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CS 31 Midterm 1 Review
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CS 31 Midterm 1 Review (Spring ‘18) https://goo.gl/f5SYLZ
Table of Contents
● Scoping
● Libraries & Namespaces
● Functions (probably not on midterm)
● Types & Variables
● Practice:
● Basic Input/Output
○ String to Int
● C++ Strings
○ isPalindrome
● If/Else
○ Get “Switchy”
● Switches
● Good Luck!
● Loops
○ Practice: Pile of Money

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Libraries
● #include allows us to use a library
● #include <iostream> allows us to use things like:
○ cin
○ cout
○ endl
● Note: iostream stands for input/output stream

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Namespaces
● using namespace std;
● A namespace is a collection of classes and functions
● If we don't call using namespace ns_name, we will have to specify the namespace of the
function we want to call.
● e.g. std::cout, std::string, std::isdigit

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Namespaces (cont.)
#include <iostream> #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int age; int main() {
std::cin >> age; int age;
std::cout << age; cin >> age;
std::cout << std::endl; cout << age;
} cout << endl;
}

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Basic data types
● int, double, char
○ Declare variables to store values in memory
○ int x; // Creates a variable x of type int
○ char y; // Creates a variable y of type char
● Can initialize with value at declaration:
○ int a = 5;
○ double z = 53.24324;

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Modifying variables
● The type of the variable must be specified only once, at the time of declaration

int x = 5;
x = x + 5;
x -= 6; // equivalent to x = x - 6;

double z;
z = 53.234;
z *= 5; // equivalent to z = z * 5;

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Modifying variables (cont.)
● Integer division truncates after the decimal point
● The % (modulus) operator returns the remainder of integer division

int x = 5;
int integerQuotient = x / 3; // integerQuotient equals 1
int remainder = x % 3; // remainder equals 2
x %= 4; // same as x = x % 4, x now equals 1

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Modifying variables (cont.)
● Double division
○ If at least one of the operands is a double, floating point division occurs.
○ If both values are integers, integer division occurs instead.

int x = 5;
double unexpectedQuotient = x / 2; // equals 2.0
double expectedQuotient = x / 2.0; // equals 2.5

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Input/Output
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int age;
cout << "How old are you? " << endl;
cin >> age;
cout << "You are " << age <<
" years old" << endl;
}

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Input/Output
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int age;
cout << "How old are you? " << endl;
cin >> age;
cout << "You are " << age <<
" years old" << endl;
}

age
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 > How old are you?
Input/Output
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int age;
cout << "How old are you? " << endl;
cin >> age;
cout << "You are " << age <<
" years old" << endl;
}

age
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 > How old are you? 20
Input/Output
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int age;
cout << "How old are you? " << endl;
cin >> age;
cout << "You are " << age <<
" years old" << endl;
}

20

age
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 > How old are you? 20
Input/Output > You are 20 years old

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int age;
cout << "How old are you? " << endl;
cin >> age;
cout << "You are " << age <<
" years old" << endl;
}

20

age
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Strings
● Used to store blocks of text
● Strings can be initialized from literals
○ string x = “hello”;
● Individual characters can be accessed with the [ ] operator.
○ char c = x[0]; // c == ‘h’

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String Operations
string x = "hello there";

● The size() method returns the number of characters in a string.

○ int length = x.size(); // length equals 11
● The substr(startIndex, length) method returns a substring including startIndex of
length length.
○ string sub = x.substr(3, 2); // sub equals "lo"

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String Operations
// The + operator is overloaded:
// It appends to the end of strings.

int main() {
string x = "hello there";
x += ", my name is Mark";
cout << x << endl;
}

hello there

x
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String Operations
// The + operator is overloaded:
// It appends to the end of strings.

int main() {
string x = "hello there";
x += ", my name is Mark";
cout << x << endl;
}

hello there, my name is Mark

x
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 > hello there, my name is Mark
String Operations
// The + operator is overloaded:
// It appends to the end of strings.

int main() {
string x = "hello there";
x += ", my name is Mark";
cout << x << endl;
}

hello there, my name is Mark

x
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String Input
// getline(...) consumes characters from
// the input until it encounters a '\n'.

int main() {
string x;
getline(cin, x);
cout << x << endl;
}

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String Input
// getline(...) consumes characters from > Why hello there!
// the input until it encounters a '\n'.

int main() {
string x;
getline(cin, x);
cout << x << endl;
}

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String Input
// getline(...) consumes characters from > Why hello there!
// the input until it encounters a '\n'. > Why hello there!

int main() {
string x;
getline(cin, x);
cout << x << endl;
}

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Ignoring Characters
● Undesirable characters are often left in the input buffer after using cin.
● cin.ignore(int numChars, char delim) can be used to “flush” out these undesired
characters. It flushes up to the nearest delim or numChar characters, whichever comes
first.
● cin.ignore(...) becomes necessary if after reading a number, the next thing you want
to read is a string using getline(...).

