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UNIT : 5 - CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

Important Points
DE =Ep - Er = qv DE = q - PDV DE = q + w

w = -nRT loge VV12 DH = DE + PDV DH = DE + DngRT

Hess Law ΔH steps = ΔH1 + ΔH 2 + ΔH3

Heat absorbed
Heat Capacity = Temperature difference
Heat absorbed
Specific heat capacity = (Temperature difference) ´ (Weight of subs ta nce in gram)
Heat absorbed
Molar heat capacity = (Temperature difference) ´ (Molecular weight)

Cpν - C = R
Cp
= g (gamma)
Cν
w T2 - T1
= = Thermodynamic efficiency
q2 T2
q rev
DS = SFinal state – SInitial state =
T
DSsystem + DSsurrounding > 0 …………………. The reaction will occur spontaneously
DSsystem + DSsurrounding < 0 …………………. The reaction will be non spontaneous
DSsystem + DSsurrounding = 0 …………………. The reaction will be in equilibrium
Entropy change for an ideal gas : In going from initial to final state, the entropy change, DS for an
ideal gas is given by the following relations,
T2 V2
(i) When T and V are two variables, ΔS = nC v ln + nR ln . Assuming Cn is constant
T1 V1
T p2
(ii) When T and p are two variables, ΔS = nCP ln 2 - nR ln . Assuming Cp, is constant
T1 p1
V2 p2
(a) Thus, for an isothermal process (T constant), ΔS = nR ln or = - nR ln
V1 p1
T2
(b) For isobaric process (p constant), ΔS = n Cp ln
T1
T2
(c) For isochoric process (V constant), ΔS = n C v ln
T1
(d) Entropy change during adiabatic expansion : In such process q = 0 at all stages. Hence
DS = 0. Thus, reversible adiabatic processes are called isoentropic process.

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V2
DS = R ln V DG = DH –TDS
1

DfGoreaction = SDfGoProduct – SD fGoReactant

æ total s tan dard free energy of ö æ total s tan dard free energy of ö
DfGoreaction = ç ÷ - çç ÷
è formation of product ø è formation of reac tan t ÷ø
P2
DG = nRT ln P
1
DGo = – 2.303RTlog K
DG = – nFE Cell
ΔH T2 - ΔH T1
Kirchhoff’s equation. = ΔCP
T2 - T1
ΔE T2 - ΔE T1
Kirchhoff’s equation at constant volume, = ΔC ν
T2 - T1
Effect of Temperature on Spontaneity of Reactions
Dr H0 D rS 0 D rG0 Description*
– + – Reaction spontaneous at all temperature
– – – (at low T) Reaction spontaneous at low temperature
– – + (at high T) Reaction nonspontaneous at high temperature
+ + + (at low T) Reaction nonspontaneous at low temperature
+ + – (at high T) Reaction spontaneous at high temperature
+ – + (at all T) Reaction nonspontaneous at all temperature

æ ¶T ö
Joule thomson coeffient μ = ç ÷
è ¶p ø H
For cooling m = + ve
For Heating m = –ve
Neither cooling nor heating m = 0
The temperature at which a real gas shows neither cooling nor heating effect on adiabatic expansion
(i.e., m = 0) is called inversion temperature.
Hydrogen has highest calorific value.
13.7 Kcal/mol = 57 KJ/mol (be cause of 1cal = 4.2 Joule)
Enthalpy of fusion of ice per mole is 6KJ.
Order of bond energy in halogen Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2.
Heat of vapourisation of water per mole is 10.5 KCal.
The heat of reaction is independent of the time consumed in the process.
æ ¶T ö
Joule thomson coeffient μ = ç ÷
è ¶p ø H

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M.C.Q.
1. The temperature of the system decreases in an
(A) Adiabatic compression (B) Isothermal compression
(C) Isothermal expansion (D) Adiabatic expansion
2. If a refrigerator’s door is opened, then we get
(A) Room heated (B) Room cooled
(C) More amount of heat is passed out (D)No effect on room
3. The cooling in refrigerator is due to
(A) Reaction of the refrigerator gas (B) Expansion of ice
(C) The expansion of the gas in the refrigerator (D) The work of the compressor
4. The process, in which no heat enters or leaves the system, is termed as
(A) Isochoric (B) Isobaric (C) Isothermal (D) Adiabatic
5. Warming ammonium chloride with sodium hydroxide in a test tube is an example of :
(A) Closed system (B) Isolated system (C) Open system (D) None of these
6. Out of boiling point (I), entropy (II), pH (III) and e.m.f. of a cell (IV), intensive properties are –
(A) I, II (B) I, II, III (C) I, III, IV (D)All the above
7. A thermodynamic state function is
(A) one which obeys all the laws of thermodynamics
(B) a quantity which is used in measuring thermal changes
(C) one which is used in thermo chemistry
(D) a quantity whose value depends only on the state of the system.
8. In thermodynamics, a process is called reversible when
(A) surroundings and system change into each other
(B) there is no boundary between system and surroundings
(C) the surroundings are always in equilibrium with the system
(D) the system changes into the surroundings spontaneously
9. Which one of the following statement is false–
(A) work is a state function (B) temperature is a state function
(C) change in the state is completely defined when the initial and final states are specified
(D) work appears at the boundary of the system.
10. A mixture of two moles of carbon monoxide and one mole of oxygen, in a closed vessel is ignited
to convert the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. If DH is the enthalpy change and DE is the
change in internal energy, then
(A) DH < DE (B) DH > DE (C) DH = DE
(D) The relationship depends on the capacity of the vessel
11. At constant T and P, which one of the following statements is correct for the reaction,
1
CO(g) + O2 (g) ® CO2 (g)
2

(A) DH is independent of the physical state of the reactants of that compound

(B) DH < DE (C) DH > DE (D) DH = DE

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(A) The randomness of the universe decreases

