Inglés

Situaciones
INGLÉS
COMUNICATIVAS
My dentist is so funny that I never need laughing gas when he works on me. His type of humor is
Situaciones Comunicativas deadpan as Bob Newhart’s. In other words, he says the silliest things with a straight face. Once I asked
him if a certain procedure was going to hurt. “Hurt?” he replied. “No. I’m sure I won’t feel a thing.” He
looked as though a light bulb went on over his head. “Oh, you mean will it hurt you. Yes,
it certainly will.” He also likes to ask ridiculous questions, , “Do you think I could be
Situación 1 the next great rap star?” He does sing rap lyrics (about teeth and gums), very badly.
his silly sense of humor, I almost never dread dental visits. It’s hard to laugh –well, as much
Estándar as you can laugh when your mouth’s being worked on –and feel pain at the same time.
Comprendo relaciones establecidas por palabras C. First write in the transition that correctly completes each sentence. Secondly, underline the kind of
que muestran ADICIÓN, TIEMPO, CONTRASTE, transition you chose.
COMPARACIÓN, ILUSTRACIÓN, CAUSA Y 1. a. The average square inch of human skin includes 19 million cells. It Therefore
EFECTO; al igual que diferencio la estructura _________ includes 625 sweat glands and 60 hairs. Also
organizativa de textos descriptivos, narrativos y However
argumentativos. b. The relationship between the two sentences is one of
1. addition
2. contrast
A. Complete each sentence with a suitable word from the box. 3. comparison

Just as Before Consequently Yet Such as Also 2. a. My car keeps breaking down. ___________ , I am often late for class. Nevertheless
Also
b. The relationship between the two sentences is one of Therefore
1. addition
1. As soon as the weather turned warm, ants invaded our kitchen. A few visited the 2. cause and effect
bathroom. 3. illustration
2. Recent advances in medicine make it possible to treat babies even they are born.
3. a. My sister is late for everything. she arrived at a friend’s In addition
3. At first we were planning on spending our vacation at a campground, now we’ve
wedding just as the bride said, “I do.” Once
decided just to relax at home. In contrast
4. rats become hostile when they are made to live in a crowded cage, humans become
b. The relationship between the two sentences is one of
more aggressive in crowded conditions.
1. addition
5. My mother believes in various superstitions, the idea that if you drop a fork, it
2. contrast
means company’s coming.
3. illustration
6. Car dealers like to sell a certain number of cars in any given month. They are
more likely to hold sales near the end of a month.
D. Which of the following best describes the type of paragraph.

B. Fill in each blank with the appropriate transition from the box. Use each transition once. Sigmund Freud was one of the most important scientists of the twentieth century. He was among the first
to study mental disorders, such as hysteria and neurosis, in a systematic way. He developed the theory of
the unconscious and showed how people’s behavior is greatly affected by forgotten childhood events. His
Such as Then But Just as Because of discoveries are the basis of psychoanalysis, a method of treating mental illness that is still important today.
a. descriptive paragraph b. narrative paragraph c. argumentative paragraph

174 175
Situaciones
COMUNICATIVAS INGLÉS
Fifteen hundred persons had been traveling by train for several days and nights: there were eighty people Main Idea:
in each coach. All had to lie on top of their luggage, the few remnants of their personal possessions. The a. A child will react to spanking with anger and frustration
carriages were so full that only the top parts of the windows were free to let in the gray of sawn. Everyone b. Spanking is a poor way to shape a child’s behavior
expected the train to head for some munitions factory, in which we would be employed as forced labor. We c. A child who is spanked will act destructively
did not know whether we were still in Silesia or already in Poland. The engine’s whistle had a strange sound, d. There are several ways to shape a child’s behavior
like a cry for help sent out in commiseration for the unhappy load which it was destined to lead into perdition.
B. Read the passages and answer the questions that follow.
a. descriptive paragraph b. narrative paragraph c. argumentative paragraph
1The large, gleaming refrigerator is the focal point of most
The sun pierces the kitchen window and, like a spotlight, frames a bowl erupting with mounds of freshly American kitchens. 2It holds enough food to last many days.
washed fruit. Beads of water cling and sparkle like the diamond tiara of a princess. Snuggling close, at the 3It is cold enough to preserve that food well. Its advantages

