PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences

ISSN 2454-5899

Afolabi et al., 2020

Volume 6 Issue 1, pp. 282-293
Date of Publication: 08th April 2020
DOI- https://doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2020.61.282293
This paper can be cited as: Afolabi, O. O., Adeshola, I., Ozturen, A., & Ilkan, M., (2020). The Influence of
Context on Privacy Concern in Smart Tourism Destinations. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social
Sciences, 6(1), 282-293.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International
License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a
letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

THE INFLUENCE OF CONTEXT ON PRIVACY CONCERN IN

SMART TOURISM DESTINATIONS
Olayinka Olasumbo Afolabi
Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Turkey
[email protected]

Ibrahim Adeshola
Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Turkey
[email protected]

Ali Ozturen
Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Turkey
[email protected]

Mustafa Ilkan
Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Turkey
[email protected]

Abstract
A study of existing literature research shows that mobile application development and usage is
now an essential aspect of everyday life. The privacy concerns of the users towards the
application provided on the mobile devices that make use of their data is still a problem. This
study highlights the need for mitigating the privacy concern of the users towards mobile
applications used in smart tourism destinations and develops a framework based on the review
of previous research and literature. The framework proposed by this study supports the
relationship between personal beliefs and the environment, with the moderating effect of use
context. This research is empirically driven and discusses the relationships between the study

282
PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
ISSN 2454-5899

item's privacy concern, use context, and behavioral intentions within the context of the mobile
application.
Keywords
Privacy Concern, Mobile Application, Behavioral Intentions, Smart Tourism Destination

1. Introduction
An environment where technology is embedded within the city to improve the people's
quality of life and services efficiency is known as Smart City. The development of Smart City
leads to the formation of Smart Tourism Destinations (STD), which was defined by Shafiee,
Ghatari, Hasanzadeh, & Jahanyan (2019) as an innovative tourism destination built upon a modern
technology infrastructure that encourages sustainable and easily accessible development of
tourist areas. The innocationn and application of tencology have becom an integral part of
sustainability (Fazal & Wahab 2015) and STD success depends on the interconnected devices
from several vendors and service providers, and the risks of information leaked are quite high as
the number of interconnected smart objects grows daily. They multiplied by the entanglements
involved in different vendors and interoperable systems (Masseno & Santos, 2018). In this case,
it has to be in the context that the tourists are well aware of the data privacy ethics of the tourist
service providers. Kokolakis (2015), found out that some e-shoppers are ready to give their
personal information to e-retailers in return for discount code or something else, irrespective of
any privacy concerns. This scenario referred to as a privacy paradox, which can define as an
inconsistency between people concerning privacy disclosure and their actual behavior (Gerber,
Gerber, & Volkamer, 2018).
Relating the privacy paradox to this study, we can assume that the tourists nowadays may
still be willing to be less concerned about their privacy in smart cities as long as the pros
outweigh the cons. Researches on smart tourism destinations are few in numbers, and nowadays,
governments are highly investing and promoting smart tourist, specifically in Asian nations
(Gretzel, Werthner, Koo, & Lamsfus, 2015). Therefore, it is vital to look into privacy concerns, how
it influences the behavioral intention of tourists in Smart tourism destinations STD, and we
argued that privacy concerns of the tourists could affect their behavioral intentions in smart
tourism destinations. The technological context of the smart tourism destination as a techno-
centric environment can influence the relationship.
1.1 Smart Devices Concerns in Smart Tourism Destination
The emergence of smart cities globally has had a substantial influence on the tourism
sector (Khan, Woo, Nam, & Chathoth, 2017). The principal factor that makes tourism
283
PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
ISSN 2454-5899

