 Increasing population and consumption of fish

 Fish is an important source of animal protein for human consumption. Fish caters to
6.5% of the total protein consumed in the world and our global and national
apparent per capita fish consumption is currently estimated at 19.2 kg and 6
kg respectively.
 Land and water are becoming scarce hence more efficient utilization of productive
resources. Fish is usually low in saturated fats, carbohydrates, and cholesterol and provides
not only high-value protein but also a wide range of essential micronutrients, including
various vitamins, minerals, and polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids. Fish is universally
accepted as an important source of good quality protein, long-chain-
polyunsaturated fatty acids, a major source of iodine, having positive health
benefits with respect to cardiac health and cognitive abilities. Fish, among the
diverse forms of animal meat, is also the most efficient source of protein and
one having low climate change impact.

 Small-scale fisheries employ over 90% of the world’s capture fisheries

 38 percent of fish produced in the world was exported in 2010 – inherent imbalances in
regional supply and regional demand
 67 percent of fishery exports by developing countries are now directed to developed
countries
 Impacts of climate change on the health and productivity of marine ecosystems, in
particular through change in
ocean temperatures and levels of acidity in ocean waters

1. Growth rate of aquacultured fish

 ‘000 Tonnes

1983 2013 % growth

Capture Fisheries 69,000 93,000 35
Aquaculture 5,000 63,000 1260
  Aquaculture’s share in global supply will likely continue to expand to the point where
capture fisheries and aquaculture will be contributing equal amounts by 2030.
 However, aquaculture is projected to supply over 60 percent of fish destined for direct
human
 Looking across species, the fastest supply growth is expected for tilapia, carp, and
Pangasius/catfish. Global tilapia production is expected to almost double from 4.3 million
tons to 7.3 million tons between 2010 and 2030
 During the 2010–30 period, prices in real terms are expected to rise by 90 percent for
fishmeal and 70 percent for fish oil. Nonetheless, with significant improvements anticipated
in the efficiency of feed and management practices, the projected expansion of aquaculture
will be achieved with a mere 8 percent increase in the global fishmeal supply during the
2010–30 period. In the face of higher fishmeal and fish oil prices, species substitution in
production is also expected, where production of fish species that require relatively less fish-
based feed is preferred

Investments in aquaculture must be thoughtfully undertaken with consideration of the entire value
chain of the seafood industry. Policies should provide an enabling business environment that fosters
efficiency and further technological innovations in aquaculture feeds, genetics and breeding, disease
management, product processing, and marketing and distribution

Opportunities

 Global aquaculture production expanded at an average annual rate of more than 8 percent,
from 5.2 million tons in 1981 to 62.7 million tons in 2011
  Aquaculture’s contribution to total food fish supply grew from 9 percent in 1980 to 48
percent in 2011 (FAO 2013)
 China’s per capita fish consumption grew to 33.1 kilograms per year in 2010
 There is a growing body of knowledge on the key drivers of change within the global fish
markets and the understanding of management and governance of capture fisheries and
aquaculture
 Community-based co-management of aquatic resources is the only realistic solution for the
majority of the world’s fisheries when strong community leadership is present and is
combined with effective resource management tools such as quotas and marine protected
areas
 Increasing demand and the associated rise in price for those fish species used in feed
production could also offer an opportunity for fisheries to implement appropriate
management and utilize the resources profitably and sustainably
 fish prices would rise more dynamically than prices for any other food product
 rising fish prices would be a catalyst to stimulate further international trade of fish to
correct for regional imbalances.
 For those relatively new aquaculture species, such as tilapia and Pangasius, technological
advances have only begun and similar downward trends of real prices are expected in the
near future. Aquaculture species that are not yet commercially farmed may become
commercially viable in the future, and they will likely follow similar paths of market
maturity as other species. Presently, only two species of shrimp and few species
of finfishes are being cultivated in the country. Based on the preliminary
studies, at least 10 species of shrimp, 8 species of finfish and 2 species of
crab are found to have potential for commercial cultivation.
 use of fish processing waste in production of fishmeal and fish oil
 shift from freshwater to brackish water

Threats:

 Environmental impacts of aquaculture expansion, including massive changes in land use,

pollution of neighboring waters with effluent, and the spread of disease among fish farms
 Demand for fishmeal and fish oil would continue to increase with aquaculture expansion and
that this could have serious implications for the viability and health of the capture fisheries
of those species used in feed production
 A major disease outbreak in shrimp aquaculture In 1994, Indian shrimp farming
witnessed the first outbreak of white spot disease
 looming uncertainty on the future of freshwater resources for aquaculture
use
 future sea level rise along the coast of Andhra Pradesh makes this area under
very high risk. For example, an area of 565 km2 would be inundated, if the sea
level rises by 0.59 m, as predicted, and that would affect severely the
livelihood of small scale aqua-farmers
 The poorest producers with least resources of financial capital, social or
institutional support are least able to adapt to climate change, and will likely
be the most vulnerable
 Unplanned expansion and intensification of the culture systems would put
pressure on the aquatic environments leading to the degradation of
environment, with negative outcomes such as pollution, poor water quality
and emergence of diseases.
 Food safety and traceability
 Certification needed for exports
 In spite of its rapid growth, aquaculture today is beset with several issues impacting
production and productivity such as disease, absence of species diversification and
genetic improvement, poor brood and seed, high input cost, lack of access to
institutional credit, credit guarantee and insurance, environmental sustainability etc.
NFDB Nov 2019 data
India has about 8.0 lakh ha of floodplain wetlands spread across the numerous river basins in the
country.
Where wetlands/beels are leased out to individuals, the State Fisheries Department/Corporation shall
organize the stakeholder’s community into a Cooperative Society

Activities
Construction/Renovation of Wetland Embankment.
(ii) De-weeding.
(iii)Stock Enhancement.
(iv)Procuring Stocking Material:
a) Rearing Fry in Pens
b) Rearing Fry in Cages
c) Rearing Fry in Ponds
The Project Monitoring Indicators would broadly include:

• Fish escape prevention structure to be in place

• Wetland being free from floating weeds except those used as fish aggregators
• Enhancement of fish yield
• Increase in fishing days for stocked fishes
• Creation of Sustainability Fund Account
• Emergence of local level people-institutions (Cooperatives, SHGs, etc.)
 Increase in employment opportunities pertaining to fisheries
• Increase in awareness level among fishers and their capacity
 • Improvement in livelihoods

Inland aquaculture in the country presently contributes 5.6 million tonnes of fish annually;
with the three Indian major carps viz., Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal
(Cirrhinus mrigala) constituting 87% of the production. Several variants of carp culture such
as poly-culture, mixed culture, composite culture, wastewater-recycled culture, integrated
agriculture aquaculture (IAA) and many short-term culture practices are also available.
However, freshwater aquaculture in India is largely a pond-based system.
small group of industrial mode of farming, where the farming area is more than 5 ha,
and supported
by large number of small stakeholders owning farms lesser than 2 ha who comprise
around 90% of brackishwater farming community. In this way Indian brackishwater
aquaculture sector has tremendous potential, and prominent role to play with 857
million rural populations with access
to brackishwater resource. Engaging them for the transition towards a blue socio-
economic growth, commonly called as ‘Blue Growth’, is envisaged for 2050.

approach of planned geographic expansion, species diversification and

sustainable intensification supported bybadequate technological
backstopping

Cage Culture?
Interested and eligible Entrepreneurs/Agency/Firm/Company will be selected through Expression of
Interest (EoI) to undertake the Project on ‘Lease-Develop-Operate Basis’. NFDB will provide
financial assistance.

Brackishwater Cage Culture

there are 12.40 lakh ha of brackishwater resources in India. At present about 1.60lakh ha (14% is
utilised) are under shrimp culture. Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal States are the chief producers of
shrimp accounting for about 80% of the total country’s production. The most commonly cultured fish
are Mullets, Milkfish, Seabass, Pompano, Grouper, etc.
India with an annual production of about 11.41 million tonne stands second among the
leading fishing nations of the world. Quite significantly, nearly 50% of this production is
from Aquaculture.
CIBA
The total fish production of 10.07 million metric tons during 2015-16 had nearly 65% contribution
from the inland sector of which major share came from culture fisheries (NFDB 2017). The annual
carp seed production is to the tune of 25 billion and that of shrimp about 12 billion, with increasing
diversification in the recent past. Fish and fish products have presently emerged as the largest group
in agricultural exports of India with 1.05 million tons in term of quantity and INR 33,4420 million in
value during 2015-16. This accounts for around 10% of the total exports of the country and nearly
20% of the agricultural exports. More than 50 different types of fish and shellfish products are
exported to 75 countries around the world (NFDB 2017).
During2018-19, export of marine products stood at 13, 92, 559 metric tons and valued at Rs.46,
589 crore (USD 6.73 billion). The rapid increase in the growth of seafood exports has been
mainly due to boom in brackish water aquaculture.
The total fisheries potential of India has been estimated at 22.31 million metric tons (in 2018), of
this, the marine fisheries potential stands at an estimated 5.31 million metric tons and the
inland fisheries potential has been estimated at 17 million metric tons. In the recent years, the
fish production in India has registered an average annual growth rate of more than 7%.