(B) The randomness of the surroundings decreases
(C) Increase is randomness of surroiundings equals the decrease in randomness of system
(D) The increase in randomness of the surroundings is greater as compared to the decrease in
randomness of the system.
21. The enthalpy change for a given reaction at 298 K is – x J mol–1 (x being positive). If the reaction
occurs spontaneously at 298 K, the entropy change at that temperature
(A) can be negative but numerically larger than x/298
(B) can be negative but numerically smaller than x/298
(C) cannot be negative (D) cannot be positive
22. Spontaneous adsorption of a gas on a solid surface is exothermic process because
(A) enthalpy of the system increases. (B) entropy increases.
(C) entropy decreases. (D) free energy change increases.
23. Identify the correct statement regarding entropy :
(A) At absolute zero, the entropy of a perfectly crystalline substance is +ve.
(B) At absolute zero, the entropy of a perfectly crystalline substance is zero.
(C) At 0°C the entropy of a perfectly crystalline substance is taken to be zero.
(D) At absolute zero of temperature the entropy of all crystalline substances is taken to be zero.
24. Identify the correct statement regarding a spontaneous process :
(A) Exothermic processes are always spontaneous.
(B) Lowering of energy in the reaction process is the only criterion for spontaneity.
(C) For a spontaneous process in an isolated system, the change in entropy is positive.
(D) Endothermic processes are never spotaneous.
25. DS will be highest for the reaction
(A) Ca(s) + l/2 O2(g) ® CaO(s) (B) CaCO3(s) ® CaO (s) + CO2(g)
(C) C(s) + 02(g) ® CO2(g) (D) N2(g) + O2(g) ® 2NO (g)
26. The spontaneous flow of heat is always
(A) unidirectional from higher temperature to lower temperature
(B) from high to low pressure
(C) unidirectional from lower temperature to higher temperature
(D) from low to high pressure.
27. Which of the following is zero during adiabatic expansion of the gas
(A) DT (B) DS (C) DE (D) All the above
28. The occurrence of a reaction is impossible if
(A) DH is +ve; DS is also + ve but DH < TDS (B) DH is –ve; DS is also –ve but DH > TDS
(C) DH is – ve; DS is + ve (D) DH is + ve; DS is – ve

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29. Identify the correct statement regarding entropy

(A) At 00C, the entropy of a perfectly crystalline substance is taken to be zero
(B) At absolute zero of temperature, the entropy of a perfectly crystalline substance is +ve
(C) At absolute zero of temperature, the entropy of all crystalline substances is taken to be zero
(D) At absolute zero of temperature, the entropy of a perfectly crystalline substance is taken to
be zero
30. A container has hydrogen and oxygen mixture in ratio of 4 : 1 by weight, then
(A) Internal energy of the mixture decreases (B) Internal energy of the mixture increases
(C) Entropy of the mixture increases (D) Entropy of the mixture decreases
31. The second law of thermodynamics says that in cyclic process.
(A) Work cannot be converted into heat (B) Heat cannot be converted into work
(C) work cannot be completely converted into heat
(D) Heat cannot be completely converted into work
32. A heat engine absorbs heat Q1 at temperature T1 and heat Q2 at temperature T2. Work done by
the engine is (Q1 + Q2). This data
(A) Violates Ist law of thermodynamics
(B) Violates Ist law of thermodynamics if Q1 is –ve
(C) Violates Ist law of thermodynamics if Q2 is –ve
(D) Does not violate Ist law of thermodynamics
33. The molar neutralization heat for and as compared to molar neutralization heat of NaOH and
HCl
(A) Less (B) More (C) Equal (D) Depends on pressure
34. If the enthalpy of B is greater than of A, the reaction A®B is
(A) Endothermic (B) Exothermic (C) Instantaneous (D) Spontaneous
35. Which of the following fuels will have the highest calorific value (kJ/kg)
(A) Charcoal (B) Kerosene (C)Wood (D) Dung
36. Which is the best definition of “heat of neutralization”
(A) The heat set free when one gram molecule of a base is neutralized by one gram molecule of
an acid in dilute solution at a stated temperature
(B) The heat absorbed when one gram molecule of an acid is neutralized by one gram molecule
of a base in dilute solution at a stated temperature
(C) The heat set free or absorbed when one gram atom of an acid is neutralized by one gram
atom of a base at a stated temperature
(D) The heat set free when one gram equivalent of an acid is neutralized by one gram equivalent
of a base in dilute solution at a stated temperature
37. Compounds with high heat of formation are less stable because
(A) High temperature is required to synthesise them
(B) Molecules of such compounds are distorted
(C) It is difficult to synthesis them (D) Energy rich state leads to instability

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38. When a gas undergoes adiabatic expansion, it gets cooled due to

(A) Loose of kinetic energy (B) Fall in temperature
(C) Decrease in velocity (D) Energy used in doing work
39. For a reaction to occur spontaneously
(A) (DH – TDS) must be negative (B) (DS + TDS) must be negative
(C) DH must be negative (D) DS must be negative
40. If for a given substance melting point is TB and freezing point is TA, then correct variation shown
by graph between entropy change and temperature is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

41. A Beckmann thermometer is used to measure

(A) High temperature (B) Low temperature (C) Normal temperature (D) All temperature
42. The calorific value of fat is ……….
(A) less than carbohydrates and protein
(B) less than that of protein but more than carbohydrates
(C) less than that of carbohydrates and more than that of protein
(D) more than thant of carbohydrates and protein
43. Which of the following processes is accompanied by an increase in entropy ?
(A) Normal rubber band to stretched rubber band (B) Normal egg to hard boiled egg
(C) Decomposition of N2O5 to N2O to O2 (D) Formation of NH3 for N2H2.
44. Which of the following does not exhibit zero entropy at absolute zero
(A) Benzene (B) Glass (C) Pyridine (D) CCl4
45. The favourable conditions for a spontaneous reaction are
(A) TDS > DH, DH = +ve, DS = +ve (B) TDS > DH, DH = +ve, DS = –ve
(C) TDS = DH, DH = –ve, DS = –ve (D) TDS = DH, DH = +ve, DS = +ve.
46. A block of ice at –10 °C is slowly heated and converted into steam at 100°C .Which of the
following curves represents the phenomenon qualitatively ?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

47. On passing CO2 gas in water, its entropy

(A) Remains constant (B) Decreases (C) Increases (D) May increase or decrease.
48. When does the reaction occur spontaneously on the basis of the relation DG° = –RT/nK?
(A) K = 0 (B) K = 1 (C) K > 1 (D) K < 1

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49. In thermodynamics, a process is called reversible when,