destinations smart is the use of technology. The use of smartphones by the tourists has become a
necessity, and popularly now a standard gadget for tourists on holiday, Shafiee et al., (2019). The
authors further stated that STD aims to create a piece of new information supporting structures
that will adopt capabilities to enhance smart tourism organization's management processes. The
capabilities will also promote innovation, ease services, improve the tourism experience, and
enhance the competitiveness of organizations at the tourism destinations. A smart tourism
destination is a transition of smart cities where everything is interconnected. As devices are
becoming more intelligent in smart cities, online information privacy has become a social
concern for many people as they block their personal information on websites and reducing the
privilege of mobile applications (Ozdemir, Smith, & Benamati, 2017).
Consequently, the privacy concerns of tourists’ use of smart devices is a vital matter
influencing the tourist experience in terms of sustainability, and this negatively influences their
behaviors and subsequently affects their satisfaction in the smart environment (González-
Reverté, Díaz-Luque, Gomis-López & Morales-Pérez, 2018). The authors further emphasized
that privacy risk does have a predominantly negative influence on tourist experience.
Furthermore, Tourism is a growing industry that provides economic and social benefits
(Abdullahi et al., 2018) STD managers should take the privacy concern problems associated with
the mobile devices to use seriously and must be blended into their ethical perspective when
marketing a tourist destination. Nevertheless, the STD designed to enrich the tourist experiences
and to improve the competitiveness of each destination. Additionally, the tourists at STD can get
a brief or full historical place details through smart scanning or augmented reality devices.
Furthermore, location-based services are other benefits of STD, which could give tourists
alert to nearby restaurants or stores making promotional sales. Besides, tourists waiting time in
highly populated restaurants will be minimized, as they can quickly request for drinks and snacks
while waiting for their meal. Additionally, tourist service providers can be aware of customers'
special dietary conditions concerning their medical problems, religious restrictions, and any form
of restrictions they might have. All the benefits, as mentioned earlier of STD, are only possible if
the tourist is to turn-on their smart devices GPS and were less concerned about their privacy.
Though privacy concerns are one of the predominant factors affecting tourists to tap into the free
resources available in smart tourism destinations, as well as to get information about touristic
areas quickly, this paper looks into the use of context to mitigate the privacy concerns of tourists
in a smart tourism destination.

284
PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
ISSN 2454-5899

2. Literature Review
The smart tourism destination was coined from smart city, which in that it includes the
touristic infrastructure and the smart technology infrastructure, and all this together creates a
smart tourism ecosystem. Tourists in this destination make use of their smart devices to connect
into the available resources of the smart tourism ecosystem and at the same time actively
contribute data via their movements, queries, pictures, and videos uploads are also included as
primary factors in the smart tourism ecosystem, among other principal factors such as residents,
government and media (Gretzel, Reino, Kopera, & Koo, 2015). As everything in connection with
technologies do have challenges, so as smart tourism destination who relied on technological
infrastructure have various challenges mentioned in the literature like management of the smart
destination which includes big data management, web management, infrastructure management,
database management, online marketing management, privacy concerns (Van 2016; Choe &
Fesenmaier, 2017; Femenia-Serra, 2018). Van (2016) research revealed that the factors
influencing people's concerns about privacy in smart tourism destinations are related to the data
types involved, data collection and usage purpose, and the individual or organization collecting,
using, and managing the data. Privacy concerns were defined as a user's concern in respect of
information disclosure (Zhou and Li, 2014). Nowadays, some national bodies and international
bodies have started to emphasize on the importance of privacy policy, as they regarded it as one
of the 21st-century challenges (Van, 2016). Although this is not an unexpected or astonishing
movement, as many users have started realizing the significance of securing their information
both online and offline in a territory, they are not familiar. In May 2018, the European Union
(EU) implemented the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which addresses data
protection and privacy for all EU citizens, foreigners in Eurozone, and the European Economic
Area. The regulation also addresses the transfer of personal data outside the EU and EEA areas.
Likewise, in the USA, in the e-commerce application setting and websites, several privacy-
related rules are stated there, like the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which has been
committing their time and attention to the protection of data privacy (Fortes and Rita, 2016).
Nevertheless, it was revealed that data privacy is one of the significant concerns in
mobile applications as many grant privileges without reading it. Since organizations could
collect personal information, it could be stored for future usage by them (Okazaki et al., 2012).
Kokolakis (2017), also revealed that mobile applications (app) users who wish not to share their
personal information eventually uninstall the application, when they noticed that the app is
collecting their personal information. Liu & Liu (2016) also analyzed the relationship between
285
PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
ISSN 2454-5899