VISION
6.1. To develop an ecologically healthy, economically viable and socially inclusive fisheries sector
that contributes towards economic prosperity and well-being of fishers and fish farmers, and
provides food and nutritional security to the country in a sustainable and responsible manner.

7. MISSION
7.1. Fisheries resources are to be developed, managed, regulated and conserved responsibly
and sustainably, harnessed and utilized for improving livelihoods, generating gainful
employment, enhancing incomes, food and nutrition security, economic prosperity and socio-
economic well-being of stakeholders, especially artisanal and small-scale fishers and fish farmers
through appropriate strategies and partnerships in a participatory manner.

OBJECTIVES
8.1. The policy aims at comprehensive development of the fisheries sector through appropriate
interventions to address the critical gaps with an overarching goal for growths in exports,
increase in farmer’s income and better choice for consumers. The various objectives of the
policy are to:

(i) Optimally harness the aquaculture fisheries potential of the country by enhancing fish
production and productivity in a responsible and sustainable manner.

(ii) A robust management and regulatory framework with necessary legal backing for effective
fisheries resource management through an Ecosystem Approach of Fisheries (EAF) management
within the overall framework of relevant national and international instruments, policies and
standards.

(iii) Modernize, rationalize (infuse science and technology) and diversify fishing practices in
oceans and seaswith sustainability of resources as the core philosophy.
(iv) Promote Inland fisheries and aquaculture through standardized SoP’s, inputs and farming
systems for sustainable and responsible culture and capture fisheries.

(v) Conserve and manage native fish genetic stocks and associated habitats and ecosystem.

(vi) Strengthen and modernize value chain including creation of fisheries infrastructure to
increase shelf life, reduction of post-harvest losses and production of value-added products.

(vii) Market, trade and export of globally competitive fish and value-added fish products
benchmarked with global standards.

(viii) Access to institutional credit as priority lending on the lines of crop sector especially to
small and marginal fishers and fish farmers and unemployed youth.

(ix) Promote community partnerships, private participation and effective cooperative movement
in fisheries sector.

(x) Generate gainful employment and entrepreneurship opportunities along the value chain
leading to higher income of fishers and fish farmers, improve their living standards and usher in
economic prosperity.

(xi) Ensure food and nutritional security by increasing the per capita availability of safe,
affordable and quality fish.

INLAND FISHERIES

Riverine Fisheries

Population of native species in the rivers will be enhanced through seed ranching of native stock
by developing dedicated seed production units in the vicinity

Reservoir Fisheries

Cage culture will be promoted in reservoirs

Adequate fingerling production units will be established at suitable locations in the vicinity of
the reservoirs along with requisite infrastructure

Wetlands

Facilities for hatcheries and seed rearing will be developed in the vicinity of potential areas
following scientific practices
Fish Seed Production and Genetic Up-gradation: Private sector will be encouraged to setup
hatcheries and seed rearing farms, especially in deficient areas to ensure year round availability
of quality stocking material in water bodies. Registration and accreditation of hatcheries will be
made mandatory. The norms for seed sale and subsequent stocking will be implemented to
ensure quality of stocking material

Aquaculture is the fastest growing animal food-producing sector, growing at a rate more than 7% annually

Freshwater aquaculture contributes over 95% of the total annual aquaculture production of 5.77 million t.
System diversification has resulted in optimum productivity of 3 t ha -1 yr-1.
Intensive culture systems like cage culture and running-water fish culture have given productions of 10-15 and
20-50 kg m-² yr-1 respectively
Public and private carp hatcheries produce around 40 billion fry

Fish requirement by 2020 is expected to touch 15 million t, of which around 9 million t would need to come from freshwater
aquaculture.

The technologies of induced carp breeding and polyculture in static ponds and tanks have brought about
remarkable upward trend in aquaculture productivity and turned the sector into a fast growing industry.

freshwater aquaculture production has begun to diversify, incorporating medium and minor carps, catfishes and
murrels.

Polyculture with low to moderate inputs, particularly organic fertilisers and feed is practiced in village water
bodies (VWBs). Entrepreneurial acumen supported by innovative management brought about change in the
multi-use and multi-ownership of VWBs across India. This notwithstanding, perceptible shift in fisheries
intensity is being felt in certain states in the country. Poaching, shortage of water and finance are the major
problems faced by fish farmers.
Carp culture is practiced as polyculture of the three IMCs (catla, rohu and mrigal) as well as composite carp
culture of the three IMCs with the three exotic carps (silver carp, grass carp and common carp). Standard
practices in carp culture include: (i) Stocking at combined densities of 4,000-10,000 fingerlings ha-1; (ii) Pond
fertilisation with organic manures from cattle or poultry as well as inorganic fertilisers like urea and single super
phosphate and (iii) Supplementary feeding using a mixture of rice bran/wheat bran and groundnut/mustard
oilcake in equal ratio.

