Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields

S. R. Zinka
[email protected]

School of Electronics Engineering

Vellore Institute of Technology

October 19, 2012

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Outline

1 Maxwell’s Equations

2 Time Harmonic Fields

3 Helmholtz Wave Equation

4 Propagation Constant

5 Poynting Vector

6 Reflection

7 Summary

8 Problems

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Outline

1 Maxwell’s Equations

2 Time Harmonic Fields

3 Helmholtz Wave Equation

4 Propagation Constant

5 Poynting Vector

6 Reflection

7 Summary

8 Problems

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Maxwell’s Equations Till Now ...

∇ · ~D = ρe (Gauss Law)
∇ · ~B = ρm (Gauss Law)
∇ × ~H = ~Je (Ampere Law)
∂~B
∇ × ~E = −~Jm − (Ampere Law + Faraday0 s Law)
∂t

Now, what is wrong with the above set of equation ??? ...

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Maxwell’s Equations Till Now ...

∇ · ~D = ρe (Gauss Law)
∇ · ~B = ρm (Gauss Law)
∇ × ~H = ~Je (Ampere Law)
∂~B
∇ × ~E = −~Jm − (Ampere Law + Faraday0 s Law)
∂t

Compared to equation 4, equation 3 is missing something ... don’t

you think?

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

So, Maxwell’s Equations Should Look Something

Like...

∇ · ~D = ρe (Gauss Law)
∇ · ~B = ρm (Gauss Law)
~
∇ × ~H = ~Je + ∂D (Ampere Law + Faraday0 s Law)
∂t
∂~B
∇ × ~E = −~Jm − (Ampere Law + Faraday0 s Law)
∂t

∂~D
Now, equation 3 and 4 look similar ... and the term ∂t is called
displacement current

Then what is the name for~Je ?

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Derivation of Modified Maxwell’s 3rd Equation

Let’s start with assumption that ∇ × ~

H = ~Je is correct. Now, taking divergence on both sides give
 
∇ · ∇ × ~H = 0, From DCG chart (1)
  ∂ρe
∇ · ~Je = − , From continuity equation. (2)
∂t

Since RHS of (1) and (2) are not equal, obviously our assumption that ∇ × ~
H = ~Je is incorrect. So,
some correction term should be added to Ampere’s law to make it correct. Let’s add this additional
term (~Jd ) as shown in the next slide.

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Derivation of Modified Maxwell’s 3rd Equation

After adding the correction term,

∇ × ~H = ~Je +~Jd .
Once again, let’s take divergence on both sides.
 
∇ · ∇ × ~H = 0, (3)
  ∂ρe
∇ · ~Je +~Jd = − + ∇ ·~Jd . (4)
∂t

Equating RHS of (3) and (4) gives

 
∂ ∇ · ~D
!
∂ρ e ∂~D ∂~D
∇ ·~Jd = = = ∇· ⇒ ~Jd = (5)
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

That’s it Folks, Final Form of Maxwell’s Equations is ...

∇ · ~D = ρe (Gauss Law − E)
∇ · ~B = ρm (Gauss Law − M)
~
∇ × ~H = ~Je + ∂D (Ampere Law − M + Faraday0 s Law − M)
∂t
∂~B
∇ × ~E = −~Jm − (Ampere Law − E + Faraday0 s Law − E)
∂t

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

And Wait ... One More Thing ...

Equations given in the previous slide are called point form Maxwell’s equations. Their equivalent
integral forms can be derived using divergence and Stokes theorems and are given as
˚   ˚ ‹
∇ · ~D dv = ρe dv = ~
~D · ds
˚   ˚ ‹
∇ · ~B dv = ρm dv = ~
~B · ds
¨  ¨ ~
! ˛
~Je + ∂D · ds

~ =
∇ × ~H · ds ~ = ~H · ~dl
∂t
¨  ¨ ~
! ˛
~Jm + ∂B · ds

~ =−
∇ × ~E · ds ~ = ~E · ~dl
∂t

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Outline

1 Maxwell’s Equations

2 Time Harmonic Fields

3 Helmholtz Wave Equation

4 Propagation Constant

5 Poynting Vector

6 Reflection

7 Summary

8 Problems

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Complex Notation

Given the vector field

~F = Fx̂

we assume that the component F is given as

F = F (x, y, z) cos (ωt + ψ) .

Making use of Euler’s identity,

h i h i h i
F = Re F (x, y, z) ej(ωt+ψ) = Re F (x, y, z) ejψ ejωt = Re Fs ejωt .

