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CNC Machine

CNC Machine is controlled by a computer according to input instructions in the form of G-code programs. The program directs machine tools like lathes and mills to cut or shape materials. A CNC machine has a machine control unit that reads G-code instructions and directs driving systems, feedback sensors, and machine tools along different axes according to the program. G-code contains specific commands that position tools for machining tasks like linear interpolation cuts or circular milling paths.

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64 views

CNC Machine

CNC Machine is controlled by a computer according to input instructions in the form of G-code programs. The program directs machine tools like lathes and mills to cut or shape materials. A CNC machine has a machine control unit that reads G-code instructions and directs driving systems, feedback sensors, and machine tools along different axes according to the program. G-code contains specific commands that position tools for machining tasks like linear interpolation cuts or circular milling paths.

Uploaded by

jawad khalid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CNC Machine

Introduction:-
CNC stands for computer numeric control machine. In other words,
when computer is used to control the numeric control (NC) parts of machine then machine is
called CNC machine. In simple words, it is a use of computer to operate machines like lathe,
mills shaper etc is called CNC Machine. The cutting operations performed by the CNC is
called CNC machining, in CNC machining, programs are designed or prepared first and then
it is fed to the CNC machine. According to the program, the CNC controls the motion and
speed of the machine tools.

CNC Machine is controlled by a computer, according to specific input


instructions. Instructions are delivered to a CNC machine in the form of a sequential program
of machine control instructions such as G-code and then machine starts work to make a piece
as given by the coded instructions. The program can be written by a person or generated by
graphical computer-aided design (CAD) software. In the case of 3D printers, the part to be
printed is "sliced", before the instructions (or the program) are generated. 3D printers also use
G-Code.
It is a big achievement over other non-computerized machine which
works manuallay with hands or mechanically controlled by pre-fabricated pattern guides
(cams). In modern CNC machines, we used softwares CAD to make its mechanical parts and
the mechanical parts designs are further send to the CAM software which converts it into
binary codes which are read by machines to operate and make a desire work piece.
Main parts:
There are many parts of CNC machine but main of them are explain
below:

Input devices:-
Input devices are those which give instructions to the CNC Machine
to operate and make a work piece of given desires. For these purposes we can use tape reader
magnetic tape reader and computers.

Machine control unit (MCU):-


It is called the heart of the unit. It gives the command to the every part
of the machine to operate. Some of its important features are given below:
 It reads the machine codes given by the CAM.
 It decodes the instruction code for the working.
 It gives command to move parts in desired axis.
 It controls the speed of parts.
 It send instructions to the amplifier circuit
 It receives the feedback signals of position and speed for each drive axis.
 It controls the auxiliary control functions such as coolant or spindle on/off
and tool change.

Machine tools:-
A CNC machine tool always has a slide table and a spindle to control
of the position and speed. The machine table is controlled in X and Y axis direction and the
spindle is controlled in the Z axis direction.

Driving system:-
The driving system of a CNC machine consists of amplifier circuits,
drive motors and ball lead screw. The MCU feeds the signals (position and speed) of each
axis to the amplifier circuits. The control signals are than activate the drive motors. And the
activated drive motors rotate the ball lead screw to position of machine tools.

Feedback system:-
This system consists of transducers that act as sensors. It is also called
a measuring system. It contains position and speed transducers that continuously monitor the
position and speed of the cutting tool. The MCU receives the signals from these transducers
and it uses the difference between the provided signals and feedback signals to generate the
control signals for correcting the position and speed errors.
Display unit:-
A monitor is used to display the programs, commands and other
useful data of CNC machine.

G-Code
Introduction:-
G-code is a type of function used in Numerical Control programming
language that contains the information to position a tool to do the actual work. Although G-
code as a term is often used interchangeably with Numerical Control (NC). It is always
started from the world G and some other numerical digit. Here specific command has a
specific words.

G-Code codes:-
Below are some common individual codes, that when combined,
guide a machine’s movement.
G00: Rapid positioning
This code causes the machine to operate at a high speed.
G01: Linear interpolation
The machine will move in a straight line, performing the appropriate machining (milling,
cutting, etc).
G02: Circular/Helical Interpolation
The machine will move clockwise in a circular or helical pattern, performing the appropriate
machining process.
G03: Circular/Helical Interpolation
This code is the same as G02, but enables counterclockwise movement.
G17: X-Y plane selection
G18: X-Z plane selection
G19: Y-Z plane selection
These codes maneuver the machine onto different planes for coordinated motion.
G20: Programming in inches
G21: Programming in mm
Changes in programming units occur short-term with these particular codes.
Machine zero:-
CNC machines are worked by using axis system, so there should be
an origin point of the machine which is known as machines zero. This zero point is used
whenever a command is given to the CNC. The machine zero specifies the position of the
point on the plane of machine. It is set by manufacturer and can’t be changed.

Work piece zero:-


Work zero is the center of the work piece which is being machined.
It is set by programmer every time when he is going to do machining on the piece. It is point
based on coordinate system which is fed into CNC about the zero point of work piece. It is
point which could be changed by programmer of CNC machine.

Reference zero:-
If machine is operated in automatic mode then the reference point
is used by machine to know it position on the axis. The reference point is a fixed point inside
the CNC machine whose values are already stored in the CNC. So, when we have to know
the current position of the CNC on the axis then these values got active gives us the
information about the point in coordinate system.

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