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CS 31 Midterm 1 Review (Spring ‘18) https://goo.gl/f5SYLZ
Ignoring Characters
● Undesirable characters are often left in the input buffer after using cin.
● cin.ignore(int numChars, char delim) can be used to “flush” out these undesired
characters. It flushes up to the nearest delim or numChar characters, whichever comes
first.
● cin.ignore(...) becomes necessary if after reading a number, the next thing you want
to read is a string using getline(...).

● Common question: does getline consume '\n'?

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CS 31 Midterm 1 Review (Spring ‘18) https://goo.gl/f5SYLZ
Ignoring Characters
● Undesirable characters are often left in the input buffer after using cin.
● cin.ignore(int numChars, char delim) can be used to “flush” out these undesired
characters. It flushes up to the nearest delim or numChar characters, whichever comes
first.
● cin.ignore(...) becomes necessary if after reading a number, the next thing you want
to read is a string using getline(...).

● Common question: does getline consume '\n'?

If a newline is found, it is extracted and discarded (i.e. it is not stored and the next
input operation will begin after it).

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 > How many Big Macs would you like?
cin.ignore example
int main() {
cout << "How many Big Macs would you " <<
"like? ";
int bigMacs;
cin >> bigMacs;
cin.ignore(10000, '\n'); // Important!

cout << "What else would you like " <<

"with your order?";
string sides;
getline(cin, sides);
}

Input
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 > How many Big Macs would you like?
cin.ignore example
int main() {
cout << "How many Big Macs would you " <<
"like? ";
int bigMacs;
cin >> bigMacs;
cin.ignore(10000, '\n'); // Important!

cout << "What else would you like " <<

"with your order?";
string sides;
getline(cin, sides);
}

bigMacs Input
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 > How many Big Macs would you like? 1000
cin.ignore example
int main() {
cout << "How many Big Macs would you " <<
"like? ";
int bigMacs;
cin >> bigMacs;
cin.ignore(10000, '\n'); // Important!

cout << "What else would you like " <<

"with your order?";
string sides;
getline(cin, sides);
}

1000 \n

bigMacs Input
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 > How many Big Macs would you like? 1000
cin.ignore example
int main() {
cout << "How many Big Macs would you " <<
"like? ";
int bigMacs;
cin >> bigMacs;
cin.ignore(10000, '\n'); // Important!

cout << "What else would you like " <<

"with your order?";
string sides;
getline(cin, sides);
}

1000

bigMacs Input
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 > How many Big Macs would you like? 1000
cin.ignore example > What else would you like with your
order?
int main() {
cout << "How many Big Macs would you " <<
"like? ";
int bigMacs;
cin >> bigMacs;
cin.ignore(10000, '\n'); // Important!

cout << "What else would you like " <<

"with your order?";
string sides;
getline(cin, sides);
}

1000

bigMacs Input
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 > How many Big Macs would you like? 1000
cin.ignore example > What else would you like with your
order?
int main() {
cout << "How many Big Macs would you " <<
"like? ";
int bigMacs;
cin >> bigMacs;
cin.ignore(10000, '\n'); // Important!

cout << "What else would you like " <<

"with your order?";
string sides;
getline(cin, sides);
}

1000

bigMacs sides Input

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 > How many Big Macs would you like? 1000
cin.ignore example > What else would you like with your
order? Fries
int main() {
cout << "How many Big Macs would you " <<
"like? ";
int bigMacs;
cin >> bigMacs;
cin.ignore(10000, '\n'); // Important!

cout << "What else would you like " <<

"with your order?";
string sides;
getline(cin, sides);
}

1000 Fries

bigMacs sides Input

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cin.ignore(...) example
● What will be stored in the string “a” in this example?
● Assume that input is newline terminated.

int x; string a;
cout << "Enter an integer" << endl;
cin >> x; // Assume the user enters “7”
cout << "Enter a string" << endl;
getline(cin, a); // Assume user enters “500”