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Let’s Re-write Maxwell’s Equations in Complex Form

 
∇ · ~Ds ejωt = ρe,s ejωt
 
∇ · ~Bs ejωt = ρm,s ejωt
 
  ∂ ~Ds ejωt  
∇ × ~Hs ejωt = ~Je,s ejωt + = ~Je,s + jω~Ds ejωt
∂t
 
  ∂ ~Bs ejωt  
∇ × ~Es ejωt = −~Jm,s ejωt − = −~Jm,s − jω~Bs ejωt
∂t

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Outline

1 Maxwell’s Equations

2 Time Harmonic Fields

3 Helmholtz Wave Equation

4 Propagation Constant

5 Poynting Vector

6 Reflection

7 Summary

8 Problems

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Wave

The wave shown in the above diagram can be represented as

F (x, t) = sin ( βx − βvt) = sin ( βx − ωt) (6)

where,
ω = 2πf = βv. (7)

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Wave Equation

Simple 1 - dimensional wave equation is given as

∂2 F 1 ∂2 F
= 2 2
∂x2 v ∂t

Using the complex notation, the above equation can be simplified as

2
∂2 Fs

β
= (jω )2 Fs = − β2 Fs
∂x2 ω
∂2 Fs
⇒ + β2 Fs = 0 (8)
∂x2

Using the theory of linear differential equations, solution for the above equation is given as

Fs = Aejβx + Be−jβx
h  i h i
⇒ F = Re Aejβx + Be−jβx ejωt = Re Aej(ωt+ βx) + Bej(ωt− βx) . (9)

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Helmholtz Wave Equation

In a source-less dielectric medium,

∇ · ~Ds = 0
∇ · ~Bs = 0
∇ × ~Hs = jω~Ds = jωε~Es (10)
∇ × ~Es = −jω~Bs = −jωµ~Hs (11)

Taking curl of (11) gives

   
∇ × ∇ × ~Es = ∇ × −jωµ~Hs
   
⇒ ∇ ∇ · ~Es − ∇2~Es = −jωµ ∇ × ~Hs
   
⇒ ∇ ∇ · ~Es − ∇2~Es = −jωµ jωε~Es
 
⇒ ∇2~Es = ∇ ∇ · ~Es − ω 2 µε~Es

⇒ ∇2~Es = ~0 − ω 2 µε~Es (12)

Similarly, it can be proved that

∇2 ~Hs = −ω 2 µε~Hs . (13)

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Finally, Let’s Analyze the Helmholtz Wave Equation

Let’s compare general wave equation (8) and Helmholtz wave equation (12).

∂2 Fs
∂x2
+ β 2 Fs = 0 ∇2~Es + ω 2 µε~Es = 0

From the above comparison, we get,

√
β = ω µε. (14)

But, we already knew that

ω
v= .
β
So, from the above equations, we get

1 1
v= √ = √ c (15)
µε µr ε r

where c is the light velocity.

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Solution of Helmholtz Equation (in Cartesian System)

Vector Helmholtz equation can be decomposed as shown below:

∇2 Exs + ω 2 µεExs = 0
∇2~Es + ω 2 µε~Es = 0 ∇2 Eys + ω 2 µεEys = 0
∇2 Eys + ω 2 µεEys = 0

Since all the differential equations are similar, let’s solve just one equation using variable-separable
method. If Exs can be decomposed into

Exc = A (x) B (y) C (z)

then substituting the above equation into Helmholtz equation gives

∇2 Exs + ω 2 µεExs = 0
2 2
∂ Exs ∂ Exs ∂2 Exs
⇒ + + + ω 2 µεExs = 0
∂x2 ∂y2 ∂z2
∂2 A ∂2 B ∂2 C
⇒ B (y) C (z) + A (x) C (z) 2 + A (x) B (y) 2 + ω 2 µεA (x) B (y) C (z) = 0
∂x2 ∂y ∂z
1 ∂2 A 1 ∂2 B 1 ∂2 C
⇒ + + − γ2 = 0
A (x) ∂x2 B (y) ∂y2 C (z) ∂z2

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Solution of Helmholtz Equation ... Contd

1 ∂2 A 1 ∂2 B 1 ∂2 C
⇒ + + − γ2 = 0
A (x) ∂x2 B (y) ∂y2 C (z) ∂z2
1 ∂2 A 1 ∂2 B 1 ∂2 C
⇒ + + −γx2 −γy2 −γz2 = 0 (16)
A (x) ∂x2 B (y) ∂y2 C (z) ∂z2

The above equation can be decomposed into 3 separate equations:

1 ∂2 A
− γx2 = 0
A (x) ∂x2
1 ∂2 B
− γy2 = 0
B (y) ∂y2
1 ∂2 C
− γz2 = 0
C (z) ∂z2

It is sufficient to solve only one of the above equations and it’s solution is given as

∂2 A
⇒ − γx2 A (x) = 0
∂x2
⇒ A (x) = L1 eγx x + L2 e−γx x = L− eγx x + L+ e−γx x (17)

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Solution of Helmholtz Equation ... Contd

So, finally Exc is given as

Exs = L− eγx x + L+ e−γx x M− eγy y + M+ e−γy y N − eγz z + N + e−γz z

(18)
h i
⇒ Ex = Re L− eγx x + L+ e−γx x M− eγy y + M+ e−γy y N − eγz z + N + e−γz z ejωt




(19)

with the condition

γx2 + γy2 + γz2 = γ2 . (20)

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Outline

1 Maxwell’s Equations

2 Time Harmonic Fields

3 Helmholtz Wave Equation

4 Propagation Constant

5 Poynting Vector

6 Reflection

7 Summary

8 Problems

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Maxwell’s Equations in General

∇ · ~Ds = ρe,s
∇ · ~Bs = ρm,s
h  σ i ~
∇ × ~Hs = ~Je,s + jω~Ds = σ~Es + jωε~Es = jω ε 1 − j Es
ωε
∇ × ~Es = −~Jm,s − jω~Bs

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Propagation Constant
So, from the previous slide, for lossy dielectrics, ε s is a complex number and is given as
 σ 
εs = ε 1 − j .
ωε

Then propagation constant γ is given from the equation

γ2 = −ω 2 µε s
 σ 
= −ω 2 µε 1 − j
ωε
= −ω 2 µε + jωµσ. (21)

From the above equation, γ can be written as γ = α + jβ. Now, we need to find out the values of α
and β. We have
γ2 = (α + jβ)2 = α2 − β2 + j (2αβ)


(22)
Comparing (21) and (22) we get,

α2 − β2 = −ω 2 µε
ωµσ
β= . (23)
2α

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Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Propagation Constant ... Contd

Solving the set of equations (23) gives

 ωµσ 2
α2 − = −ω 2 µε
2α
⇒ 4α4 − ω 2 µ2 σ2 = −4α2 ω 2 µε
⇒ 4α4 + 4α2 ω 2 µε − ω 2 µ2 σ2 = 0
⇒ 4ξ 2 + 4ξω 2 µε − ω 2 µ2 σ2 = 0
" r #
ω 2 µε  σ 2
⇒ξ= ± 1+ −1
2 ωε
v "r #
u
p u µε  σ 2
⇒ α = ξ = ωt 1+ −1 . (24)
2 ωε

Similarly it can be proved that

v "r #
u  σ 2
u µε
β = ωt 1+ +1 (25)
2 ωε

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Skin Depth

Skin Depth:
1
The distance δ, through which the wave amplitude decreases by a factor e is called skin depth or
penetration depth of the medium, that is

E0
E0 e−αδ = .
e

From the above equation,

1
δ= (26)
α

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Outline

1 Maxwell’s Equations

2 Time Harmonic Fields

3 Helmholtz Wave Equation

4 Propagation Constant

5 Poynting Vector

6 Reflection

7 Summary

8 Problems

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Poynting Vector
One Vector Identity:      
∇ · ~A × ~B = ~B · ∇ × ~A − ~A · ∇ × ~B

From the above vector identity,

     
∇ · ~E × ~H = ~H · ∇ × ~E − ~E · ∇ × ~H
! !
∂~B ∂~D
= ~H · −~Jm − − ~E · σ~E +
∂t ∂t
! !
~
∂B ∂~D
= ~H · ~0 − ~H · − σ~E · ~E + ~E ·
∂t ∂t
! !
∂~H ∂~E
= −µ~H · − σ~E · ~E + ε~E ·
∂t ∂t
    
∂ ~H·~H ∂ ~E · ~E
!
∂~H ∂~E 1 1
= − µ~H · + ε~E · − σ~E · ~E = − µ +ε  − σ~E · ~E
∂t ∂t 2 ∂t 2 ∂t
 
~ 2 2
∂ µ ε 2
=− H + ~E − σ ~E .

