Basic

English
Grammar
For Foreign Language Learners

Dian Fadhilawati, M.Pd.

BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR
For Foreign Language Learners

Dian Fadhilawati, M.Pd.

Original Edition
Copyright © 2019 by author
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UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 19 TAHUN 2002 TENTANG HAK CIPTA

1. Barang siapa dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak mengumumkan atau memperbanyak suatu
ciptaan atau memberi izin untuk itu, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 7 (tujuh)
tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp 5.000.000.000,00 (lima miliar rupiah).
2. Barang siapa dengan sengaja menyiarkan, memamerkan, mengedarkan, atau menjual
kepada umum suatu ciptaan atau barang hasil pelanggaran Hak Cipta atau Hak Terkait
sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 (lima)
tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp 500.000.000,00 (lima ratus juta rupiah).

Fadhilawati, Dian

Basic English Grammar/Dian Fadhilawati

First Edition
—Sidoarjo: Indomedia Pustaka, 2019
Anggota IKAPI No. 195/JTI/2018
1 vol., 17 × 24 cm, p 176.

ISBN: 978-623-7137-22-1

1. Language 2. Basic English Grammar

I. Title II. Dian Fadhilawati
 I dedicated this book for:
My beloved husband: Moh. Mansur, S.Pd.
My beloved sons: M. Fikri Difatama Arviansyah and M. Arvareza Difatama Pravda
My parents: Kristiono and Lilik Endang Setyowati
My lecturers in English Education Department in Jember University and Islamic
University of Malang
My friends and students in Islamic University of Balitar-Blitar
iv Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners
Preface

Basic English Grammar for Foreign Language Learners was organized based on the
lesson plan of Basic English Grammar Course. It is especially intended to help the first
semester students of English Department at Islamic University of Balitar-Blitar to learn
Basic English Grammar easily.
Furthermore, this book provides basic materials of English Grammar which include:
Nouns (Chapter 1), Pronouns (Chapter2), Adjectives (Chapter3), Verbs (Chapter 4),
Adverbs (Chapter 5), Prepositions (Chapter 6), Conjunctions (Chapter 7), Interjections
(Chapter 8), Simple Present Tenses (Chapter 9), and Present Continuous Tense (Chapter
10).
In addition, all of the first semester students of English Department hopefully can
use this book as a supplementary book in learning Basic English Grammar. In order the
students are able to comprehend the material well, they must read all the materials
chapter by chapter carefully, learn the examples given, read the summary in every
chapter, and do the exercises correctly and appropriately.
vi Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Finally, the writer wants to say thank you to the Rector of Islamic University of
Balitar; Blitar, Indomedia Pustaka Publisher, family, friends, and students who supported
the writer in finishing this book. May God bless us!

The writer,

Dian Fadhilawati, M. Pd.

Table of Contents

Preface ................................................................................ v
Table of Contents................................................................... vii

Chapter 1 Nouns............................................................. 1
1.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 1
1.2 What Are Nouns?............................................................................. 2
1.3 Types of Noun................................................................................... 3
a. Common Noun and Proper Noun.................................... 3
b. Concrete Noun and Abstract Noun ................................ 5
c. Singular Noun and Plural Noun....................................... 7
d. Countable Noun and Uncountable Noun...................... 8
e. Compound Noun and Collective Noun.......................... 10
1.4 Summary............................................................................................. 15
1.5 Exercises.............................................................................................. 16
viii Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Chapter 2 Pronouns......................................................... 23
2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 23
1.2 What Are Pronouns? ..................................................................... 24
2.3 Types of Pronoun............................................................................. 24
a. Personal Pronouns................................................................. 25
b. Possessive Pronouns............................................................. 26
c. Reflexive Pronouns................................................................ 26
d. Demonstrative Pronouns.................................................... 27
e. Interrogative Pronouns........................................................ 29
f. Relative Pronouns.................................................................. 31
g. Indefinite Pronouns.............................................................. 32
h. Reciprocal Pronouns............................................................. 33
2.4 Summary............................................................................................. 34
2.5 Exercises ............................................................................................. 34

Chapter 3 Adjectives....................................................... 37
3.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 37
3.2 What Are Adjectives?..................................................................... 38
2.3 Types of Adjective .......................................................................... 40
a. Adjective of Quality (descriptive adjectives).............. 40
b. Adjectives of Quantity.......................................................... 41
c. Numeral Adjectives................................................................ 41
d. Demonstrative Adjectives .................................................. 42
e. Possessive Adjectives............................................................ 44
f. Interrogative Adjectives ..................................................... 45
g. Distributive Adjectives......................................................... 45
h. Proper Adjectives................................................................... 46
i. Indefinite Adjectives............................................................. 46
j. Article Adjectives.................................................................... 47
2.4 The Order of Multiple Adjectives.............................................. 47
3.5 Comparison of Adjectives............................................................ 49
3.6 Summary............................................................................................. 52
3.7 Exercises.............................................................................................. 52

Chapter 4 Verbs.............................................................. 57
4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 57
4.2 What Are Verb................................................................................... 58
4.3 Types of Verbs................................................................................... 59
Table of Contents ix

a. Transitive Verbs ..................................................................... 59

b. Intransitive Verbs................................................................... 60
c. Dynamic/ Event Verbs......................................................... 61
d. Static Verbs................................................................................ 62
e. Perception/Sensation Verbs.............................................. 63
f. Linking/Copular/Predicating Verbs.............................. 64
g. Phrasal/Prepositional Verbs............................................. 64
h. Modal Verbs............................................................................. 66
i. Helping Verbs/Auxiliary Verbs......................................... 66
j. Hypothesis Verbs.................................................................... 67
k. Causative Verbs....................................................................... 68
l. Regular and Irregular Verbs............................................. 69
4.4 Summary............................................................................................. 72
4.5 Exercises.............................................................................................. 72

Chapter 5 Adverbs........................................................... 77
5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 77
5.2 What Are Adverbs?......................................................................... 78
5.3 Types of Adverbs............................................................................. 78
a. Adverbs of Manner................................................................ 79
b. Adverbs of Times.................................................................... 80
c. Adverbs of Place...................................................................... 81
d. Adverbs of Frequency........................................................... 82
e. Adverbs of Degree.................................................................. 82
10.5 Summary............................................................................................. 84
5.5 Exercises.............................................................................................. 84

Chapter 6 Prepositions.................................................... 87
6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 87
6.2 What Are Prepositions?................................................................ 88
6.3 Types of Preposition...................................................................... 89
a. Prepositions of Time............................................................. 89
b. Preposition of Place............................................................... 92
c. Prepositions of Direction/Movements.......................... 93
d. Prepositions of Agent .......................................................... 94
e. Prepositions of Reason........................................................ 95
f. Prepositions of Instrument................................................ 95
g. Prepositions of Possession................................................. 95
x Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

6.4 Summary............................................................................................. 96
6.5 Exercises.............................................................................................. 97

Chapter 7 Conjunctions.................................................... 99
7.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 99
7.2 What Are Conjunctions................................................................. 100
7.3 Types of Conjuction........................................................................ 100
a. Coordinating Conjunction.................................................. 100
b. Subordinating Conjunctions.............................................. 103
c. Correlative Conjunction....................................................... 112
7.4 Summary............................................................................................. 113
7.5 Exercises.............................................................................................. 114

Chapter 8 Interjections.................................................... 117

8.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 117
8.2 What Are Interjections? ............................................................... 118
8.2 Examples of The Use of Interjections..................................... 119
8.3 Types of Interjection...................................................................... 124
a. Interjections for Greeting................................................... 124
b. Interjections for Joy............................................................... 124
c. Interjections for Approval.................................................. 125
d. Interjections for Attention.................................................. 125
e. Interjections for Surprise.................................................... 125
f. Interjections for Sorrow...................................................... 125
g. Interjections for Understanding/
Misunderstanding.................................................................. 126
h. Other Interjections................................................................ 126
8.4 Summary............................................................................................. 126
8.5 Exercises.............................................................................................. 126

Chapter 9 Simple Present Tense....................................... 129

9.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 129
9.2 What Is Simple Present Tenses?................................................ 130
9.3 The Form of Simple Present Tense.......................................... 130
a. Nominal Form.......................................................................... 130
b. Verbal Form.............................................................................. 132
9.4 The Use of Simple Present Tense.............................................. 135
9.5 Summary ............................................................................................ 138
9.6 Exercises.............................................................................................. 138
Table of Contents xi

Chapter 10 Present Continuous Tense................................. 143

10.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 143
10.2 What Is Present Continuous Tense?........................................ 144
10.3 The Form of Present Continuous Tense................................. 144
10.4 The Use of Present Continuous Tense.................................... 146
10.5 Summary............................................................................................. 148
10.6 Exercises.............................................................................................. 149

References............................................................................. 153
Glossary................................................................................ 155
Index..................................................................................... 161
xii Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

List of figures
Figure 1.1 Mind Mapping of Abstract Noun................................................................. 5
Figure 1.2 Collective Noun.............................................................................................. 12
Figure 1.3 Animal Collective Nouns.............................................................................. 14
Figure 2.1 Pronouns Mind Map...................................................................................... 24
Figure 2.2 Reciprocal Pronouns...................................................................................... 33
Figure 3.1 Adjectives........................................................................................................ 38
Figure 3.2 Super Adjective List....................................................................................... 40
Figure 3.3 Demonstrative Pronoun and Demonstrative Adjectives.......................... 43
Figure 3.4 Possessive Adjective Mind Map................................................................... 44
Figure 3.5 Interrogative Adjectives................................................................................. 45
Figure 3.6 Distributive Adjectives.................................................................................. 46
Figure 3.7 Comparative Adjective.................................................................................. 49
Figure 4.1 Verbs................................................................................................................ 58
Figure 4.2 Transitive Verbs.............................................................................................. 59
Figure 4.3 Dynamic Verbs VS Static Verb..................................................................... 62
Figure 4.4 Static Verbs...................................................................................................... 63
Figure 4.5 Perception Verbs............................................................................................. 64
Figure 4.6 Put Phrasal Verbs........................................................................................... 65
Figure 4.7 Look Phrasal Verbs ....................................................................................... 65
Figure 4.8 Modal Verbs.................................................................................................... 66
Figure 4.9 Helping Verbs................................................................................................. 67
Figure 4.10 Causative Verbs............................................................................................... 68
Figure 4.11 Causative Patterns.......................................................................................... 69
Figure 4.12 100 Most Common ESL Irregular Verbs List............................................. 71
Figure 5.1 Adverb Mind Map.......................................................................................... 78
Figure 5.2 Adverbs of Manner........................................................................................ 79
Figure 5.3 Adverbs of Time............................................................................................. 80
Figure 5.4 Adverb of Place............................................................................................... 81
Figure 5.5 Adverbs of Degree.......................................................................................... 83
Figure 6.1 Prepositions Mind Map................................................................................. 88
Figure 6.2 Mind mapping of Preposition of Time........................................................ 91
List of Figure xiii

Figure 6.3 Preposition of Place....................................................................................... 92

Figure 6.4 Prepositions of Direction.............................................................................. 94
Figure 7.1 Conjunctions................................................................................................... 100
Figure 7.2 Coordinating Conjunctions.......................................................................... 101
Figure 7.3 Coordinating Conjunction Examples.......................................................... 103
Figure 7.4 The Correlative Conjunctions...................................................................... 113
Figure 8.1 Interjections.................................................................................................... 118
Figure 8.2 Examples of Common Interjections............................................................ 127
Figure 9.1 Simple Present Tense..................................................................................... 130
Figure 9.2 Simple Present Tense of Be........................................................................... 131
Figure 9.3 Example of Nominal Simple Present Tense................................................ 132
Figure 9.4 Example of Verbal Simple Present Tense.................................................... 134
Figure 9.5 The Use of Simple Present Tense.................................................................. 135
Figure 10.1 Present Continuous Tense............................................................................. 144
Figure 10.2 The Use of Present Continuous Tense......................................................... 146
xiv Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners
Chapter 1

Nouns

1.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the students will learn what are nouns? And 10 types of Noun they are
Common Noun, Proper Noun, Abstract Noun, Concrete Noun, Singular Noun, Plural
Noun. Countable Noun, Uncountable Noun, Compound Noun, and Collective Noun.
After studying this chapter, the students will be able to:
1. Identify what are nouns?
2. Explain 10 types of noun (Common Noun, Proper Noun, Abstract Noun, Concrete
Noun, Singular Noun, Plural Noun, Countable Noun, Uncountable Noun, Compound
Noun, and Collective Noun).
3. Use 10 types of the noun that they have learned in sentences correctly and
appropriately.

In order the students are able to comprehend the material well, they must
1. Read all the materials in this chapter carefully
2. Learn the examples given
3. Read the summary and
4. Do the exercises correctly.
2 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

1.2 What Are Nouns?

A noun is a word refers to person, place, things or idea (Altenberg and Vago, 2010:3).
In a sentence usually Noun’s function as a subject or object. Let’s try to identify the
following words belong to noun or not noun!

Identifying Noun or Not Noun

NOT NOT
NO WORDS NOUN NO WORDS NOUN
NOUN NOUN

1 students  11 Very 

2 now  12 President 

3 Rafi Ahmad  13 watch 

4 has  14 Cindy 

5 cars  15 Toba 

6 dog  16 luxurious 

7 beautiful  17 three 

8 quickly  18 novel 

9 Airport  19 read 

10 always  20 play 

Pay attention to the following examples!

Example of the Use of Noun as Subject or Object in Sentences

The president is giving a speech now.

S O

The children play football.

S O

My sister cleans the house every day.

S O

Bali is very beautiful.

S
Chapter 1—Nouns 3

Dian read three novels last month.

S O

Rafi Ahmad has many luxurious cars.

S O

Toba is the biggest lake in Indonesia.

S O

Cindy watches television every night.

S O

1.3 Types Of Noun

In this session, we will learn 10 types of the noun as well as their examples. The 10
types of the noun are Common Noun, Proper Noun, Abstract Noun, Concrete Noun,
Singular Noun, Plural Noun Countable Noun, Uncountable Noun, Compound Noun, and
Collective Noun.

a. Common Noun and Proper Noun

Common Noun
Common Noun refers to the general type of a proper noun. It names any/general
person, animal thing, place or idea. It usually preceded by a, an or the. For examples:
the president, the artist, the student, the man, a boy, the girl, the mountain, the river,
the beach, a hotel etc.
Pay attention to the following examples of the use of common nouns in sentences!
1. I stayed in a hotel last night.
2. The presidents are having a meeting together
3. I like reading a book
4. Indonesia has many rivers
5. She likes going to the beach

Proper Noun
Proper Noun refers to the particular of the noun. It names a specific/particular person,
thing or idea, proper noun begins with capital letter. The proper noun includes the names
of months, days, people and their titles, mountains, rivers, beach, hotels, books, movies,
4 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

newspapers, cities, seas, festivals, special events and holidays etc. For examples: January,
Joko Widodo, Rafi Ahmad, Bella, Bromo, Nil, Kapuas, Tambak Beach, Kuta Beach, Sanur
Beach, JW Marriot Hotel, Midtown Hotel, Tomorrow Never Dies, Jakarta Post, etc.

Common Noun and Proper Noun Quick Tip

Nouns that are the actual name, for example, Mary, are called proper nouns. Nouns
that are not named are called common nouns, e.g. girl. We must capitalize on proper
noun no matter it is in the sentence. (Altenberg and Vago, 2010:18)
Proper Nouns are capitalized in a sentence (Altenberg and Vago, 2010:)

Pay attention to the following examples:

Examples of Common Noun and Proper Noun

COMMON NOUNS PROPER NOUNS

Man Rhoma Irama, Abraham Lincoln, Joko Widodo, etc

mountain Bromo, Semeru, Mount Everest, Mount Fuji, Mount Merapi, etc.

river Kapuas, Amazon, Nil, Barito, Brantas, Bengawan Solo, etc.

newspaper Jawa Pos, New York Times, Jakarta Post, Kompas, etc.

temple Borobudur, Prambanan, Angkor Wat, Penataran, Mendut, etc.

girl Anita Setyowati, Tina, Diana Septiana, etc.

lake Toba, Lake Michigan, etc.

cat Button, Fluffy, kitty, Kiky, etc.

city Malang, Surabaya, Jakarta, New York, etc.

country Indonesia, Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, India etc.

Examples of the use of the proper noun in the sentence

1. Dino will go to Jakarta next week
2. Shinta would like to be able to visit the White House one day.
3. Toba Lake is very beautiful.
4. John speaks two languages; English and Arabic.
5. Dina is having a picnic with Sandy in Borobudur Temple.
6. Rhoma Irama is a singer.
Chapter 1—Nouns 5

7. Joko Widodo went to Bali yesterday.

8. Brantas is a river in East Java.
9. Jakarta Post is very interesting to read
10. Did you go to Bromo last month?

b. Concrete Noun and Abstract Noun

Concrete Nouns
Concrete nouns refer to things that are real. We can touch, see, feel, hear, smell or taste
them. In this case, concrete nouns can be countable, uncountable, common, proper,
and collective nouns. For example table, chair, deer, sugar, mountain, a team, a group of
students, etc.

Abstract Nouns
Abstract nouns refer to things that are not concrete. They refer to emotions, ideas,
concepts, traits, experiences, or a state of being. Before we go to the examples of
sentences which use abstract noun please study the following mind map of abstract
nouns carefully

Figure 1.1
Mind Mapping of Abstract Noun
(Source: R Fan: 2013)
6 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

The examples of abstract nouns you can see in the following list
Abstract Noun List

patience luck anger pleasure marriage

love right joy maturity behavior

happiness generosity belief beauty weaknesses

fear friendship dream ability hunger

calm goodness pain poverty length

progress movement liberty jealousy thought

sorrow awareness peace kindness strength

coldness truth pride idea newness

trust failure success leadership growth

clarity loneliness childhood motherhood greatness

stupidity wisdom sympathy membership thirst

luxury pressure satisfaction scholarship cleverness

freedom honesty skill speech advantage

opportunity talent loyalty death divorce

confusion goal council law reverence

appetite solitude fantasy rules affection

philosophy trend plan enchantment worry

religion irritation ease chance loss

generation care democracy information grace

union wealth tenderness fragility dedication

Examples of the use of concrete and abstract nouns in sentences

1. That girl is buying a new bag (girl and bag are a concrete Noun)
2. My happiness is you (happiness is an abstract Noun)
3. We need love in our life (love and life are abstract nouns)
4. Shinta has two beautiful cats (Shinta and cats are concrete nouns)
5. I don’t like your anger (anger is an abstract noun)
Chapter 1—Nouns 7

Common Noun and Proper Noun Quick Tip

Concrete Nouns refer to things that can be perceived by one of our senses, while
Abstract Nouns refer to things that cannot be perceived by our senses (Altenberg
and Vago, 2010:5)

c. Singular Noun and Plural Noun

Singular Noun
Singular Noun refers to one thing, place, person or idea. For examples: a book, a car, a
boy, a teacher, a hotel, a bridge, etc.

Plural Nouns
Plural Noun refers to more than one thing, place, person or idea. For examples: two cars,
three boys, four teachers, five hotels, six busses, etc.

