R. & M. No.

3060
(18~573)
A.R.C. Technical Report

MINISTRY OF SUPPLY

AERONAUTICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

REPORTS AND MEMORANDA

Calculation of Derivatives
for a Cropped Delta Wing with
Subsonic Leading Edges Oscillating
in a Supersonic Air Stream
By
J. WATSON,B.Sc., B.A.,
of the Aerodynamics Division, N.P.L.

Crown Copyright Reserved

LONDON: HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE

1958
TWELVE SHILLINGS NET
Calculation of Derivatives for a Cropped Delta Wing
with Subsonic Leading Edges Oscillating
in a Supersonic 'Air Stream
By
J. WATSON, B.Sc., B.A"
of the Aerodynamics Division, N.P.L.

Reports and Memoranda No. 3060*

July) 1956

Summary.-The lift, pitching moment and full-span constant-chord control hinge-moment are derived for a cropped
delta wing describing harmonic plunging and pitching oscillations of small amplitude and low-frequency parameter in
a supersonic air stream. It is assumed that (a) the wing has subsonic leading edges, (b) the wing is sufficiently thin
and the Mach number sufficiently supersonic to permit the use of linearised theory.
Expressions for the various derivative coefficients are obtained for a particular delta wing of aspect ratio I ·8 and
taper ratio 1/7; these are avaluated and tabulated for Mach numbers I· I, 1· 15, 1,2, I '3, I ·4, I '5, I ·6 and 1·944.

1. I ntroduction.-This report considers theoretical derivatives of lift, pitching moment and

hinge moment corresponding to slow plunging and pitching oscillations of a cropped delta wing
with subsonic leading edges. Values of these derivatives are determined for comparison with
experimental data to be obtained at supersonic speeds. Measurements of the oscillatory deriva-
tives for a wing of aspect ratio 1· 8 and taper ratio 1/7 with a full-span constant-chord flap
(Fig. 1) are in progress at the National Physical Laboratory for Mach numbers up to 111 = 1·8.
In a previous paper the author' (1955) determines theoretical derivatives for a cropped delta
wing with constant-chord flap, when the flap alone is oscillating. In conjunction with Ref. 1,
the present theory yields approximate expressions for the complete set of theoretical derivatives
for low-frequency longitudinal oscillations of the wing-flap combination.
In a supersonic air stream the loading on part of a thin plane cropped delta wing of the plan-
form shown in Fig. 1 is identically that on the complete triangular wing performing the same
motion. Over the remaining part of the wing the velocity potential has been calculated by
Evvards" (1950) method (section 3).
Formulae for the aerodynamic coefficients and derivatives are obtained in section 4; the
accuracy of the results is discussed in section 5.

2. General Supersonic Theory.-The governing equation and the boundary condition are made
non-dimensional and, under the assumption of simple harmonic motion, a transformation is made
which, for low frequency, reduces the unsteady problem to a steady one at the particular Mach
number -yl2 (e.g., Watson' (1955) ).

2.1. Governing Equation.-The perturbation velocity potential, 9, satisfies

a29 a29 2 a29 2( a29 a29 (29)
at2 + 2U axat + U ax2 = a ax2 + ay2 + az2 , (2.1)

where a = velocity of sound, U = velocity of air stream.

* Published with permission of the Director, National Physical Laboratory.

1
 --- - - - - - -- -- -- -- -------

Non-dimensional space and time variables X, Y, Z, T are introduced by

x = cj3X

y = cY
(2.2)
z = cZ
t = cTjU

where lYI = U]a, /1 = y(M 2 - - 1), c= mean chord of wing. In accordance with the assumption
of simple harmonic motion, eP is proportional to eiQJ t = eivT and a time-independent complex
perturbation-velocity potential.on, is given by

(2.3)

where v = wcjU. Equations (2.3) and (2.2) transform (2.1) to

a(jj a(jj
2 2
a(jj2
M 2v2
aY + a
2 Z2 - aX 2 = M2 - 1 (jj. (2.4)

Since v 2 is being neglected, equation (2.4) becomes

(2.5)

which corresponds to steady motion at Mach number Y2.

2.2. Boundary Condition over the Wing.~Under the assumptions of linearised theory the wing
may be treated as a flat plate and the conditions over the wing (Fig. 1) may be referred to the
plane z , 0 so that the' transformed' wing in XYZ-space (Fig. 3) may also be treated as a
flat plate and the conditions over the wing referred to the plane Z = O.
1t is only necessary to consider pitching oscillations of the wing, plunging motion being the
particular case when the axis of oscillation is at infinity. Let the wing oscillate about the axis
x = ch, z- 0 with complex angle of incidence o; == rt.o ei QJ t = rt.o e", where rt.o is a constant
amplitude. Then the complex displacement of points on the wing above the plane z = 0 is
given by (Fig. 2)

~ = rt.(he - x) = rt. o eiQJ t (he - x). (2.6)

The boundary condition is that the flow is tangential over the wing, so that under the approxi-
mations of linearised theory the upwash on the wing

( aazeP ) z ~ (I
= (dC)
dt z ~ (I
= (a~
dt
aC)
+ Uax z ~ (I

= - rt.U{(l - ivh) + ivj3X},

2
since w = vUle and x = e{JX. From this result the upwash on the transformed wing is given by

W = (~~)z=o = e(a~t=o = e(~~)z=o exp {- «r + iV({J + ~)X}

= - ~oeU[(1 - ivh) + iV(2{J + ~)X J
on neglecting squares of v. Thus the upwash on the transformed wing may be written in the
form
(2.7)

where WI = - ~oeU(l - ivh) and W 2 = - qX, where q = iv~oeU {2{J + (1/f3)}. Since WI is a
constant, it may be regarded as the upwash when the transformed wing is at a constant incidence
and since W 2 = - qX, where q is a constant, W 2 may be regarded as the upwash on the trans-
formed wing when it is pitching about the axis X = Z = with a constant angular velocity q. °
The condition W = WI will be called the uniform incidence case and W = W 2 the uniform pitching
case, both being governed by (2.5), the quasi-steady equation corresponding to M = V2.
Let rfJ(X, Y) denote the value of rfJ at the point (X, Y) on the upper surface of the wing and
(arfJl aXL ~O the corresponding value of arfJl ax; on the lower surface of the wing, rfJ = - rfJ(X, Y)
and arfJ/ax = - (arfJ/aX)z=o.
The pressure difference across the wing in the positive z-direction or the lift per unit area is

a
P = 2po ( -;;-t
f + U Taf)
a aX z = 0

Since terms of order v 2 are being neglected the lift per unit area may be written as

p = 2po_U eil'T [{ 1 - iV(f3

{Jc
+ 13!)X}( ax
arfJ)
Z = 0
- i.!:. »ix, Y)J.
(J
(2.8)

It is convenient to introduce the non-dimensional loading function, F, defined by

F = Pef3I(2poU e;,'T) , (2.9)

so that, from (2.8)

F = {I - iV(f3 + ~)X}(:~)z=o - ~ rfJ(X, V). (2.10)

