Gadde, Fredrik

On the history and use of

the suffixes
 6

ON THE HISTORY AND USE

OF THE SUFFIXES -ERY (-RY), -AGE

AND -MENT IN ENGLISH

BY

FREDRIK GADDE

GLEERUPSKA UNIV.-BOKH. W. HEFFER & SONS, LTD.

LUND CAMBRIDGE
191O.
 '

ON THE HISTORY AND USE

OF THE SUFFIXES -ERY (-RY), -AGE

AND -MENT IN ENGLISH

BY

FREDRIK GADDE
LIC. PHIL., Ld.

BY DUE PERMISSION OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL FACULTY OF LUND

TO BE PUBLICLY DISCUSSED IN ENGLISH IN LECTURE HALL VI {_
DECEMBER 10th, 1910, AT 4 O'CLOCK P. M.

FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

LUND 1910
PRINTED BY BERLINGSKA BOKTRYCKERIET
 PREFACE.

the present dissertation I shall treat of the history and

In use of the suffixes -ery (ry), -age and -ment in English.

The English suffixes have not yet been made the

object of an historical investigation. What has been writ-

ten on them is almost confined to the accounts given in

the EnglishGrammars by MATZNER, KOCH, SWEET and others.

These accounts are, for the most part, very summary: the
origin of the suffix is stated and its different significations

given with a few examples.

KOCH has treated English word-formation more fully
than anybody else, and his lists of examples contain a
larger number of formations than is usually given in the

Grammars. His account, however, lacks clearness and or-

der. In dealing with the French and Latin suffixes KOCH,

it seems to me, makes a fault when he takes Latin for

his starting-point. This arrangement is by no means ad-
visable, as comparatively few formations can be traced back
to Latin, and especially as regards suffixes like -ery (-ry),

and -age it
quite out of place, because these suffixes,
is

save in a few exceptional cases, do not answer to Lat.

-erium and -aticum.
A book on English Affixes by S. S. HALDEMANN in
1
recommended by SKEAT but it is, in , point of fact, a very
meagre compilation of suffixes and prefixes with short
notes and a few examples.

Concise Etymological Dictionary (Oxford 1901), p. 631.

IV PREFACE

The best that has been written so far on this sub-

ject is found in NED. and it

goes without saying that I

have availed myself of the excellent articles on the suffixes

contained in that dictionary.
I have chosen the above-mentioned suffixes for my
investigation chiefly because they are among the most
commonly used ones of those adopted from French; be-

sides, they might well be grouped together from the point

of view of their meanings, as many of these are common
to the three suffixes.
I have divided my accounts of the suffixes into two
chief sections, the one dealing with their early history, the

other with their meanings.

An investigation into the history of the French suf-
fixes in English, apart from its interest as a study on
English word-formation, may also give us some informa-
tion on the relation between the French and Native ele-

ment in As this is a question of great

the English language.

interest, I have an introduction

tried in to give an account
of the position of the Native and French suffixes, and espe-

cially of the relation of the latter to the Native element in

English.
I here take the opportunity of expressing my sincere
thanks to Professor Eilert Ekwall, who suggested this work
and whose kind advice has always been at my disposal
throughout the preparation of it.
My thanks are also due
to Lector Charles Scott Fearenside, who has revised the
language of my treatise and who has also helped me during
the proof-reading.

Lund, November 1Q10.

