International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics

Volume 118 No. 7 2018, 635-640

ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)
url: http://www.ijpam.eu
Special Issue
ijpam.eu

Solid Waste Management in Smart Cities using IoT

Praneetha Surapaneni
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lakshmana Phaneendra Maguluri
Dhanekula Institute of Engineering and Technology, Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Ganguru, Andhra Pradesh-521139 Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation,
Green Fields,Vaddeswaram,Guntur, Andhra Pradesh522502
Maganti Symala
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Dhanekula Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Ganguru, Andhra Pradesh-521139

Abstract— The rapid growth in the population automatically billion tons per annum by the year 2025.The report also
demands better infrastructure and more facilities. Employment suggested that the per capita rates of waste generation will be
and attaining balance in economy is an important concern for a around 1.2 to 1.42 kg per person (depending on different
nation having such rapid increase in its population, which finally regions and countries) per day in the coming first decade or
results into evolution of new urban areas and cities. A smart city
so. With the rapid growth in the population, urbanization and
is created upon various particular components and strong waste
administration is one of these crucial viewpoints. For example, also due to considerable changes in the life style of people,
today, to address the rising issue of carbon emissions in waste management is emerging as a big challenge for all
construction process, contractual workers are obligatorily made countries even for developed ones. It is presumed that, by the
a request to use supplies according certain standards. year 2050, 64 percentage of population in the developing
Subsequently, to employ such operational standards we need countries and greater than 84 percentage of population in the
dynamic investment and acknowledgment from the workers in developed ones will be in urban places. Accordingly the urban
using equipment according to the endorsed technologies. administrative authorities have to overcome the challenges of
Essentially, the adequacy of strong waste administration waste management by implementing efficient and effective
framework relies on the involvement of the considerable number
process for collecting, disposing and recycling of waste by
of stakeholders and natives. Strong waste administration is of
grave significance to a urbanized locale which confronts the taking into account the standard of health and environmental
consistent growth in population, rising infrastructural requests friendliness. India is the second largest populous nation in the
and extending inflow of migrants. Understanding the idea and world, with 1.33 billion populations which is equivalent to
setting of waste isolation is additionally a key segment in the 17.86 percent of world total population. Moreover, the urban
strong waste administration handle. This is the phase where population of India counts for 0.43 billion which is 32.8
India still lingers behind as against the universal partners. In a percent of country population.. Moreover, the urban
nation like Finland, just around 7 percent of the waste gets population of India counts for 4.39 billion which is 32.8
arranged into the dumping yard and the staying around 93 percent of country population. It is estimated that half of the
percent of the waste segment is reused. This level of adequacy in
population live in urban areas by 2050. With this sort of
actualizing the strong waste administration framework is
possible just because of subjective spread of civic sense, clear increasing in population the waste management has been
understanding and acknowledgment over the idea of waste emerged as a severe problem because of both environmental
segregation. aesthetic concerns. As per the reports of Central Pollution
Board of India, the country generates nearly 1.28 lakh Tons of
Keywords— Smart Cities, Solid Waste Management, municipal solid waste per day during 2011-12. Out of the total
IoTIntegration waste generated only 0.89 lakh tons nearly accounting to 70
percent of total waste generated are collected and only 0.15
I. INTRODUCTION
lakh tons (12.45 percent) of waste is processed or treated.
Solid Waste is generated wherever the human life is a present Segregation at collection source points, transportation and
and it becomes a part of daily lifecycle. The report of world of scientific disposal methods of waste are not occurring which
Banks Review, in 2012, states that the world wide municipal results in degradation of environment and poor quality of life.
solid waste generations where approximately 1.3 billion tons The hierarchy of waste managementis shown in Fig.1. In this
per annum. This statistic was anticipated to arrive at 2.2 paper we present the strategies of smart waste management

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and implementation methods. Section II, we discuss about the Waste generated in households and street sweeping wastes are
Current situation in India. Section III, describes the Integrated generally transferred into community bins made from metal or
smart waste management whereas, Section IV deals with concrete. Moreover these community bins also con-sists of
integration of technology to waste management. At last we stated waste generated by commercial sector and shops unless these
the applications and concluded the paper. commercial spaces pay some amount to municipal authorities
for transferring of their waste for disposal.
As the waste disposed in community bins is not scientifically
segregated, it is not suitable for optimal recycling, which can
be utilized for producing recycled new products. In India the
segregation and recycling in small scale is achieved by rag-
pickers who segregate the waste and sell that for their
livelihood and small vendors who buy newspapers, plastic
items and other recyclable items from houses and process them
for recycling
Various transportation modes preferred India for Waste
Fig .1: Hierarchy of solid waste management management are basically trucks, tractors, compactors and
trailers. Trucks are generally used for transportation of waste in
II. CURRENT SITUATION IN INDIA smaller town without proper cover system. These vehicles
In Indian context, the municipal corporations are maintenance is carried out by municipal authorities of that city
completely responsible for proper waste management in their and small workshops are run by authorities for minor repairs.
respective cities. But many of the authorities are not fulfilling The overall collection and transportation comes to halt if there
their duty to provide efficient ways of controlling the is any breakdown of the vehicles occurs.
generation of waste at source, collecting, transporting, disposal
of that waste well mannered. Because of this inefficient
collection of waste, the accumulated waste is often mixed with III. INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
excreta of humans and animals in the drains and responsible for
flooding of roads during rains, insect breeding and finally The Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is mainly
results into spreading of diseases. related to 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) Approach which
mainly focus on the minimization of the solid waste generated
Segregation at source itself is the important strategy for from different sources and implementation of waste processing
efficient waste management. Segregation in India is improper plants by involving the stakeholders. The ISWM Hierarchy is
and is not seriously considered by households, commercial shown in Figure. The hierarchy consists of Reduction of waste
shops and offices. On an average 20 percent of total country’s at source itself, Recycling, Composting, and Waste to Energy
waste can be segregated properly at the source for recycling if conversion and at last it prefers Sanitary Land filling.
proper practice of segregation methods are cultivated by
individuals. According to CPCB Report 2013, no city in India
attains 100 percentage segregation of waste and it claims that
only 70 percentage of total waste is collected and segregated at
dwelling points. The remaining 30 percentage of uncollected
waste is remained in the environment itself or get mixed up.
The major problem if only 12.45 percentage of the collected
waste is processed under scientific conditions, whereas the
remaining waste is dumped in the open areas.

Fig. 3: Integrated solid waste management [2]

. Waste Minimization

The ISWM Hierarchy prefers waste minimization at the

generated sources as its first priority for efficient waste
management. Due to waste minimization, the amount of
Fig. 2: Current Waste management statistics of Indian cities toxicity of the waste gets reduced and the cost involved in the
handling of these wastes gets decreased.

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The strategies for waste minimization are: Minimizing the day which accounts for 4 to 5 percent of total solid waste
usage of packing materials, promoting the refill containers, generated. Currently, collection of plastic waste is done by
introduce incentives for customers to return the package informal sector. In the same way the about 95 percentage of
material, encouraging the environmental friendly design of waste paper collection is done by informal sector. by door to
products, promoting the development of eco industrial plants. door collectors and rag pickers. Construction and demolition
waste constitutes up to 10-20 percent of total solid waste.
About e-waste generation rates are increasing year by year and
The local community should be encouraged and educated study says that only 5 percentage of e-waste was recycled per
towards the segregation of wastes at the generation point. year, of which about 95 percentages is operated by informal
Source segregation can be termed as storing the inorganic and sector.
organic waste separately which helps in optimizing the waste C. Composting
processing further and treatment technologies. This also leads
to high proportion of wastes to be recycled and reused which Composting is a controlled procedure of organically processing
indirectly results in less consumption of the virgin material.
the city solid waste, so it might be reused for different purposes
Waste collected or generated from house should be stored at
the generation source till it is collected by municipal workers. plant supplement, adjustment of soil in remediation process or
It is necessary to separate the wet (Kitchen waste) and dry soil correction for recuperation of poor soils. Natural waste adds
waste (Recyclable waste), which is referred as primary to ecological contamination in more courses than one.
segregation Composting and other organic adjustment forms relieve the effect
of uncontrolled deterioration of organic solid waste. Fertilizing
the soil is a naturally gainful waste reusing component and not a
waste disposal mechanism.

Fig. 4: Overview of Solid waste management [5]

Fig. 5: Composting [2]
B. Recycling
In aerobic composting, microorganisms oxidize natural organic
mixes to Carbon dioxide, Nitrite and Nitrate compounds. Carbon
Recycling is the procedure by which materials that are from natural mixes is utilized as energy source while nitrogen is
generally bound for disposing are gathered, handled and reused. Because of these synthetic responses generates heat,
remanufactured or reused. Reusing redirects a huge part of
temperature of the mass increases.
metropolitan, institutional and business waste away from trans-
fer and, in this manner; it saves the rare resources and in
addition decreases natural effects and the burden of waste
administration on authorities. If proper mechanisms are built D. Waste to Energy
up for recycling, it can create incomes, adding to the general
cost recovery for city solid waste administration. The process of producing energy in the form of heat or
electricity from municipal waste is termed as Waste to
There are lot many advantages by recycling the waste and Energy. Incineration is the most common method followed for
some of them are: cost reduction involved in collection, trans- waste to energy production. In incineration the energy from
potation and disposal, Life span of Landfill sites increases, municipal solid waste is recovered either as heat or electricity
Imports of primary raw materials and resources are reduced, and producing the Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). The
environmental effects are reduced.
combustion technologies in India should be compatible with
high moisture and inert content as it is common in Indian
Paper, glass items, plastic and metal are the recyclables waste. The efficient waste to energy technologies can be seen
things among the waste generated. It is approximated as 4000 if door to door segregation, proper management of inert waste
to 5000 metric tons of plastic waste is generated in India per

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

after segregation and pre-treatment of two separate high back. It calculates the time taken by the wave for traveling and
calorific fractions are followed. reflecting back, and measures the distance at which obstacle is
present. The implementation of this ultrasonic sensor in the waste
Generally waste to energy technologies are bit expensive and bins prevents the overflow the waste and also an alert is sent to
collecting authority.
also require highly skilled man power with high technologies.
If the plants are not operated efficiently and proper emission
control methods are followed then they cause several B. Moisture Sensor
environmental issues.
The basic segregation of waste into dry waste and wet waste
can be achieved by integrating moisture sensor. The moisture
E. Land filling sensor detects the moisture content of the waste that is disposed
into the bin and segregates and the waste is stored separately
Land filling should be limited to non-biodegradable, inert depending on the moisture content of waste. By segregating the
waste and other wastes which are not appropriate for recycling waste using moisture sensor the further processing of waste can
or for energy conversion. Landfill sites should be distant from be more efficiently.
habitation, Parks, water bodies and places which are meant for
cultural and historical importance. The site used for land
C. Integration of GPS, GPRS and RFID
filling should be fenced and should a proper entrance with
gate to ensure the vehicle flow and their waste disposal. The coordinated arrangement of RFID, GPRS and GPS makes
the waste bin identification and customer information
accumulation framework efficient. RFID has numerous
applications in the field of environment. This innovation assumes
a vital part in Solid Waste accumulation operations. The GPS and
GPRS framework is generally implemented in the computerized/
electronic guide, the vehicle monitoring and administration
system, the security navigation. Integrating of GIS and GPS
innovation can show and track vehicle position in subject
advanced maps. GIS mapping server is utilized for studying
information of different areas. It takes the choice for dumping
place selection. All the while the GIS server is refreshed utilizing
the information stored to the system. Dissecting the capacity
Fig. 6: Phases in Land filling [2] information, authority for waste administration can take change
their strategy like fleet management, route administration,
dumping area determination and so on?