When F has been determined over the transformed wing the aerodynamic coefficients are found
as follows: because of the symmetry about Y = 0, the complex lift coefficient is

L 2e2{Jff P dX dY
C
L = tP ou2S
A
tP ou
+2B + C
2se
= 2e{J2
POU s
fJ' A +B+C
P dX d Y

il'Tff
= 4e F dX dY; (2.11)
Us A+B+C

3
the complex pitching-moment coefficient about the axis through the apex is

= - 2CfJ22
Po u sJ
fJ A+B+C
XP dX dY

= - 4fJ eiVYJJ XF dX dY . (2.12)

US A+B+C '

the complex hinge-moment coefficient about x = cho is

= _ 4(j ei,·Y (~)2II (X _ h o) F dX dY

Us c} B+C (j

4fJ ei"Y
US II A X F dX dY~ + hoC L - h; 4e
Us II F dX dY].
iVT
A (2.13)

The suffices of the integral signs refer to the areas of integration (Fig. 3),

'1 denoting the area 0

.c Y

15 denoting the area X o X (2.14)

C denoting the area X 0 X

where XI = Co/(1C. Xu c-= (co - C})/(1C and m, = fis/(co - cf ) .

It is assumed that the Mach lines from the tips of the leading edges do not intersect on the
wing and that the wing has subsonic leading edges, so that

(2.15)
which is equivalent to
(2.16)

For most practical cropped delta plan-forms the restriction imposed by the lower limit of M is
unimportant; for the particular wing of aspect ratio 1·8 and taper ratio 1/7, being tested at the
N.P.L., equation (2.16) gives the condition 1·038 ]\if 1·944.

~). Velocity Poteniial.: Let WI be the solution of equation (2.5) subject to the boundary
condition (aWl/ az)zco =c WI (the uniform incidence case) and q)2 the solution of equation (2.5)
4
subject to the boundary condition (2I:]J2! 2Z)z~o = W 2 (the uniform pitching case). Then

I:]J = I:]Jl + 1:]J2 (3.1)

is the solution of (2.5) subject to (2.7). Non-dimensional loading functions F 1 , F 2 are defined by

(3.2)

and F 2 = {I - i'V(iJ + fI!)X} (2I:]J2). -- ~ (/>2(X, Y),

2X z~o f3
so that, by (2.10) and (3.1)

F = F1 +F 2• (3.4)

Expressions for I:]Jl(X, Y) and F 1 are derived in section 3.1 and those for 1:]J2(X, 1') and F 2 in
section 3.2. Because of the symmetry about the plane Y = 0, only the region Y ?:'o Ois considered.
Under the condition (2.15) the flow in regions A and B (Fig. 3) is the same as that over the infinite
triangular wing formed by producing the leading edges downstream; there are known solutions
for the velocity potential of an infinite triangular wing with subsonic leading edges at uniform
incidence or with uniform pitching (Ref. 3), so that I:]Jl(X, Y) and 1:]J2(X, Y) are known in regions
A and B. The potentials <P 1(X , Y) and 1:]J2(X, Y) in region C are found by Evvard's method in
the case of steady flow at Mach number yl2 (Ref. 2, equation (29) ).

3.1. Velocity Potential for Uniform I ncidence.-Since the flow in regions A and B is the same
as that over the infinite triangular wing with subsonic leading edges Y = ± mIX, then in those
regions I:]Jl(X, Y) is the perturbation-velocity potential on the triangular wing at a uniform
incidence - WI/U in a stream with Mach number yl2. This perturbation-velocity potential
is known (Ref. 3, p. 302, equation (148) ); in the present notation

2I:]J1) W1m12X (3.5)

( 2X z=o = - E(k)(m 2X2 _ Y 2)1/2'
I
where E(k) is the complete elliptic integral of the second kind with modulus k = (1 - mI2)1/2.
From (3.5) it follows that
rr. (X Y) __ WI ( 12X2 _ Y 2)1/2 (3.6)
'4'1 , - E(k) m ,

since I:]Jl(X, Y) is zero on Y = mIX. From (3.2), (3.5) and (3.6), the loading function in regions
A and B

(3.7)

In region C, Evvard's method for steady flow at M = yl2 (Ref. 2, equation (29)) gives
I:]Jl(X, Y) as a double integral over a rectangular region of the type 51 '+
52 (Fig. 4), namely,

(~)z~o drodso
(3.8)
(r - r o)I/2 (s - soY/2 ,
5
where rv2 = (X - Y) )
(3.9)
sy2 =-= (X + Y)
In the region S2 on the plan-form the upwash (01\/ oZ)z~o equals WI (equation (2.7) ), so that
(3.8) may be written in the form

- WI
n
cfJ1 (X
1
, Y) = W 1 y 2
JfJSI (r (~i)z~odrodso
_ r o) I / 2 (s _ SO)I/2 + C(X, Y), (3.10)
where
C'(X ,.Y) = V1
~2 Jf '( r _ dr;
.52
dso
r o)1/2 (s _ So
)1/2

This repeated integral is easily evaluated and by use of (3.9) we obtain

C(X Y) = 2(m 1X
,
+ Y) (sinh -1 U1/2 _1_ u,1/2 (1
(1 -- m I2) 1/ 2 \
_I- U)I/2}
,
(3.11)

(1 - m 1 ) (mlX o - Y)
where (~).12)
U = (mIX +
Y)

If the leading edges of the wing are produced downstream so as to form an infinite triangular
wing, then the flow in SI remains unaffected and is precisely that investigated by Behrbohrri'
(1952). The upwash outboard of an infinite triangular wing at uniform incidence with subsonic
leading edges Y = ± mIX, as quoted in equation (12a) of Ref. 4, should read

_. (XU en { ~ It) I(1 - t)2)1/2}

lVo - - E(k) E(9, k) -- (rj 2 _ m/)1/2
so that, in the present notation

where E(9, k) is the incomplete elliptic integral of the second kind with modulus k = (1 - m I 2)1/2
and argument ¢ = sin :' [{(X 2 - Y 2)1/2}/kX ]. In region Sj, Y/X is negative so that

Y(X2 _ Y2) 1/ 2 }
X(y 2 - m I 2X 2)1/2 . (3.13)

This upwash is a function of Y/X only or, by (3.9), a function of (s - r)/(s + r) only. Let

So - Yo
(3.14)
'V==--
So +r o •

Then, in terms of current co-ordinates, the upwash is a function of v only and may be written
in the form

( 0(/)1) _ _ WI L(v)
oZ z~o - E(k) (3.15)

6
where (3.16)

and

It is convenient to change the variables of integration in the integral (3.10) from (ro, so) to (ro, »).
Then from (3.15), equation (3.10) becomes

(3.17)

where (3.18)

The integral I does not appear to be integrable in terms of known functions. Accordingly,
since the integrand of I is positive in 51' the term (s - SO)-1/2 in the integrand of I is expanded
in the form