Fredrik Gadde.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Preface iii

Table of Contents v
Works Consulted and Abbreviations Used... vi

Introduction 1

(i) The French and Native Element in English 1

(ii) Hybridism 4
(iii) The Native Suffixes 7
(iv) The French Suffixes 10
I. The Suffix -ery (-ry) 18
A. The History of the Suffix 18
B. The Use of the Suffix -cry (-ry) 32
(i) The Meanings of the Suffix 32
(a) Formations expressing Quality, Behaviour 33
(b) Formations expressing Occupation, Rank, Condition 36
(c) Formations expressing the Place, Product of Ac-
tion etc 38
(d) Formations expressing Collectiveness 42
(ii) The Use of -ery (-ry) from the point of view of Deri-
vation 43
(iii) The Form of the Suffix 48
II. The Suffix -age 50
A. The History of the Suffix 50
B. The Use of the Suffix -age 57
(i) The Meanings of the Suffix 57
(a) Formations expressing Tax, Charge 57
(b) Formations expressing the Result of Action, Place,
Collectivity etc 59
(c) Formations expressing Action 61
(d) Formations expressing State, System, Privilege etc. 63
(ii) The Use of -age from the point of view of Derivation 65
(iii) The Form of the Suffix 69
III. The Suffix -merit 70
A. The History of the Suffix 70
B. The Use of the Suffix -ment 77
(i) The Meanings of the Suffix 77
(a)Formations expressing Action, State 77
(b)Formations expressing the Means, Result (Pro-
duct) of an Action 81
(ii) The Use of the Suffix -ment from the point of view
of Derivation 85
(iii) The Form of the Suffix 87

Word-Lists 88
WORKS CONSULTED AND ABBREVIATIONS USED.

Allit. = Early English

P. Alliterative Poems (E.E.T.S. 1).

Ayenbite = Dan Michel's Ayenbite of Inwyt (E.E.T.S. 23).

Babee's Book Early English Meals and Manners (E.E.T.S. 32).
= Barbour,
Barb. Br. The Bruce (E.E.T.S., E.S. 11, 21, 29, 55).
BOZON = Les Contes Moralises par NICOLE BOZON publics par
L. T. SMITH et P. MEYER. Paris 1889.
BRITTON A Lawbook by BRITTON, ed. F. MORGAN NICHOLS. Ox-
ford 1865.
Cath. Aug. = Catholicon Anglicum (E.E.T.S. 75).

CD. = The Century Dictionary.

C. M. -Cursor Mundi (E.E.T.S. 57, 59, 62 etc).

DEROCQUIONY, J., A Contribution to the Study of the French

Element in English. Lille 1904.

DIEZ, F., Orammatik der romanischen Sprachen II. Vierte

Auflage. Bonn 1876.

Du CANGE, Glossarium Mediae et Infimae Latinitatis. Nova ed.

Niort 1883-1887.
ECKHARDT, E., Die angelsachsischen deminutivbildungen (Engl.
Studien 32).

EMERSON, O. F., The History of the English Language. New

York 1906.
Eng. Gilds = English Gilds (E.E.T.S. 40).
FEHR, B., Die Sprache des Handels in Altengland. Diss. St.

Gallen 1909.
FIEDLER-SACHS = Wissenschaftliche Grammatik der englischen
Sprache von E. FIEDLER und C. SACHS. Leipzig 1877.
 WORKS CONSULTED AND ABBREVIATIONS USED. VII

FLORIO, GIOVANNI, Vocabulario Italiano e Inglese. 1659.

GODEFROY, F., Dictionnaire de 1'ancienne Langue Franchise et
de tous ses dialectes du IX e au XV e siecle. Paris 1881
-1902.
GREEN, J. R., A Short History of the English People. London
1905.

Guy. W. = Guy of Warwick (E.E.T.S., E.S. 42, 49, 59).

Handl. S. = Robert of Brunne's Handlyng Synne (E.E.T.S.
119, 123).

JESPERSEN, O., Growth and Structure of the English Language.

Leipzig 1905.

KLUOE, Nominate Stammbildungslehre der altgermanischen

F.,

Dialecte (Sammlung kurzer Gram. Germ. Dial.). Halle

1886.

KOCH, C. F., Historische Grammatik der Englischen Sprache

III. Zweite Auflage. Cassel 1891.

LATHAM, R. G., The English Language, 5th ed. 1862.

MARSH, G. P., Lectures on the English Language. First Se-

ries. 1862.

MEYER-LUBKE, W., Grammatik der Romanischen Sprachen II.

Leipzig 1894.
MATZNER, E., Englische Grammatik I. Berlin 1860.

MATZNER, E., Franzosische Grammatik. Berlin 1856.

NED. = A New English Dictionary.
NYROP, KR., Grammaire Historique de la Langue Franchise III.