smart cities and smart tourism, and their research results revealed that lack of sound security
mechanism, lack of universal standard, inadequate relevant law, and lack of cooperation are
among the challenges smart tourism destination are facing. Additionally, the health sector in
smart cities have the most significant type of critical infrastructure and if it's prone to security
threats, it may lead to patients privacy concerns and also pose threats to their life as the critical
information can be exposed by the attackers (Ijaz et al., 2016). Therefore, tourists are not only
concerned about their smartphone, which is a principal component of the Internet of Things
(IoT) infrastructure in smart cities but also concerns about the environment in which they are
using it, what they do with it and how they behave. As emphasized by Jung & Park (2018),
privacy concerns affect the coping behavior of customers, and when they found out an
organization gives their information to the third party without their consent, and they might stop
using the company services or reporting the organizations for improper practices. Van (2016)
proposed a framework to identify what kind of privacy concerns the use of smart technologies
and of data produce may raise among tourists in smart cities, as people perceive particular data
as personal or impersonal, and that their concerns differ according to the purpose for which data
is collected and used. The author categorized the four areas of privacy concerns emerge that
range from hardly any (impersonal data & service purpose) to incredibly high (personal data &
surveillance purpose). Hence, by identifying tourist's privacy concerns with specific technologies
and data practices will help smart tourism destinations set a policy on new developments that
will accommodate the concerns of the tourist, beyond the bare legal necessities (Van, 2016).
Behavioral intention is defined as the willingness to visit a destination, purchase a product, and
use of services as intended by the tourist (Chen, Shang, & Li, 2014). Prior studies have found out
that higher positive products review, overall destination image or comments by the people via
social platforms do affect the behavioral intention of the tourists (Park & Lee, 2008; Chen,
Shang, & Li, 2014; Jung & Park, 2018; Sharma & Naya, 2018). Therefore, in the era of smart
tourism destinations, as tourists perceived that the use of smart devices in smart cities could lead
to privacy violation, this might affects that behavioral intention. Based on this assertions, we
proposed that:

Proposition 1: Privacy concerns of tourists negatively affect their behavioral intention towards
mobile application in a smart tourism destination.

Moderating Role of Use Context

286
PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
ISSN 2454-5899

Context is a fundamental concept in information system research (Kim, Chang, Chong, & Park,
2019), but with its importance, there is no consensus in the literature about its definition (Lui &
Li, 2011). Context has been conceptualized as information that composes of behavior relating to
the interrelationship of people, their environment, and the technology they use (Dey, 2001).
Also, the study on context has argued that the definition of context composes of the different
types of contexts that can exist with humans and any technology application. That is the context
of the situation that influences a user to use a technology (Barnard, Yi, Jacko, & Sears, 2007). Use
context “refers to various environments in which ubiquitous computing is used, which include
physical, social, temporal, task definition, and antecedent states” (Belk, 1975) Furthermore, Van
de Wijngaert & Bouwman (2009) defined use context as” the very concrete environment in
which a technology is going to be used." The study on use context have been specifically
targeted towards mobile technology, as mobile technology have become a device that users carry
with them everywhere they go (Zhou, 2012), which makes the context of use with mobile
application very dynamic (Chang, 2015), as the situation that would require a user to use a
location-based application when they are sitting at home would be different from what would
make them use a location application when they are in a train station or are lost as suggested by
Perry et al. (2001) or the situation that would make a police officer adoption mobile service
usage during an emergency compared to when there is no emergency (Bouwan et al., 2008). Use
context has been studied to be positively related to the behavioral intention of mobile application
gaming adoption (Liu & Li, 2011). Also, Yang, Lu, Gupta, & Cao, (2012) argued that use context
influences a user to use mobile internet, and found use context to be positively related to
behavioral intentions towards mobile internet., also use context have been studied to be
positively related to adoption intentions of mobile application (Lui & Yi, 2017), use context have
also been studied to positively influence use intention of mobile ticketing (Mallat, Rossi,
Tuunainen, & Öörni, 2009), furthermore use context have been studied to moderate the
relationship between social value and perceived value (Chang, 2015). While the study on the
ease of use, benefit, and usefulness considered only the utilitarian value of technology, use
context considers advantages under different circumstances (Kim et al., 2015; 2019). Both
personal and environmental factors play a role in use context perceived benefit and usefulness.
For example, a tourist during a trip while traveling might be bored and be motivated to use
different mobile application, and also location-based services that they might have not to use if
they were not in that physical location or environment (Yang et al., 2012). Also, the fact that
technology is used all through in a smart tourism destination is another context the tourist would
287
PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
ISSN 2454-5899