(A) Surroundings and system change into each other
(B) The surroundings are always in equilibrium with the system
(C) The system changes into the surroundings spontaneously.
(D) There is no boundary between system and surroundings.
50. Under certain conditions, the value of DG for a hypothetical reaction, X + Y ¾® Z is greater
than zero, then –
(A) The reaction has tendency to proceed towards Z
(B) The reaction has attained equilibrium
(C) increase in temperature increases the yield of product Z
(D) X and Y predominate in the final mixture
51. For which of the following processes will energy be absorbed –
(A) Separating an electron from an electron (B) Separating proton from a proton
(C) Separating a neutron from neutron (D) Separating an electron from neutral atom
52. For the combustion of 1 mole of liquid benzene at 25ºC, the heat of reaction at constant pressure
is given by, C6H 6(l) + 7 O2 (g) ® 6CO2 (g) + 3H2O (l); DH = –780980 cal.
What would be the heat of reaction at constant volume?
(A) –780090 cal (B) –780890 cal (C) –780000cal (D) –780900 cal
53. Calculate heat of the following reaction at constant pressure,
F2O(g) + H2O(g) ® O2 (g) + 2HF(g)
The heats of formation of F2O (g), H2O(g) and HF (g) are 5.5 kcal, –57.8kcal and 64.2 kcal
respectively.
(A) 76.1 Kcal (B) 11.9 Kcal (C) 71.6 Kcal (D) 91.1 Kcal
54. Calculate the heat of formation of benzene from the following data, assuming no resonance.
Bond energies :
C – C = 83 kcal = 140 kcal C – H = 99 kcal
Heat of atomisation of C = 170 .9 kcal
Heat of atomisation of H = 52.1 kcal
(A) 70 Kcal (B) 75 Kcal (C) –75 Kcal (D) –70 Kcal
55. Calculate DH at 358 K for the reaction
Fe2O 3(s) + 3H2(g) ®2Fe (s) + 3H2O(l)
Given that, DH298= – 33.29 kJ mole–1 and Cp for Fe2O 3 (s), Fe (s), H2O (l) and H2 (g) are
103.8, 25.1, 75.3 and 28.8 J/K mole.
(A) –22.22 KJ/mole (B) –25. 123 KJ/mole (C) –28.136 KJ/mole (D) – 30.135 KJ/mole
56. Ka for CH3COOH at 25ºC is 1.754 × 10–5 . At 50ºC, Ka is 1.633 × 10–5 What will be value of
D Sº for the ionisation of CH3COOH?
(A) –94.44 J/mole K (B) –96.66 J/mole K (C) –96.44 J/mole K (D) –90.44 J/mole K

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57. C2H6 (g) + 3.5 O2 (g) ® 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (g)

DSvap (H2O, l) = x1 cal K–1 (boiling point + T1)
DHf (H2O, l) = x2
DHf (CO2) = x3
DHf (C2H6) = x4
Hence DH for the reaction is –
(A) 2x3 + 3x2 – x4 (B) 2x3 + 3x2 – x4 + 3x1T1
(C) 2x3 + 3x2 – x4 – 3x1T1 (D) x1T1 + X2 + X3 – x4
58. C (s) + O2 (g) ® CO2, (g); DH = –94.3 kcal/mol
CO (g) + O2(g) ® CO2 (g); DH = – 67.4 kcal/mol
O2(g) ® 2O (g); DH = 117.4 kcal/mol
CO (g) ® C (g) + O(g) ; DH = 230.6 kcal/mol
Calculate DH for C (s) ® C (g) in kcal/mol.
(A) 171 (B)154 (C)117 (D)145
59. The difference between DH and DE on a molar basis for the combustion of n–octane at 25°C
would be : 25ºC
(A) – 13.6 kJ (B) – 1.14 kJ (C) – 11.15 kJ (D) + 11.15 kJ
60. What is the work done against the atmosphere when 25 grams of water vaporizes at 373 K
against a constant external pressure of 1 atm ? Assume that steam obeys perfect gas laws. Given
that the molar enthalpy of vaporization is 9.72 kcal/mole, what is the change of internal energy in
the above process ?
(A) 1294.0 cals, 11247 cals (B) 921.4 cals, 11074 cals
(C) 1029.4 cals, 12470.6 cals (D) 1129.3 cals, 10207 cals
61. In the reaction CS2 (l) + 3O 2 (g) ¾¾® CO2 (g) + 2SO2 (g) DH = –265 kcal
The enthalpies of formation of CO2 and SO2 are both negative and are in the ratio 4 : 3. The
enthalpy of formation of CS2 is + 26 kcal/mol. Calculate the enthalpy of formation of SO2.
(A) – 90 kcal/mol (B) – 52 kcal/mol (C) – 78 kcal/mol (D) – 71.7 kcal/mol
62. The bond dissociation energy of gaseous H2, Cl2 and HCl are 104, 58 and 103 kcal mol–1
respectively. The enthalpy of formation for HCl gas will be
(A) – 44.0 kcal (B) – 22.0 kcal (C) 22.0 kcal (D) 44.0 kcal
63. AB, A2 and B2 are diatomic molecules. If the bond enthalpies of A2, AB & B2 are in the ratio
1 : 1 : 0.5 and enthalpy of formation of AB from A2 and B2 is – 100 kJ/mol–1. What is the bond
enthalpy of A2.
(A) 400 kJ/mol (B) 200 kJ/mol (C) 100 kJ/mol (D) 300 kJ/mol
64. Given the following data :
Substance DH° (kJ/mol) S°(J/mol K) DG° (kJ/mol)
FeO(s) – 266.3 57.49 – 245.12
C (Graphite) 0 5.74 0
Fe(s)0 27.28 0
CO(g) – 110.5 197.6 – 137.15

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Determine at what temperature the following reaction is spontaneous ?