Copenhague 1908.
P. L. = Pierre de Langtoft's Chronicle, ed. T. WRIGHT. Lon-
don 1866, 1868.
P. P. -The Promptorium Parvulorum (E.E.T.S., E.S. 102).
P. PI. = Langland, Piers Plowman (E.E.T.S. 28,38,64).
Prose Ps. = The Earliest Complete English Prose Psalter

(E.E.T.S. 97).
Proverbs of Alfred, ed. SKEAT. 1907.
Proverbs of Alfred, ed. BORGSTROM. Diss. Lund 1908.
Viil WORKS CONSULTED AND ABBREVIATIONS USED.

Rob. Br. I == Translation of Wace's Brut by Robert Mannyng

of Brunne, ed. F. J. FURNIVALL. London 1888.
Rob. Br. II = Translation of Langtoft's Chronicle by Robert

Mannyng of Brunne, ed. HEARNE. Oxford 1725.

Rob. Gl. = The Metrical Chronicle of Rob. of Gloucester.

S. E. L. == The Early South-English Legendary of Lives of

Saints (E.E.T.S. 87).

Shoreham =: The Poems of W. of Shoreham (E.E.T.S.,
E.S. 86).

SKEAT, W., Principles of English Etymology. Second Series.

Oxford 1891.
SWEET, H., A New English Grammar 1. Oxford 1900.
THIELE, O., Die konsonantischen Suffixe der Abstrakta des Alt-

englischen. Diss. Darmstadt 1902.

TREVISA = Translation of Polychronicon by J. TREVISA, ed. BA-
BINGTON and LUMBY (Rerum Brit. Med. ALv\ Scriptores).
London 1865.
VISING, J., Franska spraket i
England. Goteborg 1900.
WYCLIF = English Works by WYCLIF (E.E.T.S. 74).

Other abbreviations are mostly such as occur in NED.,

e.g. a = ante, before; arch. = archaic; n.-w. = nonce-word;
obs. obsolete etc.
 INTRODUCTION.

(i) The French and Native Element in English.

JESPERSEN makes an attempt somewhere in his book,

Prof. Growth and Structure of the English Language, psycho-
logically to explain the fact why such a large number of

everyday words were adopted from French into English

after the Norman Conquest. After speaking of the different

categories of French loan-words and

pointing out that
these are onlynot but
technical
words, that many non-
technical words were taken over, because it was the fashion
to interlard one's speech with French words , Jespersen
goes on to say ( 03, p. 91): If, then, the English adop-
ted so many French words because it was the fashion in

every respect to imitate their 'betters', we are allowed to

see in this adoption of non-technical words an outcome
of the same trait of their character as that which in its

exaggerated form has in modern times been termed snob-

bism or toadyism, and which has made large sections of
the English people more interested in the births, deaths
and marriages
especially of dukes and marquises than in

anything else outside their own small personal sphere.

It seems to me that this explanation of the adoption
of the words in question is not very convincing. I think
there is no need to resort to any psychological explanation
1
2 INTRODUCTION.

in this case. The influx of French words into English in

the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries grows quite clear

to us if we consider the position of the French and English
languages in England after the Norman Conquest.
French represented a superior civilization. It was
spoken by the ruling classes and was the language of the
law-courts and the schools for centuries: a rich literature
flourished in Anglo-French, while English had to struggle
for its existence as a literary language. Under these circum-
stances the native population of England could not escape

being influenced by French in their speech, even if they

had had no wish at all to imitate their betters*: the ro-
manization of English was carried through with the force
of a physical law.
The coalescence of the two languages began in the
thirteenth century. King Henry III. had strong French sym-
pathies. During the first years (12161265) of his
fifty

reign England was overcrowded with French fortune-hun-

ters. Hosts of hungry Poitevins and Bretons were sum-
<

moned over to occupy the royal castles and fill the judicial
and administrative posts about the Court*. 1
These men
were ignorant and contemptuous of the principles of

English government or English law and through their

misrule brought down upon them the hatred of the Eng-
lish. The barons to put an end to the anarchy
efforts of the

were finally crowned with success, and by the so-called

Provisions of Oxford (1258) it was agreed amongst other

things to drive the foreigners out of the land. Through

the issue of the Civil Wars that followed (1258-65) the
National Party grew in importance. The English were
despised like dogs, but now they have lifted up their heads
2
and their foes are vanquished , sings a poet of the time.