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cctype
● Useful shortcut methods for characters
● #include<cctype> gives you…
○ isalpha('M') // true, since 'M' is a letter
○ isupper('M') // true, since 'M' is an uppercase letter
○ islower('r') // true, since 'r' is a lowercase letter
○ isdigit('5') // true, since '5' is a digit character
○ islower('M') // false, since 'M' is not a lowercase letter
○ isalpha(' ') // false, since ' ' is not a letter
○ isalpha('5') // false, since '5' is not a letter

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If statements
● if statements only run code if the condition is true
● Note: any non-zero expression is considered true

int age;
cin >> age;
if (age < 13) {
cout << "You are not yet a teenager!" << endl;
}

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If statements
● Without curly braces, only next statement is attached to the control statement.
● So, if you want multiple statements to be executed, use curly braces.
● Note: this also applies to else and else-if statements

if (cond1) {
statement1;
statement2;
}

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If statements (cont.)
int main() { int main() {
int x = 3; int x = 5;
if (x == 5) if (x == 5) {
cout << "x is 5" << endl; cout << "x is 5" << endl;
cout << "In if" << endl; // Incorrectly cout << "In if" << endl;
// called! }
} }

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Else statements
● Performed when all if and else if conditions fail

int number;
cin >> number;
if (number % 2 == 0)
cout << "You gave an even number" << endl;
else
cout << "You gave an odd number" << endl;

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Else-if statements
● Allows us to check for more than the if condition and its complement

if (cond1)
statement1;
else if (cond2)
statement2;
else if (cond3)
statement3;
else
statement4;

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Comparison pitfalls
● Equals-equals (==) vs. Equals (=)
● These operators are very different!

(x == y) // Returns true if x and y are equal

(x = y) // Assigns the value of y to x and returns the value

// ASSIGNED to x.

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Conditional confusion?
● Does this output anything?

int age = 17;

if (age) {
cout << "You are not 0 years old!" << endl;
}

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Conditional confusion?
● What does this output?

int age = 0;
if (age) {
cout << "You are not 0 years old!" << endl;
} else {
cout << “You are 0 years old!” << endl;
}

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Switches
● Arguably a more compact alternative to long if/else if/else sequences
● The value tested must be an integral type or convertible to one
○ e.g. int, char, short, long, etc.
○ string is not a permitted type
● A break statement must be used to leave the switch. Otherwise execution will fall
through to the next case.

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Switches (cont.)
Common question 1: is a break statement required
string value; int number;
for the default case?
cin >> number;
switch (number) {
case 0: // Fall-through to Case 2.
case 2:
value = "Good";
break; // Remember to break!
case 3:
value = "Bad";
break;
default:
value = "Ugly";
break;
}
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Switches (cont.)
Common question 1: is a break statement required
string value; int number;
for the default case?
cin >> number;
switch (number) {
case 0: // Fall-through to Case 2.
No, if the default case is at the end. However, we
case 2: recommend that you put one anyways. This allows
value = "Good"; the default case to appear in a different order, and
break; // Remember to break! not necessarily at the end of the switch statement.
case 3:
value = "Bad";
break;
default:
value = "Ugly";
break;
}
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Switches (cont.)
Common question 1: is a break statement required
string value; int number; for the default case?
cin >> number;
switch (number) {
No if the default case is at the end. However, we
case 0: // Fall-through to Case 2.
case 2: recommend that you put one anyways. This allows
value = "Good"; the default case to appear in a different order, and
break; // Remember to break! not necessarily at the end of the switch statement.
case 3:
value = "Bad"; Common question 2: do I need a default statement?
break;
default:
value = "Ugly";
break;
}
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Switches (cont.)
Common question 1: is a break statement required
string value; int number; for the default case?
cin >> number;
switch (number) {
No if the default case is at the end. However, we
case 0: // Fall-through to Case 2.
case 2: recommend that you put one anyways. This allows
value = "Good"; the default case to appear in a different order, and
break; // Remember to break! not necessarily at the end of the switch statement.
case 3:
value = "Bad"; Common question 2: do I need a default statement?
break;
default:
No, but it is good to have to catch unexpected
value = "Ugly";
cases. You should leave a //comment if you don’t
break;
}
have a default to explain why!