(3.19)

and term-by-term integration gives successive approximations to I. Only the first two terms
of this expansion are retained, as the effect on (/Jl(X, Y) of omitting the remaining terms is in
general small. Thus equation (3.18) becomes

I = II +1 2, •• (3.20)
where
I - (~)1/2ff roL(v) drodv (3.21)
1 - S 81 (1 - V)2 (r - ro) I / 2

and, from (3.14),

(3.22)

o,
In terms of (r v), the region 51 is defined by (Fig. 4) s - ml X ov2 ~ 1'0 ~ r, - 1 ~ v ~ - m,
so that (3.21) becomes

_ (2)1/2JY ro dr; J->1l1 L(v) dv

(3.23)
II - S s m1X o'/2 (r - ro) I /2 -1 (1 - V)2 •

The integration with respect to r« is easily performed and it is found that

o
J y

s -mlXo-VZ (r
ro
_ dr )1/2 -- 3-
Yo
2 (r - s + m X ov. /2)1/2 (2r + s -
l m l X ov
• / 2)

(3.24)

by (3.9). The other integral in (3.23), where L(v) is given by (3.16), is an elliptic integral whose
7
value is
L(v) dv 1
J
- IIl t

-1 (1 _ V)2 = k2 {m1E(k) - (1 - 1?2)K(k)}, (3.25)

where K(k) is the complete elliptic integral of the first kind of modulus k = (1 - m I 2)1/2.

By (~~.9) the factor (2/S)I/2 equals 23 / 4/(X + Y)1/2, so that (3.24) and (3.25) reduce (3.23) to

11 = 2~2 h {m1E(k) - (1 - k 2)K(k)} (m:+~yYY/2 (3X - Y - 2m 1XO) ' (3.26)

Similarly, equation (3.22) may be written in-the form

1 Jr ro dr;2
I-lilt (1 + v) L(v) dv (3.27)
1 2 = 2 1 / 2S 3 / 2 •
s - m1.xo" 2
" (r - r 0)1/2 - 1
(1 - V)3 ,

where

and

21 / 2S 3 / 2 (X + Y)3/2 . (3.30)

From (3.28), (3.29) and (3.30), equation (3.27) becomes

J2 = y~ 1~ [{4 - 3k 2 - (1 - m 1)2 - m 1k 2}E(k) - 2(2 - 3k 2 + k 4)K(k)J X

Finally from (3.20), (3.26) and (3.31), the velocity potential w1 (X , Y) from (3.17) may be
written in the form

- ;1 w1(X , Y) = C(X, Y) - 2i 1(m1)(mf+-17Y/2 (3X - Y - 2m 1XO)

(mI X O Y)I/2 (I5X IOvy

-
?
...i 2
('
m,
)
(X + Y)3/2
- 2 _
A

where C(X, Y) is given by (3.11),

\/2 1
i 1(m1) = 3"" k 2E(k) {m1E(k) - (1 - k 2)K(k)} (3.33)

8
and

Differentiation of (3.32) with respect to X yields

n (a$l) _ 2m1 . h :' 1/2 ( ) (m1XO- Y)1/2 (3X

- WI ax Z~O - - (1 _ m12)1/2 SIll U - il m, (X Y)3/2 + + 7Y + 2m1X) 0

- i 2(m1)
(X
+ Y)1/2
~x -Y)5/2 (15X 2 + 70XY - 41 Y2 -+ 20m1XOX
- 28m1XOY - 36m12X02) , (3.35)

where u is defined by (3.12). The loading function, FlJ in region C is given by (3.2) (3.32) and
(3.35), namely,

n F _ {
1 - tv. ( fJ + ~l)X} [ (1 _2mm Y/2SIllh:' u
1
. 1/2
- WI 1 -- 2 --
1

(m1XO- Y)1/2
-- i 1(m1) (X +Y)3/2 (3X + 7Y + 2m1XO) -

(mlXO - Y)1/2 (15X2.J. 70XY 41 'IT2 20 X X

- i 2(m1) (X + Y)5/2 ;- -.1 + m; 0 -

- 28m1XOY - 36m 1 2X o2 )J
- ~ [C(X, Y) - 2il(m1) (mf+_yYY/2 (3X - Y - 2m1XO)

(mlXO - Y)1/2 (15X 2 lOX 'IT 20 X X

- 2i 2(m, ) (X +
Y)3/2 -.1 + J.1 '""'172
- m1 0 -

(3.36)

where u, C(X, Y), i 1(m1), i 2(m1) are defined by equations (3.12), (3.11), (3.33) and (3.34) respec-
tively.

3.2. Velocity Potential for Uniform Pitching.-The derivation of the velocity potential in this
case is similar to that performed in section 3.1. Here the perturbation-velocity potential
$2(X, Y) on the triangular wing with subsonic leading edges, Y = ± mIX, has to satisfy the
steady condition W = W 2 = - qX in a stream of Mach number v2. By Ref. 3, p. 334,

(3.37)

1 - 2m 2 m 2
where e(m1 ) = 1 - m .~ E(k) + 1 - 1m 2 K(k);
1
(3.38)
1

9
this represents the perturbation-velocity potential in regions A and B. I t follows from (3.37)
that

(3.39)

Thus from (3.3), (3.37) and (3.39) we obtain the loading function F 2 in regions A and B. Since
q is proportional to v and terms of order v 2 are being neglected, then the loading function may be
written in the form

so that, in regions A and 13,

(3.40)

As in section 3.1, Evvard's method in the case of steady flow at Mach number \/2 (Ref. 1,
equation (29) ) is used to calculate c{>2(X, Y) in region C. Thus (/)2(X, Y) is given by (3.8) with (/>1
replaced by c{>2; since ((j1>2! (j Z)z ~ () = W 2 == - qX over 52' it follows that

(j(/)2)
1 ( ,.,z - dr o ds;
0: (/) (X Y) -
q 2, -
_ __
qy2 II 81
0 Z - 0
(r - r o)1/ 2 (s - SO)1/2 +
D (X Y)
" (3.41)

where
( So + ro) d d
1_
D(X, ) ) - . /2
II 1
. (r _ r
y2 r
(s _ )1/2
o
SO
S )1/2
V oS. 0 0

_ 1
- .,
IY dr;
1 2
JS (so + Yo) 1 2
d
So·
2 S-1Il1Xo"2(r-rO) / yo(l-nll ) (S - SO) /
1+1111

This integral is easily evaluated and by use of (3.9) we obtain

(3.42)

where zz is defined by (3.12).