bottom of the bowl, rest two tart, tangy grapefruits and a handful of fire-engine red apples. A bunch of sun- are clear. 4But that big refrigerator has its drawbacks as well,
ripened bananas hug their neighbor, an orange, which boasts its Sunkist name proudly. Around the edges, although they are not usually recognized. 5First of all, the large
refrigerator encourage the hoarding of food, and obesity and
firm tennis ball-size plums look like bubbles in grape soda pop. Perched above are sweet strawberries. A
other eating problems. 6Also, it has destroyed the pleasant
fistful of cherries, with stems at attention, top the skyscraper of fruit. The delicate aroma is accentuated by custom, still common in Europe, of going to market each day.
the harmony of summer colors. Each perfectly created piece waits to be chosen, like a young beauty at a 7Picking out one’s fresh produce daily while chatting with friends
high school prom. All seem aware that their destiny will soon be met by the next hungry hand. and neighbors is no longer a part of our lives. 8In addition,
a. descriptive paragraph b. narrative paragraph c. argumentative paragraph people’s desire to buy huge amounts of groceries just a few
times a month has encouraged the growth of supermarkets
and destroyed local grocery stores. 9Another victim of the giant
refrigerator has been small local farmers, who can’t compete
against the mega-producers favored by the supermarkets.
Situación 2
1. The prefix mega- in sentence 9 means
Estándar a. small c. farmer
b. large d. new
Analizo diversos tipos de textos con el fin de
comprender las ideas principales y específicas, 2. According to the author, two victims of the “giant refrigerator” are
teniendo en cuenta elementos formales del a. healthy food and varied food c. convenient locations and low-cost shopping
lenguaje como ortografía y puntuación. b. local grocery stores and small farmers d. low utility costs and kitchen space
3. What is the relationship of sentence 9 to sentence 8?
a. time c. contrast
A. Circle the letter of the correct topic for each paragraph. Then circle the letter of the main idea. b. addition d. llustration
Spanking is one of the least effective ways of shaping a child’s behavior. For one thing, a child’s reaction to 4. From this passage, you could infer that many Europeans
being spanked will probably be anger and frustration. He hasn’t really learned anything positive from the a. are more economical shoppers than Americans c. enjoying eating more
punishment. In addition, the spanking may actually lead to more bad behavior. He wants to pass on what b. are better cooks d. don’t have “giant” refrigerators
he’s experienced, so he acts destructively or even attacks smaller children. And finally, spanking tells him
5. Which of the following statements from the selection best expresses the main idea of the passage?
that there are certain things he must not do in the presence of his parents. Once he is out of their sight,
a. Shopping patterns in Europe have advantages
however, he feels he can get away with his bad behavior.
b. Large, modern refrigerators have notable disadvantages as well as advantages
Topic:
a. Parents c. Spanking c. Fresh, healthy produce and daily meetings with friends are preferable to the convenience of a refrigerator
b. Shaping a child’s behavior d. Anger and frustration d. Modern kitchen appliances are not as wonderful as they may seem

176 177
Situaciones
COMUNICATIVAS INGLÉS
C. Read the passages and answer the questions that follow.
Herman Melville, an American author best known today for his novel Moby Dick, was actually more
popular during his lifetime for some of his other works. He traveled extensively and used the knowledge
Situación 3
gained during his travels as the basis for his early novels. In 1837, at the age of eighteen, Melville signed
as a cabin boy on a merchant ship that was to sail from his Massachusetts home to Liverpool, England. Estándar
His experiences on this trip 5 served as a basis for the novel Redburn (1849). In 1841 Melville set out on Identifico palabras claves dentro del texto que me
a whaling ship headed for the South Seas. After jumping ship in Tahiti, he wandered around the islands of permiten comprender su sentido general.
Tahiti and Moorea. This South Sea island sojourn was a backdrop to the novel Omoo (1847). After three
years away from home, Melville joined up with a U.S. naval frigate that was returning to the eastern United
States around Cape Horn. The novel White-Jacket (1850) describes this lengthy voyage as a navy seaman.
A. Read the test below and choose the correct word
With the publication of these early adventure novels, Melville developed a strong and loyal following
that fits each line.
among readers eager of exotic places and situations. However, in 1851, with the publication of Moby
Dick, Melville’s popularity started to diminish. Moby Dick, on one level the saga of the hunt for the great A recent report has come up with some _____ 1 findings. It
white whale, was also a heavily symbolic allegory of the heroic struggle of humanity against the universe. shows that many people still prefer to do their shopping in ____
2
The public was not ready for Melville’s literary metamorphosis from romantic adventure to philosophical shops. They say they particularly like the _____
3 attention they
symbolism. It is ironic that the novel that served to diminish Melville’s popularity during his lifetime is the get from local salespeople, who take the trouble to get to know
one for which he is best known today. their customers and are always _____4 when they serve them.
Many particularly like to buy _____
5 appliances from a local shop
1. The main subject of the passage is because they feel that if the products develop any _____
6 faults,