Some Rules in Forming Plural Noun

In general, we can form the noun by adding When the noun ending are S, SH, CH, X or Z
-S to the noun. we must add -ES to the noun.
Examples: Examples:
 A book Two books  A bus Two Buses
 A bag There bags  Flash Flashes
 An apple Ten apples  A bench Four benches
 A box Five boxes
 A quiz Two quizzes

When the noun ending is a VOWEL + Y, we When the noun ending is a CONSONANT + Y,
add -S to the noun. we remove Y and add -IES to the noun.
Example: Example:
 A day Many days  A baby Two Babies
 A boy Nine Boys  A story Three Stories
 A key Five Keys  A party Four Parties
 A toy Eight toys  A lady Six ladies
8 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

If the noun ending is F or FE, we remove the When the noun ending is a CONSONANT + O,
F/FE and add -VES to the noun. we normally add -ES to the noun.
Example: Example:
 A thief Five thieves  A hero Three heroes
 A knife Ten knives  A tomato Two tomatoes
 A leaf Three Leaves  A potato Five potatoes
 A wife Two Wives
Some exceptions: roof - roofs, cliff - cliffs, chief - Some exceptions: piano - pianos, halo - halos,
chiefs, belief - beliefs, chef - chefs photo - photos

Plural Noun that doesn’t have an S on the There are some nouns in English that are the
end. same in the singular and the plural.
Example: Example:
 A man Two men  A Fish Two fish
 A tooth Twelve teeth  A deer Three deer
 A child Two children  A sheep Four sheep
 A mouse Three mice

When the noun ending is IS, change IS to ES. When the noun ending is the US, change US
Example: too I.
Analysis Analyses Example:
Basis Bases  A cactus Two cacti
Crisis Crises  A fungus Three Fungi
 A syllabus Three Syllabi

The noun ending is UM, change UM to A When the noun ending is ON, change ON to
Example: A
 Datum Data Example:
 Forum Fora  Criterion Criteria
 Phenomenon Phenomena

When the noun ending in EX or IX, change When the noun ending is EAU, add X after
the last two letters to ICES EAU
Example Example:
 Appendix Appendices  Bureau Bureaux
 Index Indices

d. Countable Noun and Uncountable Noun

Countable Noun
A countable noun is a noun that can be counted. Countable nouns can be a singular or
plural noun.
Example of countable nouns you can see in the following table!
Chapter 1—Nouns 9

Countable Nouns List

chair car dogs hotel orange

table bus cat school apples

book trains deer airport egg

pens plane lion library tomato

flag ship tiger city potatoes

bag motorcycle crocodiles university candy

house bicycle snake market hamburger

cupboard boat butterfly airports mango

television helicopter zebra country pineapples

pencils trucks elephant state pear

For examples:
1. I read a book in the library.
2. She eats two hamburgers.
3. I saw ten deer in the zoo.
4. I have a motorcycle.
5. I want to go to the airport.

Uncountable Noun
An uncountable noun is a noun that cannot be counted, for example, happiness, sugar,
salt, sand, air, water, etc. Further examples of uncountable nouns you can see the
following table:

Uncountable Nouns List

rice water housework rain information

fruit tea homework sunshine help

juice coffee education mail curiosity

meat milk equipment accommodation happiness

sugar jam business art beauty

10 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

flour cereal oil nature bravery

salt soup paper literature faith

honey sand dirt freedom humor

butter air dust knowledge advice

cheese time land courage wisdom

Pay attention to the following examples:

1. I like eating rice.
2. My mother cooks soup.
3. The teacher is giving advice to the students.
4. They need information about you.
5. My happiness is my family.
6. They have much furniture in their store.
7. I need some sugar.
8. Could you give me some water, please?
9. My mother buys butter, oil, milk, and flour in the supermarket.
10. Knowledge is very important in our life.

e. Compound Noun and Collective Noun

Compound Noun
Compound Noun refers to a noun that is made with two or more words. It can be written
in three ways:
1. As one word for examples: bedroom, rainfall, etc.
2. Joined by a hyphen, for examples: son-in-law, mother-in-law, etc.
3. Written as a separate word, for examples: credit card, swimming pool, etc.

Further examples of Compound Nouns you can see in the following table:
Compound Nouns List

aircraft cheesecloth drumstick gateway pancake

armchair chopstick dustpan grapefruit password

armpit clockwork earache grasshopper quicksand

background copycat eardrum greenhouse raincoat

Chapter 1—Nouns 11

backlash countdown earphone hallway railway

barnyard courthouse earring heartbreak sailboat

baseball cowboy earthquake household scarecrow

bathroom crackpot earthworm iceberg seashell

bedtime crossbeam eyeball inland tapeworm

billboard crybaby eyelid jigsaw teardrop

bobcat cutthroat eggplant keyhole teaspoon

brainstorm daredevil elsewhere kneecap undermine

breakfast darkroom endless ladybug vineyard

briefcase daydream eyebrow landslide waistline

bulldog dishwasher firefly marketplace wallpaper

buttercup drainpipe fireman mealtime washboard

butterfly drawbridge fishbowl nightmare waterfall

catfish drawstring flashback notebook watermelon

chairman driftwood foolproof oatmeal worldwide

checkmate driveway footprint outdoors yourself

Sentence Examples:
1. The students play football in the yard.
2. Lisa is writing a poem on the blackboard.
3. My family always eats breakfast at 06.30 in the morning.
4. She went to the swimming pool yesterday.
5. Ahmad needs a haircut.
6. My father needs 2 basketfuls of water.
7. Put your clothes in the washing machine!
8. She sleeps in the bedroom.
9. Della likes to get up at sunrise.
10. Coban Rondo is a beautiful waterfall in Malang.

Collective Nouns
Collective nouns refer to a group of people, animals or things. Pay attention to the
following picture of collective nouns carefully!
12 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Figure 1.2
Collective Noun
(Source: https://www.fluentland.com)

For further information about collective Noun of people you can see in the following
table:

Collective Nouns of People

an army of soldiers a class of students a horde of savage a staff of employees

a bevy of ladies a company of actors a host of angels a staff of servants

a band of musicians a congregation of a line of kings a staff of teachers

worshippers

a band of robbers a crew of sailors a group of students a team of players

a board of directors a crowd of people a group of dancers a tribe of natives

a body of men a crowd of spectators a group of singers a troop of scouts

Chapter 1—Nouns 13

a bunch of crooks a dynasty of kings a pack of thieves a troupe of artists

a caravan of gypsies a gang of crooks a party of friends a troupe of dancers

a choir of singers a gang of laborers a patrol of policemen a troupe of

performers

Pay attention to these following examples:

1. A class of students will have field study in Kalimantan next week.
2. A choir of singers will sing 10 national songs tomorrow
3. A troupe of dancers performed well last night.
4. I saw a crowd of spectators clapped and cheered to their performance
5. A troop of scouts goes camping every month.
6. A patrol of policemen passes in front of my house.
7. Dino became a team of football players in my town
8. I saw a gang of laborers yesterday
9. A band of musicians is having a concert now
10. A staff of teachers is having a meeting in the meeting room

Collective Nouns of Things

an album of photographs a chest of drawers a range of mountains

an album of stamps a cloud of dust a ream of papers

an anthology of poems a clump of trees a set of clubs

a bale of cotton a collection of coins a sheaf of corn

a basket of fruit a comb of bananas a sheaf of grain

a book of notes a heap of rubbish a sheaf of wheat

a bunch of flowers a library of books a shower of rain

a bunch of keys an outfit of clothes a stack of wood

a bundle of sticks a pair of shoes a string of beads

a catalog of goods a pocket of cigarettes a string of pearls

Pay attention to the following examples!

1. She needs a catalog of goods every month.
2. My father wants to buy a packet of cigarettes.
3. There is a bunch of keys in my car.
14 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

4. My sister needs a ream of paper.

5. I have an album of my family photograph.
6. There is a library of a book in my school.
7. We write an anthology of the poem together.
8. Dony buys a pair of shoes every three months.
9. My grandmother gave me a comb of bananas yesterday.
10. We write an anthology of poems together

Collective Nouns of Animal

Figure 1.3
Animal Collective Nouns
(Source: www.learn-english-today.com)

For further examples of animal collective nouns, you can see in the following table.
Animal Collective Noun List

An army/a colony/a nest/a swarm of ant A herd of buffalo

A bevy/ a herd/ a bank of swan A herd of antelope

A brood/ flock of chicken A herd of elephants

Chapter 1—Nouns 15

A blessing of unicorn A horde of mice

A herd of zebra A host of sparrows

A wisdom of wombats A leap of leopard

A pack / a herd of wolves A lounge of lizards

A school/a mob of whales A mess of iguanas

A flight or a gulp of swallows A mob of kangaroos

A streak of tiger A pack/a school of sharks

A family of sardines A pack of weasels

A flock of birds A party of rainbow fish

An army of frogs A pod of pelicans

A colony of penguins A scourge of mosquitoes

A company of parrots A stand of flamingo

A walk of snail A swarm of insects

A trop of dogfish A quiver of cobras

A horde of hamster A herd of ponies

A glide of flying fish A gang of elk

A drove of cattle A flight of dragon

A drove of goats A drove of pigs

An earth of foxes A fall of lambs

A dry of squirrels A colony of bats

1.4 Summary
Nouns, in general, are words that refer to a person, things, place, and idea, for examples:
Desy Ratnasari, cats, dog, table, hotel, Surabaya, happiness, etc. Noun can be classified
into 1) Common Nouns, common noun used to name people, place or things in general,
such as: president, month, river, mountain, man, girl, language, etc. 2) Proper Nouns
used to name a specific person, place or things, for examples: Joko Widodo, April, Mount
Everest, Rhoma Irama, Tika, English, Arabic etc. 3) Concrete Nouns refer to person or
things that exist physically and can be detected by one of our senses, such as student,
table, pencil, house, chairs, etc. 4) Abstract Nouns refer to idea, concept which we cannot
touch, see, hear, smell or taste such as Happiness, love, justice, anger, etc. 5) Singular
16 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Nouns such as; a book, a pencil, a deer, a boy, a hotel,etc.6) Plural Nouns such as two
books, three pencils, 10 deer, four boys, many hotels, etc. 7) Countable Nouns refer to
nouns that can be counted, they can be singular/plural noun, such as; bag, duck, cities,
teacher, etc. 8) Uncountable Nouns refer to the noun that cannot be counted such as:
sugar, coffee, rice, justice, happiness, etc. 9) Compound Nouns are two or more words
that create a noun, such as bedroom, swimming pool, washing machine, breakfast,
waterfall, mealtime, etc. 10) Collective Nouns refer to set of group of people, things or
animals such as: a team of players, a bunch of flowers, a troop of monkeys, etc.

1.5 Exercises
Task 1: Identify the noun of these following phrases by underlying the correct
answer!
Example: Your big house
1. My red bag
2. Our crowded city
3. Many women
4. Her interesting book
5. His beautiful teacher
6. Their big house
7. Those apartments
8. Two expensive cars
9. The young lady
10. The wise president

Task 2: Mention 10 types of the noun that you have learned and explain them!
1. .....................................................................................................................................................................
2. .....................................................................................................................................................................
3. .....................................................................................................................................................................
4. .....................................................................................................................................................................
5. .....................................................................................................................................................................
6. .....................................................................................................................................................................
7. .....................................................................................................................................................................
8. .....................................................................................................................................................................
9. .....................................................................................................................................................................
10. .....................................................................................................................................................................
Chapter 1—Nouns 17

Task 3: Find the Proper Nouns of these following words!

No Common Nouns Proper Nouns

1 president ..........................................................................................................................................
2 language ..........................................................................................................................................
3 month ..........................................................................................................................................
4 planet ..........................................................................................................................................
5 flower ..........................................................................................................................................
6 street ..........................................................................................................................................
7 singer ..........................................................................................................................................
8 dog ..........................................................................................................................................
9 food ..........................................................................................................................................
10 ocean ..........................................................................................................................................

Task 4: Make 5 sentences by using common nouns and 5 sentences by using proper
nouns!
Common Nouns
1. animal.......................................................................................................................................................
2. president.................................................................................................................................................
3. beach.........................................................................................................................................................
4. mountain.................................................................................................................................................
5. language..................................................................................................................................................

Proper Nouns
1. Dog.............................................................................................................................................................
2. Donal J. Trump......................................................................................................................................
3. Kuta Beach..............................................................................................................................................
4. Semeru Mountain ...............................................................................................................................
5. English......................................................................................................................................................

Task 5: Make 5 sentences by using concrete nouns and 5 sentences by using
abstract nouns!
Concrete Nouns
1. Cupboard………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Books……………………………………………………………………………………
18 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

3. Train…………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Tiger…………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Policeman………………………………………………………………………………..

Abstract Nouns
6. Happiness...............................................................................................................................................
7. Sadness....................................................................................................................................................
8. Honesty....................................................................................................................................................
9. Wisdom....................................................................................................................................................
10. Love...........................................................................................................................................................

Task 6: Find the plural form of these following words!

1. Goose ..............................................
2. Woman ..............................................
3. Table ..............................................
4. Tax ..............................................
5. Shelf ..............................................
6. Stimulus ..............................................
7. Match ..............................................
8. Orange ..............................................
9. Information ..............................................
10. Policeman ..............................................
11. Army ..............................................
12. Taxi ..............................................
13. Bridge ..............................................
14. Mountain ..............................................
15. Fish ..............................................

Task 7: Arrange the following jumbled letters into good sentences!

1. I- many- saw-deer-in-zoo-the-yesterday
.....................................................................................................................................................................
2. Buy-two-will-We-tomorrow-buy-cars
.....................................................................................................................................................................
3. My- needs- tomatoes- a lot of- mother
.....................................................................................................................................................................
4. She- two- beautiful- bags-has
.....................................................................................................................................................................
5. There- in- ten –are- the- museum-children
.....................................................................................................................................................................
Chapter 1—Nouns 19

Task 8: Make sentences using these following words!

1. Boxes
.....................................................................................................................................................................
2. Knives
.....................................................................................................................................................................
3. Television
.....................................................................................................................................................................
4. Data
.....................................................................................................................................................................
5. Tooth
.....................................................................................................................................................................

Task 9: Write down 5 good sentences using these following countable nouns!
1. University
.....................................................................................................................................................................
2. Cities
.....................................................................................................................................................................
3. Deer
.....................................................................................................................................................................
4. Orange
.....................................................................................................................................................................
5. Train
.....................................................................................................................................................................

Task 10: Write down good sentences using these following uncountable nouns!
1. Sugar
.....................................................................................................................................................................
2. Happiness
.....................................................................................................................................................................
3. Salt
.....................................................................................................................................................................
4. Rice
.....................................................................................................................................................................
5. Wisdom
.....................................................................................................................................................................
20 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Task 11: Make good sentences by using these following compound nouns!
1. Outdoors
.....................................................................................................................................................................
2. Classmate
.....................................................................................................................................................................
3. Daydream
.....................................................................................................................................................................
4. Oatmeal
.....................................................................................................................................................................
5. Bathroom
.....................................................................................................................................................................

Task 12: Complete these following sentences with correct collective nouns!
1. Siska buys……………….. of flowers.
2. My grandmother gave me a………………….. of grapes
3. I need a …………………of paper.
4. A ……………………. of students is reading books in the library now.
5. She got lost in the……………………..of people.
6. My father needs a…………………………of cigarettes.
7. I saw a ……………………of monkey in the jungle.
8. She has an …………………………….of photographs
9. We might see a…………………of lion in Africa
10. A…………..of birds flew over his house.

Tasks 13: Make good sentences by using these following collective nouns!
1. A catalog of goods
.....................................................................................................................................................................
2. A group of singers
.....................................................................................................................................................................
3. A bouquet of roses
.....................................................................................................................................................................
4. A herd of zebra
.....................................................................................................................................................................
5. A collection of coins
.....................................................................................................................................................................
Chapter 1—Nouns 21

6. An army of ants
.....................................................................................................................................................................
7. A book of notes
.....................................................................................................................................................................
8. A pair of shoes
.....................................................................................................................................................................
9. A dynasty of kings
.....................................................................................................................................................................
10. A blessing of unicorns
.....................................................................................................................................................................
22 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners
Chapter 2

Pronouns

2.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the students will learn what are Pronoun and 8 types of Pronouns
they are Personal pronouns, Possessive Pronouns, Reflexive Pronouns, Demonstrative
pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns, Relative Pronouns, Indefinite Pronouns, and Reciprocal
Pronouns After studying this chapter, the students will be able to:
1. Identify what are Pronouns?
2. Explain 8 types of Pronouns (Personal pronouns, Possessive Pronouns, Reflexive
Pronouns, Demonstrative pronouns, Interrogative Pronouns, Relative Pronouns,
Indefinite Pronouns, and Reciprocal Pronouns)
3. Use pronouns in sentences correctly and appropriately

In order the students are able to comprehend the material well, they must
1. Read all the materials in this chapter carefully
2. Learn the examples given
3. Read the summary and
4. Do the exercises correctly and appropriately
24 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

1.2 What Are Pronouns?

Figure 2.1
Pronouns Mind Map
(Source: http://upsrenglishmindmap..coblogspot.id)

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun (Sargeant, 2007:24). In this case,
Pronouns are words which replace nouns, for example, I, you, we, they, her, his, their,
its, me, she, we, who, that, this, those, etc. According to Oxford Dictionaries Pronouns
are used in place of a noun that has already been mentioned or that is already known,
it often used to avoid repeating the noun.

2.3 Types of Pronoun

In this chapter we will learn 8 types of pronoun such as follows:
1. Personal pronouns
2. Possessive Pronouns
3. Reflexive Pronouns
4. Demonstrative pronouns
5. Interrogative Pronouns
6. Relative Pronouns
7. Indefinite Pronouns
8. Reciprocal Pronouns
Chapter 2—Pronouns 25

a. Personal Pronouns
According to Oxford Dictionary, Personal Pronouns are used in place of nouns referring
to specific people or things.
For example I, you, we, they, he, she, it, me, you, us, them, him, her, etc. In this case,
personal pronouns include Subjective pronouns and objective pronouns.

Subjective Pronouns
Subjective Pronouns refer to the personal pronouns that act as the subject of the verbs
in sentences. Azar (2002: 132) stated that subjective pronouns refer to I, you, she, he,
it, we, you, they. In this case, I, you, she, he, it, are singular, and we, you, they are plural

Pay attention to the following examples!

1. I go to school every day.
2. I think you should visit the doctor as soon as possible.
3. I and my father went to “Artomoro Electronic”. We bought a new television
yesterday.
4. The students are in the library. They are reading books.
5. Dony is my son. He eats breakfast at 6 o’clock every morning.

Objective Pronouns
Objective Pronouns refer to the personal pronouns that act as the objects of verbs and
preposition in sentences. For examples: me, you, us, them, him, her, and it.
To have more understanding about subjective and objective pronouns please pay
attention to the following table!

The examples of the Use of Subjective and Objective Pronouns

SUBJECT Example OBJECT Example

I I love John me John loves me

You You love John you John loves you

He He loves John him John loves him

She She Loves John her John loves her

It It is an interesting book it John loves it

we We love john us John loves us

They They love John them John loves them

26 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

b. Possessive Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns refer to something owned by someone or something previously
mentioned. For examples: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, and theirs.
Pay attention to the following tables!

List of Subjective Pronouns, Objective Pronouns, Possessive Adjectives, and

Possessive Pronouns
SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESIVE POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS PRONOUNS ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS

I me my mine

You you your yours

He him his his

She her her hers

It it its its

We us our ours

They them their theirs

Examples of the Use of Subjective and Possessive Pronouns

SUBJECTIVE PRONOUN POSSESSIVE PRONOUN

I have a pen The pen is mine

You have a pen The pen in yours

He has a pen The pen is his

She has a pen The pen is hers

It has a pen x

We have a pen The pen is ours

They have a pen The pen is theirs

c. Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are words that refer to the noun or pronoun that is the subject of
the verb. The words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and
themselves are reflexive pronouns (Sargeant, 2007:26) Reflexive Pronouns refer to
Chapter 2—Pronouns 27

personal pronouns which include: myself, yourself/yourselves, ourselves, themselves,

himself, herself, and itself. Those are used to refer back to the subject of the clause
in which they are used. Pay attention to the following table of Subjective Pronouns,
Objective Pronouns, Possessive Adjectives, Possessive Pronouns, and Reflexive pronouns

List of Subjective Pronouns, Objective Pronouns, Possessive Adjective,

Possessive Pronouns, and Reflexive Pronouns
SUBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE
PRONOUNS PRONOUNS ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS PRONOUNS

I me My mine myself

You (singular) you Your yours yourself

You (Plural) yourselves

He him His his himself

She her Her hers herself

It it Its its itself

We us Our ours ourselves

They them Their theirs themselves

Pay attention to the following examples!

1. I was in a hurry, so I drove the car myself.
2. I did my tasks myself
3. You must do your homework yourself.
4. Fikri and Arva, did you write this short story yourselves?
5. John copies Budi’s homework instead of doing himself
6. My father made coffee himself.
7. She writes a letter herself
8. I and Diana wanted to surprise our mother, so we made a birthday cake for her
ourselves
9. My handphone often crashes and turns off by itself.
10. Did they behave themselves?

d. Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns are pronouns that point out someone or something.
Demonstrative pronouns include this, that, these and those.
28 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

•• This is my book (the book is near the speaker - the book is only one or singular)
•• That is Dina’s book (the book is far from the speaker- the book is only one/
singular)
•• These are my books (the books are near the speaker- the books are more than
one/plural)
•• Those are Dina’s books (the books are far from the speaker- the books are more
than one/plural)

Demonstrative pronouns are identical in form with a demonstrative adjective, but

they have different function. Pay attention to the following chart!