1
GREEN: Short Hist. Chap. Ill, Sec. v.
> > vii.
 FRENCH AND NATIVE ELEMENT. 3

The position of the French language was very seriously

threatened. A chronicle-writer tells us that during the
war everybody who could not speak English was exposed
to the scorn and contempt of the common people*.
1

A great part of the population must have been bi-

lingual by the turn of the fourteenth century; and this has

no doubt contributed to the fusion of the two languages.
Several facts, historical and linguistic, go to show that this

was completed about the middle of the fourteenth century.

The question of the relation between the Romanic
and the Germanic element in English has been the subject
of much discussion, and various opinions have been pro-
nounced as to their relative importance. shall not enter I

on this question here. Suffice it to say that the philologists

of the nineteenth century on the whole strongly urged the
Germanic character of English and were anxiously zealous
to prove the preponderance of the 'native' element. In course
of time this view has been modified, and attempts have
been made to do full justice to the French element. J.
2
DEROCQUIONY quotes several pronouncements to this effect.
I shall only repeat what Dr. MURRAY says in the Preface

to NED.: the Anglo-French words are now no less 'na-

tive' and no less important constituents of our vocabulary

than the Teutonic words*. This means that the fusion of
French and English in the thirteenth and fourteenth cen-
turies resulted in a harmonised and homogeneous language.
If we keep mind, some phenomena in
this fact in

English linguistic history which have been characterized as

abnormal will admit of a natural explanation, e. g. the great
invasion of. Latin and Greek words in the sixteenth century.

It is, of course, not due to chance that of all non-

Romanic tongues English shows the greatest number of such

1
Cf. WISING, Fr. spr. iv, p. 8 ff.

*
The French element in English, p. 23,
4 INTRODUCTION.

borrowings. Through the mixture with French the English

vocabulary had become largely Romanic in character. A
great many Latin words had been adopted
into English

through the medium of French; and these had opened the

way for further borrowings from the same source. In this
way a communication was established between English and
Latin. No doubt it came quite natural to the early English
authors to resort to Latin as well as to French in order

to fill
up the want of words.
That many authors went too far and anglicized Latin
and Greek words in season and out of season is quite a

different matter; but even those who were opposed to

an excessive use of such words did not shrink from using

one when it came in handy. It is quite out of place to
apply a one-sidedly puristic view to this case.

(ii) Hybridism.
Dr. MURRAY'S words should also be kept carefully in
mind in treating of chapters of English word-
certain
formation. They will help us to see in its proper light

the phenomenon called hybridism - i. e. the occurrence

-

of composite words formed of elements from different

languages. I shall here speak of hybrids of which French

suffixes are constituent parts.
French
stems with native endings are found very
early: formations from Germanic roots with French endings,
however, are not found till about the middle of the four-
teenth century. Formations of this type native stem +
foreign ending are pretty rare in most languages. In

English they occur abundantly; but this is because they

were not felt as formed of elements of different languages.
Accordingly the name hybrid is hardly applicable to
these formations. I
quite agree with the opinion expressed
 HYBRIDISM. D

in the following passage in the English Grammar of FIEDLER-

SACHS ( 35, p. 100): So lange das Volk die fremden
Worter als etwas Fremdes, nicht als sein volliges Eigen-
thum betrachtet, wird es nicht daran denken mit Htilfe
fremder Endungen neue Worter zu bilden. Hat -

sich das Volk dagegen an die fremden Worter gewohnt,

sind ihm deren Bedeutung klar, deren Ton gang und ga'be

geworden, dann lost es die Endungen der frem-

den Worter ab, und springt damit um wie mit den eignen
Endungen. And a little further on the author questions
the justice of using the hybrid as a name
appellation
for these formations, as das Volk sich eines Unterschiedes
zwischen den beiden Sprachenbestandtheilen nicht mehr
bewusst ist.