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While loops
● while loops run code until the condition is false

int count;
cin >> count;
while (count >= 0) {
cout << "Countdown: " << count << endl;
count--;
}

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While loops
int main() {
int x = 0;
while (x < 2) {
cout << x << endl;
x++;
}
cout << "Done!" << endl;
}

x
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 > 0
While loops
int main() {
int x = 0;
while (x < 2) {
cout << x << endl;
x++;
}
cout << "Done!" << endl;
}

x
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 > 0
While loops
int main() {
int x = 0;
while (x < 2) {
cout << x << endl;
x++;
}
cout << "Done!" << endl;
}

x
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 > 0
While loops
int main() {
int x = 0;
while (x < 2) {
cout << x << endl;
x++;
}
cout << "Done!" << endl;
}

x
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 > 0
While loops > 1

int main() {
int x = 0;
while (x < 2) {
cout << x << endl;
x++;
}
cout << "Done!" << endl;
}

x
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 > 0
While loops > 1

int main() {
int x = 0;
while (x < 2) {
cout << x << endl;
x++;
}
cout << "Done!" << endl;
}

x
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 > 0
While loops > 1

int main() {
int x = 0;
while (x < 2) {
cout << x << endl;
x++;
}
cout << "Done!" << endl;
}

x
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 > 0
While loops > 1
> Done!
int main() {
int x = 0;
while (x < 2) {
cout << x << endl;
x++;
}
cout << "Done!" << endl;
}

x
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Do-while loops
● Same as while loops, except the first iteration always runs.

statement1;
do {
statement2;
} while (cond1); // Don't forget the semicolon!

statement3;

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For loops
● Declaration is run once before anything else
● Condition is evaluated before the code block is executed
● Action is run after the code block is executed

for (declaration; condition; action) {

statement1;
statement2;
}

Note: all of the three sections of the for loop are optional; all that is required is the semicolon. If condition
is empty, it defaults to always true. Example: for(int i = 0;;i++) { //infinite loop }

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For loops
int main() {
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
cout << "i is now equal to: " << i <<
endl;
}

// Note that i is now out of scope.

cout << "Done!" << endl;
}

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For loops
int main() {
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
cout << "i is now equal to: " << i <<
endl;
}

// Note that i is now out of scope.

cout << "Done!" << endl;
}

i
UPSILON PI EPSILON
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 > i is now equal to: 0
For loops
int main() {
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
cout << "i is now equal to: " << i <<
endl;
}

// Note that i is now out of scope.

cout << "Done!" << endl;
}

i
UPSILON PI EPSILON
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 > i is now equal to: 0
For loops
int main() {
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
cout << "i is now equal to: " << i <<
endl;
}

// Note that i is now out of scope.

cout << "Done!" << endl;
}

i
UPSILON PI EPSILON
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 > i is now equal to: 0
For loops
int main() {
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
cout << "i is now equal to: " << i <<
endl;
}

// Note that i is now out of scope.

cout << "Done!" << endl;
}

i
UPSILON PI EPSILON
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 > i is now equal to: 0
For loops > i is now equal to: 1

int main() {
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
cout << "i is now equal to: " << i <<
endl;
}

// Note that i is now out of scope.

cout << "Done!" << endl;
}

i
UPSILON PI EPSILON
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 > i is now equal to: 0
For loops > i is now equal to: 1

int main() {
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
cout << "i is now equal to: " << i <<
endl;
}

// Note that i is now out of scope.

cout << "Done!" << endl;
}

i
UPSILON PI EPSILON
65
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 > i is now equal to: 0
For loops > i is now equal to: 1

int main() {
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
cout << "i is now equal to: " << i <<
endl;
}

// Note that i is now out of scope.

cout << "Done!" << endl;
}

i
UPSILON PI EPSILON
66
CS 31 Midterm 1 Review (Spring ‘18) https://goo.gl/f5SYLZ
 > i is now equal to: 0
For loops > i is now equal to: 1
> Done!
int main() {
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
cout << "i is now equal to: " << i <<
endl;
}

// Note that i is now out of scope.

cout << "Done!" << endl;
}

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Nested loops
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 10; j++) {
cout << (i * j) << "\t";
}
cout << endl;
}

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Quick Question - Breaking the Outer Loop
● What happens when you break inside nested loops?

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Quick Question - Breaking the Outer Loop
● What happens when you break inside nested loops?
○ Only the loop that contains the break statement is broken out of.

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Quick Question - Breaking the Outer Loop
● What happens when you break inside nested loops?
○ Only the loop that contains the break statement is broken out of.
● Solution: use a boolean variable (a flag) in your loop’s statements and change the
boolean from true to false when you want to break out of a nested loop.

bool keepLoopingI = true;

for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 200; j++) {
if (i+j > 250) keepLoopingI = false; What does this print?
cout << i << “,” << j << endl;
}
if (!keepLoopingI) break;
}

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CS 31 Midterm 1 Review (Spring ‘18) https://goo.gl/f5SYLZ
Practice Question: Pile of Money
Print a pile of money n stacks high, leaning up on the right against your mansion’s wall.

