 14.0 kA. Find the
magnitude of the magnetic field inside the toroid
along

(a) the inner radius and

(b) the outer radius

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 A hollow cylindrical (inner radius= 1.0 mm, outer
radius= 3.0 mm) conductor carries a current of 80 A
parallel to its axis. This current is uniformly distributed
over a cross section of the conductor. Determine the
magnitude of the magnetic field at a point that is 2.0
mm from the axis of the conductor.

 A hollow cylindrical (inner radius= 2.0 mm, outer

radius= 4.0 mm) conductor carries a current of 24 A
parallel to its axis. This current is uniformly distributed
over a cross section of the conductor. Determine the
magnitude of the magnetic field at a point that is 5.0
mm from the axis of the conductor.

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 A long hollow cylindrical conductor (inner radius=
2.0 mm, outer radius= 4.0 mm) carries a current of
24 A distributed uniformly across its cross section.
A long wire which is coaxial with the cylinder
carries an equal current in the opposite direction.
What is the magnitude of the magnetic field 3.0
mm from the axis?

A long, straight wire (radius=2.0 mm) carries a

current of 2.0 A distributed uniformly over a cross
section perpendicular to the axis of the wire. What
is the magnitude of the magnetic field at a distance
of 1.0 mm from the axis of the wire?

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A solenoid 4.0 cm in radius and 4.0 m in length
has 8000 uniformly spaced turns and carries a
current of 5.0 A. Consider a plane circular surface
(radius= 2.0 cm) located at the center of the
solenoid with its axis coincident with the axis of
the solenoid. What is the magnetic flux through
this surface?

A long solenoid (1000 turns/m) carries a current of

25mA and has an inside radius of 2.0 cm. A long
wire which is parallel to and 4.0 cm from the axis
of the solenoid carries a current of 6.0 A. What is
the magnitude of the magnetic field at a point on
the axis of solenoid?
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