FeO(s) + C (Graphite)® Fe(s) + CO(g)
(A) 298 K (B) 668 K
(C) 966 K (D) DG° is +ve, hence the reaction will never be spontaneous
65. One mole of a gas occupying 3 dm3 expands against constant external pressure of 1 atm to a
volume of 13 dm3. The work done is –
(A) – 10 atm dm3 (B) – 20 atm dm3 (C) – 39 atm dm3 (D) – 48 atm dm3
66. The enthalpy change in the oxidation of glucose is – 2880 kJ mol–1. Twenty five per cent of this
energy is available for muscular work. If 100 kJ of muscular work is needed to walk one
kilometre, then the maximum distance that a person will be able to walk after eating 120 g of
glucose will be
(A) 4.8 km (B) 2.4 km (C) 8.4 km (D) 9.8 km
67. The heat of formation of liquid methyl alcohol is kilojoule per mole using the following data will
be [Heat of vaporisation of liquid methyl alcohol = 38 kJ/mol. Heat of formation of gaseous atoms
from the elements in their standard states : H, 218 kJ/mol; C, 715 kJ/mol; O, 249 kJ/mol.
Average bond energies : C – H, 415 kJ/mol; C – O, 356 kJ/mol O – H, 463 kJ/mol.]
(A) 46.0 kJ/mole (B) 50.0 kJ/mole (C) 73.3 kJ/mole (D) – 266 kJ/mole
68. 10 g of argon gas is compressed isothermally and reversibly at a temperature of 27°C from 10 L
to 5 L. q, W, DE and DH for this process are [R = 2.0 cal K–1 mo l–1, log102 = 0.30.
[Atomic wt. of Ar = 40.]
(A) W = 106.635 cal, q = 103.635 cal, DE ¹ 0 & DH = 0
(B) W = 53.635 cal, q = – 53.635 cal, DE ¹ 0 & DH = 0
(C) W = – 53.635 cal, q = 63.635 cal, DE & DH ¹ 0
(D) W = 103.635 cal, q = – 103.635 cal, DE & DH = 0
69. Molar heat capacity of water in equilibrium with ice at constant pressure is –
(A) zero (B) infinity (¥) (C) 40.45 kJ–1 mol–1 (D) 75.48 J K–1 mol–1
70. Diborane is a potential rocket fuel which undergoes combustion according to the reaction,
B2H6 (g) + 3O2 (g) ®B2O3 (s) + 3H2O(g)
from the following data, the enthalpy change for the combustion of diborane will be
2B(s) + O2 (g) ®B2O3(s); DH = – 1273 kJ
H2(g) + O2 (g) ®H2O(l); DH = – 286 kJ
H2O(l) ®H2O(g) ; DH = 44 kJ
2B(s) + 2H2 (g) ®B2H6 (g); DH = 46 kJ
(A) – 2079 kJ mol–1 (B) – 1091 kJ mol–1 (C) – 2035 kJ mol–1 (D) – 762 kJ mol–1
71. A sample of argon gas at 1 atm pressure and 27°C expands reversibly and adiabatically from
1.25 dm 3 to 2.50 dm3. The enthalpy change in this process will be……….
[Cv.m. for argon is 12.48 jK–1 mol–1].
(A) 114.52 J (B) – 114.52 J (C) – 57.26 J (D) 57.26 J

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72. Find DG° and DH° for that the reaction CO(g) + O2 (g) ® CO2 (g) at 300 K respectively are,
when the standard entropy change is – 0.094 kJ mol–1 K–1. The standard Gibbs free energies of
formation for CO2 and CO are – 394.4 and – 137.2 kJ mol–1, respectively.
(A) DG° = 257.2 kJ/mol, DH° = 285.4 kJ/mol
(B) DG° = 514.4 kJ/mol, DH° = – 570.8 kJ/mol
(C) DG° = +514.4 kJ/mol, DH° = 570.8 kJ/mol
(D) DG° = – 257.2 kJ/mol, DH° = – 285.4 kJ/mol
73. DH = 30 kJ mol–1, DS = 75 J / k / mol. Find boiling temperature at 1 atm.
(A) 400 K (B) 300 K (C) 150 K (D) 425 K
74. Spontaneous adsorption of a gas on a solid surface is exothermic process because
(A) enthalpy of the system increases. (B) entropy increases.
(C) entropy decreases. (D) free energy change increases.
75. There is 1 mol liquid (molar volume 100 ml) in an adiabatic container initial, pressure being 1 bar
Now the pressure is steeply increased to 100 bar, and the volume decreased by 1 ml under
constant pressure of 100 bar. Calculate DH and DE. [Given 1 bar = 105 N/m2]
(A) DE = 0 J, DH ¹ 0 J (B) DH = 0 J, DE = 10 J
(C) DE = 20 J, DH = 890 J (D) DE = 0 J, DH = 10 J
76. The ratio of P to V at any instant is constant and is equal to 1, for a monoatomic ideal gas under
going a process. What is the molar heat capacity of the gas
(A) 3R
2 (B) 4R
2 (C) 5R
2 (D) 0
77. The entropy values (in J K–1 mol–1) of H2 (g) = 130.6 Cl2(g) = 223 and HCl(g) = 186.7 at
298 K and 1 atmpressure are given. Then entropy change for the reaction.
(A) + 540.3 (B) +727.3 (C) – 166.9 (D) +19.8
78. A mixture of 2 mole of CO(g) and one mole of O2 in a closed vessel, is ignited to convert the
carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. If DH and DU are enthalpy and internal energy change.
Then
(A) DH > DU (B) DH < DU
(C) DH = DU (D) the relationship depends on the capacity of the vessel.
79. For the reaction of one mole zinc dust with one sulphuric acid in a bomb calorimeter, DU and
w correspond to :
(A) DU < 0, w = 0 (B) DU < 0, w < 0 (C) DU > 0, w = 0 (D) DU > 0, w > 0
80. If the enthalpies of formation of Al2O3 and Cr2O3 are – 1596 kJ and – 1134 kJ respectively,
then the value of DH for the reaction ; 2Al + Cr2O3 ® 2Cr + Al2O3 is :
(A) – 462 kJ (B) – 1365 kJ (C) – 2530 kJ (D) +2530 kJ
81. The internal energy change when a system goes from state A to B is 40 kJ/mole. If the system
goes from A to B by a reversible path and returns to state A by an irreversible path what would
be the net change in internal energy
(A) < 40 kJ (B) Zero (C) 40 kJ (D) > 40 kJ
82. DG° for the reaction x + y ® z is – 4.606 kcal. The value of equilibrium constant of the reaction
at 227°C is : (R = 2.0 cal K–1 mol–1 )
(A) 100 (B) 10 (C) 2 (D) 0.01