Example for n=4:

$|
$$|
$$$|
$$$$|

(Contributed by Matthew Wong)

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Solution: Pile of Money
int n = 5; // Or any positive integer value

// Loop through all n rows

for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
// print the spaces preceding the dollar signs
for (int spaces = 0; spaces < n - i; spaces++)
cout << " ";

// print the i dollar signs for the row

for (int money = 0; money < i; money++)
cout << "$";

// print the wall and move to the next line

cout << "|" << endl;
}

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Scoping
● Variables only exist within the curly brackets or the implied curly brackets that they were
written in.

if (cond1) {
statement1;
}

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Scoping (cont.)
if (cond1) {
int x = 5;
cout << x << endl; // No error
}

cout << x << endl; // Error!! x doesn’t exist

// outside the if statement

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Scoping (cont.)
int x = 1;
if (cond1) {
x = 5;
cout << x << endl; // No error
}

cout << x << endl; // No error here either!

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Scoping (cont.)
string s1 = “bonjour”;
for (int i = 0; i < s1.size(); i++) {
char lastChar = s1[i];
}

// Both i and lastChar don't exist here!

cout << i << " " << lastChar << endl; // Error!

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Scoping (cont.)
string s1 = “bonjour”;
int i; char lastChar;
for (i = 0; i < s1.size(); i++) {
lastChar = s1[i];
}

// Now both i and lastChar exist here

cout << i << " " << lastChar << endl;

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CS 31 Midterm 1 Review (Spring ‘18) https://goo.gl/f5SYLZ
Scoping: Switch Statements

int main() {
int n;
cin >> n;
switch (n) {
case 1:
int x = 10;
cout << "You entered 1! 1 times 10 is " << x << endl;
break;
default:
int x = 5;
cout << "You didn't enter 1" << endl;
}
}

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Scoping: Switch Statements
Warning: the cases of a switch statement share the same scope!

int main() {
int n;
cin >> n;
switch (n) {
case 1:
int x = 10;
cout << "You entered 1! 1 times 10 is " << x << endl;
break;
default:
int x = 5; // This is an error! Compiler says “error: redefinition of 'x'”
cout << "You didn't enter 1" << endl;
}
}

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CS 31 Midterm 1 Review (Spring ‘18) https://goo.gl/f5SYLZ
Scoping: Switch Statements
Warning: the cases of a switch statement share the same scope!

int main() {
int n;
cin >> n;
switch (n) {
case 1:
int x = 10;
cout << "You entered 1! 1 times 10 is " << x << endl;
break;
default:
// Does x exist here? It's within the switch’s curly braces, but "int x = 10" was never executed?!
cout << "You didn't enter 1" << endl;
}
}

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Scoping: Switch Statements
Warning: the cases of a switch statement share the same scope!

int main() {
int n;
cin >> n;
switch (n) {
case 1:
int x = 10;
cout << "You entered 1! 1 times 10 is " << x << endl;
break;
default:
// So, this is also an error! Compiler says "note: jump bypasses variable initialization"
cout << "You didn't enter 1" << endl;
}
}

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Scoping: Switch Statements
Warning: the cases of a switch statement share the same scope!

int main() {
int n;
cin >> n;
switch (n) {
case 1: {
int x = 10; // Now x is only known to the scope of this case
cout << "You entered 1! 1 times 10 is " << x << endl;
break;
}
default:
cout << "You didn't enter 1" << endl;
}
}

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Functions: The Box Model

functionName
Input1

Input2 Output

Input3

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Functions: Simple Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int hypotenuse(int side1, int side2) {

/* Function body */
/* We don’t need to know how the function is implemented */
...
}

int main() {
int x = hypotenuse(3,4);
}

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Functions: Mathematical Example
● f(x, y, z) = x - y - z;
functionName
● f(10, 5, 4) = 10 - 5 - 4 = 1
● f(3, 5, 4) = 3 - 5 - 4 = -6 Input1

● Symbolically, x, y, and z are Input2 Output

input1, input2, and input3

Input3

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 > -3
Math Example (cont.)
Suppose we define f(x, y, z) = x - y - z.

int main() {
int b = 5;
int a = 4;
int c = 6;
cout << f(c,b,a) << endl;
}

5 4 6
Then for some variables a, b, c, we
have f(c, b, a) = c - b - a = 6 - 5 - 4 = -3. b a c
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Mathematical Example (cont.)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int functionName(int num1, int num2, int num3) {
return num1 - num2 - num3;
}