a. Melville’s travels c. Melville’s personal background they can take them back to a shopkeeper who they know and
b. the popularity of Melville’s novels d. Moby Dick who they feel will be _____.
7
Another reason people give for preferring their local shops to the larger stores is that they distrust the
2. In what year did Melville’s book about his experiences as a cabin boy appear? _____
8 salespeople they say they meet in the big stores. So it seems that people are more _____ 9 than we
a. 1837 c. 1847 have been led to believe. The report will make ______
10 reading to all of us who would hate to lose our local
b. 1841 d. 1849 shops. It would indeed be ______
11 if they were to disappear.

3. The word “basis” in line 5 is closest in meaning to 1. A. surprise B. surprising C. surprised D. surpriseing
a. foundation c. bottom 2. A. traditionalism B. traditionalist C. traditional D. tradition

b. message d. theme 3. A. personality B. personable C. person D. personal
4. A. cheerful B. cheer C. cheerfully D. cheerer
4. How did the publication of Moby Dick affect Melville’s popularity?
5. A. electrically B. electric C. electricity D. electrician
a. his popularity increased immediately c. it caused his popularity to decrease
b. it had no effect on his popularity 6. A. annoyingly B. annoying C. annoyed D. annoy
d. his popularity remained as strong as ever
7. A. helpful B. help C. helpfully D. helpless
5. According to the passage, Moby Dick is 8. A. persuasively B. persuasive C. persuasion D. persuade
a. a romantic adventure c. a short story about whale 9. A. selective B. selection C. selectively D. select
b. a single-faceted work d. symbolic of humanity fighting the environment 10. A. comfort B. comfortable C. comfortably D. comforter
11. A. depress B. depressing C. depressed D. depression

178 179
Situaciones
COMUNICATIVAS INGLÉS
B. Read the test below and choose the correct word that fits each line. 4. If you are not satisfied with something, you can to the shop.
The white house, the official home of the United States ____1 , 5. It often pays to something you want. Don’t just buy the first thing you see.
was not built in time for George Washington to live in it. It was
6. Before you buy an article of clothing like a jacket, first to see if it fits and if it
_____
2 in 1792 and was ready for its first inhabitants, President
looks good on you.
and Mrs. John Adams, who moved in _____ 3 November 1,
1800. When the Adamses moved in, the White House was 7. You can usually things like computer games and hi-fi systems in a store before
not yet complete, and the Adamses suffered many ____ 4 ; for you buy them.
example, the main staircase was incomplete, _____ 5 hindered 8. How do you with your parents?
movement from floor to floor, and the future laundry yard was
merely a pool of mud, so wet laundry was hung in the unfinished
East Room to ____ 6 . Thomas Jefferson, the third president, PARTE I
improved the comfort of the White House in many respects
and added new architectural _____
7 such as the terraces on the Dónde puede ver estos avisos?
east and west ends.
_____
8 the British forces burned the White House on August 24, 1814, President Madison was forced En las preguntas 1 – 5, seleccione A, B o C en su hoja de respuestas.
to _____.
9 All that remained after the fire was the exterior walls; the interior was completely ____10 . It
was not until December of 1817 that the following president, James Monroe, was able to move into a Ejemplo: RESPUESTA
11
rebuilt residence. Since then, the White House has continued to be modified but has ______ continuously A. in a station
PLEASE DO NOT FEED B. in a café
occupied by each succeeding U.S. president. THE ANIMALS
C. in a zoo A B C
1. A. resident B. major C. president
2. A. begun B. begin C. began
3. A. on B. in C. at
4. A. adventures B. inconveniences C. good things
5. A. whose B. who C. which NO SWIMMING
6. A. dry B. get wetter C. rest 1 BY RECOMMENDATION OF COUNTY HEALTH DEPT 2 PETS WELCOME
7. A. bricks B. furniture C. features
8. A. When B. Where C. How A. in a night club A. in a restaurant
9. A. come B. leave C. stay B. in a convenience store B. in a maternity shop
10. A. destroyed B. reformed C. rebuilt C. in a park C. in a pet shop
11. A. being B. be C. been