consider when using a mobile application, especially when they know that the only option they
have to get a service available to them is via a mobile technology, or using their location-based
information, they have less privacy concern, with the understanding of why their information is
being collected. González-Reverté et al., (2018) found out that privacy risk had a significant
negative impact on the tourist experience, and using location-based services one of the most
popular applications available on mobile technology is a significant concern for users ( Hong et
al., 2015), and also a concern for service providers in destinations as they want the users to use
the application, but the privacy concern that the users have towards providing their information
to service provider is a challenge, in the privacy paradox domain, where users considers the
benefit of using the mobile application, and this can reduce their privacy concern, but there is no
consensus both in the literature, and in the industry about the benefit of personalization in
mitigating privacy concern which is why it is still a paradox (Lee & Rha, 2016), this study
proposes not just the personalization benefit, but also the environmental factor can influence and
mitigate the privacy concern of a user towards a mobile application behavioral intention. That is
intention to use and also recommend to others, thereby while privacy concern can be negatively
related to user’s mobile application services behavioral intention, the use context would
influence the relationship such that the adverse relation would be reduced based on the context of
use of mobile application in a smart tourism destination; therefore, we propose that.

Proposition 2: Use context moderated the negative relationship between privacy concern and
behavioral intention of (MALBS)

Use
Context

P2

P1
Behavioral
Privacy Intention
Concern

Figure 1: Conceptual Model

288
PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
ISSN 2454-5899

3. Discussions and Conclusions

Nowadays, the use of technology by tourists has changed from the previous use of
laptops and desktop from their home, or work, to the use of mobile device which they carry
everywhere, tourist now use their mobile device to book hotels, flights and make general travel
plans, they also use their mobile device with them while on a trip (Ozturk, Nusair, Okumus, &
Singh, 2017). Privacy concern of mobile application services has continued to be a challenge for
both research and industry, the developers of mobile application keeps coming up with better
ways to get the users to use the technology, and turn on their location-based application; also the
service providers, need the users to trust them to provide and manage their location information,
different domains and business makes use of mobile application, and there is a need to get the
users to use the application, reduce their privacy concern of service providers, and recommend
the technology to others. This paper reviews privacy concerns, behavioral intention, and use
context, of mobile application among tourists in a smart tourism destination, and develop
propositions that are testable. The use of information communication technology cannot be
avoided by the tourism domain for different purposes (Yuan, Tseng, & Ho, 2019), making that
there are different factors that influence the privacy concern of users towards mobile technology.
The proposition for this study suggests that first the privacy concern a tourist would have
towards a mobile application would negatively reflect on their behavioral intention towards the
destination and the mobile application, second building on the previous proposition, and the
extant literature, this study proposes that the context of use of the mobile application by the
tourist would reduce their privacy concern, when users use technology under different social
(benefit ) and environmental (smart destination) context, it also influences how they perceive the
technology and the concern for data or information violation. This study while focusing on
privacy concern with use context in smart tourism destination, it is not without limitations, one
of the major limitations of this study is that empirical research was not conducted, either
qualitatively or quantitatively data was not analyzed, this makes the discussion of this study not
generalizable, the study focus majorly on extant literature to back up the propositions, the
limitations also gives room for future research. The framework proposed in this study highlights
very important and interesting points for future studies to expand on, the introduction of use
context in the mitigation of privacy concern, empirical data should be collected.The use of
mobile application should be further studied as much as perceived ease of use and usefulness
have been previously studied, the social cognitive theory supports the interrelationship proposed
in this study, future research can also test the propositions of this study to further improve on the
289
PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
ISSN 2454-5899

literature on mobile application privacy concern, not just towards behavioral intentions, but also
the impact of privacy concern towards adoption intention, usage intention, and the role use
context can play in the inter role between technology, people and their environment.