The upwash outboard of a uniformly pitching infinite triangular wing at A1 v2 as quoted

by Behrbohm (Ref. 4, equation (12) ) should read

for m, < 1171 :(; 1,

so that, in the present notation

10
 (
(j(J) 2)
az Z=o . -
qx
e(m1)
{11-_ 2m 2 m 2
m1~ E(¢, k) + 1 _lm/ F(¢, k) -
Iy: (X
X(~2
2
Y 2 )1 /2 )
-

_ m12X2)1/2f

for m, < I Y j X I < 1,

where F(¢, k) is the incomplete elliptic integral of the second kind with modulus k =. (1 - m 12)1/2
and argument ¢ = sin :' [{(X2 - Y 2)1/2}jkX]. Since YjX is negative in 51' then in that region

aC/>2) _ qX f 1 - 2m1 2 (~l43)

( U':lZ z « 0
- - m 1 \l 1 _ m 1 2 E(¢, k)
e-(-)

which in terms of the current co-ordinates (ro, v) (equations (3.9) and (3.14) ) may be written as

aC/>2)
( az = y2 (for - 1 <v < - m 1) , (3.44)
Z=t)

where
(3.45)

and

By changing the variables of integration in the integral of (3.41) from (ro, so) to (rO v), and by !

making use of (3.44), we have

:n; ]
- C/>2(X, Y) = - -(-)
q e m,
+ D(X, Y), (3.46)

where (3.47)

It can readily be shown that the integrand of] is positive within 51' As in section 3.1, an
approximation to ] is obtained by replacing the term (s - so) -1/2 in the integrand of ] by the
first two terms in the expansion (3.19). Thus (3.47) becomes

(3.48)
where
... (3.49)

and, since So =-: r o (1 + v)j(l - v) by (3.14),

]
2
= .l,
5 3/ 2
fj' 81
3
r 0 M(v) (1
(1 - V)3
+ v) dro dv
(r - r o) 1 / 2 .
(3.50)

As for the corresponding integrals in section 3.1, (3.49), (3.50) may be written as a product of
two integrals. Thus (3.49) becomes

(3.51)
where the first integral is given by (3.28) and the second integral, where 1\;1 (v) is given by (3.45),
is an elliptic integral whose value is

(3.52)

where

alm 1) = 30k~fml) [{k

2(2
- k
2
) (1 - m 1)2 (1 - 2k
2)}E(k)

- {2k 2 + (1 - m1 ) 2 } (1 - k2)K(k)J . (3.53)

By (3.9) the factor 2/5 1/2 equals 25 / 4/(X + Y)1/2, so that (~l28) and (3.52) reduce (3.51) to
2
II == 2e(m 1)a 1(m1 ) (m;+-yyr/ (15X 2 - 10XY + 7Y 2
- 20m1XOX - 4m1XOY

(3.54)