C. Complete the following sentences, using the correct form of the phrasal verbs in the box.
No shirt FOR SALE
3 Tow Away Zone 4 No shoes 5 Buy it now for only $595,000
Add up Get along with Put it out Shop around for Take it back Try it on Try out Write out Contact Blair & Brown Real Estate
No service
1. Before they go to the supermarket, many people a list. A. in a donut shop
2. It is a good idea to how much you spend each month so that you can keep a B. in a street A. in a supermarket A. in a barber shop
C. in a drug store B. in a gym B. outside a house
check on your finances.
C. in a spa C. in a computer store
3. You shouldn’t smoke that cigarette in here. !

180 181
Preguntas de
INGLÉS
MEDIACIÓN
PARTE 3
PARTE 2
Preguntas 11 – 15
Preguntas 6 – 10
Complete las cinco conversaciones.
Lea las descripciones de la columna izquierda (6 – 10) y las palabras de la derecha (A – H). En las preguntas 11 – 15, seleccione A, B, o C en su hoja de respuestas.
Cuál palabra (A – H) concuerda con la descripción de cada frase de la izquierda (6 – 10)?
En las preguntas 6 – 10, marque la letra correcta A – H en su hoja de respuestas. Ejemplo: I’m sorry
I’m late. A . That’s all right
Ejemplo: RESPUESTA

B. Yes, of course
0 Tame animal kept for companionship A B C D E F G

C. You’re welcome
RESPUESTA

A pet A B C
6 A thing for turning on and off the flow of
water B poster

7 When you become afraid C Greek 11 What is the building made of? 13 What do you do in the winter?
A. gold. A. I go skiing
D monologue B. brick. B. I go to the beach
8 A person who was born in Greece C. paint. C. We play golf
E faucet

9 Something performed by magicians F skyscraper 12 What do you do in your free time? 14 That’s a pretty name! What’s she like?

G scared of A. I work hard. A. She’s really pretty

B. I study law B. She likes dancing
10 It’s a large printed sign
H tricks C. Not much! C. She’s really nice

15 How did you get to work yesterday?

A. I took the bus
B. by watching
C. I was late

182 183
Preguntas de
MEDIACIÓN INGLÉS
Ejemplo:
PARTE 4 RESPUESTA

00 A. does B. are C. do A B C
Preguntas 16 – 23
Lea el texto y escoja la palabra adecuada (A, B o C) para cada espacio.
16 A. much B. many C. a little
En las preguntas 16 – 23, seleccione A, B o C.
17 A. eat B. has C. take

Our changing diet

18 A. actually B. unfortunately C. fortunately

What __0__0 most Americans and Canadians usually eat? ___16___ 16 people think that the typical North 19 A. an important B. not an important C. irrelevant
American diet consists of fast food –hamburgers, hot dogs, French fries, pizza, fried chicken, and so on.
They think American and Canadians also ___17___17 a lot of convenience food, usually frozen or canned, and 20 A. countries B. fields C. cities
junk food –candy, cookies, potato chips, and other things without much nutritional value. ___18__ 18 , this
description is not totally inaccurate. The American diet is generally high in sugar, salt, fat, and cholesterol,
21 A. going to B. do C. have
and these substances can cause health problems.
However, some people’s eating habits are changing. They are becoming more interested in good health,
and nutrition is ___19___
19 part of health. North Americans are eating less read meat and fewer eggs, and 22 A. in addition B. also C. instead of
they are eating more chicken and fish. Chicken and fish contain less fat than meat and eggs. Many people
are also buying more fresh vegetables and eating them raw or cooked quickly in very little water in order 23 A. harmful B. safe C. good
to keep the vitamins.
Restaurant menus are also changing to reflect people’s growing concern with good nutrition. The PARTE 5
“typical” North American diet now includes food from many different countries. More ethnic restaurants
Preguntas 24 – 30
are opening in big ___20___
20 in the Unites States and Canada. Food from China, Japan, Korea, Thailand,
Lea el artículo y luego responda las preguntas.
India, and the Middle East are very popular. Even fast food places now offer “lean” (low fat) hamburgers,
En las preguntas 24 – 30, seleccione A, B o C.
broiled or roasted (instead of fried) chicken, and salad bars with wide variety of fresh fruit and vegetables.
How are we ___221___ eat in the future? Because we now know about the importance of nutrition, we 1Earlier in the past century, Halloween was a night when roving gangs (usually boys) played elaborate tricks on
will probably continue to eat more fish and vegetables and less meat. We will still buy food in supermarkets, their neighbors. 2These tricks more closely resembled practical jokes than vandalism. 3For example, the boys
but frozen food may be more nutritious and canned food may have less salt and sugar. Our junk food will might lift an outhouse off its foundations and move it to someone else’s yard, or they might remove a screen
not be “junk” at all because ___22___
22 candy bars we will eat “nutrition bars” with a lot of vitamins and door from its hinges and leave it on the owner’s roof. 4Such tricks required skill and planning, and the victims
protein. In the future, our diet will probably be even more interesting and healthful than it is now. were usually neighbors or relatives. 5Thus, Halloween was a night when adolescents took their “revenge” on
In the United States and Canada, food is a very common topic of conversation. People are always adults in a way that was, for the most part, tolerated by the community.
discussing new dishes, restaurants, diet plans, and ideas about nutrition. The arguments about the best
6Today, the holiday mischief has degenerated into destructive vandalism, such as tire slashing and window
diets and food will continue: Are vegetarians really healthy? Is a high-fiber diet with a lot of raw food
breaking. 7These kinds of actions require no skill or intelligence. 8In addition, instead of the small offerings –an
and vegetables better than a diet of cooked food? Is a little alcohol good for relaxation, or is all alcohol
apple or a piece of cake–meant to be given in exchange for protection from practical jokes, tricks-or-treaters
___23__
23 ? Is some caffeine good for energy, or is caffeine always bad? Can yellow vegetables really prevent demand bagfuls of commercial candy bars from the numerous people, many of them strangers, on a collection
cancer? Will eat garlic help avoid heart attacks? One thing we do know for sure: The key to good nutrition route. 9But the most alarming and repulsive aspect of the new Halloween combines evildoing and food in
is balance. How do we achieve that balance? We can choose food from a variety of sources, control de the worst way–now criminals insert pins into candy bars and razors into apples. 10Thus Halloween has been
quantities that we eat, limit fats, and exercise. transformed into an event, not of harmless fun, but of greed, vandalism, and occasional terror.

184 185
Preguntas de
MEDIACIÓN INGLÉS
Ejemplo: PARTE 6
0 Earlier in the past century, children celebrated Halloween by
RESPUESTA Preguntas 31 – 35
A comming vandalism Lea el texto y responda las preguntas 31– 35.
B begging for candy bars Seleccione la respuesta correcta A, B, C o D para cada pregunta.
A B C
C playing practical Jokes
The powerful influence of weather
Weather has a powerful effect on people. It influences health, intelligence, and feelings.In August, it is very hot
24 On the whole, the relationship between The 28 From the passage you could conclude that and wet in the southern part of the United States. Southerners have heart attacks and other kinds of health
two paragraphs is one of earlier in this century problems during this month. In the Northeast and the Middle West, it is very hot at sometimes and very cold at
other times. People in these states tend to have heart attacks after the weather changes in February or March.
A. comparison A. children in effect bribed people to give them
B. contrast treats The weather can also affect intelligence. For example, in a 1938 study by scientists, the IQ [intelligence quotient]
C. definition and example B. holidays were more fun than they are now scores of a group of undergraduate college students were very high during a hurricane, but after the storm, their
C. children had a sense of humor and pride about scores were 10% below average. Hurricanes can increase intelligence. Very hot weather, on the other hand,
can lower it. Students in many of the United States often do badly on exams in the hot months of the year (July
their Halloween tricks
and August).
25 The words these kinds of actions in sentence
Weather also has a strong influence on people’s feeling. Winter may be a bad time for thin people. They usually
7 refer to feel cold during these months. They might feel depressed during cold weather. In hot summer weather, on the
29 What is the most accurate title for this other hand, overweight people may feel unhappy. The summer heat may make them tired and irritable.
A. holiday mischief
selection?
B. trick-or-treaters demanding bagfuls of candy Low air pressure relaxes people. It increases sexual feelings. It also increases forgetfulness. People leave more
C. tire slashing and window breaking A. Halloween: A Change for the Worse packages and umbrellas on buses and in stores on low-pressure days. There is a “perfect weather” for work and
B. Halloween Terror health. People feel best at a temperature of about 64°F with 65 percent humidity (moisture in the air).
C. The Charm of the Past Are you feeling sick, sad, tired, forgetful, or very intelligent today? The weather may be the cause.
26 The author’s attitude toward today’s
Halloween is 31 _________ may have a bad effect on health. 33 Intelligence may increase because of
A. sympathetic 30 Which statement best expresses the main
B. critical idea of the passage? A. perfect weather
C. unrealistic B. high intelligence A. low air pressure
A. Halloween celebrations should be banned C. Weather changes B. a hurricane
B. Children today don’t want to work for their D. Power C. very hot weather
rewards
27 The author would probably agree with the D. average temperature
C. Halloween has deteriorated into a time of
Idea that greed and terror.
32 _________ might have heart attacks after the
A. today, Halloween brings out some of our
second or third month of the year. 34 Low air pressure
worst qualities
B. any kind of door-to-door solicitation is a form A. People from the South A. increases forgetfulness
of begging B. People from the USA B. causes heart attacks
C. teenage boys are responsible for the change in C. People from the Middle of the country C. depresses overweight people
Halloween D. People from the Northeast and the Middle D. increases stress
West

186 187
Preguntas de
MEDIACIÓN
Ejemplo:
35 In “perfect weather” of 64°F, _______ RESPUESTA
0 A. was increvising B. was falling apart
A. thin people feel cold
B. people work fine C. was getting together D. was growing A B C D
C. people have health problems
D. people feel sick

PARTE 7 36 A. However B. In addition C. What is more D. Moreover

Preguntas 36 – 45
Lea el texto y escoja la palabra adecuada (A, B, C ó D) para cada espacio. 37 A. they were B. it has been C. there was D. there were

The Changing Family 38 A. near family B. extended family C. nuclear family D. close family
At the beginning of the 20th century, many people thought that the American Family __0__ 0 –in other words,
they thought it was dying. A century later, we know that this was not the case. __36__ , although the family is
36
still alive in the United States, its size and shape are very different from 100 years ago. 39 A. unit B. house C. unframed D. member
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, __37__ 37 mainly two types of family in the United States: the extended and the
nuclear. The __38__38 usually includes grandparents, parents, and children living under the same roof. The nuclear
family consists of only parents and children. As people began to move to other parts of the country to find better 40 A. steady B. married C. one-paycheck D. single-parent
jobs, the nuclear family became the most common family structure, or __39__ 39 .
Today there are many different kind of families. Some people live in “traditional” families, that is, a stay-home
mother, a working father, and their own biological children. Others live in two pay-checks families (where both
parents work outside the home), __40__ 40 families (a mother or father living with the children), __41__
41 or foster 41 A. in-laws B. relatives C. adoptive D. biological
families (where adults take care of children that are not biologically theirs), blended families (where men and
women who were married before marry again and combine the children from previous marriages into new
families), childless families, and so on. 42 A. climb B. get higher C. grow up D. decline
What caused the structure of the family to change? In the early 1900s the birthrate began to __42__ 42 and the
divorce rate began to rise. Women were suddenly choosing to go to college and take jobs outside the home.
The 1930s and 1940s were difficult years for most families in the United States. Many families faced serious 43 A. accompanied B. left alone C. followed D. guided
financial, or money, problems during the Great Depression, when many people lost their jobs. During World
War II (1939-1945), 5 million women were __43__ 43 to take care of their homes and their children. Because many
men were at war, thousands of these “war widows” had to go to work outside the home. Most women worked
long hours at hard jobs, especially in factories. 44 A. frightened B. coming C. going away D. returning
During the next decade, the situation changed. There were fewer divorces, and people married at a younger
age and had more children than the previous generation. It was unusual for a mother to work outside the home
during the years when her children were growing up. The traditional family seemed to be __44__ 44 . 45 A. Last of all B. Soon C. Until D. In fact
In the years between 1960 and the 1990s, there were many important changes in the structure of the family.
The divorced rate doubled and the birthrate fell by half. The number of single-parent families tripled, and the
number of couples living together without being married quadrupled.
There are many people today who would like the “traditional” family to return. However, less than 10 percent
of families in the 1990s fall into this category. __45__
45 , the single-parent household –once unusual– has replaced
the “traditional” family as the typical family in the United States. If we can judge from history, however, this will
probably change again in the twenty-first century.

188 189
BIBLIOGRAFÍA BIBLIOGRAFÍA
Biología • WEAST, ROBERT C., Editor. Handbook of Chemistry
and Physics. 60ª Edición. The Chemical Rubber Co.,
• PLATAFORMA COLOMBIANA DE DERECHOS
HUMANOS, DEMOCRACIA Y DESARROLLO.
Lectura Crítica - Filosofía
• ECKER, R. 1994. Fisiología Animal. Mecanismos y
Ohio, USA, 1980 • El embrujo autoritario, Primer año de gobierno de • ZULETA, Estanislao. Sobre la idealización en la vida
adaptaciones. Tercera Edición. Interamericana McGraw-
• ICFES. Fundamentación conceptual área de Ciencias Álvaro Uribe Vélez. Siglo del Hombre, Editores. personal y colectiva, y otros ensayos. Procultura. Bogotá,
Hill. Pág. 398
Naturales. Bogotá, 2007 Bogotá, 2003 1985
• GRIFFITHS, A. MILLER, J. SUZUKI, D. LEWONTIN, R.
• MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN NACIONAL. Lineamientos • HESSE, Hermann. El lobo estepario. Alianza. Bogotá.
GELBART, W. 1993. Introducción al análisis genético.
curriculares. Ciencias Sociales. Coomagisterio. Bogotá, • SARTRE, Jean P. El ser y la nada.
•
Quinta Edición. Interamericana McGraw-Hill. Pág. 863
KARP, G. 1996. Biología celular y molecular. Conceptos y
Matemáticas 1998 • RUSSELL, Bertrand. La perspectiva científica. Sarpe, 1983
• ALLENDOERFER, Carl B. Fundamentos de Matemáticas • MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN NACIONAL. Estándares • NIETZCHE, Friedrich. Así habló Zarathustra. 1891
experimentos. McGraw- Hill Interamericana. Pág. 145 Universitarias. Mcgraw- Hill. México. 1973 básicos de competencias. Bogotá, 2006 • KANT, Immanuel. Crítica de la razón pura. 1787
• PANIAGUA, R. NISTAL, M. SESMA, P. ALVAREZ-URIA, M. • BRITTON, Jack R. y otro. Matemáticas Contemporáneas. • ICFES. Alineación del examen Saber 11°. Bogotá, 2014 • MARCUSE, Herbert. El hombre unidimensional.
FRAILE, B. 1997. Citología e Histología Vegetal y Animal. Editorial Harla. México, 1982 • DELEUZE, Gilles. Nietzche y la Filosofía. Labor. París,
Biología de las células y tejidos animales y vegetales. • ESCANDON, Rafael. Curiosidades Matemáticas. Medellín, 1974
•
Interamericana McGraw-Hill. Pág. 807
STANSFIELD, W. 1992. Genética. Tercera Edición. •
1980
ICFES. Exámenes de Estado. Matemática. Bogotá, 2000,
Lectura Crítica - Lenguaje • SCHOPENHAUER, Arthur. Dialéctica Erística. Ed. Trotta.
Buenos Aires, 2002
Interamericana McGraw-Hill. Pág. 574 2001, 2002, 2003 • AUSTIN, J.L. Cómo hacer cosas con palabras. Paidós. • ICFES. Alineación del examen Saber 11°. Bogotá, 2014
• ICFES. Fundamentación conceptual área de Ciencias • MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN NACIONAL. Barcelona, 1990
Naturales. Bogotá, 2007 Lineamientos curriculares, Matemáticas. Coomagisterio.
Bogotá, Julio de 1998.
• BERGER, P. y Luckmann, T. La construcción social de la
realidad. Editorial Amorrortu. Buenos Aires, 1994
English
Física • POLYA, G. Cómo plantear y resolver problemas. Editorial
Trillas. México, 1969
• ECO, Umberto. Tratado de semiótica general. Lumen.
Barcelona, 1978
•
•
University Press, Oxford, 1993