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83. The latent heat of vaporisation of a liquid at 500 K and 1 atm pressure is 10 kcal/mol. What will
be the change in internal energy (DE) of 3 moles of liquid at the same temperature?
(A) 13.0 kcal (B) – 13.0 kcal (C) 27.0 kcal (D) – 27.0 kcal
84. The work done in ergs for a reversible expansion of one mole of an ideal gas from a volume of
10 litres at 25°C is :
(A) 3.43 KJ (B) 3.43 Kcal (C) 3.43 J (D) 3.43 cal
85. Reaction, H2(g) + I2 (g) ® 2HI; DH = 12.40 kcal.
According to this, heat of formation of HI will be
(A) 12.40 kcal (B) – 12.4 kcal (C) – 6.20 kcal (D) 6.20 kcal
86. The heat of combustions of yellow phosphorus and red phosphorus are – 9.91 kJ and – 8.78 kJ
respectively. The heat of transition of yellow phosphorus to red phosphorus is :
(A) – 18.69 kJ (B) +1.13 kJ (B) +18.69 kJ (D) – 1.13 kJ
87. The heat of formation of CO(g) and CO2 (g) are – 26.4 kcal and – 94.0 kcal respectively. The
heat of combustion of carbon monoxide will be :
(A) + 26.4 kcal (B) – 67.6 kcal (C) – 120.6 kcal (D) +52.8 kcal
88. The heats of combustion of rhombic and monoclinic sulphur are – 70960 and – 71030 calorie
respectively. What will be the heat of conversion of rhombic sulphur to monoclinic sulphur?
(A) – 70960 cal (B) – 71030 cal (C) 70 cal (D) – 70 cal
89. An ideal gas expands in volume from 1 × 10 m to 1 × 10 m at 300 K against a constant
–3 3 –2 3

pressure of 1 × 105 Nm–2 . The work is :

(A) – 900 J (B) – 900 kJ (C) 270 kJ (D) + 900 kJ
90. The enthalpies of combustion of carbon and carbon monoxide are – 393.5 and – 283 kJ mol–1
respectively. The enthalpy of formation of carbon monoxide per mole is
(A) 110.5 kJ (B) 676.5 kJ (C) – 676.5 kJ (D) – 110.5 kJ
91. If the bond dissociation energies of XY, X2 and Y2 (all diatomic molecules) are in the ratio of
1 : 1 : 0.5 and DHf for the formation of XY is – 200 KJ mol–1. The bond dissociation energy of
X2 will be
(A) 100 KJ mol–1 (B) 200 KJ mol–1 (C) 300 KJ mol–1 (D) 800 KJ mol–1
92. Consider the reaction, N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g); carried out at constant temperature and pressure.
If DH and DU are enthalpy change and internal energy change respectively, which of the following
expressions is true ?
(A) DH = 0 (B) DH = DU (C) DH < DU (D) DH > DU
93. An ideal gas is allowed to expand both reversibly and irreversibly in an isolated system. If Ti is
the initial temperature and Tf is the final temperature, which of the following statements is
correct ?
(A) Tf > Ti for reversible process but Tf = Ti for irreversible process
(B) (Tf)rev = (Tf)irrev (C) Tf = Ti for both reversible and irreversible processes
(D) (Tf)irrev > (Tf)rev

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94. Identify the correct statement regarding a spontaneous process :

(A) Exothermic processes are always spontaneous.
(B) Lowering of energy in the reaction process is the only criterion for spontaneity.
(C) For a spontaneous process in an isolated system, the change in entropy is positive.
(D) Endothermic processes are never spontaneous.
95. In conversion of lime–stone to lime, CaCO3(s) ® CaO(s) + CO2(g) the values of DH0 and DS 0
are +179.1 kJ mol–1 and 160.2 J/K respectively at 298 K and 1 bar. Assuming that DH° and
DS° do not change with temperature, temperature above which conversion of limestone to lime
will be spontaneous is :
(A) 845 K (B) 1118 K (C) 1008 K (D) 1200 K
96. For a reversible process at T = 300 K, the volume is increased from Vi = 1 L to Vf = 10 L.
Calculate DH if the process is isothermal
(A) 11.47 kJ (B) 4.98 kJ (C) 0 (D) – 11.47 kJ
97. If at 298 K the bond energies of C–H, C–C, C=C and H–H bonds are respectively 414, 347,
615 and 435 kJ mol–1, the value of enthalpy change for the reaction ;
H2C = CH2(g) + H2(g) ® H3C–CH3(g) at 298 K will be –
(A) +125 kJ (B) —125 kJ (C) +250 kJ (D) — 250 kJ
98. Considering entropy(s) as thermodynamic parameter, the criterion for the spontaneity of any
process is :
(A) DS system + DS surroundings > 0 (B) DS system – DS surroundings > 0
(C) DSsystem > 0 only (D) DS surroundings > 0 only
99. Assuming that water vapour is an ideal gas, the internal energy change (DU) when 1 mol of water
is vapourisedat 1 bar pressure and 100°C, (Given : Molar enthalpy of vapourization of water at
1 bar and 373 K = 41 kJ mol–1 and R = 8.3 J mol–1 K–1) will be :
(A) 37.904 kJ mol–1 (B) 41.00 kJ mol–1 (C) 4.100 kJ mol–1 (D) 3.7904 mol–1
100. The standard enthalpy of formation (DHf°) at 398 K for methane, CH4(g) is 74.8 kJ mol–1. The
additional information required to determine the average energy for C – H bond formation would
be.
(A) the dissociation energy of H2 and enthalpy of sublimation of carbon
(B) latent heat of vapourisation of methane
(C) the first four ionization energies of carbon and electron gain enthalpy of hydrogen
(D) the dissociation energy of hydrogen molecule, H2
101. Standard entropy of X2, Y2 and XY3 are 60, 40 and 50 JK–1 mol–1, respectively.
For the reaction,1/2 X2 + 3/2 Y2 ® XY3 DH = – 30 kJ. To be at equilibrium the temperature
will be :
(A) 500 K (B) 750 K (C) 1000 K (D) 1250 K
102. On the basis of the following thermochemical data : (DƒGºH (aq) = 0)
+

H2O(l) ¾® H+ (aq) + OH– (aq.) ; DH = 57.32 kJ

H2(g) + O2(g) ¾® H 2O(l); DH = –286.20 kJ
The value of enthalpy of formation of OH– ion at 25ºC is :
(A) –228.88 kJ (B) +228.88 kJ (C) –343.52 kJ (D) –22.88 kJ