The Different between Demonstrative Adjectives and

Demonstrative Pronouns

Examples of the Use of This and That

No THIS (1 thing near) THAT (1 thing far)

1. This book is new That book is old

2. This apple is green That apple is red

3. This house is clean That house is dirty

4. This car is expensive That car is cheap

5 This pencil is long That pencil is short

Chapter 2—Pronouns 29

No THIS (1 thing near) THAT (1 thing far)

6. This cat is fat That cat is thin

7. This computer is fast That computer is slow

8. This table is brown That table is black

9. This bag is mine That bag is yours

10 This cupboard is big That cupboard is small

Example of the Use of These and Those

No THESE (2 things/nearer) THOSE (2 things/farther)

1. These books are new Those books are old

2. These apples are green Those apples are red

3. These houses are clean Those houses are dirty

4. These cars are expensive Those cars are cheap

5 These pencils are long Those pencils are short

6. These cats are fat Those cats are thin

7. These computers are fast Those computers are slow

8. These tables are brown Those tables are black

9. These bags are mine Those bags are yours

10 These cupboards are big Those cupboards are very heavy

e. Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns are pronouns that are used to ask a question. The interrogative
pronouns are: who, whom, whose, which, where, when, why, what and how. For the
function of each interrogative pronoun see the following table!

Interrogative Pronouns
Who Ask a question about a person (Subject)

Whom Ask a question about a person (Object)

Whose Ask a question about possession

Which Ask a question about animals or things

30 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Where Ask a question about places

When Ask a question about time

Why Ask a question about a reason

What Ask a question about things

How Ask a question about the manner

Pay attention to the following examples!

1. Who is your father?
2. Who was closing the door?
3. Who will come to my house?
4. Who is going to the beach tomorrow?
5. To whom did you give the money?
6. Whom did you choose as your partner in this competition?
7. Whom did you speak to?
8. Whom do you prefer to represent you at the meeting?
9. Whom do you live with?
10. Whose father works as a teacher in Junior High School?
11. Whose bag is it?
12. Whose children are those?
13. Whose laptop is that?
14. Which student got the highest score in this class?
15. Which fruit do you prefer?
16. Which of these boys is your son?
17. Which of these cats is yours?
18. Which handphone do you want to buy?
19. Where is your house?
20. Where do you live?
21. Where do you want to go?
22. Where do you study?
23. When do you have a flag ceremony?
24. When were you born?
25. When will you visit your grandmother?
26. When did you do your homework?
27. Why did you come here last night?
28. Why do you come late?
29. What is your father?
30. How will you go there?
Chapter 2—Pronouns 31

f. Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns are pronouns which are used to refer to the noun mentioned
previously, whether they are people, places, things, animals or ideas. According
to Cambridge Dictionary, Relative pronouns introduce a relative clause, and most
common relative pronouns for examples: who, whose, whom, whose, which, that,
where, when.

Pay attention to the following explanation!

Relative Clauses are usually introduced by relative pronouns, in this case, relative
pronouns can function as Subject, Object or possession, we don’t need to put a comma
when we use them to join two clauses. Let’s study the use of relative pronouns

a. Relative Pronouns (Person)

For a person such as a man, the president, the boy, the beggar, the teacher, etc., we use
relative pronouns Who, Whom or Whose, but you must remember that also can be used.

Relative Pronouns for Person

Who Replaces Subject

Whom Replaces Object

Whose Replaces Possessive (her, his, their, our, etc.)

Who Followed by Verb

Whom Followed by Subject +Verb

Whose Followed by Noun

Pay attention to the following examples:

The man is Mr. Ahmad. He works as an English teacher at my school.
The man refers to a person and He refers to Subject. So to combine those clauses above
we use who. Remember: who is followed by a Verb.
The man who works as an English teacher at my school is Mr. Ahmad.

The president is Joko Widodo. I saw him on television.

The president refers to person and him refers to object so to combine those clauses
above we use whom. Remember: whom is followed by Subject and Verb.
The president whom I saw on Television is Joko Widodo.
32 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

The artist is Rafi Ahmad. His cars are luxurious and expensive.
The artist refers to a person and his refers to possessive so to combine those clauses
above we use whose. Remember: whose is followed by Noun
The artist whose cars are luxurious and expensive is Rafi Ahmad.

b. Relative Pronoun for things/animals ( We use which/that)

For example:
I bought a new television yesterday. It is Samsung.
The television which I bought yesterday is Samsung (We combine into one sentence
using relative pronoun which)

Others example:
This is the movie that everyone is talking about.
This is the book which I want to read.
That is a motorcycle which I want to buy.
I want a house which has many windows.
The motorcycle that we bought two months ago is broken.
The cat which I love so much is sick.

c. Relative Pronouns for time (We use When/that)

Examples:
Monday is the day when I have a flag ceremony
I still remember the first day when I met my husband.
April is the month when I have a birthday party.

d. Relative Pronouns for a place (We use Where)

Examples:
The city where I was born is Blitar.
The hotel where I am staying in is Puri Perdana Hotel.

g. Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns refer to general or unknown persons and groups.
Examples:
Is there someone at your house?
Can anyone tell me about the legend of Toba Lake?
Chapter 2—Pronouns 33

Indefinite Pronouns List

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR/PLURAL

another anyone nothing both All

anybody everything one few Any
Anything little other many More
Each much several others Most
Either neither somebody None
Enough no one someone Some
everybody such

h. Reciprocal Pronouns
Reciprocal Pronouns are pronouns that can be used when we talk about two or more
people, animals or things which are engaged in the same thing and experience the same
effects or consequences. If Della is talking to Rudy and Rudy is talking to Dilla. In this
case, we can say that Della and Rudy are talking to each other. When we want to refer
to two people, we can use each other. When referring to more than two people, or when
it’s unclear how many people are involved, we can use one another. For example, the
students (4 students) in a class are talking one another. For clear explanation see the
following picture:

Figure 2.2
Reciprocal Pronouns
(Source: http://www.kidsworldfun.com/learn-english/reciprocal-pronouns.php)
34 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Let see the Examples of Reciprocal Pronouns in sentences

1. My mother and my father gave each other gifts on their wedding anniversary.
2. Diana and Shanty help each other at home.
3. Mr. Ahmad and Mrs. Anny were talking to each other at the bus station.
4. The students congratulated one another after winning a class competition.
5. The children spent their holiday kicking the ball to one another.
6. The winner and the loser of One Pride Competition shook hands with each other.
7. After the fight, the brother and the sister were made to smile at each other, by their
mother.
8. If people in this world are tolerant of one another, there will be peace in this world.
9. At Idul Fitri, it is a tradition that people visit one another.
10. Dimas and Rani love each other.

2.4 Summary
Pronouns are words that can be used to replace a noun. There are many types of pronouns
such as 1) Personal Pronouns used to replace the nouns in a sentence. For example, I
got 100 for my test, the teacher gave me applause. 2) Possessive Pronouns are used
to show that something belongs to someone or something for examples: This is
your pencil. It is yours. I have a book. The book is mine. 3) Reflexive Pronouns refer
to the subject of the verb, For example, I do my homework myself. She repaired her
car herself. 4) Demonstrative Pronouns refer pronouns that point out someone/
something, for example, This is my table. That is your table. These are my bags. Those
are your bags. 5) Interrogative Pronouns are used to ask a question for examples:
Who stole my money, what is your favorite color? How you will go to Surabaya? Etc. 6)
Relative Pronouns are used to show which one you mean. The man is Mr. Ahmad. He
is my English lecturer the man who is my English lecturer is Mr.Ahmad. 7) Indefinite
Pronouns are used when we are not referring to any particular person. Someone is
at the door. 8) Reciprocal Pronouns are used when something is done by each person
of a group to each of the others. For examples: John and Marry love each other. The
boys were fighting one another.

2.5 Exercises
Task 1: Answer the following questions correctly?
1. What are Pronouns?
2. Mention Types of pronouns that you have learned?
Chapter 2—Pronouns 35

3. Explain the types of pronoun that you have learned briefly?

4. Make 5 sentences using each of pronouns that you have learned!

Task 2: Underlying the best answer!

1. Budi and Donny will be at the bus station tonight. (They/their/them) will arrive
at 8 pm.
2. My sister is a student at Brawijaya University. (Her/She/he) will graduate next
month.
3. I have a problem to fix my car. Could you please help (my/mine/me)?
4. I like (she/her/his) because she always helps me in every situation.
5. Sir, where I should put this laptop? Should I put (them/it/he) on your desk?
6. What do you like to do in (your/you/yours) holiday?
7. Please don’t ask (I/me/mine) why I am here.
8. Call this number if you want to meet me (I/it/he) is my new number.
9. They have a new car. (His/her/their) the car is expensive.
10. My brother is a doctor. (She/he/his) works in a big hospital in this town.
11. We are studying English in class. (her/their/our) class is very clean and
comfortable.
12. I have a book. It is (yours, mine/ours).
13. The man (who/whom/whose) I met last night is Mr. Bobby.
14. Debby and Cindy hate / (one another/ each other)
15. The twelve Football players were all blaming (each other/ one another?) for their
loss in last night competition.
16. Both Basket Ball teams played with a fighting spirit against (one another/ each
other)
17. The children were fighting (each other/one another).
18. Tim and Jake were talking to (one another/each other) in the restaurant.
19. The winners congratulated (one another/each other) after the results were
announced
20. The playground was full of children spending the afternoon playing with one
another/each other)

Task 3: Complete the following questions with a suitable answer!

1. I and my mother went to the market yesterday. ……….bought some vegetables and
fruits.
2. Tika is my sister. …… is very beautiful.
3. The students are in the classroom. …….. are studying English now.
4. Mr. Robert is my uncle. ……..lives in New York.
36 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

5. I have a book…………….is on the table.

6. Fikri, ………… must be an honest boy!
7. There is one cat in my home…….is very cute.
8. My father is a doctor. …… works in the hospital.
9. We have 2 cars ……..are Avanza and Honda Mobilio.
10. The children play football in the yard. …….are happy.
11. Where I should put your pencil, Diana? Should I put ……………on your desk?
12. He gave……..a lot of money, I am very happy.
13. I love……………so much and he loves me too
14. Bella is waiting for you. Please come to… …house as soon as possible.
15. Your children want to be happy in their lives. As a mother can you make ……happy?

Task 4: Complete the following table of pronouns by using the correct answer!

SUBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE

PRONOUNS PRONOUNS ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS PRONOUNS

I ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

You (singular)
You (Plural) ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

He ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

She ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
It ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

Task 5: Complete the following sentences using who, whom, whose, which, when
or where!
1. The woman……………….lives next door is very beautiful.
2. Why does he always wear clothes ……………are too small for him?
3. I thanked the boy………….sends me a beautiful postcard for my birthday.
4. The laptop………………I bought in JAYA ELECTRONIC is “ASUS”.
5. The student………………….bag is new is Robby
6. The place………………….I bought my shoes is “Tunjungan Plaza” Department Store.
7. 2010 is the time……………Ed Cook built Memrise Application for joyful learning.
8. The man ………….I met last night is my headmaster.
9. The student …………………..I called yesterday is from America.
10. A coffee-maker is a machine …………………… makes coffee.
Chapter 3

Adjectives

3.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the students will learn what are Adjectives, 10 types of Adjective they are:
adjective of quality or descriptive adjectives, adjective of quantity, numeral adjectives,
demonstrative adjectives, possessive adjectives, interrogative adjectives, distributive
adjectives, proper adjectives, indefinite adjective, and articles adjectives. In addition,
they will also learn about the order of multiple adjectives and the comparison adjectives.
After studying this chapter, the students will be able to:
1. Identify and explain what are adjectives
2. Explain 10 types of adjective (adjective of quality or descriptive adjectives, adjective
of quantity, numeral adjectives, demonstrative adjectives, possessive adjectives,
interrogative adjectives, distributive adjectives, proper adjectives, indefinite
adjective, and articles adjectives)
3. Identify and use the order of multiple adjectives
4. Identify and use comparison adjectives
38 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

In order the students are able to comprehend the material well, they must
1. Read all the materials in this chapter carefully
2. Learn the examples given
3. Read the summary and
4. Do the exercises correctly

3.2 What Are Adjectives?

Figure 3.1
Adjectives
(source:http://robonwriting.com/2014/01/25/adverbs-and-adjectives-are-not-your-friends/)

The collection of words in the picture above are called adjectives

According to Azar (2002), Adjectives are words that describe or explain nouns. In
addition, Mew and Seaton (2007: 52) stated that an adjective is describing a word. It
tells us more about a noun. An adjective usually appears before the noun it describes,
but sometime it also presents after the noun later in the sentence.
Chapter 3—Adjectives 39

Adjective appears before noun examples:

A smart student (smart is an adjective, it appears before the word student (N), in this
case, smart describes student)
A big house (big is an adjective, it appears before the word student (N), in this case, big
describes house)

Adjective appears after noun examples:

The house is big. (Big is an adjective, it appears after the word house (N), in this case,
big describes house)
The room is tidy. (Tidy is an adjective, it appears after the word room (N), in this case,
tidy describes room)
Dina is very beautiful today. (Beautiful is an adjective and it appears after the word Dina
(N), in this case, beautiful describes Dina)
The class is very quiet. (Quite is an adjective, it appears after the word class (N), in this
case quite describes class)

Pay attention and read carefully the following other examples!

I have a luxurious car.
She needs a big plate.
All football players are very tall.
My family is eating in a round table.
He has an antique chair.
The classroom is dirty.
Dina’s room is very comfortable.
I want to buy a red bag.
It is a Javanese house.
I like the wooden clock.
My sister works in a famous company.
John is a handsome boy
She is an attractive lecturer.
Donna has a cute cat.
I want to buy a new motorcycle.
40 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

To enrich your understanding about adjectives, please read and try to memorize the
following super adjective list!

Super Adjectives List

Figure 3.2
Super Adjective List
(Source: http://www.sparklebox.co.uk/literacy/vocabulary/adjectives.html#.Wrxr-YhubIU)

2.3 Types of Adjective

Bismo (2017) said adjective can be classified into 10, they are; 1) adjective of quality or
descriptive adjectives, 2) adjective of quantity, 3) numeral adjectives,4) demonstrative
adjectives, 5) possessive adjectives, 6) interrogative adjectives,7) distributive adjectives,
8) proper adjectives, 9) indefinite adjective and 10) articles adjectives. Further
explanation of 10 types of adjectives as follows:

a. Adjective of Quality (Descriptive Adjectives)

Adjective of quality refers to how the quality of a person or thing
Chapter 3—Adjectives 41

Examples:
Bobby is a handsome boy
He is an honest man
Debby is a beautiful girl.
Della is a clever student.
The hungry dog is barking.

b. Adjectives of Quantity
Adjective of quantity refers to how much thing is meant. Or it describes the quantity of
something. Adjective quantity answers the questions of how much or how many.

For examples:
He put a little sugar,
They don’t have much time.
We don’t get enough exercise these days.
This has no meaning.

Note: some of the Indefinite Numeral Adjective can be used as Adjectives of Quantity
when used with uncountable nouns.
Some sugar,
All the rice,
Any oil
Some kerosene,
All the salt
Any coal

c. Numeral Adjectives
Numeral adjectives refer to the number of the person or things. There are two types of
numeral adjectives definite and indefinite
Definite adjectives indicate an exact number while Indefinite Numeral adjectives
do not indicate an exact number.

Example of definite numeral adjectives

I have three cats.
Fikri is the first son in his family.
Borobudur became the seventh wonders of the world
Etc.
42 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Examples of indefinite numeral adjectives

All men are mortal.
I want some food.
Many students are studying English in the classroom.
Several questions were left unanswered.
I have a few good friends in Malang.
Any student may meet me at the office.

d. Demonstrative Adjectives
Demonstrative adjectives explain which the noun or pronoun we are referring to.
Demonstrative adjectives include words such as; this, that, these, and those.

For example:
This motorcycle is mine
That house is big
Those books are interesting
These novels are yours?
Is that your cat?
I am happy living in this city,
Are those your cars?
Are these her books?
That handphone is mine.
That laptop is yours.
Those dogs are barking.
These cats are cute.
That book is thick.
This book is thin.
Those bags are expensive.
These bags are cheap.

From the example above, the demonstrative adjective describes a noun, so in writing,
we will find the form DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE+ NOUN
While in demonstrative pronouns we will find the form
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN + VERB
Chapter 3—Adjectives 43

For a clear explanation, see the following figure!

Figure 3.3
Demonstrative Pronoun and Demonstrative Adjectives
(Source: https://7esl.com/demonstrative-adjectives-pronouns/)
44 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

e. Possessive Adjectives

Figure 3.4
Possessive Adjective Mind Map
(Source: http://www.engames.eu/possessive-adjectives/)

Possessive adjectives show ownership or possession. Possessive adjectives include my,

her, his, its, your, our, and their.

Please pay attention to these following examples!

Where is my book?
The cat is sitting on its tail.
It is your mistake.
I want to be her wife.
I spent my day planting the flower.
This must be your loving home.
His arms have a few tattoos.
Its skin is dry and rough.
Our grandmothers were classmates.
My son goes to Surabaya every Sunday.
Our classroom is clean.
She will visit her grandmother in Malang.
They are having a discussion in their classroom.
Dear students, this is your new class.
Chapter 3—Adjectives 45

f. Interrogative Adjectives

Figure 3.5
Interrogative Adjectives
(Source:http://pediaa.com/difference-between-interrogative-pronoun-and-interrogative-
adjective/)

Interrogative adjectives are used with a noun to ask a question.

For examples:
Which of the student has got the highest score?
What color is your bag?
Whose car are you driving?
Whose book did you borrow last week?
What movies do you want to watch?
Etc.

g. Distributive Adjectives
Distributive adjectives are adjectives which distribute state of nouns. Distribute
adjectives include: each, every, either and neither
46 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

For further information and clear description see the following figure!

Figure 3.6
Distributive Adjectives
(Source: https://www.slideshare.net/renupriya94/adjective-presentation)

h. Proper Adjectives
A proper adjective is an adjective which is formed from a proper noun.

For example:
We want to discuss American culture.
I like eating Japanese food.
We are Indonesian citizen.

i. Indefinite Adjectives
An indefinite adjective is an adjective which is not definite .An indefinite adjective is used
to describe a noun in a non-specific sense. The most common indefinite adjectives are
Chapter 3—Adjectives 47

any, each, few, many, much, most, several, and some. They are often used to describe a
noun to show an element of uncertainty.

Examples of Indefinite Adjectives:

1. There are several students in the classroom.
2. There are only a few lion left.
3. I have seen some cartridges in the cupboard.

j. Article Adjectives
Although articles belong to their own part of speech, they’re technically also adjectives!
Articles are used to describe which noun we’re referring to for examples: a, an, and the.

For example:
1. It is an honor to meet you in this conference.
2. I want to eat an apple.
3. There is a book on the table.

2.4 The Order of Multiple Adjectives

If we want to use multiple adjectives (more than one adjective in our sentence) we
should follow the rule of Adjective order. It is called DOSASCOMPN (Determiner,
Opinion, Size, Age, Shape, Color, Origin, Material, Purpose, and Noun.
1. Determiner is used so we know if the noun is singular or plural, definite or
indefinite
For examples:
a, an, the, my, your, several, whose, its, those, some, our, etc.
2. Opinion/observation: This explains what we are thinking about something.
Normally this is our opinion, attitude or observations. These types of adjectives
most times will be before all other adjectives.
For examples:


Interesting, handsome, beautiful, boring, clever, stupid, delicious, useful, lovely,
comfortable, luxurious, etc.
3. Size: Tells us how big or small something is.
For examples:
big, large, little, short, small, huge, tiny, enormous, tall, etc.
48 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

4. Age: Tells us how old someone or something is.

For examples:


old, young, new, ancient, antique etc.
5. Shape / Weight / Length: Tells about the shape of something or how long or short
it is. It can also refer to the weight of someone or something.
For examples:
round, oval, square, triangle, rectangle, circular, boxy, fat, heavy, straight, long,
short,
6. Color: The color or the approximate color of something.
For examples:
yellow, black, red, white, brown, whitish, violet, beige, orange, magenta, pink,
cream, gray, blue, etc.
7. Origin: Tells us where something is from.
For example:
Javanese, Japanese, Europe, Thai, British, Italian, eastern, Australian, French, etc.
8. Material: What is the thing made of or constructed of?
For examples:


silver, gold, glass, wooden, silk, paper, synthetic, cotton, woolen, etc.
9. Purpose; for what is the thing?
For example:
sleeping, meeting, etc.
10. Noun: The figure that is receiving the adjectives
For examples:
table, room, girl, house, bag, etc.