Fish seed production induced breeding technique (hypophysation)

Major constraints for development of aquaculture

Availability of good quality seed, land leasing tenure, social issues like poaching, water availability, feed
availability, access to technology at grass root level, climate change and credit facility are the prominent
constraints of freshwater aquaculture development in India.

Vignesh et al. (2017) have identified inadequate availability of quality seeds as the top one among 14
constraints affecting freshwater aquaculture in Thanjavur District of Tamil Nadu, others being short supply of
water, high cost of supplementary feed, high cost of electricity, non-availability of skilled labour, prevalence of
disease outbreak in culture ponds, poaching, high mortality during culture period, low farm gate price, problem
of direct selling to buyers, low productivity, poor quality of carp seeds and low net returns.

Transcript of Durush’s interview

Started business in 2015.

In December 2015, I recruited a Manager who will service a the local territory who will take the orders and
supply packaged material to farmers and collect the money.
Family had an aquaculture farm which father started 20 years back. He is a fish and shrimp fry supplier. Father
inspired me to do this business. Wanted to become a marine engineer, so that I could earn enough money to start
the aquaculture business. Completed B.Tech.(Mechanical). Started with zero investment. Started trading
business. I started by taking seed from fishermen and selling it to farmer. After farmer paid me, I will deduct my
profit and return money to the fishermen. This is done daily basis. Per month profit will be Rs 50,000/-

June 8th I took a shop and took GST, IE code, MSME registration and Labour licence

Now there are 5 people

Next 5 years, I want to grow my business by 10x times.

I can supply all varieties of fish and shrimp.

Vision/ motivation: Can employ more people and do social activities, give donations to needy. My passion is
farming and social development. I have faced problems in personal life when father could not pay my school
fees. Could not appear for Talent exams due to money.

Mission 2025: To serve healthy and best quality seeds to farmers so that they get good growth in less time. Also
to increase more number of nurseries and stock more number of fishes. Nursery in 10 places (5 in Andhra) and 3
hatcheries. 50 Crore fish fry to be supplied from current 5 Cr

Have number of companies related to aquaculture “Santha’s Aquaculture Consultancy Services” Santha’s
Aquaculture Farms, Importing and distributing Aquaculture boats in Indian markets.

Business Objective: 80 lakhs ITR in 2018-19. Mostly from outside states. 5 Crores is the cash business. Since I
do not have hatchery or nursery, I do not have to show. Since I am a mediator, I take 5% commission.
Activities include counting the seeds, arrange the transport and send it to the farm. The money is given in cash.

I buy from fishermen and nursery owners and give it to the fish and shrimp farmers. I supply inly ½ inch and
1inch baby fish.
Currently Andhra and Kerala are the main markets where most of the supplies are going. Supply to another 18
states is also happening but in the next 5 years, these 18 markets will be penetrated more. Supply to farmers in
upcountry markets is being done through dealers and distributors. The other states are TN, Karnataka, Mah,
Goa, Guj, UP, MP, Chattishgarh, Orissa, WB, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Assam, Tripura,

100 Acres of farm is on rent. I want to increase farm acerage to 10000 acres and also have own business.
Ananda group is doing 20000 acres. Lease price for 1 acre can be 10k to 1 lakh.

Avenues of growing business:

1. Fish farming
2. Nursery / Hatchery
3. Expanding to cover more varieties of fish
4. Geographical expansion into new territories and better coverage of existing markets
5. Selling farmers’ fish to the wholesale market

Mission 2030: More farms, retail outlets for creating domestic markets. There is scope for improvement in
growing domestic market and distribution. There is regional disparity in prices even in markets which are close
by.

Strengths:
1. Maintaining good relationships with all farmers
2. Good contacts with Bangladesh fish hatcheries – they supply seed through Kolkata to Andhra
3. Knowledgeable staff
4. Contacts with all State Government fisheries departments – they share tenders and give good orders
5. Consultancy for farmers - complimentary
6. Giving buyer support for selling to markets

Weakness
1. Logistics and own transport
2. Access to capital
3. Lack of own nurseries and hatcheries

Opportunity
1. Huge markets
2. Increase in demand for fish consumption
3. More fish farmers are entering into aquaculture

Threats

1. Delay in supply logistics can cause damage to seeds since it is perishable business

Questions for you

1. What is the problem that you are trying to solve? Where is the gap in the market? Give some examples with
data to validate
2. What is your solution to the problem?
3. Size of the target market – What drives your customers to search for a solution
4. What is your Unique Selling Proposition – what is special about your service/ offering
5. How do current solutions compare with your solution?