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103. In a fuel cell methanol is used as fuel and oxygen gas is used as an oxidizer. The reaction is
CH3OH(l) + 3/2O2 (g) ¾® CO 2(g) + 2H2O(l)
At 298 K, standard Gibb’s energies of formation for CH3OH(l), H2O(l) and CO2 (g) are –166.2,
–237.2 and –394.4 kJ mol–1 respectively. If standard enthalpy of combustion of methanol is
–726kJ mol–1, efficiency of the fuel cell will be :
(A) 87% (B) 90% (C) 97% (D) 80%
104. The standard enthalpy of formation of NH3 is – 46.0 kJ mol . If the enthalpy of formation of
–1

H2 from its atoms is –436 kJ mol–1 and that of N2 is –712 kJ mol–1, the average bond enthalpy of
N – H bond in NH3 is
(A) – 964 kJ mol– 1 (B) + 352 kJ mol– 1 (C) + 1056 kJ mol– 1 (D) – 1102 kJ mol– 1
105. For a particular reversible reaction at temperature T, DH and DS were found to be both +ve.
If Te is the temperature at equilibrium, the reaction would be spontaneous when.
(A) Te > T (B) T > Te (C) Te is 5 times T (D) T = Te
106. Choose the correct option about the following sentnences [T= True , F =False]
(i) Ice in contact with water constitutes a homogeneous system.
(ii) The process is known as isochoric in which the pressure remains constant throughout the
change, i.e., dP = 0.
(iii) A spontaneous process is reversible in nature.
(iv) In an isolated system, one form of energy cannot be converted into another, i.e., internal
energy remains constant.
[A] FFFF [B] TTTT [C] FTFT [D] FFFT
107. Choose the correct option about the following sentnences [T= True , F =False]
(i) Molar heat capacity at constant pressure = Molar heat capacity at constant volume + PDV.
(ii) A spontaneous process is accompanied by a decrease in entropy.
(iii) DHsub = DHfusion + DHvap.
(iv) The standard heat of formation represents the formation of the compound from its elements
at 25°C and one atmospheric pressure.
(v) Whenever an acid is neutralised by a base, the net reaction is
H+ (aq) + OH– (aq) ® H2O(l) ; DH = – 13.7 kcal
[A] TFTTF [B] TFTTF [C]TFTFTF [D] TFFFF
108. Match the following :
Column I Column II
(i) A process carried out infinitesimally slowly (A) Adiabatic
(ii) A process in which no heat enters or leaves the system (B) DG = 0
(iii) A process carried out at constant temperature (C) Sublimation
(iv) A process in equilibrium (D) DE = 0, DH = 0
(v) A(s) ® A(g) (e) Reversible
(vi) Cyclic process (f) Isothermal
(A) (i – e, ii – a, iii – f, iv – b, v – c, vi – e) (B) (i – e, ii – a, iii – f, iv – e v – c, vi – d)
(C) (i – e, ii – a, iii – f, iv – b, v – c, vi – d) (D) (i – e, ii – a, iii – c, iv – b, v – f, vi – d)

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109. Match the following

Column–I Column–II
A. Isothermal process P. q = DU
B. Adiabatic process Q. w = – PDV
C. Isobaric process R. w = DU
D. Isochoric process S. w = –n RT ln (V2/V1)
(A) A= S B= R C= Q D= P (B) A= P B= Q C= R D= S
(C) A= R B= S C= Q D= P (D) A= S B= R C= P D= Q

Question 110 to 115 are reasoning question choose the correct statement.
(A) Statement –1 is true, Statement –2 is true.Statement –2 is the correct explanation for
statement –1
(B) Statement –1 is true,Statement –2 is true.Statement –2 is not the correct explanation for
statement –1
(C) Statement –1 is true, Statement –2 is False
(D) Statement –1 is false Statement –2 is True
110. Statement–1 : The enthalpy of formation of H2O(l) is greater than of H2O (g).
Statement–2: Enthalpy change is negative for the condensation reaction H2O (g)® H2O(l)
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
111. Statement–1 : Heat of neutralisation of perchloric acid, HClO3, with NaOH is same as that of
HCl with NaOH.
Statement–2: Both HCl and HClO4 are strong acids.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
112. Statement–1 : When a gas at high pressure expands against vacuum, the work done is maximum.
Statement–2: Work done in expansion depends upon the pressure inside the gas and increase
in volume.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
113. Statement–1 : In the following reaction :C(s) + O2 (g) ®CO2 (g); DH = DU – RT
Statement–2: DH is related to U by the equation, DH = DU – Dng RT
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
114. Statement I : The chemical reaction, 3H2(g) + N2(g) ¾® 2NH3 shows decrease in entropy.
Statement II: The process passes into equilibrium state when DGT,P becomes zero.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
115. Statement I : Both H and U are state functions.
Statement II: Absolute values of H or U can be determined.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
116. 1 mole of NH3 gas at 27° C is expanded adiabatic condition to make volume 8 times (g = 1.33).
Final temperature and work done respectively are –
(A) 150 K, 900 cal (B) 150 K, 400 cal (C) 250 K, 1000 cal (D) 200 K, 800 cal

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117. Calculate the work performed when 2 moles of hydrogen expand isothermally and reversibly at
25ºC form 15 to 50 litres.
(A) –1438 Cal (B) –1436 cal (C) –1348 cal (D) –1346 cal
118. The DHf0 for CO2(g), CO(g) and H2O (g) are –393.5, –110.5 and –241.8 kJ mol–1 respectively.
The standard enthalpy change (in kJ) for the reaction CO2(g) + H2(g) ® CO(g) + H2O (g) is –
(A) 524.1 (B) 41.2 (C) – 262.5 (D) – 41.2
119. For reaction carried out in automobiles, what is the value of D H, DS and DG ?
2C8H 18(g) + 25O2(g) 16CO2(g)+ 18H2O(g)
(A) +, –, + (B) –, + , – (C) –, +, + (D) +, +, –
120. At 25° temperature equilibrium constant Kp for given reaction is = 1.8 10–7 Then what is the
value of DG° ? PCl5 D PCl3 + Cl2
(A)+9197.5 (B) –9197.5 (C) +771 (D) –771.6
121. The conversion A to B is carried out by the following path :
Given : DS(A ®C) = 50 e.u. , DS(C ® D) = 30 e.u. , DS(B ® D) = 20 e.u.
Where e.u. is entropy unit then DS(A ® B) is
(A) +100 e.u. (B) + 60 e.u. (C) –100 e.u. (D) – 60 e.u.
122. For the chemical reaction A + B ¾® P + Q two paths are given in the diagram. Which of the
following relationship is correct –