Adjectives Order
Chapter 3—Adjectives 49

3.5 Comparison of Adjectives

There are 3 types of comparison of an adjective or comparative adjectives, they are:
1. Positive
2. Comparative (Adjective + er), more + adjective
3. Superlative (the + adjective+ est), the most + adjective

Figure 3.7
Comparative Adjective
(Source: https://www.tes.com/lessons/ym09svDj3bM4iA/comparative-and-superlative-adjectives

Adjective (one or two syllables)

No POSITIVE DEGREE COMPARATIVE DEGREE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE

1 Old Older The Oldest

2 Young Younger The Youngest

3 Happy Happier The Happiest

4 Quick Quicker The Quickest

5 Clever Cleverer The Cleverest

6 Fast Faster The Fastest

7 Small Smaller The Smallest

50 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

No POSITIVE DEGREE COMPARATIVE DEGREE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE

8 busy Busier The Busiest

9 Lucky Luckier The Luckiest

10 High Higher The Highest

Debby: 15 Years old

Della: 13 Years old

Cindy: 20 years old

From the description above, we can make sentences as follow:

Della is younger than Debby. (COMPARATIVE = ADJECTIVE + ER + THAN)
Debby is older than Della
Della is younger than Debby and Cindy.
Cindy is the oldest girl among them (SUPERLATIVE= THE+ ADJECIVE+ EST)
Della is the youngest girl among them.

Adjective (more than 2 Syllables)

No POSITIVE DEGREE COMPARATIVE DEGREE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE

1 Ambitious More Ambitious The Most Ambitious

2 Arrogant More Arrogant The Most Arrogant

3 Beautiful More Beautiful The Most Beautiful

4 Careful More Careful The Most Careful

5 Careless More Careless The Most Careless

6 Comfortable More Comfortable The Most Comfortable

7 Confident More Confident The Most Confident

8 Curious More Curious The Most Curious

9 Dangerous More Dangerous The Most Dangerous

10 Difficult More Difficult The Most Difficult

11 Diligent More Diligent The Most Diligent

Chapter 3—Adjectives 51

No POSITIVE DEGREE COMPARATIVE DEGREE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE

12 Efficient More Efficient The Most Efficient

13 Expensive More Expensive The Most Expensive

14 Familiar More Familiar The Most Familiar

15 Foolish More Foolish The Most Foolish

16 Forgetful More Forgetful The Most Forgetful

17 Helpful More Helpful The Most Helpful

18 Important More Important The Most Important

19 Intelligent More Intelligent The Most Intelligent

20 Interesting More Interesting The Most Interesting

21 Jealous More Jealous The Most Jealous

22 Necessary More Necessary The Most Necessary

23 Pleasant More Pleasant The Most Pleasant

24 Stupid More Stupid The Most Stupid

25 Successful More Successful The Most Successful

Example:
Television: RP. 1500.00

Refrigerator : Rp. 2.500.000

Radio : Rp. 500.000

Use more + adjective + than for comparative and Use the+ most +adjective for superlative
Television is more expensive than radio
The refrigerator is the most expensive of all.

Some Exception List of Comparative Adjective

NO POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

1 Bad Worse Worst

2 Badly Worse Worst

52 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

NO POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

3 Ill Worse Worst

4 Evil Worse Worst

5 Good Better Best

6 Well Better Best

7 Many (CN) More Most

8 Much (UCN) More Most

9 Little Less Least

10 Late Later Latest

11 Far Farther Farthest

12 Far Further Furthest

3.6 Summary
Adjectives are words that explain Nouns. There are many types of adjective such:
1) adjective of quality or descriptive adjectives, 2) adjective of quantity, 3) numeral
adjectives,4) demonstrative adjectives, 5) possessive adjectives, 6) interrogative
adjectives,7) distributive adjectives, 8) proper adjectives, 9) indefinite adjective and
10) articles adjectives. If we have more than one adjective we must follow DOSASCOMPN
Rule in arranging adjectives (Determiner, Opinion, Size Age, Shape, Color, Origin,
Material, Purpose, and Noun. If we want to compare two people or thing we can use
comparative form of adjectives. ( adjective +er) and (more +adjective) for example
Elephant is bigger than sheep. Or Diana is more beautiful than her sister. However when
we want to compare three or more people or things we can use a superlative adjective
(the +Adjective + est) and (the most +adjective) for example Dika is the tallest boy in
my class. Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

3.7 Exercises
Task 1: Answer the questions below correctly!
1. What are adjectives?
2. Mention and explain types of adjective and give examples in sentences!
3. Please mention and explain the order of multiples adjectives!
Chapter 3—Adjectives 53

4. What is Comparison of an adjective? Explain your answer!

5. Make 5 sentences using the order of multiple adjectives And 5 sentences using the
comparison of adjectives

Task 2: Underlying the adjectives of these following sentences!
1. She is a young lady.
2. The strong horse runs faster.
3. I bought a new bag yesterday.
4. We made a delicious cake.
5. Rani is a pretty girl.
6. Hendy is a handsome boy.
7. I need some sugar.
8. I love the white dog.
9. She has long hair.
10. I have five pencils in my bag.
11. I need to study in a quiet classroom.
12. Bella is a very smart student.
13. The little girl was crying.
14. I want to but a soft pillow.
15. The brown cat was hungry.
16. The weather is hot.
17. Dina’s room is very tidy.
18. I love attractive lecturer.
19. She loves writing a colorful book.
20. Which book are you reading?

Task 3: Complete the following sentences with the correct answer

1. Dina’s hair is............................................ (long) than my hair.
2. Budi is the................................................. (smart) student in his class.
3. Jakarta is the ........................................... (busy) city in Indonesia.
4. The elephant is ...................................... (big) than the horse.
5. This book is.............................................. (thick) than that book

Task 4: Make sentences using these following phrases!

1. More beautiful
.....................................................................................................................................................................
2. The most interesting
.....................................................................................................................................................................
54 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

3. More comfortable
.....................................................................................................................................................................
4. The most dangerous
.....................................................................................................................................................................
5. More careful
.....................................................................................................................................................................
6. The most expensive
.....................................................................................................................................................................
7. More valuable
.....................................................................................................................................................................
8. The most luxurious
.....................................................................................................................................................................
9. More colorful
.....................................................................................................................................................................
10. The most handsome
.....................................................................................................................................................................

Task 5: Rearrange the following words into good adjectives order!

1. An-Italian-bag-red-expensive
.....................................................................................................................................................................
2. A-sport-Japanese-black-car-luxurious
.....................................................................................................................................................................
3. A-girl-white-young-American-beautiful
.....................................................................................................................................................................
4. A-French- doctor-smart-handsome
.....................................................................................................................................................................
5. An-chair-ancient-wooden-Javanese
.....................................................................................................................................................................

Tasks 6: Chose the best answer by crossing a, b, or c option!

1. My brother was wearing a ________ shirt.
a. white old nice
b. nice old white
c. white dirty nice
2. I want to buy a ______ plate.
a. plastic big red
b. big red plastic
c. big plastic red
Chapter 3—Adjectives 55

3. I met a ________ woman yesterday

a. beautiful tall American
b. American tall beautiful
c. tall beautiful American
4. My father wants to have _______ car.
a. a red old Japanese
b. an old Japanese red
c. an old blue German
5. Robby recently called a ________ girl
a. young beautiful Javanese
b. beautiful young Javanese
c. beautiful Javanese young
6. This is a ________ product
a. new Indonesian interesting
b. interesting Indonesian new
c. interesting new Indonesian
7. She is a ________ artist.
a. famous slim Arabic
b. Arabic famous slim
c. slim Arabic famous
8. He needs a ________ bag
a. blue comfortable sleeping
b. comfortable blue sleeping
c. blue sleeping comfortable
9. I want to buy a ________ necklace
a. long beautiful golden
b. golden beautiful long
c. beautiful long golden
10. Ronald gave his girlfriend a ________ bag
a. expensive Brazilian brown
b. brown Brazilian expensive
c. expensive brown Brazilian
56 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners
Chapter 4

Verbs

4.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the students will learn what are Verbs and 12 Types of Verbs they are:
Transitive Verbs, Intransitive Verbs, Dynamic/Event Verbs, Static Verbs, Perception/
Sensation Verbs, Linking/Copular/Predicative Verbs, Phrasal/Prepositional Verbs,
Modal Verbs, Auxiliary/Helping Verb, Hypothesis Verbs, Causative Verbs, and
Regular/Irregular Verbs.

After studying this chapter, the students will be able to:

1. Identify what are Verbs?
2. Explain 12 types of Verbs (Transitive Verbs, Intransitive Verbs, Dynamic/Event
Verbs, Static Verbs, Perception/Sensation Verbs, Linking/Copular/Predicative
Verbs, Phrasal/Prepositional Verbs, Modal Verbs, Auxiliary/Helping Verb,
Hypothesis Verbs, Causative Verbs, and Regular/Irregular Verbs)
3. Use Verbs in sentences correctly and appropriately
58 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

In order the students are able to comprehend the material well, they must
1. Read all the materials in this chapter carefully
2. Learn the examples given
3. Read the summary and
4. Do the exercises correctly

4.2 What Are Verb

Figure 4.1
Verbs
(Source:http://www.shirleytaylor.com/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2014/06/verbs.png)

According to Altenberg and Vago (2010:23), Verbs are words that usually express an
action. In English, a verb is a word that is used with a particular subject. The verb will
tell us what something does, what someone does, or what happens to them. For example:
go, eat, run, read, swim, study, cry, understand, create, compare, explain, read, write, etc.

There are two ways to identify verbs

1. Put must in front of the verb if the phrase sounds complete the word is a verb.
2. Put to in front of the verb if the phrase sounds complete the word is a verb.

Let’s practice to identify the following words belong to verbs or not verbs.
Chapter 4—Verbs 59

Verbs or Non-Verbs
study (verb) must study (sounds Complete) to study (sounds complete)

tell (verb) must tell ( sounds complete) to tell (sounds complete)

always (not the verb) must always (s the phrase To always ( the phrase Sounds
sounds not complete) not complete)

do (verb) must do To do

beautiful (not a verb) must beautiful (the phrases To beautiful (the phrase
sound not complete) sounds not complete)

go (verb) must go (sounds complete) To go (sounds complete)

4.3 Types of Verbs
In this session, we will learn 12 types of verbs in English. They are: 1)Transitive Verbs,
2) Intransitive Verbs, 3)Dynamic/Event Verbs,4) Static Verbs, 5) Perception/Sensation
Verbs, 6) Linking/Copular/Predicative Verbs, 7) Phrasal/Prepositional Verbs, 8) Modal
Verbs, 9) Auxiliary/Helping Verb, 10) Hypothesis Verbs, 11) Causative Verbs, and 12)
Regular/Irregular Verbs. Further information about those verbs read the following
explanation:

a. Transitive Verbs
Transitive verbs are action verbs which need an object

Figure 4.2
Transitive Verbs
60 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

For examples:
She played the piano
They play football.
Donny rides a bicycle.
My sister made a cake.
Bobby like an orange
My mother cooks Soto.
She bought a bag yesterday.
I know the answer.
Cindy wrote a poem
I am reading a novel
Etc.

b. Intransitive Verbs
Intransitive verbs are actions verbs which don’t need an object.

For examples:
The sun shines.
The water flows
The baby was crying.

Some verbs like (cheer, sing, visit,) can be transitive or intransitive, depending on how
they are used in a sentence.

For examples:
John sang.
There are many people walk to work in China.
The children play in the field after school.
John always drives very carefully.
Martin and I both joined the competition. He won but I lost.
Chapter 4—Verbs 61

Some verbs could be transitive or intransitive, (however, the meaning could be different).

Please pay attention to the following examples!

Mr. Ben flies the plan very well.
The birds fly high above the sky.
The children play football on Sunday
The children play in the yard on Sunday.
My father rides his motorcycle
My father rides slowly.
They walk their dog every Sunday.
They walk fast.

c. Dynamic/ Event Verbs

Dynamic/ Event Verbs are the verbs, in which our body movement is involved, these
verbs show continued or progressive action on the part of the subject. Examples of
dynamic verbs are act, build, complete, design, draw, gather, help, interview, justify,
listen, negotiate, outline, perform, record, save, show, travel, uncover, value, write, zoom
etc.

For examples:
She was writing a letter.
They are playing in the playground.
We are running together.
I am listening to music.
We are doing our homework.
Debby is drawing a scenery.
My father is reading a magazine.
My mother is cooking Soto.
My sister is sweeping the floor.

Pay attention to the following figure, and memorize the following list of dynamic verbs
and a stative verb!
62 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Figure 4.3
Dynamic Verbs VS Static Verb
(Source:http://englishcorner.altervista.org/dynamic-verbs-vs-stative-verbs-2/)

d. Static Verbs
Static Verbs are the verbs that express a state rather than an action. They usually show
mental feeling, emotions, state a person, place, relationships, sense, and measurements.

For examples:
I believe in God.
It sounds like a great idea.
I feel your sadness.
Please forgive him.
Chapter 4—Verbs 63

Some verbs like verb to be, think, have and see can be both static verbs and dynamic
verbs depending on their meaning.
He is an intelligent teacher. (Static verb)
He is teaching the students. (Dynamic verb)

Figure 4.4
Static Verbs
(Source: http://www.mycaelab.com/stative-verbs/)

e. Perception/Sensation Verbs
Perception /sensation verbs are the verbs which show our five senses.

For examples:
Dinda smells the flowers.
Della is listening to the radio.
I feel good today.
64 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Figure 4.5
Perception Verbs
(Source: http://www.pinsdaddy.com/verbs-of perception_
d7Bm9rpYFkm03zfZzLiplELpdTQvWz1c2aHneso1Uf8/)

f. Linking/Copular/Predicating Verbs
Linking/Copular/predicting verbs are Linking verbs which do not express an action.
Instead, they connect the subject of the verb to additional information about the subject.
These verbs are usually followed by an adjective or a noun. The following verbs are
true linking verbs: any form of the verb be (am, is, are, was, were, has been, are being,
might have been, etc.), become, and seem. These true linking verbs are always linking
verbs. Then we have a list of verbs with multiple personalities: appear, feel, grow, look,
prove, remain, smell, sound, taste, and turn. Sometimes these verbs are linking verbs;
sometimes they are action verbs.

g. Phrasal/Prepositional Verbs
Phrasal / Prepositional Verbs are the verb which is formed by the combination of a
preposition or adverbial particle.
Chapter 4—Verbs 65

Figure 4.6
Put Phrasal Verbs

Because a preposition always has an object, all prepositional verbs have direct
objects.

For examples:
I put off the lecturer’s appointment because she was ill.
Diana looks for her cat.

Figure 4.7
Look Phrasal Verbs
.
66 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

h. Modal Verbs
Modal verbs are words like can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought
to etc. They are used with other verbs to express ideas such as possibility, prediction,
speculation, deduction, and necessity. Or modal verbs show different moods and
attitudes of the speaker.

For examples:
You should work hard
The weather may be colder tomorrow.

Figure 4.8
Modal Verbs
(Source:https://www.biggerplate.com/mindmaps/qGhtIapK/english-grammar-modal-verbs)

i. Helping Verbs/Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary (or Helping) verbs are used together with the main verb to show the verb’s
tense or to form a negative or question. The most common auxiliary verbs are: have,
has, had, do, does, did and to be verbs.

For examples:
Have they completed the assignment?
Ali is writing an e-mail to a client at the moment
Chapter 4—Verbs 67

Figure 4.9
Helping Verbs
(Source:https://sites.google.com/a/pvlearners.net/ms-van-dusen-s-site/writing/grammar-
overview/helping-verbs)

j. Hypothesis Verbs
Hypothesis verbs are usually followed by subjunctives. Here, we wish against the
present facts in the present, and the formulas are given like;
1. Sub + wish + (that) + sub. + the past indefinite tense
2. Sub + wish + (that) + sub. + were + object
3. Sub + wish + (that) + sub. + had + object

For examples:
I wish that he kissed me. (Means he does not kiss me)
I wish that Bony were a good man. (Means he is not a good man)

She wishes that I had the latest handphone. (Means I don’t have the latest
handphone )
Here, we wish against the past facts in the present, and the formulas are given like;
1. Sub + wish + (that) + sub + the past perfect tense
2. Sub + wish + (that) + sub. + had been + object
3. Sub + wish + (that) + sub. + had had + object
68 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

For examples:
I wish that Dian had taken admission. (Means Dian did not take admission)
I wish that I had been in New York. (Means I was not in New York)
She wishes that I had had a car. (Means I didn’t have a car)

k. Causative Verbs
Causative verbs mean verbs that require someone to do something for us. In causative
verbs, we do not perform an action directly, but we get it done indirectly by someone else
means by the second person. The formula will be changed according to the absence or
presence of the second person. English has three true causative verbs: let, have, make,
but there are other verbs such as cause, allow, help, enable, keep, hold, force, require and
persuade indeed which are not causative verbs but similarly used as causative verbs.
Please read the following list of causative verbs and pay attention to the example given!

Figure 4.10
Causative Verbs

Example:
My mother makes me buy some vegetables.
My sister got Cindy to clean her bedroom.
Diana let her friends come to her house.
Shanty allowed her shoes borrowed.
They get the driver to buy gasoline.
Chapter 4—Verbs 69

Figure 4.11
Causative Patterns

Please memorize these patterns!

S+ LET/MAKE/HAVE+ OBJECT (Person) +V1
S+ LET/MAKE/HAVE+ OBJECT (Person) +V1
S+ GET/ALLOW/FORCE (beside let, make, have) + OBJECT (Benda) + TO +V1
S+ GET/ALLOW/FORCE (beside let, make, have) + OBJECT (Benda) + V3

l. Regular and Irregular Verbs

Regular verbs are those verbs whose past tense and past participle (2nd and 3rd forms)
are formed by adding “d” or “ed” to the end of the verb.
Irregular verbs are those verbs that do not take ‘ed’ ending for their past tense and
past participle (2nd and 3rd forms).
Pay attention to the following example of regular and irregular verbs list!
70 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Example of Regular and Irregular Verbs

Chapter 4—Verbs 71

Figure 4.12
100 Most Common ESL Irregular Verbs List
(Source: Englishwsheets.com)
72 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

4.4 Summary
Verbs are words which show an action. There many types of verbs such as transitive
verbs, intransitive verbs, Dynamic verbs, static verbs, perception verbs, modal verbs,
helping verb, hypothesis verb, causative verb, and regular and irregular verbs.

4.5 Exercises
Task 1: Answer the following question correctly
1. What are Verbs?
2. Mention types of verbs that you have learned!
3. Explain 12 the types of verb that you have learned!
4. Make 5 sentences using transitive verb!
5. Make 5 sentences using intransitive verb!
6. Make 5 sentences using dynamic verb!
7. Make 5 sentences using static verb!
8. Make 5 sentences using perceptional verb!
9. Make 5 sentences using prepositional verb!
10. Make 5 sentences using linking verb!
11. Make 5 sentences using modal verb!
12. Make 5 sentences using causative verb
13. Make 5 sentences using regular verb!
14. Make 5 sentences using irregular verb!
15. Make 5 sentences using hypothesis verb!

Task2: Pay attention to the following picture please make sentence based on the
verbs stated on the picture!
Chapter 4—Verbs 73

(Source: http://pediaa.com/what-are-action-verbs/)

Task3: Decide whether the following sentence using a transitive verb or

intransitive verb!
1. They often play snake and ladder in my home. (…………………………………..)
2. My father and my mother work in the field on Sunday (…………………………………..)
3. The store opens at 8 o’clock. (…………………………………..)
4. I drive my car carefully. (…………………………………..)
5. The dog jumped over the fence. (…………………………………..)
6. My brother likes his new coats. (…………………………………..)
7. She walks the dog every Saturday. (…………………………………..)
8. Will you go with me to the beach? (…………………………………..)
9. The boys are skating in the park. (…………………………………..)
10. Dad is making sandwiches. (…………………………………..)
11. They went to school. (…………………………………..)
12. She buys fruits at the supermarket. (…………………………………..)
13. Cindy found a cute cat. (…………………………………..)
14. We are learning Japanese. (…………………………………..)
15. Anna was reading an interesting book. (…………………………………..)
16. I usually go to the beach with my family on Sunday. (…………………………………..)
17. The dog is sleeping under the tree. (…………………………………..)
18. They sang a beautiful song. (…………………………………..)
19. My aunt made a delicious cake yesterday. (…………………………………..)
20. She sweeps the floor every day. (…………………………………..)
74 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Task 5: Complete the following sentences by underlying the correct answer!