Similarly, equation (3.50) may be written in the form

I 2
~~~ _1
-~ 5
3/2
Jr ,
s-m,Xo"2
(
Yo
Y -
3
dr;
Yo
) 1/2
r:-1
(1 + v) l\IJ(v) dv
(1-
)V
3 '
(3.55)

where

and

(3.57)

where

a2(m1 ) = 420~e~ml) [{k

2(32
- 34k
2
-+- 3k
4
) + (1 - m1)2 (4 - 4m1 - 3k
2
) X

X (1 - 2k2)}E(k) - {2k 2(16 - 9k 2 ) + (1 - m 1)2 (4 -- 4m 1 - 3k2 ) } X

X (1 - k2)K(k)], (3.58)
and
I 23 / 4
53/ 2 - (X + Y)3/2 . (3.59)

From (3.56), (3.57) and (3.59), equation (3.55) becomes

12 = 2e(m1)a 2(m1 ) ((:~~y~~:/2 (35X3 - 35X 2Y + 49Xya - 9Y3 - 70m1XOX 2

- 28m1XOXY - 22m 1XOY 2 + 84m12Xo2X + 36m12Xo2y - 40m13Xo3) . (3.60)

12
 Finally from (3.48), (3.54) and (3.60), the velocity potential if>2(X, Y) from (3.46) may be
written in the form

~ if>2(X, Y) = D(X, Y) - 20 1(m1) (mr+_yYY/2 (15X2 - lOXY + 7Y 2 - 20m 1XOX

- 4m 1XOY + 12m12Xo2) - 20 2(m1) (~r+_y~~:/2 (35X3 - 35X 2Y

(3.6] )

where D(X, Y) is given by (3.42), 01(m 1) by (3.53) and o2(m 1) by (3.58). By differentiation of
(3.61) with respect to X we obtain (Oif>2! oX)z= o- Since q is proportional to v and terms of order v"
are being neglected, the loading function, F 2, equals (Oif>2! oX)z ~ 0 so that, on performing the
differentiation of (3.61) with respect to X, we obtain for F 2 in region C,

~ F 2 -- (1 2 2)3/2 [flm1 (2 _ m, 2)X + Yj si h-

SIn
1
u 1/2 .i,
I
(1 _ m, _ m-: 2) (X
m, +.Y)
q - m,

X Ul/2 (1 + U)I/2J - a (m) (m1XO - Y)I/2 (45X2 + 50XY - 27Y 2 - 20m X X

1 1 (X + Y)3/2 1 0

(3.62)

where U, ol(m 1), o2(m1) are defined by (3.12), (3.53) and (3.58) respectively.
To summarise, the loading function, F, is given by (3.4), where, in regions A and B, F 1 , F 2
are given by equations (3.7), (3.40) respectively, and, in region C, F lJ F 2 are given by equations
(3.36), (3.62) respectively.

4. Aerodynamic Coefficients and Derivatives.-In section 3, expressions have been given for the
loading function, F, in the regions A, Band C (Fig. 3), so that the aerodynamic coefficients
follow from the integrations in (2.11), (2.12) and (2.13). Expressions for the lift, pitching moment
and hinge moment are obtained in section 4.1. The aerodynamic derivatives in section 4.2 then.
follow directly from these coefficients.

4.1. Calculation of Aerodynamic Coefficients.-In order to calculate the aerodynamic coefficients,

(2.11), (2.12) and (2.13), it is necessary to evaluate the integrals

JJ A+B+C
(1, X) F dX dY, JJ A
(1, X) F dX dY,

where (1, X) denotes 1 or X. Since the expression for F in regions A and B, given by equations
(3.4), (3.7) and (3.40), differs from the expression for F in region C, given by (3.4), (3.36) and
13
(3.62), then the integrals to be evaluated are split up into the six integrals

f fA+B (1, X) F dX dY, f fe (1, X) F dX dY, JJA (1, X) F dX dY,

or more conveniently into the twelve integrals

JfAllJ(l,X) r.sx sv, JfAH(l,X) F 2 dX dY , ffe(l,X) F l dX dY ,

JJe (1, X) F 2 dX dY, JJA (1, X) t: dX dY, Jf A (1, X) F dX dY 2

) .. (4.1)

It is indicated in Appendix A how the integrals (4.1) reduce to a linear combination of the
integrals in Appendices B, C, D, E, F. We thus obtain the following twelve results in a form
suitable for calculation:

n
-WI fJ' F dX
AIR'I
«v -
1--
n [2
E (k) m,
p I - t.l' ftm 1 2p2fJ
( (4.2)

(4.3)

(4.4)

(4.5)

- T;1 JJe r. dX dY = L1 !:::12)1/2 o. - i l (m l ) (35 0 , _ 1 - 45 1, - 2 -+- 6m l X 050, __ 2)

- i 2 (ml ) (155 0 , 1 - 405 1, _2 - 9652 , _ 3 -+- 60m l X 050 , _2

- i l (m l ) (35 0,0 - 5 1, - 1 - 45 2, 2 -+- 3ml X 050 , _ 1 -+- lOm 1X05 1 , - 2

- 6mI2X0250,2) - i 2 (m l ) (155 0, 0 - 255 1, __1 - 1365 2, _ 2

- 965 3 , 3 -+- 45m l X050, _ 1 -+- 340m l X 05 1, _ 2 -l- 336m l X052,_3

- 240m/X 025 0,_2 - 420mI2X0251,_3 -+- 180mI3X0350,_3)}

2{(mlQ3-+-Q2-+-Rl) r )
-+- ~ (1 _ m 2)1/2
I
- i l (m l ) (35 0, 0 -+- 45 1,1 - 6m 1 X 050, - 1

- i 2(m 1 ) (155 0 ,0 -+- 405 1, _ 1 + 325 2, _ 2 - 60m l X 050,_1

-- 80m 1 X051,_2 60mI2~0250'_2)}]; (4.6)

14
 (4.7)

(4.8)

15
 (4.9)

(4.10)

(4.11)

(4.12)

(4.13)

In these equations WI and q are given by (2.7), e(m l), il(m l), i2(m l), O'l(m l), 0'2(m l) are defined by
(3.38), (3.33), (3.34), (3.53), (3.58) respectively and the P's, Q's, R's, S's and T's are given in
Appendices B, C, D, E and F respectively.
It is convenient to express the right-hand sides of equations (4.2), (4.3) ... (4.13) in the forms

respectively, so that the equations may he written in the form

J'J' A+B
F[ «x «v =-c -- WI {R r(4.2) -
n
ivRJ4.2)}, (4.14)

j'IA!-E
XFI «x cv =c - WI {R r(4.3) - ivR;(4.3)},
at
(4.15)

If • A I TJ
F2 dX dY (4.16)

II A+E
XF2 sx sv = fj R r(4.5),
n
(4.17)

IIe F I dX sv =c. - V~l {R r(4.6) - ivl?;(4.6)}, (4.18)

16
 IIe XF1dX dY = - ~l {R r(4.7) - ivR i(4.7)}, .. (4.19)

II F2 dX dY = q R
e n r(4.8), (4.20)

II XF2 dX dY = R
e
CJ..
n r(4.9), (4.21)

(4.22)

f fA X F 1dX dY = - :1 {R r(4.11) - ivR;(4.11)}, (4.23)

(4.24)

f fA X F 2dX dY = ~ R r(4.13), (4.25)

since to the first order in frequency F 2 is real.

Then from equations (2.11), (3.4) and (4.14) . 'e' (4.25), the complex lift coefficient becomes

WI ( .
=
4 e;pT [
Us - -;;- {R r(4.2) + K(4.6)} - ~v{R;(4.2) + R;(4.6)})

+ ! {R r(4.4) + R r(4.8)}] . (4.26)

Similarly the complex pitching-moment coefficient, (2.12), becomes

Cm = -
4;3 e;pT [
US - WI
-; ( {R r(4.3) +R r(4.7)}
.
- ~v{R;(4.3) + R;(4.7)})

+ ~ {R r(4.5) +R r(4.9)}] . (4.27)

The complex hinge-moment coefficient, (2.13), becomes

CH =
C)2 [ C
(o
- m + hOC + 4;3
-U eM ( -
s L
WI
- {R ..(4.11) -
n
.
~vRi(4.11)} + nq
-R )r(4.13)

-
h o 4 e;vT (
Us
WI '
- -;;- {R r(4.1O) - ~vRi(4.1O)}
q(4.12)
+ ;R )] r (4.28)

17
After substituting for WI and q from (2.7) and discarding terms in v 2 we obtain the complex lift
coefficient in the form

C. 4C~) [oc (R y(4.2) + R(4.6)) - (~)({R;(4.2) R i(4.6) hR y(4.2)

-1- hR y(4.6)} -- (2(-; +- D{R y(4.4) R,.(4.8)})] , (4.29)

where OC o eivT has been replaced by oc and ivoc o ei rT by ((iC/U), where (i = doc/dt. Similarly the
complex pitching-moment and hinge-moment coefficients become

c,/I-- -- 4(1 C~) [ o: ( R y ( 4.3) +- R r ( 4.7)) - (~~) ({ R i( 4.3) +- R i( 4.7) hR y ( 4.3)