● f(x, y, z) becomes functionName(num1, num2, num3)

● functionName(10, 5, 4) = 10 - 5 - 4 = 1;
● functionName(3, 5, 4) = 3 - 5 - 4 = -6;

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Functions: Scoping
● Variables declared outside the function do not exist inside the function unless they are
global variables

const int foo = 6;

string functionName(int a, int b) {
cout << x << endl; // x does not exist here, so this is an ERROR.
int y = 5 + foo; // This is okay because foo is global.
return y + a + b;
}

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Functions: Scoping (cont.)
Variables declared inside the function do not exist outside the function

int main() {
int x = 4;
cout << functionName(4,5) << endl;
cout << y << endl; // y does not exist here, so this is an error!
}

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CS 31 Midterm 1 Review (Spring ‘18) https://goo.gl/f5SYLZ
Functions: Nested Loops Example
Problem: Find the first character in string1 that exists in string2, or return the null byte if no
such character is found.

Examples:
● string1 = “hello”, string2 = “there”, result = ‘h’
● string1 = “aabc”, string2 = “xyzab”, result = ‘a’
● string1 = “aabc”, string2 = “xyzzb”, result = ‘b’
● string1 = “abcd”, string2 = “wxyz”, result = ‘\0’

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Functions: The Box Model
char firstChar(string string1, string string2);

firstChar

Input1: string1

Output: a char
Input2: string2

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Functions: Nested Loops Solution
char firstChar(string1, string2) {
for (int i = 0; i < string1.size(); i++)
for (int j = 0; j < string2.size(); j++)
if (string1[i] == string2[j])
return string1[i];
return ‘\0’;
}

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Functions: Calling the firstChar Function
int main() {
cout << firstChar(“hello”, “there”) << endl;
cout << firstChar(“aabc”, “xyzab”) << endl;
cout << firstChar(“aabc”, “xyzzb”) << endl;
}

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Walkthrough
char firstChar(string string1,
string string2) {
for (int i=0; i < string1.size(); i++)
for (int j=0; j < string2.size(); j++)
if (string1[i] == string2[j])
return string1[i];
return '\0';
}

int main() {
cout << firstChar("hello", "there");
}

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Walkthrough
char firstChar(string string1,
string string2) {
for (int i=0; i < string1.size(); i++)
for (int j=0; j < string2.size(); j++)
if (string1[i] == string2[j])
return string1[i];
return '\0';
}

int main() {
cout << firstChar("hello", "there");
}

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CS 31 Midterm 1 Review (Spring ‘18) https://goo.gl/f5SYLZ
Walkthrough "hello" "there"

string1 string2
char firstChar(string string1,
string string2) {
for (int i=0; i < string1.size(); i++)
for (int j=0; j < string2.size(); j++)
if (string1[i] == string2[j])
return string1[i];
return '\0';
}

int main() {
cout << firstChar("hello", "there");
}

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Walkthrough "hello" "there"

string1 string2
char firstChar(string string1,
string string2) {
for (int i=0; i < string1.size(); i++) 'h'
for (int j=0; j < string2.size(); j++)
if (string1[i] == string2[j]) string1[i]
return string1[i];
return '\0';
} 0

int main() { i
cout << firstChar("hello", "there");
}

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Walkthrough "hello" "there"

string1 string2
char firstChar(string string1,
string string2) {
for (int i=0; i < string1.size(); i++) 'h' 't'
for (int j=0; j < string2.size(); j++)
if (string1[i] == string2[j]) string1[i] string2[j]
return string1[i];
return '\0';
} 0 0

int main() { i j
cout << firstChar("hello", "there");
}

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Walkthrough "hello" "there"

string1 string2
char firstChar(string string1,
string string2) {
for (int i=0; i < string1.size(); i++) 'h' 't'
for (int j=0; j < string2.size(); j++)
if (string1[i] == string2[j]) string1[i] string2[j]
return string1[i];
return '\0';
} 0 0

int main() { i j
cout << firstChar("hello", "there");
}

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Walkthrough "hello" "there"

string1 string2
char firstChar(string string1,
string string2) {
for (int i=0; i < string1.size(); i++) 'h' 'h'
for (int j=0; j < string2.size(); j++)
if (string1[i] == string2[j]) string1[i] string2[j]
return string1[i];
return '\0';
} 0 1

int main() { i j
cout << firstChar("hello", "there");
}

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Walkthrough "hello" "there"

string1 string2
char firstChar(string string1,
string string2) {
for (int i=0; i < string1.size(); i++) 'h' 'h'
for (int j=0; j < string2.size(); j++)
if (string1[i] == string2[j]) string1[i] string2[j]
return string1[i];
return '\0';
} 0 1

int main() { i j
cout << firstChar("hello", "there");
}

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Walkthrough "hello" "there"

string1 string2
char firstChar(string string1,
string string2) {
for (int i=0; i < string1.size(); i++) 'h' 'h'
for (int j=0; j < string2.size(); j++)
if (string1[i] == string2[j]) string1[i] string2[j]
return string1[i];
return '\0';
} 0 1

int main() { i j
cout << firstChar("hello", "there");
}

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Walkthrough
char firstChar(string string1, > h
string string2) {
for (int i=0; i < string1.size(); i++)
for (int j=0; j < string2.size(); j++)
if (string1[i] == string2[j])
return string1[i];
return '\0';
}

int main() {
cout << firstChar("hello", "there");
}

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CS 31 Midterm 1 Review (Spring ‘18) https://goo.gl/f5SYLZ
Walkthrough
char firstChar(string string1, > h
string string2) {
for (int i=0; i < string1.size(); i++)
for (int j=0; j < string2.size(); j++)
if (string1[i] == string2[j])
return string1[i];
return '\0';
}

int main() {
cout << firstChar("hello", "there");
}

UPSILON PI EPSILON
105
CS 31 Midterm 1 Review (Spring ‘18) https://goo.gl/f5SYLZ
Functions: Parameters
● The types, modifiers, order, and number of parameters are all important in a function
declaration
○ types: string, int, bool, etc.
○ modifiers: &, const, *, etc.
○ number: how many parameters are passed to a particular function?

● Function call must match the pattern of the declaration

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Will this compile?
// Assume this function is defined later.
bool isEqual(string s1, string s2, int position);

int main() {
string s1 = "hello";
string s2 = "there";
int position = 1;
string x = isEqual(s1,s2, position);
}

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CS 31 Midterm 1 Review (Spring ‘18) https://goo.gl/f5SYLZ
Will this compile?
// Assume this function is defined later.
bool isEqual(string s1, string s2, int position);

int main() {
string s1 = "hello";
string s2 = "there";
int position = 1;
string x = isEqual(s1,s2, position);
}

No. The return type is boolean.

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Will this compile?
// Assume this function is defined later.
bool isEqual(string s1, string s2, int position);

int main() {
string s1 = "hello";
string s2 = "there";
int position = 1;
bool x = isEqual(s1,s2);
}

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Will this compile?
// Assume this function is defined later.
bool isEqual(string s1, string s2, int position);

int main() {
string s1 = "hello";
string s2 = "there";
int position = 1;
bool x = isEqual(s1,s2);
}

No. The number of arguments doesn’t match.

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Will this compile?
// Assume this function is defined later.
bool isEqual(string s1, string s2, int position);

int main() {
string s1 = "hello";
string s2 = "there";
int position = 1;
bool x = isEqual(position, s1, s2);
}

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Will this compile?
// Assume this function is defined later.
bool isEqual(string s1, string s2, int position);

int main() {
string s1 = "hello";
string s2 = "there";
int position = 1;
bool x = isEqual(position, s1, s2);
}

No. The order of arguments doesn’t match.

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Will this compile?
// Assume this function is defined later.
bool isEqual(string s1, string s2, int position);

int main() {
string s1 = "hello";
string s2 = "there";
int position = 1;
bool x = isEqual(s1, s2, position);
}

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Will this compile?
// Assume this function is defined later.
bool isEqual(string s1, string s2, int position);

int main() {
string s1 = "hello";
string s2 = "there";
int position = 1;
bool x = isEqual(s1, s2, position);
}

Yes.

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Will this compile?
// Assume this function is defined later.
bool isEqual(const string& s1, const string& s2, int position);

int main() {
string s1 = "hello";
string s2 = "there";
int position = 1;
bool x = isEqual(s1, s2, position);
}

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Will this compile?
// Assume this function is defined later.
bool isEqual(const string& s1, const string& s2, int position);

int main() {
string s1 = "hello";
string s2 = "there";
int position = 1;
bool x = isEqual(s1, s2, position);
}

Yes. Notice the argument passing syntax is identical for pass by reference.