1. The teacher (got/force/made) the students do the test carefully.
2. Tina (gets/get/lets) her brother to get rid a mouse in her bedroom.
3. Ahmad (got/let/made) his competent mechanic to repair the car yesterday.
Chapter 4—Verbs 75

4. She (let/got/allowed) her daughter put the cherries on the cake.

5. I (have/ got/allowed) my mother buy a new bag for her friend’s birthday.
6. My brother (let/made/got) his friends to come to our house.
7. Fikri (lets/make/have) Dani buy a new pencil for him.
8. I (get/ make/let) my mother to cook my favorite food.
9. They (got/made/forced) their lecturer explain the lesson clearly.
10. Lina (got/made/had) her father to come to her school as soon as possible.

Task 6: Complete the V2 and V3 of these following words!

No. V1 V2 V3

1 See ………........................................... ………...........................................

2 Rise ………........................................... ………...........................................
3 Read ………........................................... ………...........................................
4 Lead ………........................................... ………...........................................
5 Put ………........................................... ………...........................................
6 Get ………........................................... ………...........................................
7 Make ………........................................... ………...........................................
8 Think ………........................................... ………...........................................
9 Write ………........................................... ………...........................................
10 Teach ………........................................... ………...........................................
11 Swim ………........................................... ………...........................................
12 Know ………........................................... ………...........................................
13 Build ………........................................... ………...........................................
14 Forget ………........................................... ………...........................................
15 Understand ………........................................... ………...........................................
16 feel ………........................................... ………...........................................
17 beat ………........................................... ………...........................................
18 choose ………........................................... ………...........................................
19 tell ………........................................... ………...........................................
20 Spend ………........................................... ………...........................................
76 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners
Chapter 5

Adverbs

5.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the students will learn what are Adverbs and 5 Types of Adverbs they
are: Adverbs of Manner, Adverbs of Times, Adverbs of Place, Adverbs of Frequency, and
Adverbs of Degree. After studying this chapter, the students will be able to:
1. Identify what are Adverbs?
2. Explain 5 types of Adverbs that they have learned and
3. Use Adverbs in sentences correctly and appropriately

In order the students are able to comprehend the material well, they must
1. Read all the materials in this chapter carefully
2. Learn the examples given
3. Read the summary and
4. Do the exercises correctly and appropriately
78 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

5.2 What Are Adverbs?

Figure 5.1
Adverb Mind Map
(Source: https://www.biggerplate.com/mindmaps/cuCrJaWS/english-grammar-adverb)

Adverbs are words that tell us more about verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.
Many adverbs end in “ly”. You make these adverbs by adding “ly” to adjectives.
(Sargeant, 2007:95) but not all of the adverbs are ending with ly. For example: fast,
well, hard etc.

5.3 Types of Adverbs

In this lesson we will learn 5 types of adverb they are; 1) Adverbs of Manner, Adverbs of
Times, 3) Adverbs of Place, 4) Adverbs of Frequency, and 5) Adverbs of Degree. Further
information read the explanation below!
Chapter 5—Adverbs 79

a. Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of manner explain the way of people doing. (How they do)

Figure 5.2
Adverbs of Manner
(Source: https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-an-adverb-of-manner-definition-examples.
html)

For examples:
Denny runs quickly.
Students answer the teacher’s question correctly.
My brother drives his car carefully.
The plane landed safely.
Arva plays the guitar skillfully.
She explains the lesson clearly.
They do their tasks carelessly.
Diana speaks English fluently.
She sings a song beautifully.
Dony swims well
They study hard
80 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

b. Adverbs of Times
Adverbs of Time explains when people are doing something. It answers the question
“when?”

Figure 5.3
Adverbs of Time
(Source: https://loretoinglesprimaria.wordpress.com)

For examples:
I’m going to Surabaya tomorrow.
The bus has already left.
We moved into our new house last month.
My family goes to the beach every Sunday.
My favorite movie program starts at 8 o’clock.
I went to Malang last night
They are going to Bali in June.
She’ll leave this city as soon as possible.
I will be a doctor next year.
Is Bella working today?
Chapter 5—Adverbs 81

c. Adverbs of Place
Adverbs places are adverbs which answer the question “where?”

Figure 5.4
Adverb of Place
(Source: https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-an-adverb-of-place-definition-examples.html)

For examples:
Jane Stood inside the store
My mother cooks in the kitchen
The students are studying in school
My father works at the office.
She is playing outside
I couldn’t find my pencil anywhere.
I saw many deer at the zoo.
Etc.
82 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

d. Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of Frequency answer the question “how often?”

For examples:
Arva plays the piano regularly.
The children always play football on Sunday.
I’ll never disturb you.
Have you ever been to New York?
We’ve been to Borobudur Temple twice.
The stores are often very busy at 10’ o clock.
The Magazine is delivered monthly.
We go to school every day.
I clean my house every week.
I go to Bali twice a year.
Etc.

The movie was just terrible.

Bella sings quite beautifully.
Etc.

e. Adverbs of Degree
Adverbs of Degree are words that tell us about the intensity of something. Adverbs
of degree are usually placed before the adjective, adverb, or verb that they modify,
although there are some exceptions. The words “too”, “enough”, “very”, and “extremely”
are examples of adverbs of degree.
Chapter 5—Adverbs 83

Figure 5.5
Adverbs of Degree
(Source: http://adverbspartial.blogspot.com/2012/07/adverbs-of-degree-or-quantity.html)

Adverb of degree Modifying Example

Extremely adjective The tea was extremely hot

quite adjective The class is quite comfortable
just verb The plane was just landing
Almost verb They have almost done
very adverb My father works very hard
too adverb They are walking too fast
enough adverb The students are doing their task fast enough
84 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

5.5 Summary
Adverbs generally can be defined as words that modify verbs. We have learned many
kinds of adverb such as 1) adverbs of manner (answer the question How) , 2) Adverbs
of times (answer question when), 3) Adverbs of Place (answer the question where), 4)
Adverbs of Frequency ( answer the questions how often), and adverb of degree (tell
the intensity).

5.5 Exercises
Task1: Complete the following sentence with a correct adverb!
1. My uncle is a careful driver. He drives his car……………………………….
2. Rani is slow. She walks……………………….
3. Dina’s English is fluent. She speaks English ……………………….
4. My father is angry. She shouts ………………………..
5. Riko is a loudspeaker. He speaks …………………
6. Rina is a bad singer. She sings…………………………….
7. Arva is a nice guitar and player. He plays the guitar and the piano………………..
8. My mother is a hard worker woman. She works …………………………
9. Fikri is a good painter. He paints…………………….
10. Our homework is very easy. We can do it …………………..

Tasks 2: Make 5 sentences using the adverb of time!

1. Tomorrow
.....................................................................................................................................................................
2. Monday
.....................................................................................................................................................................
3. A week ago
.....................................................................................................................................................................
4. Next year
.....................................................................................................................................................................
5. December
.....................................................................................................................................................................

Task 3: Rearrange into good sentences and underlying the adverb of place in those
sentences!
1. is / over there / the drugstore
.....................................................................................................................................................................
Chapter 5—Adverbs 85

2. to the beach / go / let’s

.....................................................................................................................................................................
3. the bathroom / downstairs / is
.....................................................................................................................................................................
4. playing / the children / are / outside /football
.....................................................................................................................................................................
5. Rina / not / been / here / has
.....................................................................................................................................................................
6. the bedroom / is / upstairs
.....................................................................................................................................................................
7. were / everywhere / we / for / looking / him
.....................................................................................................................................................................
8. I/ anywhere / you / find / couldn’t
............................................………………………………………………………………………………………
9. ? / there / a police station / nearby / is
.....................................................................................................................................................................
10. must / you / walk / back home
.....................................................................................................................................................................

Tasks 4: Complete with the best answer!

1. I …………………………….get up at 5 o’clock every morning.
2. My sister is very diligent, she is………………late
3. Do you …………………go to the beach on Sunday?
4. When do you …………………go on Monday until Friday?
5. I…………………..watch the movie.

Task 5: Make sentences by using these following adverbs of degree!

1. Extremely
.....................................................................................................................................................................
2. Too
.....................................................................................................................................................................
3. Very
.....................................................................................................................................................................
4. Almost
.....................................................................................................................................................................
5. Enough
.....................................................................................................................................................................
86 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners
Chapter 6

Prepositions

6.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the students will learn what are Prepositions and 7 Types of Preposition
which include: Preposition of time, prepositions of Place, Prepositions of direction,
Prepositions of Agent, Prepositions of Reason, Prepositions of Instrument, and
Prepositions of Possession. After studying this chapter, the students will be able to:
1. Identify what are Prepositions?
2. Explain 7 types of Prepositions and
3. Use Prepositions in sentences correctly and appropriately

In order the students are able to comprehend the material well, they must
1. Read all the materials in this chapter carefully
2. Learn the examples given
3. Read the summary and
4. Do the exercises correctly and appropriately
88 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

6.2 What Are Prepositions?

Figure 6.1
Prepositions Mind Map
(Source: https://www.biggerplate.com/mindmaps/sHnOUzH1/prepositions)

According to Oxford dictionary Prepositions is a word such as after, in, to, on, and
with. Prepositions are usually used in front of nouns or pronouns and they show the
relationship between the noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. Another
prepositions example, please see in the following list

(Source: http://eslcforum.forumactif.com/t211-prepositions)
Chapter 6—Prepositions 89

6.3 Types of Preposition

In this session we will learn 7 types of preposition: Preposition of time, prepositions
of Place and Prepositions of direction, Prepositions of Agent, Prepositions of
Reason, Prepositions of Instrument, and Prepositions of Possession

a. Prepositions of Time
A preposition of time is a preposition that refers to a particular time period, for examples:
a date on the calendar, one of the days of the week, or the actual time something happens.
Prepositions of time include: At, In, On, For, Since, By, etc.

AT
At is preposition of time that can be used to talk about clock times, holidays and festivals,
and other very specific time frames.

For examples:
Budi always goes to school at 6 am.
Let’s meet at break time for a tea.

IN
In is preposition of time that can be used to talk about months, seasons, years, centuries,
general times of day, and longer periods of time such as “in the past.”

Months Seasons Years Period of the Day

In January In the summer In 1945 In the afternoon

In November In the spring 1n 1981 In the morning

In July In the winter In 1980 In the evening

In October In the autumn 1n 2003 In the night: (Wrong)

In April In 2004 at night (correct)

In June In 2005

In September In 2010

In February In 2012

In March In 2014

In December In 2015
90 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

For examples:
My father retired in August.
They will go home in 1 week.
Dian was born in 1981.
The scenery in the morning is very beautiful.

ON
“On” is preposition of time that can be used to talk about certain days of the week or
portions of days of the week, specific dates, and special days such as “on New Year’s Day.”

Pay attention to the following example:

I will meet you on Sunday
The seminar will be held on 12 April.
I will go home on New Year’s Day.

FOR
For is preposition of time that can be used to talk about a period of time/length of time.

For examples:
Siska has been living there for 8 years.
I have been studying English for 4 months.
John has been doing his homework for 2 hours.

SINCE
Since is preposition of time that can be used to talk about the start of a period of time.

For examples:
We have been living in Jakarta since December.
I have been in New York since 2010.
Chapter 6—Prepositions 91

BY
By is preposition of time that can be used to talk about “not later than” or any time until
this point (a deadline).

For examples:
My Father said I have to be home by 9 pm.
Siska must submit her homework by tomorrow.
We must replay the email by next week.

The following mind map is a summary of the use of preposition of time at, in and
on, you may learn this to add your understanding about preposition of time at, in, and
on.

Figure 6.2
Mind mapping of Preposition of Time
(Source: http://www.engames.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Prepositions-time.png)
92 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

b. Preposition of Place
A preposition of place is a preposition that can be used to show where something or
someone is located. Please pay attention to the following pictures!

Figure 6.3
Preposition of Place
(Source: https://www.easypacelearning.com/all-lessons/grammar/762-prepositions-of-place-
learning-english)
Chapter 6—Prepositions 93

The following are examples of the use of preposition of place!

1. I am waiting for my husband at the train station
2. The drugstore is at the end of the street.
3. My bus stopped at Kediri and Mojokerto and arrived in Surabaya one hour late.
4. When will he arrive at the school?
5. Does your mother work in a hospital?
6. I have a conference on English Language Teaching in Yogyakarta.
7. Does your grandmother live in Solo?
8. Mars is in the Solar System.
9. The author’s name is on the cover of the book.
10. The teacher writes the lesson on the whiteboard.
11. Rani is sitting between Tika and Rina.
12. The bank is in front of the post office.
13. The cat is under the table.
14. My house is beside Dina’s house.
15. The teacher is explaining the lesson in front of the class.
16. The birds fly above the sky.
17. The pen is in the pencil case.
18. The book is on the table.
19. The dog is behind the house.
20. I live at Jl. Mawar No.10 Blitar.

c. Prepositions of Direction/Movements
We can call a preposition of direction as preposition of movement. It helps us understand
the direction of the noun or pronoun. The direction of the noun or pronoun is directly
related to their movement. 

For examples:
They threw a hat at John
They run across the street.
Banu threw the ball to Bima.
We flew from Surabaya to Jakarta
The water went into the cup.
Rocky jumped into the river.
She was coming towards him.
94 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Another example of preposition of direction, please see the following figure!

Figure 6.4
Prepositions of Direction
(Source: https://learnenglishwithafrica.com/short-story-under-with-prepositions-level-b1-b2/)

d. Prepositions of Agent
Preposition for agent is a preposition that can be used to show someone or something
does an action on the subject of the sentence where in the action is always a passive verb.

For example:
The Monalisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
This book is written by N.H. Dini.
The programs of our English Conversation Club were presented by Tiara.
The wedding party was organized by my sister.
America was discovered by Christopher Columbus.
The car was repaired by my brother
The letter was written by Lucky.
My room is being cleaned by Shinta..
This poem was written by Robert Frost.
Chapter 6—Prepositions 95

e. Prepositions of Reason
Preposition of Reason is preposition that can be used to express the reason or cause
behind an event.

For examples:
Sonya was feeling very sad because her grandmother passed away yesterday
He wrote a letter to his girlfriend on account of his missing.
I did not visit the hospital again on account of the poor quality of service.
I didn’t go to school because of my illness
I couldn’t go to America because of the money.

f. Prepositions of Instrument
Prepositions of instrument are preposition that used to join nouns (instrument, machine
or device) in sentences.

For examples:
She goes to school by bus.
Laela goes to my house on foot.
He opened the door with the key
I wrote a letter with a pen.
I travel by plane.

g. Prepositions of Possession
The Possessive form is used in a sentence in context of things that belong to a person
or animal. We can also use it to show a connection between things. Some of the most
commonly used prepositions of Possession are of, with and to.

For examples:
This is the house of Mr. Shodik.
He’s the boy with the red bag.
The villa on the mountain belongs to my family.

Of: This preposition of possession is usually used for cities, countries, people, and

possessive pronouns. Of is placed in a sentence to show possession of a place like a city,
country or people or possessive pronouns like mine, yours, etc.
96 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Usual form: Of + noun/possessive pronoun (mine, yours, his, hers)

The preposition of explains to whom the person or an object belongs to.
For examples:
Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia.
This is the book of my brother.
He is a friend of ours.

With: With is used with objects/materials/animals, accents, and physical characteristics.

To fully understand this definition, read the examples below and come back again to this
definition to see what we mean:
Usual form: With + adjective/noun
For examples:
I met a woman with a red dress
The man with the thick mustache is my father.
The dog with a long tail is mine.

To: A preposition that shows possession, this is usually used in the expression “belong to“.
Usual form: To + object pronouns (it, him, her)
For examples:
This pen belongs to Rani.
The car belongs to my uncle.
The handphone belongs to Shinta.

6.4 Summary
Prepositions are words that can be used to join nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other
words within a sentence. They act to join the people, objects, time and locations of a
sentence. Preposition can be classified into 7 categories that are: Preposition of time
(in, at, on, since, for, etc.), Prepositions of Place (in, at, on, in front of, behind, between,
etc.),Prepositions of direction (into, onto, along, across, towards, etc.), Preposition of
Agent (by), Prepositions of Reason (because, because of, due to, on account of, etc.),
Prepositions of Instrument (by, with), and Prepositions of Possession (of, with, to).
Prepositions are usually short words, and they are normally placed directly in front of
nouns.
Chapter 6—Prepositions 97

6.5 Exercises
Task 1: Complete with the correct preposition of time!
1. ................................... Sunday
2. ................................... the afternoon
3. ................................... the 12th century
4. ................................... spring
5. ................................... night
6. ................................... 12 PM
7. ................................... the weekend
8. ................................... summer
9. ................................... midnight
10. ................................... 2020

Task 2: After you wrote your answer please try to make sentences!
1. .....................................................................................................................................................................
2. .....................................................................................................................................................................
3. .....................................................................................................................................................................
4. .....................................................................................................................................................................
5. .....................................................................................................................................................................
6. .....................................................................................................................................................................
7. .....................................................................................................................................................................
8. .....................................................................................................................................................................
9. .....................................................................................................................................................................
10. .....................................................................................................................................................................

Task 3: Complete the following sentences using the correct preposition!

1. Rani went to the beach today. She told she will be back …………….. 2 days.
2. All your tasks must be submitted ………………. Friday!
3. Mr. Ronald is teaching the students at the moment. I’ll ask him to call you back
………….. 30 minutes.
4. There’s an important meeting starting ……………noon.
5. Please don’t call your teacher ……….. night. Just send him an email.
6. They have been working on this project……….. last month.
7. The University was built …………1945
8. I haven’t seen her since last Tuesday.
9. We should always think about the poor at Eid Mubarak
10. We’ve been supplying them for 6years.
98 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Task 4: Complete the following sentences with a correct preposition!

1. Bella was impressed _______ his writing
2. She laughed at _______ everyone.
3. Let’s start _______ Lesson two.
4. She prepared dinner _______ herself.
5. Rina went _______ him to Bali.
6. They should have arrived _______ now.
7. The doctor advised her to come _______ 08.00.
8. Dina spoke to me _______ a smile.
9. They go to work _______ car every day.
10. What did you do _______ that motorcycle?
11. May I leave this food _______ you?
12. They usually go to school _______ bus.
13. Would you like to dance _______ me?
14. We went there _______ bus and train.
15. Mr. Bahrul went to the airport _______ car.
16. She wasn’t dancing _______ him then.
17. Mr. Ari Rohman is respected _______ everyone.
18. Are you through _______ your homework?
19. The thief got away _______ the money.
20. Did they come _______ bus or _______ train?

Task 5: Make a good sentence by using:

1. Preposition of Possessive
.....................................................................................................................................................................
2. Preposition of Reason
.....................................................................................................................................................................
3. Preposition of Agent
.....................................................................................................................................................................
4. Preposition of Instrument
.....................................................................................................................................................................
5. Preposition of Direction
.....................................................................................................................................................................
Chapter 7

Conjunctions

7.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the students will learn what are conjunctions and 3 Types of conjunctions
which include Coordinating Conjunctions, Subordinating Conjunction, and Correlative
Conjunctions.
After studying this chapter, the students will be able to:
1. Identify what are conjunctions?
2. Explain 3 types of conjunctions that they have learned and
3. Use conjunctions in sentences correctly and appropriately

In order the students are able to comprehend the material well, they must
1. Read all the materials in this chapter carefully
2. Learn the examples given
3. Read the summary and
4. Do the exercises correctly and appropriately
100 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

7.2 What Are Conjunctions

According to Mew and Seaton (2007:135), conjunctions are linking words such as: and,
or, but that can be used to connect words or sentences. Furthermore, Merriam-Webster
Dictionary defines conjunctions as words that join together other words or groups of
words. It means that conjunctions are words that have function to join words/phrases
in a sentence.

7.3 Types of Conjuction

There are 3 types of Conjunction, they are 1) Coordinating Conjunctions, 2) Subordinating
Conjunction, and 3) Correlative Conjunctions.