+- hR y(4.7)} - (2(3 +- ~) {R y(4.5) + R y(4.9)})] , (4.30)

CH c=c (£Y [Cm + hoC I. -1- 4 C~) (oc{(1R y(4.11) - hoRr(4.1O)}

- (~~){f3Ri(4.11) + f3 hR y(4.11) - f3(2ii DR y(4.13) - hoRi (4.1O)

-- lzohRy(4.10) +- ho(2fi ~)~?y(4.12) })] . (4.31)

4.2. Calculation of Aerodynamic Derinaiioes.> Each aerodynamic coefficient may be split

uniquely into two parts, viz.,

ct, --
.i:»~Zo.OC -- 2'Z" U ee)
'). Cie) 1l , (4.32)
(CmL 21117,!'l. f t.
.~111."

el/ 2h7,oc + 2h" (de)

U
J
where (i= dct./dt and the real coefficients, Z7,' Z", m; m.; h7,' h, are the required derivatives.
The moment in the second equation of (4.32) will be taken about the axis of oscillation of the
win~ (x he) so that the moment coefficient (C"J" =c C m hCL, where C m is taken about the +-
pitchiru; axis through the apex of the wing. Then equations (4.32) may be written

(4.33)

18
The derivatives may be evaluated by identifying (4.33) with the expressions for the aerodynamic
coefficients given by (4.29), (4.30) and (4.31):

- z; = 2c {R r(4.2)
Sn
+R r(4.6)}

- z" = ;: [(213 + ~) {R r(4.4) +R r(4.8)} - {R i(4.2) + Ri(4.6)}] + hzrt,

'Jf3 -
- m; = ~ {R r(4.3)
Sn
+R r(4.7)} + hz;

- mil = %e [(213 + ~) {R r(4.5) +R r(4.9)} - {R i(4.3) +R i(4.7)}]

+ h(mrt, + hzrt,) + liz; (4.34)

- hrt, = (~)2
c
[2C {hoR r(4.1O)
sr:
- f3R r(4.11)} - im, -+ hzrt,) + hozrt,]
j

- h" = (£y[:: {f3Ri(4.11) - hoRi(4.1O) -- fJ(2(3 + ~) R r(4.13)

+ ho(2(3 +~) R,.(4.12)} - {(mil + hzi!) + h(mrt, + hzrt,)}

+ ho(z" + hZrt,)] + hhrt,
On comparison of equations (4.14), (4.15), ... (4.25) with equations (4.2), (4.3), ... (4.13) the
R/s and R/s are found as functions of the P, Q, R, 5, T integrals which are given in Appendices
B, C, D, E and F. It is easily seen that the R/s and R/s are functions of m, = (3s/(c o - Cj ) ,
X, = co/fJc and X o = (co - cj)/f3c only, so that for a given wing the derivatives are functions
of Mach number and h onlv.
The aerodynamic derivatives for a plunging motion of the wing are defined in terms of the
corresponding aerodynamic coefficients by

(C h=
11l 2mzz + 2mz (~) t. (4.35)

. CH = 2hzz + 2hz (~) j

where z denotes the complex downward displacement of the wing from its mean position and the
moment in the second equation is taken about the pitching axis through x = he. On comparison
with the coefficients in (4.29), (4.30) and (4.31), it is easily seen that

Zz = m; = hz = 0 (4.36)
and
(4.37)
19
 It will be remembered that the derivatives (4.34) are given approximately only, because an
approximation was made in calculating the loading over region C (section 4). This approxima-
tion was the replacement of the term (s - SO)-1/2 in the integrands of (3.18) and (3.47) by the
first two terms on the right-hand side of (3.19). However, (3.18) and (3.47) in general make only
a small contribution to the loading in region C and consequently to the derivatives in (4.34).
It can readily be shown from (3.33), (3.34), (3.53), (3.58) that T1(m1), (J1(m 1) are of order
4
1~2= 1 -- m 12 and that T2(m1), (J2(m 1) are of order h as m, -+- 1. Thus we may consider the
following three approximations:
(a) A first ap proximaiio« to the derivatives is obtained by omitting the contributions
arising from (3.18) and (3.47) (this is equivalent to formally putting T 1 (m1), T 2 (m1),
(Jl(m 1), 0'2(m1) zero in (4.34) )
(b) A second approximation is obtained by retaining only the first term in the right-hand
side of (3.19) in place of the term (s - SO)-1/2 (this is equivalent to formally putting
T2(m1), and 0'2(m 1) zero in (4.34) )
(c) A third approximation is obtained by retaining only the first two terms in the right-hand
side of (3.19) (this is equivalent to (4.34) as it stands).
Furthermore, the contribution arising from (3.18) and (3.47) is the contribution arising from
region S1 (Fig. 4). Consequently, as the subsonic leading edges of the wing approach sonic
leading edges, this contribution tends to zero, so that, as the Mach number increases, the above
three approximations tend to each other and to the exact value.
For the particular wing of aspect ratio 1· 8 and taper ratio 1/7, the derivatives - z",
-·z,;, ... - h,; are tabulated in Table 1 for the special pitching axis h = 0, and the values of
these derivatives for any given pitching axis then follow from (4.34).

5. Discussion of Results.-Of the three types of approximation defined at the end of section 4.2,
the second approximations to the derivatives in (4.34) and (4.38) for the pitching axis at the apex
of the wing (h= 0) are tabulated against Mach number for a cropped delta wing (Fig. 1) of aspect
ratio 1·8 and taper ratio 1/7. For most practical cropped delta plan-forms this second approxi-
mation is sufficient. In Table 1 the third approximations to the derivatives are given for the
Mach number M cc= 1·1; even at this unfavourably low Mach number, they are seen to differ
little from the second approximation. The derivatives for pitching axes other than that through
the apex can be found from (4.34) and (4.38).
The first and second approximations to the derivatives for the pitching axes given by he", .~
and h cc= 1 are plotted for this wing against Mach number and shown in Figs. 5,6,7,8. The third
approximations for M =,c 1·1, are also shown. It is seen from these figures that the derivatives
are given sufficiently accurately by their first approximations for a Mach-number range from
about i11 =: 1·3 to J11 =: 1·944 at which the leading edges are sonic. From]\;J = 1·1 to 1·3
the derivatives are seen to be given sufficiently accurately by their second approximations.
The quasi-steady values of - z; and - m; for 111 = 1 from Mangler's" (1955) theory are shown
in Figs. 5 and 6 for comparison.

6. Achnowledgement.--The computation, the results of which are given m the table and
figures. was carried out by Miss S. W. Skan.

20
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

a Speed of sound
A, B,C Areas of integration (Fig. 3)
Root chord
Cf Control chord
tip chord
Mean chord
t(c o + cf )