References
Abdullahi, M. A., Adesogan, A. A., & Alhaji, A. G. (2018). The economic and social benefits of
air transportation to tourism in Nigeria. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social
Sciences, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2018.41.7786
Barnard, L., Yi, J. S., Jacko, J. A., & Sears, A. (2007). Capturing the effects of context on human
performance in mobile computing systems. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 11(2),
81-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-006-0063-x
Belk, R. W. (1975). Situational variables and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer
Research, 2(3), 157-164. https://doi.org/10.1086/208627
Bouwman, H., van de Wijngaert, L., & de Vos, H. (2008, July). Context-sensitive mobile
services for police officers: A re-assessment of TAM. In 2008 7th International
Conference on Mobile Business (pp. 191-200). IEEE.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMB.2008.18
Dey, A. K. (2001). Understanding and using context. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 5(1),
4-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007790170019
Chang, C. C. (2015). Exploring mobile application customer loyalty: The moderating effect of
use contexts. Telecommunications Policy, 39(8), 678-690.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2015.07.008
Chen, Y. C., Shang, R. A., & Li, M. J. (2014). The effects of perceived relevance of travel blogs’
content on the behavioral intention to visit a tourist destination. Computers in Human
Behavior, 30, 787-799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.019
Choe, Y., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2017). The Quantified Traveler: Implications for Smart Tourism
Development. In Z. Xiang & D. R. Fesenmaier (Eds.), Analytics in Smart Tourism Design
(pp. 65–77). Switzerland: Springer https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44263-1_5
Fazal, S. A., & Wahab, S. A. (2015). Host-country traits, intra-firm technology transfer and
competitive advantage: A conceptual study. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social
Sciences, 1(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2015.s11.10981120
Femenia-Serra, F. (2018). Smart Tourism Destinations and Higher Tourism Education in Spain.
Are We Ready for This New Management Approach? In B. Stangl & J. Pesonen (Eds.),

290
PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
ISSN 2454-5899

Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2018 (pp.437–449). Cham:

Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72923-7_33
Fortes, N., & Rita, P. (2016). Privacy concerns and online purchasing behaviour: Towards an
integrated model. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 22(3),
167-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2016.04.002
Gerber, N., Gerber, P., & Volkamer, M. (2018). Explaining the privacy paradox: A systematic
review of literature investigating privacy attitude and behavior. Computers &
Security, 77, 226-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2018.04.002
González-Reverté, F., Díaz-Luque, P., Gomis-López, J., & Morales-Pérez, S. (2018). Tourists’
risk perception and the use of mobile devices in beach tourism
destinations. Sustainability, 10(2), 413. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020413
Gretzel, U., Werthner, H., Koo, C., & Lamsfus, C. (2015). Conceptual foundations for
understanding smart tourism ecosystems. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 558-563.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.043
Gretzel, U., Reino, S., Kopera, S., & Koo, C. (2015). Smart tourism challenges. Journal of
Tourism, 16(1), 41-47.
Hong, C. P., Kim, C. G., Kim, K. J., and Kim, S. D. (2015). A polymorphic service management
scheme based on virtual object for ubiquitous computing environment. Multimedia Tools
and Applications, 74(16), pp. 6183-6196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-014-2090-3
Ijaz, S., Shah, M. A., Khan, A., & Ahmed, M. (2016). Smart cities: A survey on security
concerns. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 7(2),
612-625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-014-2090-3
Jung, Y., & Park, J. (2018). An investigation of relationships among privacy concerns, affective
responses, and coping behaviors in location-based services. International Journal of
Information Management, 43, 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.05.007
Khan, M. S., Woo, M., Nam, K., & Chathoth, P. K. (2017). Smart city and smart tourism: A case
of Dubai. Sustainability, 9(12), 2279. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122279
Kim, M. J., Chung, N., Lee, C. K., & Preis, M. W. (2015). Motivations and use context in mobile
tourism shopping: Applying contingency and task–technology fit theories. International
Journal of Tourism Research, 17(1), 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1957
Kim, J., Chang, Y., Chong, A. Y. L., & Park, M. C. (2019). Do perceived use contexts influence
usage behavior? An instrument development of perceived use context. Information &
Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2019.02.010
291
PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
ISSN 2454-5899