This view of the formations in question, however, has

not been shared by all philologists, nor has the importance
of the French suffixes for English word-formation been

generally acknowledged. G. P. MARSH makes the following

remark on the use of French endings in English (English
Language, p. 309): There is very generally a reluctance
to adapt these [sc. French endings] to Saxon roots, which
much restricts the formation of nouns from other words.
It seems that MARSH not only means that French endings
are not readily added to native roots, but that this fact
exercises a restricting influence on their use in the word-
formation in general. The English grammarian LATHAM pro-
nounces still more strongly against hybrids; he will not
even approve of the use of English suffixes in derivations
from French roots now, to add an English ter-
:
-

mination to a Norman word or vice-versa is to corrupt the

1
language *, and in another place he says: Individually, I

consider that hybridism is a malum per se and that it ought

1
The English Language (p. 430).
 6 INTRODUCTION.

to be discouraged*; but he sees himself bound in the same

breath make the restriction that it is, sometimes, all
to
but necessary, and also that some hybrids are better than
1
others .

Some people will perhaps blame

adducing me for

such obsolete pronouncements, the absurdity of which is

now fully recognized by everybody. But it may be ques-
tioned, advocates for these opinions might not be found
if

in our days, even if they do not put it in such an exag-

gerated form.
O. F. EMERSON does not treat of word-formation in his

History of Language; but we are able to gather

the English
from stray remarks what he thinks of the French suffixes.
Speaking of 'hybrids' he says on p. 137: more nu-
merous which an English suffix has been
are words in

added noun or adjective, and the custom of

to a French

making such compounds still continues to some extent.

Still continues to some extent! It should be observed that

tl.is is said of formations with native endings from French

roots, which, as E. points out, are more numerous than
compounds formed of native words and French endings.
On the following page (138) we read: Besides certain
characteristic changes in the English vocabulary already
mentioned there have been some that may occur in the
natural development of any language -
which necessarily
implies that the characteristic changes in the English voca-

]
bulary already mentioned*, i. e. hybridism, the loss of the
/ native suffixes and their replacement by French ones, are
S. regarded by Emerson as not 'natural'.
The statements quoted from LATHAM and EMERSON show
us the consequence of a one-sided vindication of the Ger-
manic character of English. If we look on English as a

1
The English Language (p. 480).
 HYBRIDISM. /

mixed language, whose French and Germanic constituents

are of equal importance, all speculations on the justifiable-
ness of hybridism become useless.
We shall now see what a German grammarian says
of the use of the French and native suffixes. MATZNER
has the following remark on this question (Engl. Gram. 1

p. 428): Im allgemeinen ist zu bemerken, dass die ger-

manischen Ableitungssuffixe, wenngleich ofter scharf aus-

gepragt, weniger fruchtbar fur das Englische geblieben

sind als die Romanischen. From this we find that Ma'tz-
ner's opinion is diametrically opposed to those expressed
in the above quotations.
form an opinion on this question
In order to the -

use and importance of the French and Native endings

it will be necessary for us to try and find out to what
extent the use of the OE. suffixes has been affected by
the appearance of the French suffixes in Middle English.
For this
purpose shall give an account of the use of the
I

most important Native and French suffixes, with special re-

ference to the relation of the latter to the native element
in the vocabulary.

(iii) The Native Suffixes.

Of the OE. suffixes for forming nouns designating

persons the most commonly used were -ere (OE. fiscere)
and -ing, -ling, (OE. flyming; cepeling)-, and none of these
suffered by the French invasion. The firslrmentioned has
become the regular means of forming agent-nouns: as to
the other, the form -ling has been freely employed in new-

formations, but is now no longer productive in this use

(cf. NED. -ling).

Amongst the suffixes used in OE. to form words

denoting Jemale persons there were -en (OE. gyden) and

-(e)stre.
8 INTRODUCTION.

The former disappears after the OE. period. The

formations in -estre were
of frequent occurrence in OE.,

but even before end of the period they were some-

the
times used to denote male persons (bcecestre hat im
ags. auch die bedeutung 'backer'*, Kluge, p. 25) and in

ME. the ending -ster is applied to men as well as women.

