FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

EHB 465E

- WAVE OPTICS -

Onur Ferhanoğlu

1  
 Optical Spectrum

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   2  

 Postulates of Wave Optics
•  In  a  medium  of  refracBve  index  n,  light  travels  at  a  reduced  speed:  
 
 
 
 
•  An  opBcal  wave  is  described  as  a  funcBon  of  posiBon  and  Bme  (wavefuncBon):  u(r,t).  
The  opBcal  wavefunc)on  saBsfies  the  wave  equa)on:  
 
   
                               Laplacian:  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   3  

 Intensity – Power - Energy
•  The  opBcal  Intensity  I(r,t):  opBcal  power  per  unit  area  (waQs  /  cm2)  
Op'cal  wave  func'on  &  Energy  -­‐>  Voltage  &  Power  -­‐>  Electric  Field  &  Poin'ng  Power  
 
 
             <.>  denotes  Bme  average  
 
•  OpBcal  Power  (waQs),  flowing  into  an  area,  normal  to  the  direcBon  of  propagaBon  is  
the  integrated  intensity:    
 
 
 
•  OpBcal  Energy  (Joules)  collected  in  a  given  Bme,  is  the  Bme  integral  of  the  opBcal  
power.  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   4  

 Monochromatic Waves
•  A  monochromaBc  wave  is  represented  by  the  following  wavefuncBon  :  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   5  

 Complex Wavefunction
•  RepresentaBon  of  u(r,t)  in  complex  form  U(r,t):  

•  Complex  wavefuncBon  describes  the  wave  completely.  

u(r,t)  is  simply  its  real  part.  
•  Complex  wavefuncBon  can  be  seperated  into  Bme  and  space  dependent  components  
         Complex  wavefuncBon  must  saBsfy  the  wave  equaBon  
Helmholtz  equa'on  
 
 
 
         
                                                             Bme  derivaBve  of  U  can  be    
                   represented  in  terms  of  U  
Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   6  
 Optical Intensity

Second  term  vanishes  with  averaging  over  long  Bme  duraBons:  

The  opBcal  Intensity  of  a  monochromaBc  wave  is  the  absolute  square  of  its  complex  amplitude    

•  OpBcal  Intensity  does  not  vary  with  Bme  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   7  
 Plane Wave
•  Plane  wave  (its  space  dependence)  can  be  represented  as:  

•  Assume  z-­‐axis  to  be  the  direcBon  of  propagaBon:  Energy  is  carried  in  z  direcBon  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   8  

 Plane Wave
•  Periodic  in  Bme  with  1/v      
•  Periodic  in  space  with  2π/k  =  λ    

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   9  

 Plane Wave
•  Periodic  in  Bme  with  1/v      
•  Periodic  in  space  with  2π/k  =  λ    

•  Phase  of  the  plane  wave:  

c:  phase  velocity  
•  As  a  monochromaBc  wave  travels  in  different  media,  
its  velocity  &  wavelength  &  wavenumber  changes.  
•  Frequency  (v)  remains  the  same.  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   10  

 Spherical Wave
•  Another  soluBon  to  the  Helmholtz  equaBon  (in  spherical  coordinates)  
is  the  Spherical  Wave.  

•  A  spherical  wave  originaBng  from  r0:  

Concentric  spheres  

traveling  outwardly  
away  from  origin  
 
traveling  inwardly  
Towards  origin  
Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   11  
 Spherical Wave – Fresnel Approximation

Plane  wave   Parabolic  surface  

•  ApproximaBon  valid  when:  
NF:  Fresnel  number,    θm  =  a/z    

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   12  

 Paraxial wave
•  Similar  to  a  plane  wave,  but  with  a  slowly  varying  amplitude:  

Wave  amplitude  &  wavefront  shape  changes  slightly  with  distance  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   13  

 Reflection from a Planar Mirror
•  Wavefronts  of  both  incident  &  reflected  waves  must  match:  

Same  for  incident  &  reflected  

at  the  boundary  

SubsBtute  r,k1,k2  into    

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   14  

 Reflection & Refraction at Dielectric Boundary
•  All  3  wavefronts  (incident,  reflected,  refracted)  must  match!  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   15  

 Transmission Through a Transparent Plate
•  Complex  amplitude  transmiQance  of  the  plate  (thickness:d):  

•  Inside  the  plate,  the  wavenumber  is  nk0  

•  U(x,y,z)  inside  the  plate  is  proporBonal  to  :  exp(-­‐jnk0z)    

If  the  wave  has  an  incidence  angle  of  θ1  :  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   16  

 Diffraction Grating
•  Transparent  plate  with  periodically  modulated  thickness  
•  Could  be  reflecBve  as  well  (CD,  DVD  surfaces)  
Proof:  Refer  to  the  book    
-­‐    thin  transparent  plate  of  varying  thickness  
-­‐  diffracBon  graBngs  
-­‐  exercise  2.4.5  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   17  

 Interferance
•  SuperposiBon  of  2  monochromaBc  waves:  

Interference  term  
If  I1  =  I2  =  I0  -­‐>    
Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   18  
 Interferometers
•  SuperposiBon  of  2  waves,  where  one  wave  is  delayded  by  distance  d  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   19  

 Interferometers
•  An  interferometer,  is  an  opBcal  instrument  that  splits  a  wave  into  two  waves  
(using  a  beamspliEer)  and  delays  them  by  unequal  distances.    
•  The  seperated  beams  are  redirected  and  superimposed  using  mirror.  

ApplicaBons:  
-­‐  DeterminaBon  of  distances  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   20  

 Diffraction Gratings - revisited
•  Calculate  the  angles  (θd),  at  which  construcBve  interferance  occurs:  

Λ  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   21  

 Interferance of Two Oblique Plane Waves
•  Consider  2  plane  waves  with  equal  intensity,  propagaBng  in  different  direcBons:  

•  At  z=0  plane,  phase  difference  between  two  waves  is  

•  The  interference  equaBon,  for  the  phase  difference,  yields:  
Periodic  with  respect  to  x  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   22  

 Interferance of Two Spherical Waves
Exercise:  Two  spherical  waves,  originaBng  from  
Find  the  interferance  paQern  at  z  =  d  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   23  

 Multiple Wave Interferance – Bragg Reflection
•  Light  is  reflected  at  an  angle  θ,  from  M  parallel  reflecBng  planes,  seperated  by  Λ.  
•  Assume  that  only  a  small  fracBon  is  reflected  off  each  plane,  amplitudes  of  M  reflected  
waves  are  approximately  equal.  
•  Reflected  waves  have  a  phase  difference:  
•  Show  that  maximum  reflecBng  angle  is:        

Wiki  -­‐>  Bragg’s  Law  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  WAVE  OPTICS  -­‐   24  

MEMS - Diffraction Grating based Sensors
Thermal
AFM Biosensing profilometer
Imaging

Display microphone
MEMS - Thermal imaging sensor
Bimaterial    
IR Legs  
1st  order  
IR
0th  order  
Incoming  
Diffrac)on  
laser  
Gra)ng  
-­‐1st  order  
1

intensities in the   orders

0th
0.8 1st

Intensity  
0.6

0.4

normalized
0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Gap  /  wavelength  
ratio of gap to the wavelength
MEMS - Thermal imaging sensor
Sensor Array

CCD  CAM  

FPA  

LASER  

BLACKBODY  RADIATION  
Vacuum Package
MEMS – IR Video