∂t 2 2

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Poynting Vector ... Contd

 
~ 2 2
  ∂ µ ε 2
⇒ ∇ · ~E × ~H = − H + ~E − σ ~E

∂t 2 2
˚ ˚    2 
∂ µ ~ 2 2
  ε
⇒ ∇ · ~E × ~H dv = − H + ~E − σ ~E dv

∂t 2 2
‹  ˚   ˚ 2
µ ~ 2 2
ε
~ =−∂

⇒ ~E × ~H · dS H + ~E dv − σ ~E dv

∂t 2 2
| {z } | {z } | {z }
??? Rate of decrease of stored Energy Ohmic power dissipated

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Poynting Vector ... Physical Interpretation

~E ~
~P = ~E × ~H = H sin θ k̂

(27)

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Poynting Vector ... Physical Interpretation

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Free Space / Uniform Dielectric Medium Impedance

In source-less medium,

Wave Propagation Direction

∇ × ~Es = −jω~Bs
⇒ ∇ × E0 e−γz z x̂ = −jωµ~Hs

j 
⇒ ~Hs = ∇ × E0 e−γz z x̂


ωµ
j 
∇ × E0 e−γz z x̂


=
ωµ
∂ (E0 e−γz z )
   
j ∂Exs j
= ŷ = ŷ
ωµ ∂z ωµ ∂z
−jγ0 −jα + β
   
= Exs ŷ = Exs ŷ
ωµ ωµ

So, For loss-less case (i.e., α = 0),

Exs jωµ
= . r
Hys α + jβ Exs ωµ ωµ µ
= = √ = .
Hys β ω µε ε

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Outline

1 Maxwell’s Equations

2 Time Harmonic Fields

3 Helmholtz Wave Equation

4 Propagation Constant

5 Poynting Vector

6 Reflection

7 Summary

8 Problems

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Reflection of Plane Wave at Normal Incidence

Electric fields on both sides are given as,

1
~Es,i = Ei e−γz z x̂,
2
~Es,t = Et e−γz z x̂, and
1
~Es,r = Er eγz z x̂.

Similarly, magnetic fields on both sides are given as,

~Hs,i Ei −γz1 z
= e ŷ, x
η1

~Es,t Et −γz2 z
= e ŷ, and
η2

~Es,r Er γz1 z
= − e x̂. From (28),
η1

From the boundary conditions (at z = 0), Er η2 − η1

Γ= = , (29)
Ei η2 + η1
Ei + Er = Et , and Et 2η2
τ= = , and (30)
Ei Er Et Ei η2 + η1
− = . (28)
η1 η1 η2 1+Γ = τ. (31)

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Outline

1 Maxwell’s Equations

2 Time Harmonic Fields

3 Helmholtz Wave Equation

4 Propagation Constant

5 Poynting Vector

6 Reflection

7 Summary

8 Problems

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Summary

• v= ω
β

• γ = γx2 + γy2 + γz2 = −ω 2 µε

2

s q  s q 
• µε σ 2 σ 2 1


− 1 + jω µε


γ = α + jβ = ω 2 1+ ωε 2 1+ ωε +1 ;δ = α

• ~P = ~E × ~H
q
• HExsys = αjωµ
+jβ ⇒ for the special case of lossless dielectric materials,
Exs
Hys = µ
ε
η2 − η1 Et 2η2
• Γ= Er
Ei = η2 + η1 ,τ= Ei = η2 + η1 , and 1 + Γ = τ

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Outline

1 Maxwell’s Equations

2 Time Harmonic Fields

3 Helmholtz Wave Equation

4 Propagation Constant

5 Poynting Vector

6 Reflection

7 Summary

8 Problems

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Waves

1 The electric field in free space is given as ~E = 50 cos 108 t + βx ŷ V/m. (a) Find the direction


of wave propagation. (b) Calculate β and the time it takes to travel a distance of λ/2.
Ans: −x̂, 31.42 ns [S1, E10.1, P415]
2 In a lossless medium for which η = 60π, µr = 1, and
~H = −0.1 cos (ωt − z) x̂ + 0.5 sin (ωt − z) ŷ A/m, calculate ε r , ω, and ~E.
Ans: 4, 1.5 × 108 rad/sec, and ~E = 94.25 sin (ωt − z) x̂ + 18.85 cos (ωt − z) ŷ V/m, [S1, E10.3,
P430]
3 A plane wave in a nonmagnetic medium has ~E = 50 sin 108 t + 2z ŷ. Find (a) the direction

of wave propagation (b) λ, f , and ε r (c) ~

H.
Ans: −ẑ, 3.142 m, 15.92 MHz, 36, ~H = 0.7958 sin 108 t + 2z x̂ A/m, [S1, P10.3, P432]

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT

Maxwell’s Equations Time Harmonic Fields Helmholtz Wave Equation Propagation Constant Poynting Vector Reflection Summary Problems

Reflection

Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT