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(STA 630 Approx. 267 Solved MCQs)

Who, among the following, wrote the book "Research Methods for Business"?
► Zikmund, W.
► Sekaran, U.
► Dessler, G.
► Neuman, W.C.

Question No: 2 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

What does an empiricist believe?
► All the knowledge that we have of life after death can be used in research.
► Knowledge in the form of ‘facts’ should be gained through sensory experience.
► Research conducted within the British Empire was biased and unreliable.
► Research should not always necessarily rely on the scientific methods.

Question No: 3 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Action research usually takes place in a single school because;
► It is designed to answer questions about improving practice in a particular
setting.
► It is difficult to secure permission to study students in multiple schools.
► Teachers do not have the necessary skills to conduct research across multiple settings.
► Data collection methods used in action research are designed for single settings.

Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is characteristic of action research?
► Variables are tightly controlled.
► Results are generalizable.
► Results demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships.
► Data are usually qualitative.

Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following statements is TRUE for qualitative research question?
► It asks a question about some process, or phenomenon to be explored.
► It is generally an open-ended question.
► It asks a question which may be open ended.
► It asks a closed ended question.

Question No: 6 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is NOT an example of quantitative variable?
► Age
► Grade point average
► Gender
► Motivation

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Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In research, something that does not “vary” is known as:
► Variable
► Method
► Constant
► Control group

Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The cause variable or the one that identifies forces or conditions that act on something
else is known as:
► Moderating variable
► Independent variable
► Categorical variable
► Dependent variable

Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following statements best defines hypothesis?
► A quantitative study.
► A tentative prediction of the results of the research.
► A qualitative research design.
► The operational definition of the study.

Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is the characteristic/s of Hypotheses in qualitative research
studies?
► Hypotheses are very specific and stated prior to beginning the study.
► Hypotheses are never used.
► Hypotheses are often generated as the data are collected, interpreted, and
analyzed.
► Hypotheses are always stated after the research study has been completed.

Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Hypothesis test may also be called as:
► Informal test
► Moderating test
► Significance test
► t-test

Question No: 12 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following refers to "A review that only demonstrates familiarity with an
area is rarely published but it often is part of an educational program is which type of
review"?
► Integrative review
► Theoretical review
► Self-study review

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► Historical review
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Question No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which one of the following tasks is NOT accomplished by theoretical framework?
► Elaborate the relationship among the variables
► Explain the logic underlying the relationship between the variables.
► Describe the nature, and direction of the relationships among the variables.
► Relates the previous studies.

Question No: 14 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following strategies is useful when defining a particular research question?
► To clearly articulate the research question, to provide operational, definitions
and ensuring its testability.
► To clearly articulate the research question, outlining the conditions in which the
phenomena of interest are to be investigated.
► To provide operational definitions of the ideas or concepts involved in the research.
► Ensuring that their research question is empirically testable.

Question No: 15 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

What should the business researcher be aware of when signing a confidentiality
agreement?
► Any clause which limits the length of a questionnaire.
► Any clause which allows the company to comment on findings that will be
published.
► Any clause which increases the level of access for the researcher.
► Any clause which guarantees the anonymity of research participants.

Question No: 16 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In a study of concept learning in first-graders, all of the following should happen, except;
► To help make the experience enjoyable, children should be given substantial
incentives to participate.
► The children should be asked if they want to participate.
► Teachers of the children in their classes should give informed consent.
► Parents must give consent.

Question No: 17 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is least likely to occur as an ethical problem with electronic
research?
► Privacy could be invaded.
► People are not likely to be able to stop once they have begun participating.
► Debriefing could be avoided.
► Informed consent cannot be completely monitored.

Question No: 18 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Quantitative research has been criticised because:
► The reliance on instruments and procedures makes it high in ecological validity.

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► The measurement process suggests a spurious and artificial sense of accuracy.

► It underestimates the similarities between objects in the natural and social worlds.
► It has no validity.

Question No: 19 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is a characteristic of a standardized test?
► The administration of the test is controlled carefully to ensure that all examinees
experience the same conditions.
► The test is developed by experts to ensure it is technically sound.
► The scores are interpreted in standard ways.
► All of the given options

Question No: 20 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Mr. Latif is measuring students' attitudes on a controversial topic. Which of the following
would you recommend he use to control for the potential problem of students feeling the
need to respond with socially acceptable responses?
► Ensure construct validity
► Allow anonymous responses
► Ensure reliability
► Ensure confidentiality

Question No: 21 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following scales can measure the Temperature?
► Nominal scale
► Ordinal scale
► Interval scale
► All of the given options

Question No: 22 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Following are the properties of nominal scale, except;
► Least powerful
► Suggest no order
► Provide categorical information
► Provide magnitude of object

Question No: 23 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is NOT the implication of Ordinal scale?
► Characteristics of nominal scale
► Rank the object
► Does not provide magnitude of object
► Provide rate

Question No: 24 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following statements is correct about validity and reliability?
► When internal validity is high, external validity is low
► When internal validity is high, there is no change in external validity

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► When internal validity is high, external validity is also high

► All of the given options

Question No: 25 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

When you are confident that the experimental manipulation produced the changes you
measured in the dependent variable, your study probably has good ________ validity.
► Internal
► External
► Causal
► Construct

Question No: 26 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Mr. Ali has conducted an extensive review of the literature and has deductively reasoned
a hypothesis about his problem on the basis of this review. Which type of a research plan
is Mr. Ali likely proposing?

► Qualitative
► Ethical
► Both quantitative and qualitative
► Quantitative

Question No: 27 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is a legitimate purpose of a research plan?
► It forces you to think through every aspect of a study.
► It provides detailed procedures to guide the conduct of the study.
► It provides clear roadmap of the study.
► Writing a plan facilitates the evaluation of it.

Question No: 28 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In the statement ‘Smoke badly destroys health of people’ what is the unit of analysis?

► Transportation
► Individuals
► Pollutants
► Drugs

Question No: 29 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

While studying supervisor-subordinate relationship in an organization, what is the unit of
analysis?
► Individual
► Dyad
► Employer-employee
► Organization

Question No: 30 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following types of survey research is often used for program evaluation or

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accreditation purposes?
► Developmental surveys
► Followup studies
► Public opinion polls
► No survey research is appropriate

Question No: 31 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is NOT an example of a problem with using survey research to
investigate behaviour?
► Respondents tend to answer by giving the most socially desirable answer.
► Respondents may inadvertently omit key terms in the question.
► Respondents may not give an honest reply to what they see as a threatening question.
► Respondents may be unwilling to reveal information as they believe they are
likely to be identified.

Question No: 32 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

What should the researcher do if they have achieved a low response rate?

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► Copy responses and paste them again.
► Abandon the research project entirely.
► Recognize and accept the possible limitations of a low response rate.
► Fill in some more questionnaires themselves.

Question No: 33 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following statements is correct about questionnaire?
► A questionnaire should run to at least twenty pages.
► The questions should have no spaces between them so that the whole questionnaire
looks small.
► Only questionnaires that are A3 size achieve high response rates.
► Clear presentation is more important than overall size.

Question No: 34 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Critical decision area in questionnaire construction is which of the following?
► Question content
► Question wording
► Response strategy
► All of the given options

Question No: 35 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The most critical area of an article to read is;
► Introduction
► Abstract
► Results section
► Limitations

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Question No: 36 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is/are advantage(s) of the self-completed questionnaire?
► Inability to confirm who completed the questionnaire
► Its unsuitability for some kinds of respondents
► Inability to ask many questions that are not directly relevant to the respondent
► Easy to justify the answer

Question No: 37 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Time consumed in mall intercept interview is representing which of the following type?

► High
► Moderate
► Low
► Nill

Question No: 38 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following similarity is found in Qualitative research and Survey research?

► Examine topics primarily from the participants' perspectives.

► They are guided by predetermined variables to study.
► They are descriptive research methods.
► Have large sample sizes.

Question No: 39 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following represent a good qualitative problem statement?

► Defines the independent and dependent variables.

► conveys a sense of emerging design.
► Specifies a research hypothesis to be tested.
► Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher expects to find.

Question No: 40 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following makes research questions very crucial?

► Guide your decisions about what data to collect and from where.
► Help you decide which research area interests you.
► Ensure that your findings have external validity.
► Prevent you from thinking about research strategies.

Question No: 41 ( Marks: 10 )

How would you explain "Research Proposal" and its different sections?

1. When a extraneous variable systematically varies with the independent variable

and influences the dependent variable, it is called:
a. Another dependent variable

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b. A confounding variable
c. A moderating variable
d. An unreliable variable
2. Which of the following statements is true?
a. A statistical relationship is sufficient evidence to infer causality
b. Temporal order of the cause and effect is not important in inferring causality
c. A statistical relation of X and Y is insufficient evidence for inferring
causality
d. Temporal order of cause and effect variables and statistical relation are all that
are
needed to infer causality
3. A school district examines a program that uses mentors to help very poor
readers improve their reading performance. The children in the program are at the
4th percentile at pretest. At posttest they are around the 20th percentile. While it is
possible that the program made the difference, another reason for the change in
scores could be:
a. History
b. Regression artifact
c. Multiple-treatment interference
d. Differential selection
4. A group of researchers do a study where children from particular classrooms
are assigned to treatment or control conditions. After the study, the researcher
finds out that the students in the control group are higher achievers than those in
the experimental group. He found no treatment effect. The failure to find an effect
may be due to:
a. A treatment effect
b. A testing effect
c. A differential selection effect
d. A maturation effect
5. A researcher examines a program looking at the effects of mentoring on poor
readers' reading achievement. He looks at two different schools. One serves as the
control and the other the experimental group. Both schools had reading
achievement that was around the 50th percentile. During the time that the
mentoring program is in place in the experimental group, a statewide reading
initiative is started in randomly selected schools. The experimental, but not the
control school is involved in the initiative. At the end of the year, the
experimental group does better than the control. From the information presented
above, a likely threat to the internal validity of the study is:
a. Selection by mortality interaction
b. Mortality
c. Selection-history effect
d. Selection-maturation effect
6. Which type of validity refers to the degree to which you can infer that the
relationship between two variables is causal?
a. Internal validity
b. Population validity

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c. Ecological validity
d. Statistical conclusion validity
7. Which type of validity refers to the ability to infer that the independent and
dependent variables are related ant that the measured strength of the relationship
is accurate?
a. Internal validity
b. Population validity
c. Ecological validity
d. Statistical conclusion validity
8. An extraneous variable that systematically varies with the independent variable
and also influences the dependent variable is known as a _______________.
a Confounding variable
b. Third variable
c. Second variable
d. Both a and b are correct
9. The use of multiple observers to allow cross-checking of observations to make
sure that the investigators agree with what took place is known as _______.
a. Interpretive validity
b. Researcher bias
c. Multiple operationalism
d. Investigator triangulation
10. _____________ is the lowest inference descriptor of all because it uses the
participant’s own words.
a. Participant feedback
b. A verbatim
c. Data triangulation
d. Investigator triangulation
11. ___________ refers to physical or mental changes that may occur within
individuals over time, such as aging, learning, boredom, hunger, and fatigue.
a. Instrumentation
b. History
c. Maturation
d. Testing
12. What type of validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be
generalized across time?
a. Ecological validity
b. External validity
c. Internal validity
d. Temporal validity
13. Which of the following best describes interpretive validity?
a. Factual accuracy of an account as reported by the researcher
b. Accurately portraying the meanings given by the participants to what is
being studied
c. Degree to which a theoretical explanation fits the data
d. Ability to generalize the study results across settings
14. Which of the following terms is a strategy where the researcher actively

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engages in critical self-reflection about his or her potential biases and

predispositions.
a. Experimenter effect
b. Reactivity
c. Investigator triangulation
d. Reflexivity
15. Which of the following is not considered one of the criteria for inferring
causality?
a. Evidence that the independent and dependent variables are related
b. Evidence that the relationship between the variables being investigated is not
due to a
confounding extraneous variable
c. Evidence that changes in variable A occur before changes in variable B
d. The temporal ordering of the variables being investigated does not matter
because a
relationship is all that is really needed
16. The use of multiple data sources to help understand a phenomenon is one
strategy that is used to promote qualitative research validity. Which of the
following terms describes this strategy?
a. Data matching
b. Pattern matching
c. Data triangulation
d. Data feedback
17. What may happen when different comparison groups experience a different
history event?
a. History effect
b. Selection-history effect
c. Selection effect
d. Group effect
18. What is another term that refers to a confounding extraneous variable?
a. Last variable
b. First variable
c. Third variable
d. Fourth variable
19. Which of the following refers to any systematic change that occurs over time
in the way in which the dependent variable is assessed?
a. Instrumentation
b. Maturation
c. Testing
d. Selection
20. Which of the following terms describes the ability to generalize from the
sample of individuals on which a study was conducted to the larger target
population of individuals and across different subpopulations within the larger
target population?
a. External validity
b. Population validity

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c. Ecological validity
d. Temporal validity
21. Which of the following is not a strategy used to promote qualitative research
validity?
a. Peer review
b. Theory triangulation
c. Extended fieldwork
d. Random assignment
22. The use of several measures of a construct is called:
a. Multiple operationalism
b. Multiple construct measurement
c. Operationalism
d. Methods triangulation
23. A physical or mental change that occurs in participants over time that affects
their performance on the dependent variable is called ________.
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a. Instrumentation
b. Maturation
c. Regression
d. None of above
24. Attrition generally occurs in research where ____.
a. You do demographic research
b. The study fails
c. Some participants do not complete the study
d. The study is very brief
25. Differential attrition occurs when the people dropping out from one group are
different from the others in their group or from the people in the comparison
group.
a. True
b. False
26. Internal validity refers to which of the following?
a. The ability to infer that a casual relationship exists between 2 variables
b. The extent to which study results can be generalized to and across populations
of persons,
settings, and times
c. The use of effective measurement instruments in the study
d. The ability to generalize the study results to individuals not included in the
study
27. Which strategy used to promote qualitative research validity uses multiple
research methods to study a phenomenon?
a. Data triangulation
b. Methods triangulation
c. Theory triangulation
d. Member checking
28. Which type of validity refers to the factual accuracy of an account as reported
by the researcher?

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a. Ecological validity
b. Temporal validity
c. Descriptive validity
d. None of the above
29. Which of the following in not one of the key threats to internal validity?
a. Maturation
b. Instrumentation
c. Temporal change
d. History
30. This type of validity refers to the ability to generalize the results of a study
across settings.
a. Temporal validity
b. Internal validity
c. Ecological validity
d. External validity
31. Which is not a direct threat to the internal validity of a research design?
a. History
b. Testing
c. Sampling error
d. Differential selection
32. Alteration in performance due to being aware that one is participating in a
study is known as ______.
a. Operationalism
b. Reactivity
c. Temporal validity
d. Mortality
33. The idea that the more times a research finding is shown with different sets of
people, the more confidence we can place in the finding and in generalizing
beyond the original participants is known as ___________.
a. Naturalistic generalization
b. Methods generalization
c. Data triangulation
d. Replication logic

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The scientific method is preferred over other ways of knowing because it is more;
Reliable
Systematic
Accurate
All of the given options

An operational definition is:

One that bears no relation to the underlying concept.
An abstract, theoretical definition of a concept.
A definition of a concept in terms of specific, empirical measures.