Figure 7.1
Conjunctions
(Source http://www.englishdailyworkout.com/2013/03/what-is-conjuction-coordinatine.html)

a. Coordinating Conjunction
Coordinating Conjunctions can be defined as linking words that can be used to join two
phrases, words, sentences or clauses which have grammatical equivalence. In general,
there are seven coordinating conjunctions they are: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So. We
can memorize them using the acronym FANBOYS.
Chapter 7—Conjunctions 101

Figure 7.2
Coordinating Conjunctions
(Source: http://josecarilloforum.com/forum/index.php?topic=6876.0#)

FOR
For in Coordinative Conjunctions shows Reason. The meaning of for in Coordinative
conjunction is the same as because

For examples
I ate some food, for I was hungry.
She didn’t go to school, for she was ill.
Bayu can’t go to your house, for his motorcycle is broken.

AND
And in Coordinative Conjunction shows noncontrasting items or ideas. The meaning of
and in coordinative conjunction is the same as in addition

For examples:
My sister eats and watches the television at the same time
I read the book and listen to the song.
She has 2 dogs and 3 cats.

NOR
Nor in Coordinative Conjunctions shows two contrasting items or ideas. The meaning
of nor in Coordinative Conjunctions is the same as and not.
102 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

For examples:
I don’t like oranges, nor do I like grapes.
She didn’t answer my call, nor did she respond to my message.
Neither Dina nor Shinta supported me.

BUT
But in Coordinative Conjunctions shows contrasting items or ideas. The meaning of but
in Coordinative Conjunctions is the same as however.

For examples:
I studied hard for my exam, but I got C
I have a car, but I don’t have a house.
He is handsome, but he is greedy.

OR
Or in Coordinative Conjunctions shows choice. The meaning of or in Coordinative
Conjunctions is the same as either.

For examples:
Do you need some food or drink?
Do you have any brothers or sister?
Do you like coffee or tea?
You can stay here or go home.
You can buy a new handphone or a new bag.

YET
Yet in Coordinative Conjunctions shows contrast. The meaning of yet in Coordinative
Conjunction is the same as but.

For examples:
I like durian, yet I don’t eat durian ice pancake.
Jakarta is a crowded city, yet many people want to live there.
He is not a rich man, yet he always helps others.
Chapter 7—Conjunctions 103

SO
So in Coordinative Conjunctions shows a result. The meaning of so in Coordinative
Conjunctions is the same as therefore.

For examples
I was sick, so I went to the doctor.
She won the competition, so she treated her friends.
She has a lot of money, so she bought a new car yesterday.

Further examples about the use of coordinative conjunction you can see in the
following figure:

Figure 7.3
Coordinating Conjunction Examples
(Source: http://themumeducates.com/coordinating-conjunctions-made-simple-with-fanboys/)

b. Subordinating Conjunctions
According to Nordquist (2018), subordinating conjunction is a connecting word
or phrase (called conjunction) that introduces a dependent clause, joining it to the
main clause. Subordinating conjunctions (also known as subordinators, subordinate
104 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

conjunctions, or complementizers) go with dependent clauses that are used to redefine

or modify the main point of the sentence. A related concept is a coordinating conjunction,
which sets up an equal partnership between the two clauses. In this case,
In general, subordinating conjunctions are single words (such as if, when, because,
before, after, etc.). But, some subordinating conjunctions also consist of more than one
word (such as even though, as long as, and except that).
In English, there are lots of subordinating conjunctions, but the most common ones,
along with a few examples of how subordinating conjunctions are used, are as follows:

Comparison
a. Than
For examples:
John is smarter than Budi.
Shinta is more beautiful than Shanti.
Mr. Yoga is Richer than Mr. Bisma.
He is younger than me.
He would rather go to Surabaya than go to Jakarta.

b. Rather than
For examples;
I chose to learn English rather than Japanese.
I would prefer to stay at home rather than to go out.
She chooses apple rather than orange

c. Whether
For examples;
Dina was not sure whether to stay or leave
I am uncertain about whether to take this course or not.
I doubt whether I join the meeting or go to the hospital.

d. As much as
For examples:
My sister doesn’t eat as much as me
I don’t earn as much as you.
They didn’t have time as much as we have.
Chapter 7—Conjunctions 105

e. Whereas
For examples:
Elliot is tall and blond, whereas his brother is short and has dark hair.
Rina has pointed nose, whereas her sister has a flat nose.

Relative Adjectives
a. That
For examples:
She went to the school that my father went to.
She met the man that helped her last night.
I married the man that I love

b. Whatever
For examples:
I copied in my notebook whatever he wrote on the blackboard.
She bought a new handphone whatever her financial condition.

c. Which
For examples:
He developed the films which he had taken.
They ate the food which they had bought.
She spent the money which she had earned.

d. Whichever
For examples:
Mary will eat chocolate cake or donut, whichever is delicious.
I will buy Samsung or Oppo, whichever is cheap.
We will immediately refund your money in full, or replace the item, whichever you
prefer.

Time
a. After
For examples:
Mary closed his diary after writing about that day’s events.
After I finished my study in Surabaya, I went to America.
Dody arrived at school after everybody had gone home.
106 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

b. As soon as
For examples:
A baby deer can stand as soon as it is born.
I will go to your house as soon as I finish my meeting.
She is going to have a shower as soon as she gets home.

c. As long as
For examples:
You may borrow our car as long as you drive carefully.
I don’t care who you are, where you are from as long as you love me
She will come to your house as long as you want to pick her up at the station.

d. Before
For examples:
Dita always feeds her cats before she goes to the office.
My sister can’t watch TV before she has finished her homework.
I always have breakfast before I go to school.

e. By the time
For examples:
By the time ambulance arrived, Mr. John was unconscious.
By the time we get to the shop, it will be closed.
Robby’s car broke down on the way to the party last night. By the time he arrived,
most of the other guests had gone.

f. Now That
For examples:
We may go and play now that we have finished our homework.
Now that we are adults, we can eat and drink whatever we want!
Now that we’re ready to start, why don’t we start!

g. Once
For examples:
Once you learn it, you never forget.
Once you do it, you will like it.
Once you lie, I will not trust you.
Chapter 7—Conjunctions 107

h. Since
For examples:
Mrs. Diana has taught the students since she was twenty-five years old.
Dina has danced since she was in Elementary school.
You’ve been very busy since you started your new job.

i. Till
For examples:
I lived in Surabaya till I was eighteen.
We’ll have to wait till 12 pm.
I will sit here till you come back.

j. Until
For examples:
You can stay here until tomorrow
I will have a meeting until Tuesday
She was a poor woman until she won the competition.
He published a prose work and a few poems but did not achieve success until he
turned to playwriting.

k. When
For examples:
I could drive a car when I was young
She came to my house when I ate breakfast with my family.
When we were in Japanese, we went to many beautiful places.
She was a good singer when she was twenty.

l. Whenever
For example:
Whenever you go abroad, please send me a card.
Whenever I have time, I will come to your house.
Our dog barks whenever someone walks by our house.

m. While
For examples:
While she was walking to the market, she met Mrs. Sussi.
I fell asleep while I was watching television.
108 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

The phone always rings while she is having a shower.

I’ll tidy the house while my husband is at work.

Concession
a. Though
For examples:
Though her house is small, it is clean and comfortable
Though she was poor she would never ask for help.
Though difficult, the journey was not dangerous.
Though it was raining outside, my brother went out.

b. Although
For examples:
Although Risma was the most deserving candidate, she didn’t get the job.
Although Mrs. Any is rich and famous, she is not happy
Although the sun was shining, it wasn’t very warm.

c. Even though
For examples:
Even though Mr. Ahmad’s a millionaire, he lives in a very small apartment.
He won the competition even though he was ill.
My mother gave me money even though she needed it.

Relative Pronouns
a. Who
For examples
The man who teaches English in my class is Mr. John.
The girl who loves me so much is Tiara.
The singer who sang a beautiful song is Syahrini.

b. Whoever
For examples:
Whoever leaves the class last please turn off the lamp!
Whoever is in the room please help me!
You can choose whoever you like to be a leader.
Chapter 7—Conjunctions 109

Whoever wins the election is going to have a tough job getting the economy back
on its feet.
Whoever did this will sooner or later be caught and will be punished.

c. Whom
For examples:
He is the boy whom I met at the cinema.
The man whom I called last night is my father.
The woman whom I love so much is my mother.

d. Whomever
For examples:
She was free to marry whomever she wanted.
I will choose the candidate whomever I like.
My father will hire whomever he can find.

e. Whose
For examples:
Rani is the student whose handwriting is the best in my class.
The boy whose motorcycle is new is my son.
The artist whose house is big is Rafi Ahmad.

Place
a. Where
For examples:
Blitar is the city where I was born.
The hotel where I stayed is Patria Family Hotel
This is the park where we met.

b. Wherever
For example:
Wherever you go in the world, I’ will find you.
Please sit wherever you like!
Wherever Mr. Jokowi goes, there are crowds of people waiting to see him
Wherever you are I will always miss you.
110 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Condition
a. If
For examples:
If I have enough time, I will go to your house.
I will teach the students if I am a teacher.
If I were you, I would choose Brawijaya University.

b. Only if
For examples:
Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to leave the room.
I wish she’d come round and see us sometime, if only just to say hello.
There’s so much more I could do if only I had the time.

c. Unless
For examples:
We will not pass unless we study hard.
I will not go to America unless I have a lot of money.
They will not play football unless the weather is good.

d. Provided that
For examples:
She was allowed to go off by herself provided that she promised to be careful
Provided that this project succeeds, you will get a promotion.
We will come to visit you provided that our car gets new tires.

e. Assuming that
For examples:
Assuming that he’s still alive, how old would he be now?
I hope to go to college next year, assuming that I pass my exams.
We would go to Canada next month, assuming that we have time.

f. Even if
For examples:
Even if you have already bought your ticket, you will still need to wait in line. Don’t
drink any alcohol even if you drive carefully.
It’s still too hard to find a job, even if you are eligible.
Chapter 7—Conjunctions 111

g. In case (that)
For examples:
I have my umbrella with me in case it rains.
I cook delicious food in case he comes.
I join the competition in case I become the winner.

h. lest
For examples:
Study hard lest you should fail.
Tika turned the radio down lest she should miss the phone ringing.
Dina was afraid lest she had revealed too much.

Manner
a. How
For examples:
I taught him how to drive a car
She taught him how to play the piano.
I didn’t know how to make fried rice.

b. As though
For examples:
We were shouting as though in panic.
They look as though they’re heading for divorce.
It looks as though you’ve not met before.

c. As If
For examples:
At sunset, the sun looks as if it is going down.
It looks as if they’ve had a shock.
The floods were rising and it was as if it was the end of the world.

Reason
a. Because
For examples:
I didn’t go to school because I was ill.
112 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

I like Tina’s speech because it is wonderful.

She didn’t attend the meeting because she was busy.

b. Since
For examples:

Since we’ve got a few minutes to wait for the train, let’s have a cup of coffee. Sean
had no reason to take a taxi since his flat was near enough to walk to.
They couldn’t deliver the parcel since no one was there to answer the door.
c. So that
For examples:
I’ll lend you a map so that you can find the place more easily.
I’ll go by car so that I can pick you and your family.
My father gives me money so that I can buy a new bag.

d. In order that
For examples:
We must study hard in order that we pass the exam.
I work in the office in order that I can earn some money.
He comes to my office in order that he can meet me.

e. That
For examples:
She worked hard that she would win the first prize.
He studied hard that he would pass the exam.
We eat that we may live.
He works hard that he can buy a house.

f. As
For example:
They played card all night as they had nothing better to do.

c. Correlative Conjunction
According to Nordquist (2019), correlative conjunction is a word that joins together two
other words, phrases, or clauses. These conjunctive pairs, as they are sometimes known,
are used commonly in everyday communication. In this case, Correlative Conjunctions
are linking words that have function to join similar words. The elements connected
Chapter 7—Conjunctions 113

by correlative conjunctions are usually parallel or similar in length and grammatical

form. Each element is called conjoin. An easy way to recognize them in a sentence is to
remember that they always travel in pairs. Conjoins must also match nouns with nouns,
pronouns with pronouns, adjectives with adjectives, and so on.
The examples of correlative conjunctions include Both….and, Either….or, Neither…
nor, whether……….or, Not only………..but also, scarcely……….when, No sooner……….than,
etc. Further examples of the use of correlative conjunction in the sentence, please see
the following figure!

Figure 7.4
The Correlative Conjunctions
(Source: www.eslbuzz.com)

7.4 Summary
Coordinating conjunctions are words that coordinate or join two or more sentences,
main clauses, words, or other parts of speech which are of the same syntactic importance.
Also known as coordinators, coordinating conjunctions are used to give equal emphasis
to a pair of main clauses. Furthermore, Subordinating conjunction is a word which joins
together a dependent clause and an independent clause. Subordinating conjunction
114 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the relationship among the
dependent clause(s) and the independent clause(s). In addition, correlative conjunction
is a type of conjunction that functions in a pair, with both words working together to
balance words, phrases, or clauses.

7.5 Exercises
Task 1: Complete with the correct coordinative conjunctions
1. I don’t go to school ………I have a toothache.
2. Would you rather buy a new bag……………t shirt?
3. My hobbies are teaching………….cooking.
4. I want to go to Surabaya ………….. I don’t have enough time.
5. I am vegetarian………i don’t eat any meat.
6. Malang is a beautiful city……….I never visit it.
7. Mr. Mohammad didn’t attend my wedding party………………..he had a meeting in
Bali
8. I didn’t go to your house…………Dinda’s house.
9. Neither my father……………..my mother went to Solo.
10. He was sick………………he didn’t attend the course.

Task 2: Make a good sentence by using the following Coordinative conjunctions!

1. For
.....................................................................................................................................................................
2. And
.....................................................................................................................................................................
3. Nor
.....................................................................................................................................................................
4. But
.....................................................................................................................................................................
5. Or
.....................................................................................................................................................................
6. Yet
.....................................................................................................................................................................
7. So
.....................................................................................................................................................................
Chapter 7—Conjunctions 115

Task 2: Complete with the correct subordinate conjunctions!

1. I will help you………………………...you deserve it.
2. John came up………………………..we were eating.
3. I admire you………………... you are my enemy.
4. I will come to your house ……………….I am able
5. Shinta knows she is wrong. …………………….She doesn’t want to admit it.
6. Mr. Ronald is the richest man in this city. …………………..he is unhappy.
7. The sun shines brightly………………..it is very cold.
8. Donny didn’t go to school yesterday……………… he was ill.
9. …………. he was feeling unwell, Dika didn’t go to work yesterday.
10. I’ll lend you money…………………….you can renovate your house.
11. I’ll call you ……………..I get home.
12. I’ll wait for…………… you arrive.
13. Did he say anything ……………….he left?
14. The baby gets very grumpy ……………….he’s tired.
15. ………… he doesn’t change his attitude, he’ll lose his job.
16. ……………. you win a million dollars, it doesn’t mean you’ll be happy.
17. I’ll lend you my car ……………..you promise to be careful.
18. Jessica is tall and blond………………his brother is short and has dark hair.
19. John is very tall……………. he’s not as tall as his father yet.
20. ………………. they’re poor, they’re happy.

Task 3: Complete the following sentences using correct conjunctions!

1. She likes not only to sing foreign song ……………. to spend her spare time practicing
dances.
2. The Grammar test from Mrs. Diana was …………….. very short and quite easy.
3. Neither Dinda ………. her sisters could understand what their friends were saying
when they spoke Javanese.
4. This food is both delicious ………..healthy.
5. She is neither polite ………. funny.
6. They not only like reading book…………..watching TV
7. Both my mother………….my father are teachers.
8. He not only didn’t like Sate………………Soto
9. No sooner did Rina leave the class……….. John came.
10. This bag is both expensive…………modern.
116 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Task 4: Make sentences using the following conjunctions!

1. Both…..and
.....................................................................................................................................................................
2. Neither…....Nor
.....................................................................................................................................................................
3. Either……………or
.....................................................................................................................................................................
4. Not only……….but also
.....................................................................................................................................................................
5. Whether………..or
.....................................................................................................................................................................
Chapter 8

Interjections

8.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the students will learn what are interjections and the use of interjections.
After studying this chapter, the students will be able to:
1. Explain what are interjections?
2. Use interjections in sentences correctly and appropriately

In order the students are able to comprehend the material well, they must
1. Read all the materials in this chapter carefully
2. Learn the examples given
3. Read the summary and
4. Do the exercises correctly and appropriately
118 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

8.2 What Are Interjections?

Figure 8.1
Interjections
(Source: http://englishhold.blogspot.com/2015/08/interjection-with-examples.html)

According to Mew and Seaton (2017:138) interjection is a word that expresses a sudden,
strong feeling such as surprise, pain, or pleasure for examples: Wow!, Goodness!, Oh
No!, Hooray!, Thanks!, Good Luck!, Well done!, Help!, Gosh!, Hey!, etc. In addition, the
exclamation point (!) is often used after interjections. In other words, we can say that
interjection is one of the parts of speech that can be used to express a person’s specific
emotion or feeling (for examples: surprise, joy, excitement, disgust, enthusiasm, sorrow,
approval, calling, attention, etc.). In general, interjection words are used at the beginning
of a sentence. Sometimes, it is used as a single word or non-sentence phrase and followed
by the punctuation mark.
Some other interjection words used as introductory expressions such as yes, no,
well, indeed, etc. A comma (,) for a mild interjection or an exclamation mark (!) for
surprising, emotional, or deep feeling interjections.
We may use interjections in informal writing or informal speech but we should
not use them in formal speech or formal writing, like book, report and research paper.
In literature, usually, they are used in dialogue or narration to represent a typical
conversation.
Chapter 8—Interjections 119

8.2 Examples of The Use of Interjections

Nordquist (2019) Presents 101 examples of interjection and the use of them in the
sentences as the following:
1. Ah
Ah, I don’t know if that’s true.
2. A-ha
A-ha! I figured it out!
3. Ahem
Ahem, could you boys stop talking so we could get on with class, please?
4. Alas
  Alas, it was not to be.
5. Amen 
Amen, thank God, amen!
6. Aw
Aw, do we have to?
7. Awesome
You two are dating? Awesome!
8. Aww
Aww, that’s so cute!
9. Bada bing (bada-bing, bada-bing, bada-boom)
“You’ve gotta get up close like this and—bada-BING!—you blow their brains all
over your nice Ivy League suit.” (“The Godfather,” 1972)
10. Bah
Bah, humbug!
11. Baloney
Oh, baloney. I don’t believe that.
12. Big deal
Big deal. Who cares?
13. Bingo
Bingo! Right on target!
14. Boo
Boo! Scared you!
15. Boo-hoo
That makes me sad. Boo-hoo.
16. Booyah (boo-yah)
Yeah, I aced this test. Booyah!
17. Boy (boy oh boy):
Oh boy. Oh boy oh boy. That’s heavy, man.
120 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

18. Bravo
Bravo! That was fantastic!
19. Brilliant
Brilliant, luv, absolutely brilliant! (U.K.)
20. Brrr
Brr! Minus 30 degrees? Yuk.
21. Bull
Bull. It’s not 30 below zero, not really.
22. Bye (bye-bye):
Bye! See you later!
23. Cheers
Cheers, mate. You’re welcome. (U.K.); Raise a toast! Cheers! (U.S.)
24. Come on (c›mon)
Come on. Hurry up.
25. Cool
Oh wow, that is so cool!
26. Cowabunga
“Cowabunga, dude.” (“Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles”)
27. Dang:
Dang, it! Where’d I put that?
28. Darn (darn it)
Darn it! I can’t find the other one either!
29. Dear me
Oh dear me. What are we going to do?
30. Duck
Duck! No, really! Get down!
31. Duh
Well, duh. I can’t believe you didn’t know that.
32. Eh
Eh? What?
33. Enjoy
Enjoy! I hope you like it!
34. Excellent
“Party time, excellent!” (“Wayne’s World”)
35. Fabulous
Fabulous! That’s just wonderful!
36. Fantastic
Fantastic! I just love it!
Chapter 8—Interjections 121