In Mod. E. these formations have a masculine sense,
with the exception of spinster.
As regards the OE. diminutive suffixes I can con-
fine myself to quoting some lines from a treatise on this

subject by EcKHARDT
E. Im verhaltnis zum Deutschen
1
:

ist das Englische arm an deminutivbildungen.

Diese armut an deminutivbildungen haftet bereits dem
Angelsachsischen an. This may be sufficient for our
present purpose.
The only important OE. means of
forming collectives
was the prefix ge- in /a-derivatives, which does not fall
under my subject. Of the many concrete-forming suffixes
but few were productive to an extent worth mentioning,
e. g. -el and -(e)ls (< (i)sla). Both of these occur in deri-

vations from verbs (scyttel, bndel; scyttels, recels).

The endings for forming abstracts were both
numerous and, in some cases, very productive. A very
common suffix, especially in derivatives from adjectives,
was the Germanic -ipo, -iQo, which appears in different

forms in OE. (OE. hiehbu; bearnfiest, -least.) Still, this

is surpassed in frequency by the suffix -ness, which already

in the earliest known epoch of OE. is das beliebteste
Bildungsmittel fur Adjektivabstrakta, hinter welchem die

funktionsgleichen altern Suffixe -ifid und -in weit zuriick-

bleiben.> (THIELE, pp. 134135). Next to -ness in ex-
tensive use comes -ung, -ing in derivations from verbs.

1
Engl. Studien 32.
 THE NATIVE SUFFIXES. W

Finally, there are to be mentioned some much-employed

endings which originally were independent words, viz.
-dbm and -scipe. These are added to nouns, especially to
those designating persons, -had and -rceden are of similar
origin, but do not occur so frequently. Especially -scipe
has been extensively used: it forms derivatives both from
personal nouns and other nouns and from adjectives.
The OE. adjective suffixes are numerous. Several of
them are no longer productive in OE. to a great extent, as -ol
(-/) (OE. flugol, swicol), -or (OE. slidor). The suffix -en
(OE. gilpen, gylden) was much used in OE. and ME. to
form adjectives from nouns with the sense 'pertaining to,
of the nature of, but from the 16th century onwards
there has been English a growing tendency to
in literary
discard these adjs. for the attrib. use of the sb., as in 'a

gold watch'
- (NED.). The suffixes -y (OE. -ig] ano\
-ish(OE. -isc) are used very frequently. The following errd- ]

ings were independent words in Germanic: -ly (OE. lie),

-some (OE. -sum), -less (OE. -leas), -full (OE. -full).
The OE. manner of forming weak verbs from nouns
and adjs. by means of vowel inflections fell into disuse
when the distinction between the endings had been lost

through the levelling of the final vowels. On account of

this levelling many verbs and nouns were made alike in

form, which gave rise to that specifically English practice

of deriving verbs from nouns and vice-versa without chang-

ing the form (cf. JESPERSEN, Growth 163 ff.).

In OE. there are several verbal endings which have
arisen from a combination of the vowel suffix and the
final consonant of a noun. Such combinations are OE.
-ettan (< at-ia-an), r-ia-n, n-ia-n.
s-ia-n, Of these
l-ia-n,

the two first-mentioned did not survive the OE. period:

-lian = Mod. E. -le was extensively used in ME. and
early Mod. E. to form verbs expressing repeated action
10 INTRODUCTION.

(NED.), e. g. bustle, crackle, grapple, paddle, sparkle, -rian

= Mod. E. -er has also a frequentative sense: it occurs in

several Mod. E. verbs, of which some can be traced back

to OE.
-nian == Mod. E. -en is rare in OE., but has been

much used later to form verbs from adjectives: darken,

harden, widen.

(iv) The French Suffixes.