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One that refers to opera singers and their work.

If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain

their merit and worth, he is likely conducting which type of research?
Basic
Applied
Evaluation
Experimental

What is the basis of the Scientific Method?

To test hypotheses in conditions those are condusive to its success.
To formulate a research problem and disprove the hypothesis.
To formulate a research problem, test the hypothesis in carefully controlled
conditions that challenge the hypothesis.
To test hypotheses and if they are disproved, they should be abandoned completely.

Which of the following is a concept?

Leadership.
Total Quality Management.
Human Resource Management.
All of the given options

Meanings attached to a concept create problems of measurements.

Unambiguous
Vague
Clear
Dictionary

To explain, predict, and/or control phenomena are the goal of----------------------

Tradition
Inductive logic
Deductive logic
The scientific

Why, as scientists, do we not want to rely on authority for explanations?

Those in authority are often wrong.
Those in authority cannot be challenged.
Those in authority rely too much on objective information.
Those in authority often have no common sense.

If a researcher was studying the use of various instructional approaches to the

"multiple intelligences" of his students, he is likely to be conducting which type of
research?
Basic
Applied
Evaluation
Grounded theory

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A concept is a generalized idea about------ .

A class of objects
Attributes
Occurrences
All of the given

Under which of the following research method is not applicable?

Health care
Business
Government offices
Imaginary worlds

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1- Hypothesis refers to

A. The outcome of an experiment

B. A conclusion drawn from an experiment

C. A form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenter

D. A tentative statement about the relationship

2- Statistics is used by researchers to

A. Analyze the empirical data collected in a study

B. Make their findings sound better

C. Operationally define their variables

D. Ensure the study comes out the way it was intended

3- A literature review requires

A. Planning

B. Good & clear writing

C. Lot of rewriting

D. All of the above

4- A literature review is based on the assumption that

A. Copy from the work of others

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B. Knowledge accumulates and learns from the work of others

C. Knowledge disaccumulates

D. None of the above option

5- A theoretical framework

A. Elaborates the r/s among the variables

B. Explains the logic underlying these r/s

C. Describes the nature and direction of the r/s

D. All of the above

6- Which of the following statement is not true?

A. A research proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project

B. A research proposal shows that the researcher is capable of successfully

conducting the proposed research project

C. A research proposal is an unorganized and unplanned project

D. A research proposal is just like a research report and written before the
research project

7- Preliminary data collection is a part of the

A. Descriptive research

B. Exploratory research

C. Applied research

D. Explanatory research

8- Conducting surveys is the most common method of generating

A. Primary data

B. Secondary data

C. Qualitative data

D. None of the above

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9- After identifying the important variables and establishing the logical reasoning in
theoretical framework, the next step in the research process is

A. To conduct surveys

B. To generate the hypothesis

C. To focus group discussions

D. To use experiments in an investigation

10- The appropriate analytical technique is determined by

A. The research design

B. Nature of the data collected

C. Nature of the hypothesis

D. Both A & B

E. Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as:

1. Mall interviews
2. Mall intercept interviews
3. Brief interviews
4. None of the given options

F. WATS lines provided by long distance telephone service at fixed rates.

In this regard, WATS is the abbreviation of:

1. West Africa Theological Seminary

2. Washtenaw Area Transportation Study
3. Wide Area Telecommunications Service
4. World Air Transport Statistics

G. A list of questions which is handed over to the respondent, who reads

the questions and records the answers himself is known as the:

1. Interview schedule
2. Questionnaire
3. Interview guide
4. All of the given options

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H. One of the most critical stages in the survey research process is:

1. Research design
2. Questionnaire design
3. Interview design
4. Survey design

I. Question that consists of two or more questions joined together is

called a:

1. Double barreled question

2. General question
3. Accurate question
4. Confusing question

J. The number of questionnaires returned or completed divided by the

total number of eligible people who were contacted or asked to
participate in the survey is called the:

1. Response rate
2. Participation rate
3. Inflation rate
4. None of the given options

K. To obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, when we ask general

question before a specific question then this procedure is called as the:

1. Research technique
2. Qualitative technique
3. Funnel technique
4. Quantitative technique

L. A small scale trial run of a particular component is known as:

1. Pilot testing
2. Pre-testing
3. Lab experiments
4. Both A & B

M. Field testing of the questionnaire shows that:

1. Respondents are willing to co-operate

2. Respondents are not willing to co-operate
3. Respondents do not like any participation

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4. All of the given options

N. Service evaluation of hotels and restaurants can be done by the:

1. Self-administered questionnaires
2. Office assistant
3. Manager
4. None of the given options
A.

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1. Which one of the following sets is the measure of central tendency?

a. Mean, standard deviation, mode
b. Mean, median, standard deviation
c. Arithmetic mean, median, mode
d. Standard deviation, internal validity, mode

2. In lab experiment the effect of Variables is controlled to evaluate the

causal relationship.
a. Extraneous
b. Moderate
c. Intervening
d. All of the above

3. Internal validity refers to .

a. Researcher’s degree of confidence.
b. Generalizability
c. Operationalization

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d. All of the above

4. Which of the following is the weakest experimental design?

a. One group pretest-posttest design
b. Quasi- experimental design
c. Two group posttest only design
d. Ex post facto design

5. How many times the students appear in the research class is the example of
_________.
a. Intensity
b. Space
c. Frequency
d. Direction

6. Disadvantage of content analysis is .

a. Researcher can increase the sample size
b. Provides access on the subjects to which researcher does have physical access.
c. Sometime documents provide incomplete account to the researcher
d. Spontaneous feelings can be recorded when they occurred

7. Which of the following statement is incorrect with respect to “An

experimental design is a set of procedures specifying:”
a. How the test units (subjects) are to be divided into homogenous sub samples.
b. What independent variables or treatments are to be measured?
c. What dependent variables are to be measured?
d. How the extraneous variables are to be controlled?

8. Time consumed in mall intercept interview is .

a. High
b. Moderate
c. Low
d. Nil

9. “Teacher should create a friendly environment in the classroom” this is the

type of .
a. Leading question
b. Loaded question
c. Double Barreled
d. Burdensome question

10. Departmental stores selected to test a new merchandising display system is

the example of .
a. Quota sampling
b. Convenience sampling

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c. Judgmental sampling
d. Purposive sampling

1. Discrete variable is also called……….

A. Categorical variable
B. Discontinuous variable
C. Both A & B
D. None of the above

2. “Officers in my organization have higher than average level of commitment”

Such a hypothesis is an example of……….

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A. Descriptive Hypothesis
B. Directional Hypothesis
C. Relational Hypothesis
D. All of the above

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3. ‘Science’ refers to……….

A. A system for producing knowledge

B. The knowledge produced by a system
C. Both A & B
D. None of the above

4. Which one of the following is not a characteristic of scientific method?

A. Deterministic
B. Rationalism
C. Empirical
D. Abstraction

5. The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the……….

A. Variables
B. Hypothesis
C. Concept
D. Theory

1. ………research is based on naturalism.

A. Field research
B. Descriptive research
C. Basic research
D. Applied research

2. Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as………

A. Mall interviews
B. Mall intercept interviews
C. Brief interviews
D. None of the given options

3. ……… is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by asking

general question before a specific question.

A. Research technique
B. Qualitative technique
C. Funnel technique

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D. Quantitative technique

4. In, ……… the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and
direction of the interview.

A. Field interview
B. Telephonic interview
C. Both A and B
D. None of the given options

5. Randomization of test units is a part of ………

A. Pretest
B. Posttest
C. Matching
D. Experiment
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