37. Fddledeedee (fiddle-dee-dee)
“Fiddle-dee-dee! War, war, war; this war talk’s spoiling all the fun at every party
this spring. I get so bored I could scream.” (“Gone With the Wind”)
38. Finally
Finally! I never thought that’d be done.
39. For heaven’s sake(s)
“Oh for heaven’s sake, don’t you know your Bible?” (“Little House on the Prairie”)
40. Fore
Fore! (Look out! in golf)
41. Foul
Foul! The baseball went out of bounds.
42. Freeze
Freeze! Stop right there!
43. Gee (gee whiz, gee willikers)
Well gee whiz, pa, why do I have to do that?
44. Giddyap (giddyup)
Giddyup Silver! Go, horse, go!
45. Golly (good golly, golly gee willikers)
Golly, that sure was tasty.
46. Goodbye (good-bye)
Goodbye, see you again soon!
47. Good grief
“Good grief, Charlie Brown.” (“Peanuts”)
48. Good heavens
Good heavens! How did that happen?
49. Gosh
“Whatever I feel like I wanna do, gosh!” (“Napoleon Dynamite”)
50. Great
Great! I’m so excited you’ll come along!
51. Great balls of fire
“Goodness gracious, great balls of fire!” (“Great Balls of Fire,” Jerry Lee Lewis)
52. Ha
Ha-ha! That’s funny!
53. Hallelujah
Glory be to God, hallelujah! (for Christian)
54. Heavens (heavens above, heavens to Betsy)
Oh heavens! How could you think that?
55. Heigh-ho
Heigh-ho neighbor! How are you?
122 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

56. Hello
Hello! How are things with you?
57. Help
Help! I need somebody (“Help!” The Beatles)
58. Hey (hey there)
Hey! Look over there!
59. Hi (hiya)
Hi! What’s up?
60. Hip, hip, hooray
We won! On the count of three, everyone: Hip, hip hooray! Hip, hip, hooray!
61. Hmm (hrm)
Hmm. Let me think about that for a bit.
62. Ho-ho-ho
Ho-ho-ho, Happy New Year!
63. Holy mackerel (holy cow, holy moly, holy Moses, holy smokes)
Holy mackerel! I can’t believe it!
64. Ho-hum
Ho-hum, how boring.
65. Hooray (hurrah, hurray)
Hooray! That’s awesome!
66. Howdy (howdy do)
Howdy, pardner.
67. Huh
Huh. I have no idea.
68. Ick
Ick! How gross!
69. Indeed
Indeed! I’ll bet you didn’t know that!
70. Jeez
Jeez, do we really have to go through this now
71. Kaboom
Kaboom! It blew up!
72. Kapow
And Batman hit the evildoer, kapow!
73. Lordy (lordy, lordy)
Oh lordy, lordy, look who’s 40!
74. Mama mia
Mama mia, let me go. (“Bohemian Rhapsody,” Queen)
Chapter 8—Interjections 123

75. Man
Man, that’s unbelievable.
76. Marvelous
Marvelous! Oh, honey, that’s just wonderful.
77. My
“My! I never once thought of it, Huck!” (“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”)
78. My goodness (my heavens, my stars, my word)
My goodness, isn’t that just grand?
79. Nah
Nah, it’ll never work.
80. No problem
Thank you. No problem.
81. No way (no way José)
No way! I can’t believe it.
82. Nope
Nope. I can’t do that.
83. Nuts
Nuts! I wish I didn’t have to.
84. Oh (oh boy, oh dear, oh my, oh my gosh, oh my goodness, oh no, oh well):
Oh! That’s shocking!
85. OK (okay)
OK, sounds great. Thank you.
86. Ouch
Ouch! That hurt!
87. Ow:
Ow! That stung!
88. Please
Would you help me, please?
89. Poof
Poof! She just disappeared.
90. Shh
Shh! Quiet in the library!
91. Super
Super! That’s fantastic!
92. Swell
Swell! How great!
93. Welcome
Welcome! Come in!
(You’re) Welcome!
124 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

94. Well
Well, I just don’t know about that.
95. Whoop-de-doo
Well whoop-de-doo. (sarcasm) I so don’t care.
96. Woo-hoo
Woo-hoo! That’s fantastic!
97. Wow
Wow! I love it!
98. Yabba dabba doo
“Yabba dabba doo!” (“The Flinstones”)
99. Yadda, yadda, yadda
“Well, we were engaged to be married, uh, we bought the wedding invitations, and,
uh, yadda yadda yadda, I’m still single.” (“Seinfeld”)
100. Yippee
Yippie! That’s exciting!
101. Yummy
Yummy! I love chocolate cake!

8.3 Types of Interjection

Interjection is classified on the basis of a way to express interjections in the sentence
such as greeting, joy, surprise, approval, sorrow, attention, and calling. (https://www.
teachingbanyan.com)

a. Interjections for Greeting

This type of interjection is used in the sentence to indicate the emotion of warmth to
the person meeting with such as hey, hello, hi, etc.

For examples:
Hey! Nice to meet you.
Hello! I am Diana.
Hi! I am Robby.

b. Interjections for Joy

This type of interjection is used in the sentence to show immediate joy and happiness
on any happy occasion occurred such as hurrah, wow, hurray, etc.
Chapter 8—Interjections 125

For examples:
Wow! You are looking beautiful.
Hurray! We won the game.

c. Interjections for Approval

This type of interjection is used in the sentence to express the strong sense of approval
or agreement for something that has happened such as well done, bravo, brilliant, etc.

For example:
Well done! You win the speech contest.
Bravo! The first rank is yours this semester

d. Interjections for Attention

This type of interjection is used in the sentence to draw the attention of someone such
as look, behold, listen, hush, etc.

For example:
Look! You are so arrogant.
Listen! I have never copied you.
Behold! Someone strange is there.

e. Interjections for Surprise

This type of interjection is used in the sentence to express the strong sense of surprise
about something that has happened such as ha, what, hey, ah, oh, eh, etc.

For example:
What! You failed.
Oh! Really you completed the task, I can’t believe.
Ah! I got a new job.

f. Interjections for Sorrow

This type of interjection is used in the sentence to express the emotion of sadness about
something unfortunate has happened such as alas, ouch, ah, oh, etc.
126 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

For examples:
Alas! He is no more.
Ouch! It’s very hurt.

g. Interjections for Understanding/Misunderstanding

Interjections of understanding and misunderstanding are used to express one’s
understanding of a subject being talked about or something which wasn’t well
understood before the moment.

h. Other Interjections
(Interjections of Anger/Annoyance/Frustration/Disappointment/Dismissive)
Apart from the Interjections that we have studied in the preceding chapters, there are
many other Interjections which are used to express different kinds of emotion

8.4 Summary
An interjection is a part of speech which interrupts, or interjects, the flow of language,
it is often punctuated with an exclamation point, it can be any word or phrase but some
are more common than others Most interjections are just one word. Sometimes they
are phrases as Oh!, Hi!. Hello!, Wait!, No!, Good grief!, Ah ha!, Etc.

8.5 Exercises
Task 1: Write down your own sentences by choosing 5 of these common
interjections!
Answer:
1. .....................................................................................................................................................................
2. .....................................................................................................................................................................
3. .....................................................................................................................................................................
4. .....................................................................................................................................................................
5. .....................................................................................................................................................................
Chapter 8—Interjections 127

Figure 8.2
Examples of Common Interjections
(Source: https://www.shutterstock.com)

Task 2: Make sentences using these following interjections!

1. Help!
.....................................................................................................................................................................
2. Hi!
.....................................................................................................................................................................
3. Hooray!
.....................................................................................................................................................................
4. Yummy!
.....................................................................................................................................................................
5. Wow!
.....................................................................................................................................................................
6. Bravo!
.....................................................................................................................................................................
128 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

7. Well done!
.....................................................................................................................................................................
8. Shh!
.....................................................................................................................................................................
9. Super!
.....................................................................................................................................................................
10. Hello!
.....................................................................................................................................................................
11. Hmm
.....................................................................................................................................................................
12. Ouch
.....................................................................................................................................................................
13. Finally
.....................................................................................................................................................................
14. What!
.....................................................................................................................................................................
15. Ah ha!
.....................................................................................................................................................................
16. Wait!
.....................................................................................................................................................................
17. Ok
.....................................................................................................................................................................
18. Man
.....................................................................................................................................................................
19. Yippie!
.....................................................................................................................................................................
20. Nope
.....................................................................................................................................................................
21. No way
.....................................................................................................................................................................
22. Great!
.....................................................................................................................................................................
23. Fabulous!
.....................................................................................................................................................................
24. Poof!
.....................................................................................................................................................................
25. Please!
.....................................................................................................................................................................
Chapter 9

Simple
Present Tense

9.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the students will learn what is Simple Present? And the form and the
use of simple present tense. After studying this chapter, the students will be able to:
1. Identify what is Simple Present Tense
2. Explain the form of Simple Present Tense
4. Explain the use of Simple Present Tense
3. Use Simple Present Tense in sentences correctly and appropriately

In order the students are able to comprehend the material well, they must
1. Read all the materials in this chapter carefully
2. Learn the examples given
3. Read the summary and
4. Do the exercises correctly and appropriately
130 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

9.2 What Is Simple Present Tenses?

Figure 9.1
Simple Present Tense
(Source: https://www.tes.com/lessons/N2e-cvMwr_hb1Q/simple-present-tense)

Simple present tense is tense that is used to describe a fact, habitual actions,
unchanging situations, general truths, and fixed arrangements.

9.3 The Form of Simple Present Tense

In this case, we will discuss 2 the forms of simple present tense they are nominal and
verbal.

a. Nominal Form
(+) S + is/am/are + Complement
For example:
1. She is a teacher.
2. We are students.
3. They are policemen.
Chapter 9—Simple Present Tense 131

(-) S + is/am/are + not + Complement

1. She is not a teacher.
2. We are not students.
3. They are not policemen.

(?) Is/am/are + S +Complement?

1. Is she a teacher?
Yes, she is a teacher or yes, she is (for short answer)
No, she is not a teacher or yes, she is not (for short answer)
2. Are we students?
Yes, we are students. Or Yes, we are (for short answer)
No, we are not students. Or No, we are not (for short answer)
3. Are they policemen?
Yes, they are policemen. Or yes, they are (for short answer)
No, they are not policemen. Or No, they are not (for short answer)
For further example of the use of to be, please see in the following figure

Figure 9.2
Simple Present Tense of Be
Source: https://englishstudyhere.com/tenses/simple-present-of-be-positive-and-negative
statements/)
132 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Further examples about the use of nominal simple present tense, see in the
following figure!

Figure 9.3
Example of Nominal Simple Present Tense
(Source: https://englishstudyhere.com/tenses/present-simple-tense-review/)

b. Verbal Form
(+) S + V1 (s/es) + O+…
For examples:
1. I study English every day
2. She studies English every day
3. They study English every day
4. We study English every day
5. The students study English every day
Chapter 9—Simple Present Tense 133

(-) S+ do/does + not + V1 + O+…

For examples:
1.
I do not study English every day
2.
She does not study English every day
3.
They do not study English every day
4.
We do not study English every day
5.
The students do not study English every day
(?) Do/does + S + V1 + O+….?
For examples:
1. Do you study English every day?
Yes, I Study English every day (Yes, I do)
No, I do not study English every day (No, I do not)
2. Does she study English every day?
Yes, She studies English every day (Yes, she does)
No, She does not study English every day (No, she does not)
3. Do they study English every day?
Yes, they study English every day (Yes, they do)
No, they do not study English every day (No, they do not)
4. Do we study English every day?
Yes, we study English every day (Yes, we do)
No, we do not study English every day (No, we do not)
5. Do the students study English every day?
Yes, the students (they) study English every day (Yes, they do)
No, the students (they) do not study English every day (No, they do not)

Further examples please see the following figure:

134 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Figure 9.4
Example of Verbal Simple Present Tense
(Source: https://englishstudyhere.com/grammar/simple-present-tense-in-english/)
Chapter 9—Simple Present Tense 135

9.4 The Use of Simple Present Tense

Figure 9.5
The Use of Simple Present Tense
(Source: https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-simple-use.html)

Senoaid in https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com explains the use of

simple present tense like as the following:
136 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Present Uses
1. Simple present tense can be used to state general truth (something which is
generally always true)

For examples:
People need food.
People need water
It snows in winter here.
Three and three make six.
The sun rises in the east.
The sun sights in the west.
A week has 7 days.
A day has 24 hours.
A year has 12 months.
Water freezes at zero degrees.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Antartica is covered with ice.
The moon orbits the earth.
The oceans are deep and cold.

2. Simple present tense can be used to state the situation that we think is more
permanent or less permanent.

For examples:
Where do you live? I live in Surabaya.
She works in a Hospital.
I don’t like Hamburger.

3. Simple present tense is used to state habitual actions or things that we do

regularly. We often use adverbs of frequency (such as always, often, sometimes,
seldom, never, etc.) in this case, as well as expressions like ‘every week or ‘twice a
month’, three times a year, etc.

For examples:
Do you smoke?
They play football every Sunday.
I always get up at 5 o’clock in the morning.
Chapter 9—Simple Present Tense 137

He goes to his grandmother’s house twice a month.

I often go to Surabaya.
She always has breakfast at 7 o’clock. We go to school every day.
The sun rises in the east
I eat rice every day.
She never comes late to school
He usually cleans his room before goes to school.

4. Simple present Tense can be used to state short actions that are happening now.
In this situation, the actions are so short that they are finished almost as soon as
we have said the sentence. This is often used with sports commentary.

For example:
He takes the ball, he runs down the wing, and he scores!

Future Uses
5. Simple present tense is used to talk about the future when we are discussing a
timetable or a fixed plan/ fixed arrangement. Usually, the timetable is fixed by
an organization, not by us.

For examples:
Our holiday starts on the 7th of May.
School begins at seven tomorrow.
What time does the performance start? The performance starts at 08.00 am.
What time does the movie start? The movie starts at 13.00 p.m.
The plane doesn’t arrive at seven. It arrives at seven thirty.

6. Simple present tense is used to talk about the future after words like ‘ ‘when’,
‘until’, ‘after’, ‘before’ and ‘as soon as’. These are sometimes called subordinate
clauses of time.

For examples:
She will go to your house after she finishes her duties.
I will attend your birthday party when I have time.
I will not go to the beach until it stops raining.
I am going to take a bath after I watch the news.
138 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Conditional Uses
7. We use the present simple in the first and the zero conditionals.

For examples:
If I don’t have enough money, I will not buy a new bag.
If it rains, I will not come to your house
If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.

9.5 Summary
Simple Present Tense indicates an action which happens in the present, but it isn’t
necessary for actions to happen right now. The simple present tense indicates,
unchanging situations, general truths, scientific facts, habits, fixed arrangements,
and frequently occurring events. There are specific rules in simple presents called as
“subject-verb agreement” in which singular subject needs “verb+s/es” while plural
subject needs “verb base (V1)”. Furthermore, simple present tense is also used in first
and zero conditional sentences.

9.6 Exercises
Task 1: Answer the following question correctly!
1. What is Simple Present Tense?
2. Explain the form of Nominal Simple Present Tense!
3. Explain the form of Verbal Simple Present Tense!
4. Explain the use of Simple Present Tense!
5. Give examples of the use of Simple Present Tense!
a. Habitual action
b. General truth
c. First conditional Sentence
d. Zero Conditional Sentence
e. Future (after the word when)
f. Permanent situation
g. Fixed arrangement
Chapter 9—Simple Present Tense 139

Task 2: Complete the following sentences with the correct to be (Is/am/are)

1. My mother ………...a teacher.
2. They…………not my friends.
3. We…………..classmates.
4. My father………….a policeman.
5. Sandy …………a new candidate in this competition.
6. Mr. Bahrul and Mrs. Riana………….my English lecturers.
7. I……………the first child in my family.
8. He….. ………the best student in my class.
9. You............my favorite artist.
10. Rafi Ahmad …………a famous artist in Indonesia.

Task 3: Underline the best option!

1. She usually (go/gone/goes/went) to school at 06.30.
2. We (visits/visit/visiting/visited) our grandparents often.
3. They (played/play/plays/playing) football every week.
4. Dinda (work/works/worked/working) every day.
5. Mr.Bayu always (told/telling/tell/tells) us funny stories.
6. She always (helped/helping/helps/help) her mother!
7. Dinda and Tiara (swim/swam/swims/swimming) twice a month.
8. The teacher (explains/explain/explaining/explained) the lesson clearly.
9. Shania (take care/takes care/took care/taking care) of her grandmother.
10. Deo rarely (leave/leaved/leaves/leaving) the city.
11. I (study/studied/studies/studying) English every Monday.
12. My mother (buying/buys/bought/buy) a new bag every year.
13. We (have/has/had/having) meeting once a week.
14. They always (eats/eating/ate/eat) at the restaurant.
15. Mrs. Dian (give/giving/gives/gave) us grammar test twice a month.
16. Ronald (make/made/making/makes) a kite every Sunday.
17. My brother often (watch/watches/watching/watched) TV.
18. Shinta always (take/took/takes/taking) a bath at 5 o’clock every morning.
19. My cats (ate/eats/eating/eat) fish everyday.
20. He always (drive/drives/drove/driving) car carefully.

Task 4: Change into negative and interrogative sentence!

1. (+) I go to the cinema once a month
(-) ...........................................................................................................................................................
(?) ...........................................................................................................................................................
140 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

2. (+) We are students of Islamic University of Balitar Blitar

(-) ...........................................................................................................................................................
(?) ...........................................................................................................................................................
3. (+) I often write my lesson on my notebook.
(-) ...........................................................................................................................................................
(?) ...........................................................................................................................................................
4. Arva plays Piano very well.
(-) ...........................................................................................................................................................
(?) ...........................................................................................................................................................
5. My mother usually buys vegetables at the market.
(-) ...........................................................................................................................................................
(?) ...........................................................................................................................................................
6. Jokowi is the president of Indonesia.
(-) ...........................................................................................................................................................
(?) ...........................................................................................................................................................
7. Toba is the biggest lake in Indonesia.
(-) ...........................................................................................................................................................
(?) ...........................................................................................................................................................
8. The dogs are the best friend for human.
(-) ...........................................................................................................................................................
(?) ...........................................................................................................................................................
9. They speak English fluently
(-) ...........................................................................................................................................................
(?) ...........................................................................................................................................................
10. My grandmother has a big house in village.
(-) ...........................................................................................................................................................
(?) ...........................................................................................................................................................
Chapter 9—Simple Present Tense 141

Task 4: Complete the following Crossword Puzzle!

(Source: http://www.allthingsgrammar.com/)
142 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners
Chapter 10

Present
Continuous Tense

10.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the students will learn what is Present Continuous Tense?, the form and
the use of Present Continuous Tense. After studying this chapter, the students will be
able to:
1. Identify what is Present Continuous Tense
2. Explain the form of Present Continuous Tense
4. Explain the use of Present Continuous Tense
3. Use Present Continuous Tense in sentences correctly and appropriately

In order the students are able to comprehend the material well, they must
1. Read all the materials in this chapter carefully
2. Learn the examples given
3. Read the summary and
4. Do the exercises correctly and appropriately
144 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

10.2 What Is Present Continuous Tense?

Figure 10.1
Present Continuous Tense
(Source:http://www.livhambrett.com/2013/08/28/englisch-macht-spas-tenses-in-pairs-part-1/)

Present Continuous Tense is the tense that is used to state the action that is
happening now. It is also called as present progressive tense) however the functions
of present continuous tense are also to state temporary habit, temporary situation,
annoying habit and also define future plans.

10.3 The Form of Present Continuous Tense

The form of present continuous is formed using am/is/are + present participle (Ving).
Questions are indicated by inverting the subject and am/is/are. Negatives are made
with not. Pay attention to these following patterns or form of present continuous tense.
Chapter 10—Present Continuous Tense 145

(+) S + is/am/are+ Ving

For examples
1. She is reading a novel now.
2. We are reading a novel now.
3. They are reading novels now.
4. I am reading a novel now.

(-) S+ is/am/are + not + Ving

For examples:
1. She is not reading a novel now.
2. We are not reading a novel now.
3. They are not reading novels now.
4. I am not reading book now.

(?) Is/am/are+ S +Ving +?

For examples:
1. Is she reading a novel now?
Yes, She is reading a novel now (Yes, she is)
No, she is not reading a novel now (No, she is not)
2. Are we reading a novel now?
Yes, we are reading a novel now (Yes, we are)
No, we are not reading a novel now (No, we are not)
3. Are they reading novels now?
Yes, they are reading novels now (Yes, they are)
No, they are not reading novels now (No, they are not)
4. Are you reading a novel now?
Yes. I am reading a novel now (Yes, I am)
No, I am not reading a novel now (No, I am not)
146 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

10.4 The Use of Present Continuous Tense

Figure 10.2
The Use of Present Continuous Tense
(Source: https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-continuous-use.html)
Chapter 10—Present Continuous Tense 147

Seonaid in www.perfect-english-grammar.com explains the use of present

continuous tense as follows:

Present Uses
1. Present Continuous Tense is used to state things that are happening at the
moment of speaking. These things usually last for quite a short time and they are
not finished when we are talking about them.