(A) DH1 + DH2 = DH3 + DH 4 (B) DH1 + DH2 = DH3 – DH 4

(C) DH3 – DH1 = DH4 – DH 2 (D) DH1 – DH2 = DH3 + DH 4

123. For the reaction, + H — H ¾® bond energies are given as under –

(i) C—C, 346 kJ/mol (ii) C—H, 413 kJ/mol

(iii) H—H, 437 kJ/mol and (iv) C = C, 611 kJ/mol
What will be the value of DH 25ºC for the above reaction ?
(A) –289 kJ mol–1 (B) – 124 kJ mol–1 (C) + 124 kJ mol–1 (D) +289 kJ mol–1
124. The value of DHfº of U3O 8 is –853.5 KJ mol–1. Also DHº for the reaction
3UO2 + O2 ¾® U3O8, is –76.00 KJ. The value of DHf º of UO2 is approx –
(A) –259.17 KJ (B) –310.17 KJ (C) + 259.17 KJ (D) 930.51 KJ
125. The heat procuced by complete neutralisation of 100 ml of HNO3 with 300 ml of decimolar
KOH solution is 1.713 kJ. The molarity of HNO3 solution will be –
(A) 0.1 (B) 1 (C) 0.3 (D) 0.5

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Hints
V2 20
(16) W = 2.303 nRT log = 2.303 ´ 1 ´ 8.314 ´ 107 ´ 298 log
V1 10
= 298 ´ 107 ´ 8.314 ´ 2.303 log 2
(20) As dew formation is spontaneous process therefore entropy or randomness of the universe will
increase. As randomeness of the system has decreased but randomness of the surrounding will
increase larger so that change is positive.
(21) It I is because of the fact that for spontaneity, the value of DG = (DH – TDS) should be <
0. If DS is – ve, the value of TDS shall have to be less than DH or the value of DS has to
be less than that of x
(24) In an isolated system, there is no exchange of energy or matter between the system and
surrounding. For a spontaneous process in an isolated system, the change in entropy is
positive, i.e. DS > 0
(52) DH = DE + Dng RT
Here, Dng = 6 – 7.5 = – 1.5.
Thus, DE = DH + Dng RT = – 780980 – (–1.5 ) × 2 × 298 = – 780090 calories.
(53) F2O (g) + H2O (g) ® O2 (g) + 2HF(g); DH = 76.1 kcal.
(55) DCp = 2 × 25.1 + 3 × 75.3 – [103.8 + 3× 28.8] = 85.9 J/K mole.
DH 2 - DH1
We have, T2 - T1 = DCp

DH 358 - (-33290)
= 85.9
358 - 298
DH358 = –28136 J/mole = –28.136 kJ/mole.
(56) (DGº)298 = – 2.303RT log K = – 2.303 × 8.314 × 298 × log (1.754 ×10-5) = 27194 J.
(DGº)323 = 2.303 × 8.314 × 323 × log ( 1.633 × 10-5) = 29605 J.
DGº = DHº – TDSº
27194 = DHº – 298 DSº
29605 =DHº – 323 DSº
DSº = – 96.44J/mol.K
(59) DH – DE = – 4.5 × 8.315 × 298 J = – 11.15 kJ
(61) Cs2 (l) + 3O2 (g) ® Co2 (g) + 2SO2 + 2SO2 DH = -265Kcal
Let DHf (CO2, g) = 4x and DHf (SO2 , g) = 3x
DHreaction = DHf (CO2 ,g) = 2 DHf (SO2 .g) – DHf (CS2 l)
– 265 = 4x + 6x –26
x = –23.9
\ DHf (SO2,g) = 3x = -71.7 Kcal / mol.

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(62) Given
H2 (g)® HCl (g); DH = 104 kcal ...(1)
Cl2 (g) ® 2Cl(g); DH = 58 kcal ...(2)
HCl (g)® H(g) + Cl(g); DH = 103 kcal ...(3)
Heat of formation for HCl
H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) ®HCl (g); DH = ?
Divide equation (1) and (2) by 2, and then add
H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) ® H(g) + Cl(g); DH = 81 kcal ...(4)
Subtracting equation (3) from equation (4)
HCl (g) ®H(g) + Cl(g) ; DH = 103 kcal ...(3)
– – – –
H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) HCl(g) ; DH = – 22.0 kcal
\ Enthalpy of formation of HCl gas = – 22.0 kcal
(76) From first law of Thermodynamics, DE = q + w Þ nCvdT = nCdT – PdV .....(1)
Now according to process, P = V and according to ideal gas equation, PV = nRT
We have, V2 = nRT
nRdT
On differentiating, 2VdV = nRdT and PdV = VdV =
2
nRdT
So from first equation we have, nCvdT = nCdT –
2
R 4R
So, Cv = C – Hence C =
2 2
(89) W = – PDV
= – 1 × 105 (1 × 10–2 – 1 × 10–3) = – 1 × 105 × 9 × 10–3 = – 900 J.
(90) DH = – 393.5 kJ mol–1 .... (1)
CO(g) + O2(g) ® CO2(g) ; DH = – 283 kJ mol–1 .... (2)
On subraction equation (2) from equation (1), we get C(s) + O2(g) ® CO(g) ; DH = –
110.5 kJ mol–1.
The enthalpy of formation of carbon monoxide per mole = – 110.5 kJ mol–1.
DH = – 393.5 kJ mol–1 .... (1)
CO(g) + O2(g) ® CO2(g) ; DH = – 283 kJ mol–1 .... (2)
(91) Let the bond dissociation energy of XY, X2 and Y2 be x,x and x, KJ/mol respectively,
1 1
X 2 + Y2® XY; DH¦ = – 200 KJ mol–1.
2 2
DHreaction = [(sum of bond dissociation energy of all reactants) – (sum of bond dissociation
energy ofproduct)]