Kokolakis, S. (2017). Privacy attitudes and privacy behaviour: A review of current research on
the privacy paradox phenomenon. Computers & Security, 64, 122-134.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2015.07.002
Lee, J. M., & Rha, J. Y. (2016). Personalization–privacy paradox and consumer conflict with the
use of location-based mobile commerce. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 453-462.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.056
Liu, Y., & Li, H. (2011). Exploring the impact of use context on mobile hedonic services
adoption: An empirical study on mobile gaming in China. Computers in Human
Behavior, 27(2), 890-898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.11.014
Liu, P., & Liu, Y. (2016, September). Smart tourism via smart phone. In 2016 International
Conference on Communications, Information Management and Network Security.
Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/cimns-16.2016.33
Liu, P., & Yi, S. P. (2017). The effects of extend compatibility and use context on NFC mobile
payment adoption intention. In Advances in Human Factors and System Interactions (pp.
57-68). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41956-5_6
Mallat, N., Rossi, M., Tuunainen, V. K., & Öörni, A. (2009). The impact of use context on
mobile services acceptance: The case of mobile ticketing. Information & Management,
46(3), 190-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2008.11.008
Masseno, M. D., & Santos, C. (2018). Privacy and Data Protection Issues on Smart Tourism
Destinations-A First Approach. In Intelligent Environments (Workshops) (pp. 298-307).
Okazaki, S., Navarro-Bailón, M. Á., & Molina-Castillo, F. J. (2012). Privacy concerns in quick
response code mobile promotion: The role of social anxiety and situational
involvement. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 16(4), 91-120.
https://doi.org/10.2753/JEC1086-4415160404
Ozdemir, Z. D., Jeff Smith, H., & Benamati, J. H. (2017). Antecedents and outcomes of
information privacy concerns in a peer context: An exploratory study. European Journal
of Information Systems, 26(6), 642-660. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41303-017-0056-z
Ozturk, A. B., Nusair, K., Okumus, F., & Singh, D. (2017). Understanding mobile hotel booking
loyalty: an integration of privacy calculus theory and trust-risk framework. Information
Systems Frontiers, 19(4), pp. 753-767. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-017-9736-4
Park, D. H., & Lee, J. (2008). eWOM overload and its effect on consumer behavioral intention
depending on consumer involvement. Electronic Commerce Research and
Applications, 7(4), 386-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2007.11.004
292
PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
ISSN 2454-5899

Perry, M., O'hara, K., Sellen, A., Brown, B., & Harper, R. (2001). Dealing with mobility:
understanding access anytime, anywhere. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human
Interaction (TOCHI), 8(4), 323-347. https://doi.org/10.1145/504704.504707
Shafiee, S., Ghatari, A. R., Hasanzadeh, A., & Jahanyan, S. (2019). Developing a model for
sustainable smart tourism destinations: A systematic review. Tourism Management
Perspectives, 31, 287-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.06.002
Sharma, P., & Nayak, J. K. (2018). Testing the role of tourists' emotional experiences in
predicting destination image, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions: A case of wellness
tourism. Tourism Management Perspectives, 28, 41-52.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.07.004
Van de Wijngaert, L., and Bouwman, H. (2009). Would you share? Predicting the potential use
of a new technology. Telematics and Informatics, 26(1), pp. 85-102.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2008.01.002
Van Zoonen, L. (2016). Privacy concerns in smart cities. Government Information
Quarterly, 33(3), 472-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2016.06.004
Yang, S., Lu, Y., Gupta, S., & Cao, Y. (2012). Does context matter? The impact of use context
on mobile internet adoption. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction,
28(8), 530-541. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2011.627299
Yuan, Y., Tseng, Y. H., & Ho, C. I. (2019). Tourism information technology research trends:
1990-2016. Tourism Review, 74(1), 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2017-0128
Zhou, T. (2012). Examining location-based services usage from the perspectives of unified
theory of acceptance and use of technology and privacy risk. Journal of Electronic
Commerce Research, 13(2), p. 135.
Zhou, T., & Li, H. (2014). Understanding mobile SNS continuance usage in China from the
perspectives of social influence and privacy concern. Computers in Human Behavior, 37,
283-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.008

293