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Functions: Pass by Value
● By default, all parameters in C++ are pass by value.
● Every pass by value parameter is copied into the function

bool containsLowerCase(string s);

int main() {
string s1 = “really long string”;
containsLowerCase(s1); // a copy of s1 is made and
} // passed to containsLowerCase

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Functions: Pass by Reference
● A reference to a variable is passed to the function instead of a copy of the variable
● Syntax: add an & between parameter type and name
○ int& x, bool& b, string& s
● If these variables are changed inside the function, then they will also be changed
outside.

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Functions: swap
● Does this function properly swap the two variables passed to it?

void swap(int x, int y) {

int temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
}

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Functions: swap
● Does this function properly swap the two variables passed to it?

void swap(int x, int y) {

int temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
}

No, it only swaps local copies! We need to use pass by reference.

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Functions: swap
void swap (int& x, int& y);

swap
Input1: integer x

Output: nothing???
Input2: integer y

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Functions: swap #2
● Does this function properly swap the two variables passed to it?

void swap(int& x, int& y) {

int temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
}

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Functions: swap #2
● Does this function properly swap the two variables passed to it?

void swap(int& x, int& y) {

int temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
}

Yes, because we are using the & modifier on the parameters to pass by reference.

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Functions: Const Variables
● A parameter with the const modifier cannot be modified within the function. For
example, we cannot change the value of num from within the body of the function
isPrime.

bool isPrime(const int& num) {

// Cannot change value of num here.
...
}

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Functions: Const Variables
● Why are they useful?
○ Gives assurance the the caller of a function that the argument they pass in won’t be
modified
○ Makes convoluted functions easier to understand if we know a certain variable
can’t be modified

● These are usually passed by reference. (It's a little weird to use it with pass by value.)

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Functions: Passing by Constant Reference
● The purpose of passing by reference is to save memory or allow modifications by the
function.
● What if we want to avoid copying but don’t want to allow functions to modify the
variables we pass in?

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Functions: Passing by Constant Reference
● If we pass by const reference we can:
○ avoid the cost of copying
○ prevent our variables from being modified by the function
● Essentially a free performance gain
● You’ll run into const reference often in CS32

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Practice Question: String to Int
Convert a variable of type string into the integer represented by that string.
Example, convert:
string number = “125” into
int numberAsInt // holding the value 125 as an integer
Hints:
// string name = “Daniel”;
// name[0] is ‘D’
// name.size() is 6
// ‘8’ - ‘0’ (the character eight minus the character zero) is 8 (the integer eight)

(Contributed by Katie Luangkote)

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Solution: String to Int
string number = “125”; // or let the user cin their own string
int result = 0;
int multiplier = 1;
for (int i = number.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
result += (number[i] - '0') * multiplier;
multiplier *= 10;
}
int numberAsInt = result;

// “125” becomes 5 + 2*10 + 1*100 = 125

// Any other way to do this?

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Practice Question: isPalindrome
Write a function is_palindrome that takes a
string as an argument and returns true if the
string is a palindrome and false if it is not. A
palindrome is a string that is read backwards the
same way as it is forwards. For example
"racecar" backwards is "racecar".

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Solution: isPalindrome
Start by checking that the first and the last letters bool is_palindrome(string s) {
in the string are equal, then move inward until we int n = s.size();
for (int i = 0; i < n / 2; i++) {
reach the middle of the string. Note: This only
int j = (n - 1) - i;
requires n / 2 iterations of the for-loop. Also, if (s[i] != s[j]) return false;
this code works even when n is odd. Trace }
through an example by hand to see why! return true;
}

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Practice Question: Get “Switchy”
int main() {
string morty; ...
int rick = 5; morty += morty;
rick = (rick + 2 * 5) / 10; morty[0] = ‘w’;
switch (rick) {
case 1: for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
morty = “lubba”; morty += “dub”;
break;
case 3: cout << morty << endl;
morty = “aw geez”; }
break;
default:
morty = “oh man”;
break; What is the output of this code?
}
...

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Solution: Get “Switchy”
int main() {
string morty; ...
int rick = 5; morty += morty; morty = “lubbalubba”
rick = (rick + 2 * 5) / 10; rick = 1 morty[0] = ‘w’; morty = “wubbalubba”
switch (rick) {
case 1: for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
morty = “lubba”; morty = “lubba” morty += “dub”; morty = “wubbalubbadubdub”
break;
case 3: cout << morty << endl;
morty = “aw geez”; }
break;
default:
morty = “oh man”;
break; Output: wubbalubbadubdub
} Translation: I am in great pain please help me
...

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Good luck!
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● You can also post on the Facebook event page.

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