é1 1 ù x 0.5x
= ê DH x 2 + DH y2 - DH xy ú = + – x = – 200 \ x = = 800 KJ mol–1.
ë2 2 û 2 2

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Second method

XY ¾¾
® X (g) + YΔH
(g) =a + kJ / mole ; ……….(i)

X 2 ¾¾
® 2XΔH =a+ kJ / mole ; ………. (ii)

Y2 ¾¾
® 2YΔH =0.5
+ a kJ / mole ; ………. (iii)

1 1 1 1
´ (ii) + ´ (iii)-(i), gives X 2 + Y2 ¾¾
® XY ;
2 2 2 2
(92) N2 + 3H2 ® 2NH3 Dn = 2 – 4 = – 2
DH = DU + DnRT = DU – 2RT. \ DH < DU.
(93) In isolated system, the expansion of gas is carried out adiabatically. Since heat exchange
between system and surrounding is not possible i.e. q = 0 and secondary wrev is always
greater than wirr- therefore for reversible process there must be comparatively higher decreases
in internal energy i.e. DU for reversible process will be more negative. Hence, final temperature
in reversible process will be smaller than irreversible process.
\ (Tf)irrev > (Tf)rev
(94) In an isolated system, there is no exchange of energy or matter between the system and
surrounding. For a spontaneous process in an isolated system, the change in entropy is
positive, i.e. DS > 0.
Most of the spontaneous chemical reactions are exothermic. A number of endothermic reaction
are spontaneous e.g melting of ice (an endothermic process) is a spontaneous reaction.
The two factors which are responsible for the spontaneity of process are
(i) tendency to acquire minimum energy
(ii) tendency to acquire maximum randomness.
(95) DGº = DHº – TDSº
for a spontaneous process DGo < 0
DHo – TDSo < 0
TDSo > DHo

DH o 179.1 ´ 1000
T> T>
DSo 160.2
T > 1117.9 K » 1118 K.
(99) DU = DH – DnRT
= 41000 – 1 × 8.314 × 373 = 41000 – 3101.122
= 37898.878 J mol–1 = 37.9 kJ mol–1.
(100) C + 2H2 ® CH4; DHo = – 74.8 kJ mol–1
In order to calculate average energy for C – H bond formation we should know the followng data.
C(graphite) ® C(g); DH ¦o = enthalpy of sublimation of carbon
H2 (g) ® 2H(g) ; DHo bond dissociation energy of H2.

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(101) DS° reaction = 50 – 1/2 (60) – 3/2 (40) = –40 JK–1

For reaction to be at equilibrium
DG = 0
DH 30000
DH – TDS = 0Þ T = = = 750 K
DS 40
(102) H2(g) + O2(g) ¾® H2O (l) DH = –286.20 kJ
DHr = D Hf (H2O,l) – D Hf (H2 , g) DHf (O2 , g)
–286.20 = DHf (H2O (l))
So DHf (H2O, l) = –286.20 KJ/mole
H2O (l) ¾¾® H+ (aq) + OH– (aq) DH = 57.32 kJ
DHr = DHºf (H+, aq) + DHºf(OH–, aq) – DHºf (H2O, l)
57.32 = 0 + DHºf (OH–, aq) – (–286.20)
DHºf (OH–, aq) = 57.32 – 286.20 = –228.88 kJ.
(103) CH3OH(l) + 3/2 O2 (g) ¾® CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
DGr = DGf (CO2, g) + 2DGf (H2O, (l)) – DGf (CH3OH, (l)) – DGf (O2, g)
= –394.4 + 2 (–237.2) – (–166.2) – 0 = – 394.4 – 474.4 + 166.2 = – 868.8 × 166.2
DGr = –702.6 kJ
702.6
% efficiency = ´ 100 = 97%.
726
(105) DG = DH – TDS
For spontaneous reaction DG must be negative
At equilibrium temperature DG = 0
to maintain the negative value of DG
T should be greater than Te.
V2 50
(117) W = – 2.303 n RT log V = – 2.303 × 2 × 2 × 298 × log = – 1436 calories.
1 15
(120) DG° = – RT ln Kp
= – 2.303RT log Kp
= – 2.303 1.987 298 log1.8 10–7
= – 2.303 1.987 298 (– 6.7447) = 9197.5 Cal

3 5
(131) Cv = RT; Cp = RT for monoatomic gas
2 2
5 7
Cv = RT; Cp = RT for diatomic gas
2 2
3 5 5 7
RT + RT RT + RT
Thus for mixture of 1 mole each, C v = 2 2 and Cp = 2 2
2 2
Therefore, Cp / C v = 3RT = 1.5 .
2RT

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(132) 78g of benzene on combustion produces heat = – 3264.6 kJ

-3264.6
\ 39g will produce = = –1632.3 kJ.
2
(137) ΔG = -2.303 RT log K¢ , Here R = 2 cal, T = 300K

10 ´ 15
K¢ = = 10; ΔG = -2.303 ´ 2 ´ 300 ´ log10 10
3´ 5
= = -2.303 ´ 2 ´ 300 ´ 1 = -1381.8 cal
(140) For 2 moles of water vapour, Absorbed energy by system is
DHvap = 2 x 9720 = 19440 Cal.
DH Vap
DSvap =
T b

19440
= (100 + 273)

= 52.12 Cal. K–1. mole–1

= 52.12 4.184
= 217.6 joule.K–1. mole–1
(142) DG°= –2.303 RT logk
= –2.303 x 1.987 ´ 298 log4
= –1363.7 log 4
= –1363.7 ´ 0.6021
= –821.1 Cal.
(143) DG° = –nFE°cell = –2 ´ 96500 ´ 1.20J = –231.6 KJ
(144) DG = DH – TDS
O = 4000 – T × 10 because (DG = 0)
T = 400 k
i.e. At 400 k, temperature reaction will be in equilibrium. But at temperature higher than 400
k the value of DG will be negative.
Thus at 500 k temperature reaction will be spontaneous.
(145) DGo= DGoP – DGoR
= DGoC – [DGoA + DGoB]
= – 25 – [–10 –15]
= –25 + 25 = 0
DGo= 0 so K = 1
13.95 ´ 44
(149) ΔH = = 278.7 kcal
2.2016

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