Complex hinge-moment coefficient
H/iP oU 25 rcf
Complex lift coefficient
L/tP oU25
em Complex pitching-moment coefficient
JI/iP oU 25 c
1(m1 ) Defined by equation (3.38)
E(k), K(k) Complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kinds with
modulus 1~
E(ep, k), F(ep, k) Corresponding incomplete elliptic integrals of argument
. -1 (X
2 _ Y2)1/2
ep = sm kX
F Complex non-dimensional loading (equation (2.9) )
r; F2 Complex non-dimensional loading for constant incidence, pitch case
(equations (3.2) and (3.3) )
hc Streamwise distance from apex to axis of oscillation
hoc Streamwise distance from apex to hinge line (co - cf )
hex' ha Stiffness, damping derivative 'of hinge moment due to pitching
(equation (4.32) )
hz, h z Stiffness, damping derivative of hinge moment due to plunging
(equation (4.35) )
H Complex hinge moment
k - (1 - m 12) 1/ 2
L Complex lift
L(v) Function obtainable from equation (3.16)
m1 Non-dimensional tangent of semi-apex angle (see Fig. 3)
(Js/(co - cf )

m ex, m; Direct stiffness, damping derivative of pitching moment (equation

(4.32) )
21
 LIST OF SYMBOLS-continued

Stiffness, damping derivative of pitching moment due to plunging

(equation (4.35) )
1'Vr Mach number of free stream
Uja
Af(v) Function obtainable from equation (3.45)
Jt Complex pitching moment about pitching axis through apex (nose up)
p Complex pressure difference across wing
(equation (2.8) )
Integrals evaluated in Appendix 13
q iV[e<i cU( 2(1 +-~)
91' .. ·95 Integrals evaluated in Appendix C
(r, s) Axes parallel to Mach lines (equation (3.9) ) (Fig. 4)
(r0, so) Variables of integration in (r, s)-plane
»; R2 Integrals evaluated in Appendix D
R r(4.2), Rr(4.13) Real parts of right-hand sides of equations (4.2), ... (4.13)
I'R;(4.2), vR i (4.1 3) Imaginary parts of right-hand sides of equations (4.2), ... (4.13)
s Semi-span of wing
5 Surface area of wing
2sc
Surface area of full-span flap
2scf
Integrals evaluated in Appendix E
Areas of integration shown in Fig. 4
Time
r Non-dimensional time
Utlc
1',,···1'5 Integrals evaluated in Appendix F
Function defined by equation (3.12)
U Speed of free stream
v (equation (3.14) ) Variable of integration
w Complex upward component of velocity
( (j(l> I aZ)/.o 0

Complex upward component of velocity associated with constant

incidence, pitch case
22
 LIST OF SYMBOLS-continued

X, y, z Rectangular Cartesian co-ordinates defined by Fig. 1.

x, Y,Z Non-dimensional co-ordinates defined by equation (2.2)
Non ..dimensionallengths shown in Fig. 3
(co - cl )/fJ c, co/fJc
Stiffness, damping derivative of lift due to pitching (equation
(4.32) )
Stiffness, damping derivative of lift due to plunging (equation
(4.35) )
Complex angle of incidence
1X0 eiwt
fJ
Complex upward displacement (see Fig. 2)
v Frequency parameter based on mean chord
wcjU
Po Density of free stream
a 1(mi ) , a 2( mi ) Functions defined by equations (3.53), (3.58)
ri(m i), r 2(m i) Functions defined by equations (3.33), (3.34)
fjJ Perturbation-velocity potential
([J(X, Y) Time-independent complex perturbation-velocity potential on upper
surface of wing
Corresponding perturbation-velocity potential for uniform incidence
Corresponding perturbation-velocity potential for uniform pitching
w 2n (frequency of oscillation of wing)

REFERENCES
No. Author Title, etc.
1 J. Watson Calculation of derivatives for a cropped delta wing with an oscillating
constant-chord flap in a supersonic air stream. R. & M. 3059. November,
1955.
2 J. C. Evvard Use of source distributions for evaluating theoretical aerodynamics of thin
finite wings at supersonic speeds. N.A.C.A. Report 951. 1950.
3 S. Goldstein Modern developments in fluid dyanmics. High speed flow. Vol. 1, pp. 302
(editor) and 334. 1953.
4 H. Behrbohm The flat triangular wing with subsonic leading edges in steady pitch and
roll at supersonic velocities. S.A.A.B. Tech. Note 9, pp. 15 and 16.
1952.
5 K. W. Mangler Calculation of the pressure distribution over a wing at sonic speeds.
R. & M. 2888. September, 1951.

23
 APPENDIX A
I ntegrals required in section 4.1
In order to calculate the aerodynamic coefficients the integrals (4.1) must be evaluated. The
first four integrals in (4.]), namely, the integrals of F b F 2, XF 1 , XF 2 over the region A + B,
where F 1 , F 2 are given by (3.7) and (3.40), reduce to a linear combination of the integrals
J JAtB (ml;;X_d~2r/2' where X takes the forms X, X 2, X3, (m 2X2 - Y 2) and X(m 2X2 - Y 2). 1 1

The values of these integrals are given in Appendix B as P b P 2 , • • • P 5 • The next four integrals
in (4.1), namely, the integrals of FI! F 2, XF b XF 2 over region C, where F 1 , F 2 are given by
(3.36) and (3.62), reduce to a linear combination of three sets of integrals:

rr, x-v- sinh

• • c
I U
I
/
2dX dY, where (m, n) take the values (0, 0), (0, 1), (1,0), (1, 1), (2,0);

Y)U I / 2 (1

5
~ 111,12
=J'J (m1 X - Y)(2m+l)/2 (X
0
+ Y)(2n+l l/2 dX iv ,
c

where u. is defined in equation (3.]2). The first set of integrals may be found from Appendix C
as QI' Q2' ... Q5' the integrals R 1 and R 2 are given in Appendix D and the integrals Sm,n in
Appendix E. Finally, the last four integrals in (4.]) correspond to the first four integrals in (4.1)
integrated over region A in place of region A + B; these are given in Appendix F as
TI! T 2 , • • • T 5 •

APPENDIX B
Integrals PI! P 2, ... P 5
These are readily evaluated by writing the double integral over the region A -j B in Fig. 3
as the sum of two repeated integrals

dX dY = JXO(l +mll-' XI dyJXI dX + J"'IXO dYJ'XO(l + ml) - Y dX .

J• r +B
A 0 Y!nzl Xo(l + 1111) - XI Y!ml

Then, if

(B. 1)

(1 + m 1)1/2 X 2 {COS·- 1 11'f _ 11(1 _ 2) 1 / 2} .

+ J. (1 2 _ m
1)3/2
0 'f
'I1
'f ,
(B.2)

24
 (B.3)

+ 2i~1+-m~:;72/2 X o 4[3(2
+ 3m 12) COS-
1
1} - {l6m 1 + (2 7 m I 2)1)

- 16m11)2 + (4 + 2m 2)1)3} (1 I - 1)2)1/2J; (B.4)

X [ f - (1 - m« )2 X
1 - mI 2 (I X I 2} ] ; (B.S)
1 o

(B.6)

APPENDIX C

Integrals Ql' Q2' ... Q5

The integrals over the region C in Fig. 3 are evaluated by expressing the double integrals as
repeated integrals