For examples
I am reading a book now.
We are watching the movie at the moment.
They are playing football.
Tiara is eating fried rice at the moment.

2. Present continuous tense is used to state temporary situations, even if the action
isn’t happening at this moment.
For examples:
Dinda is working in a restaurant until she finds a job in her field. (She might not
be working now.)
Mr. John is staying at my house for 3 weeks.
I am watching a really great movie.
They are going to Bali for a week.

Compare this with the present simple, which is used for permanent situations that
we feel will continue for a long time.
I work in a school. (I think this is a permanent situation.)
I’m working in a school. (I think this is a temporary situation.)

3. Present continuous tense is used to state temporary or new habits (for normal
habits that continue for a long time, we use the present simple). We often use this
with expressions like ‘these days’ or ‘at the moment’.

For examples:
We are eating cake a lot these days
You’re smoking too much.
148 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

4. Present continuous tense is used to state habits that are not regular, but that
happens very often. In this case, we usually use an adverb like ‘always’, ‘forever’
or ‘constantly’. Often, we use the present continuous in this way to talk about an
Annoying habit.

For examples:
My father is forever losing his keys!
Dina is constantly missing the bus.
Mr. John is always coming to class late.
She is constantly talking. I wish she would shut up.
I don’t like them because they are always complaining.
I am always burning food.
John is always laughing!

Future Uses
5. Present Continuous tense is used to state a definite future plan (with a future
time word). In this case, we have already made a plan and we are pretty sure that
the event will happen in the future.

For examples:
I am going to Surabaya next week.
We are having a wedding party tomorrow.
They are going to Malang at the weekend.
She is leaving this town at seven

10.5 Summary
Present Continuous Tense is the tense that is used to express the action which is
happening now, temporary habit, temporary situation, annoying habit and also define
future plans. The form of present continuous is formed using am/is/are + present
participle (Ving).
Chapter 10—Present Continuous Tense 149

10.6 Exercises
Task 1: Complete the following sentences using the correct to be (is/am /are)
1. She…………reading a novel at the moment.
2. …………..they playing basketball now?
3. We …..not making the bed now.
4. I…………..having class at seven tomorrow
5. Mr. Rahul and M.rs. Sherly ………always coming late.
6. My cats………………….eating fish at the moment.
7. She ………… attending a wedding party in Surabaya.
8. Robby ………………. Going to Samarinda next week.
9. My father……………………….repairing his motorcycle now.
10. She……………often missing the train.

Task 2: Answer the following questions correctly!

1. What is Simple present continuous tense?
.....................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................
2. Explain the form of present continuous tense and give an example!
a. Positive: .........................................................................................................................................
Example: .......................................................................................................................................
b. Negative: .......................................................................................................................................
Example: .......................................................................................................................................
c. Interrogative: ..............................................................................................................................
Example: .......................................................................................................................................
3. Mention and explain the use of present continuous tense!
1. ............................................................................................................................................................
2. ............................................................................................................................................................
3. ............................................................................................................................................................
4. ............................................................................................................................................................
5. ............................................................................................................................................................
150 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

4. Please give 3 examples of the sentence which shows Present Continuous Tense is
used to state things that are happening at the moment of speaking!
a. ............................................................................................................................................................
b. ............................................................................................................................................................
c. ............................................................................................................................................................
5. Please give 3 examples of sentence which shows Present Continuous Tense is used
to state temporary or new habits!
a. ............................................................................................................................................................
b. ............................................................................................................................................................
c. ............................................................................................................................................................
6. Please give 3 examples of sentence which shows Present Continuous Tense is used
to state annoying habit!
a. ............................................................................................................................................................
b. ............................................................................................................................................................
c. ............................................................................................................................................................
7. Please give 3 examples of the sentence which shows Present Continuous Tense is
used to state definite future plans!
a. ............................................................................................................................................................
b. ............................................................................................................................................................
c. ............................................................................................................................................................
8. Please change into negative and interrogative form!
(+) My sister is having a final examination now
(-) ...........................................................................................................................................................
(?) ...........................................................................................................................................................

9. Please change into negative and interrogative form!

(+) They are going to Jakarta next week.
(-) ...........................................................................................................................................................
(?) ...........................................................................................................................................................
10. Please change into negative and interrogative form!
(+) I am staying at my grandmother’s house for two weeks.
(-) ...........................................................................................................................................................
(?) ...........................................................................................................................................................
Chapter 10—Present Continuous Tense 151

Task 3: Rearrange the jumbled words into good sentences!

1. now / for / father / walk / a / My / isn’t / going
.....................................................................................................................................................................
2. We/ next /to/Solo/are/going/are/month
.....................................................................................................................................................................
3. The/now/the/teacher/lesson/is/explaining/now
.....................................................................................................................................................................
4. not/They/cooking/ now/soup/are/at the moment
.....................................................................................................................................................................
5. I/ coin/often/ my/ am/loosing
.....................................................................................................................................................................
6. buying/a/My/new/is/mother/television/now
.....................................................................................................................................................................
7. are/letters/not/writing/They
.....................................................................................................................................................................
8. My/ three/for/staying/for/grandmother/is/in/hotel/the/days
.....................................................................................................................................................................
9. entering/Dinda/class/tomorrow/is/her
......................................…………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. We/interesting/watching/movie/are/not
.....................................................................................................................................................................

Task 4: Make sentences using the following Verbs!

1. Climbing
.....................................................................................................................................................................
2. Travelling
.....................................................................................................................................................................
3. Calling
.......................................................………………………………………………………………………………
4. Buying
.....................................................................................................................................................................
5. Parking
.....................................................................................................................................................................
152 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Task 4: Complete the following crossword puzzle with correct answer!

(Source: http://www.allthingsgrammar.com.)
References

Altenberg, E. P., & Vago, R. M. (2010). English Grammar: Understanding the Basics.
Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com/English-Grammar-Understanding-
Evelyn-Altenberg/dp/0521732166%5Cnwww.cambridge.org/978052151832
Azar, B. S., (2002). Understanding and Using English Grammar Third Edition with
Answer Key. New York: Longman.
Common Noun. (2017). Your Dictionary. Retrieved 8 September 2017, from http://
grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/nouns/common-noun.html
Eastwood, J. (1999). Oxford Practice Grammar with Answer. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Mew, Y.H., &Seaton A. (2017) Basic English Grammar for English Language Learners.
United Stated of America: Saddleback Educational Publishing.
Nordquist, R. (2018, July 5). Subordinating Conjunction. Retrieved 1 March 2019 from
https://www.thoughtco.com/subordinating-conjunction
154 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Nordquist, R. (2019, January 14).Definition and Examples of Correlative Conjunctions.

Retrieved 2 March 2019 from https://www.thoughtco.com/correlative-
conjunction-grammar-1689937
Nordquist, R. (2019, February 14). A List of Interjections in English. Retrieve 4 March
2019 from https://www.thoughtco.com/interjections-in-english-1692798
Glossary

Abstract Nouns are words that refer to things which are not concrete. They refer to
emotions, ideas, concepts, traits, experiences, or a state of being.
Adjective of Quantity refers to how much thing is meant. Or it describes the quantity
of something. Adjective quantity answers the questions of how much or how many.
Adjectives are words that describe or explain nouns.
Adverbs are words that tell us more about verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. Many
adverbs end in “ly”. You make these adverbs by adding “ly” to adjectives, but not all
of the adverbs are ending with ly. For example: fast, well, hard etc.
Adverbs of Degree are adverbs that tell us about the intensity of something. Adverbs
of degree are usually placed before the adjective, adverb, or verb that they modify,
although there are some exceptions. The words “too”, “enough”, “very”, and
“extremely” are examples of adverbs of degree.
Adverbs of Frequency are adverbs that answer the question “how often?”
Adverbs of Manner are adverbs that explain the way of people doing. (How they do)
156 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Adverbs of Place are adverbs which answer the question “where?”

Adverbs of Time explains when people are doing something. It answers the question
“when?”
Article Adjectives are words that used to describe which noun we’re referring to for
examples: a, an, and the.
Auxiliary/Helping verbs are verbs that are used together with the main verb to show
the verb’s tense or to form a negative or question. The most common auxiliary
verbs are: have, has, had, do, does, did and to be verbs.
Causative Verbs are verbs that require someone to do something for us. In causative
verbs, we do not perform an action directly, but we get it done indirectly by
someone else means by the second person.
Collective Noun is word that refers to a group of people, animals or things.
Common Noun is word that refers to the general type of a proper noun. It names any/
general person, animal thing, place or idea.
Compound Noun refers to a noun that is made with two or more words. It can be
written in three ways: As one word for examples: bedroom, rainfall, etc., Joined
by a hyphen, for examples: son-in-law, mother-in-law, etc., written as a separate
word, for examples: credit card, swimming pool, etc.
Concrete nouns are words that refer to things that are real. We can touch, see, feel, hear,
smell or taste them. In this case, concrete nouns can be countable, uncountable,
common, proper, or collective nouns
Conjunctions are linking words such as: and, or, but that can be used to connect words
or sentences. Furthermore, Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines conjunctions as
words that join together other words or groups of words. It means that conjunctions
are words that have function to join words/phrases in a sentence
Coordinating Conjunctions can be defined as linking words that can be used to join
two phrases, words, sentences or clauses which have grammatical equivalence. In
general, there are seven coordinating conjunctions they are: For, And, Nor, But, Or,
Yet, So. We can memorize them using the acronym FANBOYS.
Correlative Conjunction is a word that joins together two other words, phrases,
or clauses. These conjunctive pairs, as they are sometimes known, are used
commonly in everyday communication. In this case, Correlative Conjunctions are
linking words that have function to join similar words. The elements connected by
correlative conjunctions are usually parallel or similar in length and grammatical
form.
Glossary 157

Countable Noun is a noun that can be counted. Countable noun can be a singular or
plural noun. For example: table, chair, pencils, oranges, etc.
Demonstrative Adjectives are words that explain which the noun or pronoun we are
referring to. Demonstrative adjectives include words such as; this, that, these, and
those.
Demonstrative Pronouns are pronouns that point out someone or something.
Demonstrative pronouns include this, that, these and those.
Distributive adjectives are adjectives which distribute state of nouns. Distribute
adjectives include: each, every, either and neither.
Dynamic/ Event Verbs are the verbs, in which our body movement is involved, these
verbs show continued or progressive action on the part of the subject. Examples
of dynamic verbs are act, build, complete, design, draw, gather, help, interview,
justify, listen, negotiate, outline, perform, record, save, show, travel, uncover, value,
write, zoom etc.
Hypothesis Verbs are usually followed by subjunctives. Here, we wish against the
present facts in the present.
Indefinite Adjective is an adjective which is not definite .An indefinite adjective is used
to describe a noun in a non-specific sense. The most common indefinite adjectives
are any, each, few, many, much, most, several, and some. They are often used to
describe a noun to show an element of uncertainty.
Indefinite pronouns refer to general or unknown persons and groups. For Example:
Is there someone at your house?
Interjection is a word that expresses a sudden, strong feeling such as surprise, pain,
or pleasure for examples: Wow!, Goodness!, Oh No!, Hooray!, Thanks!, Good Luck!,
Well done!, Help!, Gosh!, Hey!, etc. In addition, the exclamation point (!) is often
used after interjections.
Interrogative Adjectives are used with a noun to ask a question.
Interrogative Pronouns are pronouns that are used to ask a question. The interrogative
pronouns are: who, whom, whose, which, where, when, why, what and how.
Intransitive Verbs are actions verbs which don’t need an object.
Irregular Verbs are those verbs that do not take ‘ed’ ending for their past tense and past
participle (2nd and 3rd forms). For example: See-saw-seen, make-made-made, etc
Linking/Copular/Predicative Verbs are Linking verbs which do not express an action.
Instead, they connect the subject of the verb to additional information about the
subject. These verbs are usually followed by an adjective or a noun.
158 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Modal Verbs are words like can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must,
ought to etc. They are used with other verbs to express ideas such as possibility,
prediction, speculation, deduction, and necessity. Or modal verbs show different
moods and attitudes of the speaker.
Noun is a word refers to person, place, things or idea
Numeral adjectives are words that refer to the number of the person or things.
Perception/Sensation Verbs are the verbs which show our five senses.
Personal Pronouns are used in place of nouns referring to specific people or things.
Phrasal / Prepositional Verbs are the verb which is formed by the combination of a
preposition or adverbial particle.
Plural Nouns are words that refer to more than one thing, place, person or idea. For
examples: two cars, three boys, four teachers, five hotels, six busses, etc.
Possessive Adjectives are words that show ownership or possession. Possessive
adjectives include my, her, his, its, your, our, and their
Possessive Pronouns refer to something owned by someone or something previously
mentioned. For examples: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, and theirs.
Prepositions are words such as after, before, in, to, on, with, etc. Prepositions are usually
used in front of nouns or pronouns and they show the relationship between the
noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.
Prepositions of Agent are prepositions that can be used to show someone or something
does an action on the subject of the sentence where in the action is always a passive
verb.
Prepositions of instrument are preposition that used to join nouns (instrument,
machine or device) in sentences.
Prepositions of Movement are called as prepositions of direction. They help us
understand the direction of the noun or pronoun. The direction of the noun or
pronoun is directly related to their movement.
Prepositions of Place are prepositions that can be used to show where something or
someone is located.
Prepositions of Possession are prepositions that show The Possessive form is used
in a sentence in context of things that belong to a person or animal. We can also
use it to show a connection between things. Some of the most commonly used
prepositions of Possession are of, with and to.
Prepositions of Time are prepositions that refer to a particular time period, for
examples: a date on the calendar, one of the days of the week, or the actual time
something happens.
Glossary 159

For examples: At, In, On, For, Since, By, etc.

Prepositions of Reason are prepositions that can be used to express the reason or
cause behind an event.
Present Continuous Tense also called present progressive is a verb tense which is used
to show that an ongoing action is happening now, either at the moment of speech
or now in a larger sense.
Pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun
Proper Adjective is an adjective which is formed from a proper noun.
Proper Noun is word that refers to the particular /specific of the noun. It names a
specific/particular person, thing or idea, proper noun begins with capital letter
Reciprocal Pronouns are pronouns that can be used when we talk about two or more
people, animals or things which are engaged in the same thing and experience the
same effects or consequences
Reflexive pronouns are words that refer to the noun or pronoun that is the subject
of the verb. Foe examples: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves and themselves.
Regular verbs are those verbs whose past tense and past participle (2nd and 3rd forms)
are formed by adding “d” or “ed” to the end of the verb. For example play-played-
played, study-studied-studied, walk-walked-walked, etc.
Relative Pronouns are pronouns which are used to refer to the noun mentioned
previously, whether they are people, places, things, animals or ideas. Relative
pronouns introduce a relative clause, and most common relative pronouns for
examples: who, whose, whom, whose, which, that, where, when.
Simple Present Tense is one of several forms of present tense in English. It is used to
describe habits, unchanging situations, general truths, and fixed arrangements.
The simple present tense is simple to form. Just use the base form of the verb: (I
take, you take, we take, they take) The 3rd person singular takes an -s at the end.
(He takes, she takes)
Singular Nouns are words that refer to one thing, place, person or idea. For examples:
a book, a car, a boy, a teacher, a hotel, a bridge, etc.
Static Verbs are the verbs that express a state rather than an action. They usually
show mental feeling, emotions, state a person, place, relationships, sense, and
measurements.
Subordinating Conjunctions are a connecting words or phrases (called conjunction)
that introduce a dependent clause, joining it to the main clause. Subordinating
conjunctions (also known as subordinators, subordinate conjunctions, or
160 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

complementizers) go with dependent clauses that are used to redefine or modify the
main point of the sentence. A related concept is a coordinating conjunction, which
sets up an equal partnership between the two clauses. In general, subordinating
conjunctions are single words (such as if, when, because, before, after, etc.). But,
some subordinating conjunctions also consist of more than one word (such as even
though, as long as, and except that)
Transitive Verbs are action verbs which need an object
Uncountable Noun is a noun that cannot be counted, for example, happiness, sugar,
salt, sand, air, water, etc.
Verbs are words that usually express an action. In English, a verb is a word that is used
with a particular subject. The verb will tell us what something does, what someone
does, or what happens to them. For example: go, eat, run, read, swim, study, cry,
understand, create, compare, explain, read, write, etc.
Index

A C
Abstract Nouns 5, 7, 15, 18, 155 Causative Verbs ix, 57, 59, 68, 156
Adjectives v, viii, 26, 27, 28, 37, 38, 40, 41, Collective nouns 5, 11, 14, 20, 156
42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 52, 105, 155, Common nouns 3, 4, 17
156, 157, 158 Compound Nouns 10, 16
Adjectives of quantity viii, 41 Concrete Nouns 5, 7, 15, 17
Adverbs 38, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 136, 155, Conjunctions 99, 100, 103, 104, 113, 114,
156 115, 116, 156, 159, 160
Adverbs of Degree ix, 77, 78, 82, 83, 155 Coordinating Conjunctions 99, 100, 101, 156
Adverbs of Frequency ix, 77, 78, 82, 84, 155 Correlative Conjunctions 99, 100, 112, 113,
Adverbs of Manner ix, 77, 78, 79, 155 154, 156
Adverbs of Place ix, 77, 78, 81, 84, 156 Countable nouns 8
Adverbs of Time 80, 156
Article Adjectives viii, 47, 156 D
Auxiliary/Helping Verb 57, 59 Demonstrative Adjectives viii, 28, 42, 43, 157
Demonstrative pronouns 23, 24, 27, 28, 157
162 Basic English Grammar—For Foreign Language Learners

Distributive adjectives 37, 40, 52 Prepositions of Instrument ix, 87, 89, 95, 96
Dynamic/Event Verbs 57, 59 Prepositions of Movement 158
Prepositions of Place 87, 89
I Prepositions of Possession ix, 87, 89, 95, 96,
Indefinite Adjectives viii, 46, 47 158
Indefinite Pronouns viii, 23, 24, 32, 33, 34 Prepositions of Reason ix, 87, 89, 95, 96, 159
Interjections 117, 118, 124, 126, 127, 154, Prepositions of Time ix, 89, 158
157 Present Continuous Tense v, xi, 143, 144,
Interrogative adjectives 37, 40, 52 146, 147, 148, 150, 159
Interrogative Pronouns viii, 23, 24, 29, 34, Pronouns v, viii, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31,
157 32, 33, 34, 108, 157, 158, 159
Intransitive Verbs ix, 57, 59, 60, 157 Proper adjectives 37, 40, 52
Irregular Verbs ix, 57, 59, 69, 70, 71, 157 Proper nouns 4, 17

L R
Linking/Copular/Predicative Verbs 57, 59, Reciprocal Pronouns viii, 23, 24, 33, 34, 159
157 Regular verbs 69, 159
Relative Pronouns viii, 23, 24, 31, 32, 34, 108,
M 159

Modal Verbs 57, 59, 66, 158 S

N Simple present tense 129, 130, 132, 135,
138, 159
Nouns 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, Singular Nouns 15, 159
24, 25, 34, 38, 41, 45, 88, 95, 96, 113, 153, Static Verbs ix, 57, 59, 62, 63, 159
155, 156, 157, 158 Subordinating Conjunctions x, 103, 159
Numeral adjectives 37, 40, 41, 42, 52
T
P
Tenses v, x, 130
Perception/Sensation Verbs ix, 57, 59, 63, Transitive Verbs ix, 57, 59, 160
158
Personal pronouns 23, 24 U
Phrasal/Prepositional Verbs ix, 57, 59, 64
Plural Nouns 7, 16, 158 Uncountable nouns 9, 19, 41
Possessive Adjectives viii, 26, 27, 44, 158
Possessive Pronouns viii, 23, 24, 26, 27, 34,
V
158 Verbs 25, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,
Prepositions v, ix, 87, 88, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95, 68, 69, 72, 73, 78, 84, 155, 156, 157, 158,
96, 158, 159 159, 160
Prepositions of Agent ix, 87, 89, 94, 158