PHYLLIS Schneider, Memory, New Choices Magazine,
• HECHET, Eugene. Física en perspectiva. Addison-Wesley. • GADAMER, Hans-Georg. Verdad y método. Ediciones Dec 1999 – Jan 2000
• RECAMÁN, Bernardo. Juegos y acertijos para la enseñanza
1987 Sígueme. Salamanca, 1998 • SWAN, M. and Walter, C., How English Words, Oxford
de las matemáticas. Editorial Norma. Bogotá, 1997
• GAMOW, George. Biografía de la física. Alianza Editorial. • HABERMAS, Jürgen. Teoría de la acción comunicativa I y II. University Press, Oxford, 6 Ed., 2000
• SELECTIVIDAD LOGSE. Matemática aplicada a las
Madrid, 1985 Taurus. Madrid, 1980 • THE GOLDEN BOOK ENCYCLOPEDIA, Book 3, Firth
Ciencias Sociales. Pruebas 2002. Barcelona. España, 2002
• SERWAY, Raymond A. Física, Tomos I y II. McGraw-Hill. • ICFES. Examen de Estado. Cambios para el siglo XXI. Edition, 1985
• ICFES. ¿Qué evalúan las pruebas de Estado? Bogotá, 2006.
México, 1997 Lenguaje. Bogotá, 1999 • TIME MAGAZINE, The State of the Planet, April – May
• ICFES. Fundamentación conceptual área de Matemáticas.
• LEVY-LEBLOND, Jean Marc. La física en preguntas. Alianza • MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN NACIONAL. 1999
Bogotá, 2007.
Editorial. Madrid, 1997 Lineamientos curriculares. Lenguaje. Coomagisterio. • RICHARDS, Jack C, HULL, Jonathan and PROCTOR,
• Gran Larousse Universal. Plaza y Janes. Barcelona, 1998 Bogotá, 1996. Susan. Interchange, English for International Communication.
• El Nuevo Examen de Estado. Cambios para el siglo XXI, Ciencias Sociales y Competencias • VAN DIJK, Teun A. Estructura y funciones del discurso. Cambridge University Press 1993
Ciencias Naturales. MEN-ICFES. Bogotá, 1999
• MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN NACIONAL. Ciudadanas •
Siglo XXI. México, 1980
WITTGENSTEIN, Ludwig. Cuadernos azul y marrón.
• MARCO COMÚN EUROPEO DE REFERENCIA PARA
LAS LENGUAS
Lineamientos Curriculares. Ciencias Naturales y Educación • CAPRA, Fritjof. La trama de la vida, Anagrama. Madrid, Temos. Madrid, 1992 • MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN NACIONAL. Estándares
Ambiental. Cooperativa Editorial Magisterio. Bogotá, 1998. 2001 • ICFES. Alineación del examen Saber 11°. Bogotá, 2014 básicos de competencias en inglés.
• ICFES. Fundamentación conceptual área de Ciencias • GÓMEZ BUENDÍA, Hernando (Director). El conflicto, • ICFES. Guía de orientación examen de Inglés. Bogotá,
Naturales. Bogotá, 2007 callejón con salida, informe Nacional de Desarrollo 2007
Humano para Colombia, PNUD. Ed. El Malpensante.
Química •
Bogotá, 2003
EDITORIAL Nueva América. El hombre latinoamericano y
• ALDRICH CHEMICALS Co., Handbook of the fine
sus valores. Bogotá, 1989
chemicals. Winsconcin, USA, 2000-2001
• INSTITUTO COLOMBIANO DE BIENESTAR FAMILIAR.
• Icfes, documentos varios
Las familias de hoy en Colombia. Santafé de Bogotá, 1999
• PARGA LOZANO, DIANA LINETH. OLIMPIADAS
• MÉNDEZ, José. Ecología. Universidad Santo Tomás,
QUÍMICA 10. Voluntad, Bogotá, 2000
Recursos Naturales. Bogotá, 1998

190 191