I now proceed to give a survey of some important

French suffixes, paying special attention to their relation
to the Native element.
Several suffixes for forming personal nouns have
been adopted from French. Among these is -er < AF. -er

(= OF. -ier), which occurs in numerous loan-words. The

shortened form of this suffix, -er, was often levelled under
the English suffix -ere in ME., as in scolere, templere, and
in this way it
may have contributed to further the use of
the English suffix.
Other personal suffixes are -ier, -eer, representing
the strong form of the French -er, which are chiefly em-
ployed in derivations from French roots, and -ard (= Ger-
manic -hard), which forms personal nouns with a depre-
ciatory sense: it occurs in some new-formations.
None of the above-mentioned suffixes has been so
much used as the suffix -ee originally an adaptation of
the -e of certain AF. pa. pples. which were used as sbs.

(NED.). After the model of Anglo-French loan-words this

suffix has been freely employed to form correlatives to

substantives in -or. These formations are legal terms and

denote usually the 'indirect object' of the verbs from which
they are derived, as grantee 'the person to whom a grant
is made': more
rarely they have a passive sense as appellee
'one who is appealed against'. With few exceptions (e. g.
 THE FRENCH SUFFIXES. 11

loanee), the with -ee expressing legal notions

formations
are not derived from native words: this may partly be due
to the fact that the law-terms are for the most part of
French origin.
There is, however, another category of formations
with -ee, chiefly consisting of humorous nonce-words, as
cheatee 'one who is cheated', coachee 'one who is

coached'. These words are formed on the analogy of law-

terms, as appellee, and denote the 'direct object' of the
verbs from which they are derived. The earliest instances
of these formations are found in the seventeenth century

(e. g. cheatee, examinee}. From the following century 1

have noted two derivatives from native roots, viz. cuttee,

lovee. However, it is not until the nineteenth century that

they occur in great numbers. I shall only mention a few

formations from native roots: crammee, cudgellee, drivee,

flingee, hangee, kickee, kissee, nicknamee, sendee etc. (Cf.

JESPERSEN, Growth, p. 112).

As was shown above (p. 8), the OE. suffixes denoting

female persons went out of use in ME. It was a French
suffix that replaced them, viz. -ess. This suffix was early
added to Native as well as French words, partly to agent
nouns in -er, as breakeress, dwelleress, slayeress (Wyclif),

partly to other roots, as goddess and herdess.

The suffix -ess was freely employed in the following
centuries. Some examples of derivatives from native roots
may be given here: buildress 15661822, maness 'woman
as the feminine of man' (rare) 15Q4 1855, fostress 1603-r,
miller ess (rare) 1680, fisheress 1611-85, deviless 16Q3 4-,

fellowess 1748 96, keeperess 1748 +.

Many of the formations with -ess are now, according
to NED., obsolete or little used, the tendency of mod.
usage being to treat the agent-nouns in -er and sbs. indi-
12 INTRODUCTION.

eating profession occupation, as of common gender,

or
unless there be some special reason to the contrary.*
This is the reason why the suffix occurs chiefly in nonce-
use in the nineteenth century, which is shown by the

following examples: dwarfess (rare), feloness (rare), ghostess

(nonce-wd.), knavess (nonce-wd.), cricketeress, fighteress
(rare), lecturess, butcheress, breweress, bankeress (nonce-wd.),

bakeress, helperess (nonce-wd.), milkeress, rivalless, sailoress.

Note. NED. remarks that the French use of -ess to
form fem. of animals has not been adopted by English;
lioness and tigress are loan-words. There are, however,
some similar formations of native origin, all of them nonce-
words or of humorous character: dovess, leopardess, eagless,
apess, dogess, raveness.
The lack of diminutive suffixes that is character-
istic of English has been pointed out above (p. 8). Of Na-
tiveendings only -ling
it is and the Scotch -y, -ie that are

used to a considerable extent in formations with this sense.

French has contributed a suffix which has especially
in modern times (nineteenth century) been extensively used
to form diminutives, viz. -let. This has arisen through the
addition of the dim. suffix -et to sbs, with the ending -el.
The suffix -et is also found in English, chiefly in words
of French origin. After the model of French formations,
as roundlet, forcelet, new-formations may have
billet, cirklet,

been formed : roselet from the fifteenth century, armlet and

ringlet from the sixteenth century, kinglet etc. As has been

said above, the formations with this ending are very com-
mon in the nineteenth century: they are derived from Na-
tive as well as French roots: beamlet, beardlet, birdlet, book-

let, brooklet, cocklet, crablet, dishlet etc.