IXI
II I
nl l X O
dXdY = dY dX
C Xo(l + nil) - XI Xo(l + "'1) - Y

and then reducing them to a combination of subsidiary single Integrals which are listed at the
end of this Appendix. In terms of u = {(I - m 1 ) (m IXO - Y)}!(m IX Y), +
Ql = JJc sinh --1 U
1/2 dX dY = 2m 1(1 - m 1)2(Xo + X 1)2Ia(2) - (1 ~:nl) X
o2j3(2), (C.1)

2S
 fJ' ,x sinh
• C
I U}f 2dX dY = -
ml
~ Q2.

_ ~ _ ml X 3 T (3). (C.3)
3 (1 - m l ) 0 J 4 ,

J
Q4-"= Ie XY sinh 1 U
1f2 dX dY = - ~JIe Y 2
sinh I U
1f2
dX dY +

- :31 m l 2(1 - m l )3XI (X 0 +X I

)31 (3)
4 - 3"
2
16 (1 _m l m )2 X 0 4J 5 (3) +
l

(C.4)

Q5=J'I . X 2 sinh
C
I U
l f2 dX dY = - ~ II C Y
~
2
sinh:' U l f2dX dY -- ~ Q4
~

+ 452 m (1
l - ml
)4(X
0 +X I
)41
5
(4)
-
32 ml
45 (1 _ m l )
X
0
4J 5
(4)
.
(C.5)

The integrals Q'l and Q5 involve the subsidiary double integral

Subsidiary single integrals.--The quantities QI' Q2' ... Q5 are evaluated with the aid of the
1's and I'» given below:

(C.7)

Since m\ < 1, X o ~ Xl and, by the condition (2.15), m, ;? (Xl - Xo)/Xo then K is real.
26
 1 ~ I (1) in'> 1) (e.S)
- (n - 1)1 om;H 1 , i>: )

where K is treated as a constant in the differentiation and where

1 1( 1) = -1/2 tan~1 [( )1/2

.AA
no 1
- 1/2 (1 _ MA.
rro 1
) m1
1 _ m1 (1 +KK2) 1 /2
]
.
(e.9)

(n ? 1), (e.1O)

where (n;:-l) is a binomial coefficient.

In terms of these results, by integration by parts we obtain

1) [1(1) ~ 1(1) ]
+ (n _1 n - 2 "T m 1 n - 1 , (n ? 3); (e.ll)

+ (nJ~12.2
_ 1) , (n ? 3); (C.12)

[<3) = JK v{3 sinh- 1 v + v(l + V 2)3/2 - 3v3(1 + V2)1/2} dv

n 0 (1 - m, + v )n 2

(C.I3)

(e.14)

27
 n l) == J' K
v{l5 sinh IV v(8v1 - 4v2 + ~~) (1
" (1 - m; +v 2
)"

1
c= _ OS sinh- 1 K +
K(8K - 4K
2
3) (1 + + K 2)1/2} + 3 { (15 __ 20 +
2(n - 1) (1 - m 1 + K2)" 1 (n _ 1) m 1 m1

+ 8m[2) I~,l) + (15 -

I 40m[ + 24m12)I~I)2 - 4(5 - 6ml)1~,1) :J + 8I~I)_1}' in > 5); (C.15)

2
OS sinh 1 K + K(8K 4
- 4K + 3) (1 + K 2)1/2} + 3 115 nl). __ 20 TO). +
2(n - 1) (1 +K 2) " 1 (n _ 1) l J1l2 'Jll-a

(n ;?:: 5). (C.16)

APPENDIX D

Integrals R 1 , R 2
These integrals are evaluated in the same way as the integrals Ql1 ... Q5 of Appendix C.
The double integral over region C is expressed as the same repeated integral. In terms of
tc = {(1 - m 1) (m1XO- Y)}!(m1X + Y)

(D.l )

where
(D.3)

2 K5
H2 = "5 (1 + K2) 5/2 ,
(DA)

28
 (D.S)

(D.6)

(D.7)

where K is given by (C.7) of Appendix C.

APPENDIX E

Integrals Sm,n

Again the double integral over region C is expressed as the repeated integral in Appendix C
and

5 men =JJ (m1X 0 - y)m+l/2 (X -+

I
y)n+I/2 dX dY (E.1)
C

is found to reduce to

5 m,n = (2n 4+ 3) (mI X 0 -+- X I )m+n+3 J4>0 sln

. 2m + 2 0 COS2n + 4 0 do

4(1 + m I )n+ 3/2 X on+3 /2 (Xl - X o)1n + 3/2

(E.2)
(2m + 3) (2n + 3)

where
(E.3)

and the integral on the right-hand side of (E.2) may be evaluated by means of the reduction
formulae

I n,m =
sin- ' ' (j
+ m)
cos m - I 0
+ (mn +- m1) I
} ..
2
(n n,m-

, (E.4)
I n,m = -
sirr': ' ()
. (n + m)
1
cosm+ () - m1) I
-+ (nn + n-2,m

where
In,,,, = f sin" () cos" f..) d(). .. (E.5)

29
 APPENDIX F

These are evaluated by expressing the double integral over region A in Fig. 3 as a repeated
integral:

XO f1nlX
ff A dX dY =
f 0 dX () dY.

Then it is easily found that

(F.1)

(F.2)

(F.3)

T4 = II A
(m 1 2X2 - Y 2)1/2dX dY =!!...
12 m 1 2X03., (FA)

(F.5)

30
 TABLE 1
Second Approximation to Derivatives for the Delta Wing
of Aspect Ratio 1·8 and Taper Ratio 1/7
with Subsonic Leading Edges

M - Za. =- Zz - Za - ma = - m:i: -ma - ha = - h:i: - h'i

-- --- -----~_._---

1 . 1* ] '5(~6 ],774 1 ·676 2·305 0'(~880 1·2724

] ·1 1. 5(~7 1·762 1·678 2·285 0'(~905 1 '2:~82

1 ·15 1·508 1·763 1·656 2·282 0·4208 1·2142

1·2 1 ·478 1·734 1·629 2·243 0·4358 1 ·1871

1·3 1·417 1·644 1·570 2·128 0·4469 1·1264

1'4 1·361 1·546 1·513 2·001 0·4482 1 ·OH55

1 ·5 1·309 1·453 1·457 1·882 0·4428 ioosn

1·6 1·260 1·367 1·405 1·771 0·4350 0·9487

1 '944t 1·116 1·125 1·249 1·460 0·4027 0'7923

* Indicates that the third approximations to the derivatives are given.

t Indicates the Mach number at which the wing has sonic leading edges.

The pitching axis is taken at the apex of the wing.

31
 Mean chord. c = ~ (co + cf)
Area of wing, 5 = 2s c
Control surface ~A
Area of control surface, Sf = 25 C
Aspecl: ratio of wing. 2s/c
Taper ralno of wing. cf/c o
z axis upwards

FIG. 1. Plan of wing and control surface. FIG. 3. 'Transform' of wing.

z Free scream direction Ox

Angle of incidence R [a c e iwtJ
Complex upward displacement &

<>------h c
~ .
Section of wing

FIG. 2. Motion of wing surface. FIG. 4. Areas of integration to obtain velocity potentials.
 I 5
, I
- ----
I
First approximabon
- - - Second approximation
I I
--
......
r-. <,
<,
x
+
Third approximation
Ref 5 (Mangler)

I-
~ 10

" <,
~ ----
I2
..............
<;
0·9
r----. I----.
l- I O-B
---- --- ----r---
h-= ~

r--
I-0 0-7 t
, ,-

~
"-
<, 0·6
0-9
<, ----First approsrmabon

0- B
-Za: ,-z<i
~ o5
- - Second approximation

~
~
<, ~~ x Third approximal:ion
+ Ref 5_ (Mangler)
0- 7 0·4
<,

<; <,
0- 6 01\
<,

0-s 0-2
11.= I
- -
0-4 0·1

0-:I o+
1·0 I I 1·2 HI \·4 M 15 1·6 \·7 1·8 IS

~--
- ~ <, FIG. 6. Variation of pitching-moment stiffness derivative
0-2
~~ with Mach number.

0- I
~
............

o
1·0 1·\ 1·2 \-3 1-4 M 1·5 1·6 1·7
---- --- 1-8 I-g

FIG. 5. Variation of lift derivatives with Mach number.

 ,. I
x I I I I
----- First approxirnacicn
1·0 ~ - - Second approximation -
~ I I I I ---::-:- Third approximation

~ "
----- First approximation
~
~ - - Second approximation -
-..... 0·9

r-.
o·g
x Third approximation
x
<, -h.er.
0·8 0-8
!'.. I'---..
<, ,,~ ~=~
0·7
r-. <, IL=~
0·7
r-, I"--.....
'~
..... ~

06

D·"
<. <; o-e;

-
'" -!La
-hci
......
<,
~J
"-
<,
~
I--:.

0·4 .~
0·4
~ )---.
0·3
r--- ~
r-- I-- IL = I

r-- I---
02 0·2

0·1 0·1

o o
10 I-I '·2 /·3 '.4 /.& 16 1·7 /·8 '·9 1·0 1.1 1·2 1·3 1·4 M ,,5 10 - '·7 1·8 rs
M

FIG. 7. Variation of pitching-moment damping derivative FIG. 8. Variation of hinge-moment derivatives with Mach number.
with Mach number.
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