To limit harm to the landfill base layers and guarantee their

proceeded with uprightness over the lifetime of the landfill and D. Motion Detection Sensor
furthermore to limit potential for penetration of rain water, the
removal of the base is done in phases. The degree of each phase is A motion detection sensor can be placed exterior of the waste
planned with the end goal that the proposed waste fill volume (in bin for automatic closing and opening of the lid on the bin. The
view of degree of base and waste fill forms) ought to be sensor detects if any person is there near to the bin for disposing
sufficiently huge for a time of at least two-three a long time. The any waste, and the lid is opened for throwing the waste. This
base of the whole landfill has to be uncovered inside the initial few automatic opening and closing of lid is necessary because if waste
stages and consequent waste position would just be over is waste is exposed to sunlight and external weather conditions it
effectively put squander, until definite waste fill shapes are come gets decomposed and bad smell will be released.
to.
IV. INTEGRATION OF TECHNOLOGY
V. CONCLUSION
The integration of following sensors and recent technologies Advancements in innovation in different parts of life have
into existing waste management makes it smarter and highly made ways of sophisticated delivery of service. With the
efficient. expanding population and changes in the way of life, waste
administration is another area where current innovative collection
A. Ultrasonic Sensor
can be connected in a more efficient way. Diverse environmental
Each waste bin is attached with a ultrasonic sensor which elements and partners are included in the waste management
detects the waste level of the bin. The ultrasonic sensor measures system. It is imperative to have a strong method for dealing with
the level of the waste by sending a sound wave at a specific the waste, so that not just the process becomes efficient,
frequency and listens the reflected sound wave that is bounced additionally, the disposal of waste is done beneficially. Also, food

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

industry, human healthcare, tourism, and other such departments camera, 2010 International Conference on Intelligent and Advanced
Systems, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2010, pp. 1-5.
can take profit by the accessible assets related with waste
[8] J. W. Lu; N. B. Chang; L. Liao; M. Y. Liao, Smart and Green Urban
administration. In developing nations like India, it is essential to Solid Waste Collection Systems: Advances, Challenges, and
arrange and actualize feasible minimal cost SWM procedures. Perspectives, in IEEE Systems Journal , vol.PP, no.99, pp.1-14
Absence of awareness, inappropriate information, deficient [9] J. O. Adeyemo, O. O. Olugbara and E. Adetiba, Smart city technology
financing, unaccountability, execution of legislation and based architecture for refuse disposal management, 2016 IST-Africa
strategies are real explanations behind the failure of MSWM. Week Conference, Durban, 2016, pp. 1-8.
Issues like appropriate site choice, satisfactory money related [10] A. S. Bharadwaj, R. Rego and A. Chowdhury, IoT based solid waste
management system: A conceptual approach with an architectural solu-
support, and inappropriate human resource administration, can be tion as a smart city application, 2016 IEEE Annual India Conference
overcome with upgraded limit, enhanced methodology and (INDICON), Bangalore, 2016, pp. 1-6.
training. The answer for the issues related with improvement and [11] S. Idwan, J. A. Zubairi and I. Mahmood, Smart Solutions for Smart
adoption of proper innovations and absence of trained labor will Cities: Using Wireless Sensor Network for Smart Dumpster Manage-
ment, 2016 International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and
require at realistic time frame and government bodies need to take Systems (CTS), Orlando, FL, 2016, pp. 493- 497.
different activities for reinforcing MSWM in the nation. [12] Patrick Akata Nwofe Management and Disposal of Municipal Solid
Standards of SWM should be considered such that these take the Wastes in Abakaliki Metropolis, Ebonyi State, Nigeria International
ground realities and permit time for reasonable procedures and Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences, 3(3), pp.
0107-0118, 2015.
mechanisms to be created. Unfortunately, part of rag pickers in
SWM has not been sufficiently perceived till now, who are one of
the essential partners of the SWM in India. Their part should be
suited in the best possible way to upgrade and lift their morale.
The proper organized sector for reuse and recycling of waste
should be set up to produce greater business and income, aside
from decreasing the load on transportation and landfill.

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