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Maheshwari Das Meghana BS

Radio waves can propagate via three main routes: ground wave, sky wave, and space wave propagation. Sky wave propagation involves radio waves reflecting off the ionosphere, which allows for extremely long distance communication between 3-30 MHz. The ionosphere, located between 50-400km above the earth, is made up of layers that refract radio waves at different frequencies, enabling signals to follow multiple paths to a receiving point. This reflection permits worldwide communication for amateur radio operators and shortwave broadcasts.

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28 views18 pages

Maheshwari Das Meghana BS

Radio waves can propagate via three main routes: ground wave, sky wave, and space wave propagation. Sky wave propagation involves radio waves reflecting off the ionosphere, which allows for extremely long distance communication between 3-30 MHz. The ionosphere, located between 50-400km above the earth, is made up of layers that refract radio waves at different frequencies, enabling signals to follow multiple paths to a receiving point. This reflection permits worldwide communication for amateur radio operators and shortwave broadcasts.

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Trung Nguyễn
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-Maheshwari

Das
Meghana BS
 Wave propagation is any of the ways in
which waves travel. With respect to the
direction of the oscillation relative to
the propagation direction, we can
distinguish between
longitudinal wave and transverse waves.
For
electromagnetic waves, propagation may
occur in a vacuum as well as in a material
medium.
Propagation of radio waves from
a radiating transmitting antenna
to the receiving antenna may
take place in one of the
following routes:
1. Ground wave propagation
2. Sky wave propagation
3. Space wave propagation
Sky-wave propagation
 It is also called Ionosphere
propagation
 I this mode of propagation
the EM eaves reaches the
receiving point after
reflection from the ionized
region in the upper
atmosphere called
ionosphere.
 Ionosphere is situated
between 50km & 400km
above the earth. It is divided
into three basic layers (D, E
& F) based on ionization
density. F layer is further
divided into F1 and F2 sub
layers.
D & E layers are
weekly ionized &
exist only during day
light hours. They
tend to observe
medium waves .
 The primary effect
of F layers is to
cause refraction of
Radio waves.
 Ionosphere
propagation
permits extremely
long distance
communication
3MHz-30MHz
range
 Above 30MHz
frequency signals
are not reflected.
 Most long-distance  The signal received are
shortwave radio subjected to fading, in
communication—between which signal strength
3 and 30 MHz—is a varies with time.
result of sky  The receiving point, a
wave propagation. large number of waves
 Since the early 1920s follow a different
amateur radio operators number of paths
, limited to lower
transmitter power than
broadcast stations, have
taken advantage of sky
wave for long distance
communication.
Short wave, AM radio
broadcast.
Long distance, point to point
communication.
Extremely long distance
communication using multi-hope
propagation.

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