Few French suffixes have been more extensively used
in English than -ery (-ry], I
-age and -ment, which shall treat
in detail below. These are employed to form abstracts,
 THE FRENCH SUFFIXES. 13

but also to express the ideas of place and collectivity and

other concrete notions. Especially with regard to the con-
crete meanings one can say that these suffixes have sup-
plied a real want in English word-formation, as there was
no productive ending of native origin for the expression
of these notions.
All of them, especially -ery (-ry) and -age, occur frequently
in derivatives from native roots. Out of more than 600
new-formations with -ery (-ry) in my word-list more than 250
are from native roots: the corresponding figures for for-
mations with -age are 400 and 150 respectively. The pro-
portion of nativewith the ending -merit is not so
roots

large. This is partly due to circumstances which are easily

understood by an examination of the word-list (note the
great number of derivations with -merit from verbs of the
type disguise, rejoice; below, p. 85). Partly it may be due
cf.

to the fact that -ment, which has come down from Latin,
has been used in many cases to anglicize Latin formations
with -mentum: this may to some extent have had a re-

straining influence on its use in derivatives from native

roots.
This may also be the reason why abstract suffixes,
as -ance and -ation occur almost exclusively in deriva-
tives from French and Latin bases. I shall give a list of
some formations from native roots with these suffixes, in
order to show what they are like. Many of them are
nonce-words and humorous formations.
The collection is made from NED., but it should be
observed that have not searched through the Dictionary
I

with the view of collecting all the formations in question:

-ance: abidance 1647+, abodance 1630, bearance 1725;
1834+, betterance 1614, biddance 1836+, forbid-
dance 160811+, forbearance 1576-f, forgivance
1490, 1576, furtherance 1440 + (cf. furtherance 1785),
14 INTRODUCTION.

glitterance 1801 -f, hindrance 1436-r, overbearance

1639; 1760^, riddance 1535 +
-ation: backwardation 1850 4-, blindation 1588, 1734, blub-

beration 1812, chatteration (hum.) 1862-7Q, flirtation

1718+, fidgetation 1744, floatation 1806+, /to#-
gation (nonce-wd.) 1
688, flustration (vulg. or jocul.)
1748 +, flutteration 1754-1805, fussation 1755,
gibbetation 1689, mutteration (nonce-wd.) 1753,
roaration (rare) 1617 (Such Orations roarations

ye may call them>), starvation, thunderation 1892

(JESPERSEN, Growth, p. 123).
Most of the formations mentioned, especially those
in -ation, are obsolete or of rare occurrence; and even if a

complete list contained double the number of the forma-

tions here given, it is obvious that these suffixes have not
been of the same importance to English word-formation

as, say -ery (-ry) and -age.

Several French adjective suffixes have been adop-
ted into English, as -able, -ous, -ic, -al etc.; but, with the

exception of the first-mentioned, the importance of which

in English word-formation there is no need to dwell on
here, they have not been employed to a great extent in
derivations from native roots. This circumstance is, no
doubt, connected with the fact that the native endings with
the same function are numerous and productive (cf. above
p. 9). The following brief account of the derivatives with
-ous from native roots will give an idea of the use of the
French adjective suffixes in this respect. The suffix -ous

is more common in such formations, I think, than any of

the above-mentioned suffixes, except -able.
The suffix -ous occurs in several French loan-words
in the thirteenth century. The earliest new-formations with
-ous date from the fourteenth century: all of them are
derived from French roots. One of the oldest formations
 THE FRENCH SUFFIXES. 15

in which -ous occurs added to a native base is righteous.

This word is not a new-formation, but has been remodelled
from OE. rihtwise: the fact that the suffix -ous could
replace a native ending seems to indicate that it
enjoyed a
certain popularity at this early date. There is another
word in which -ous has been adopted in the same man-
ner, viz. wrongous.
Amongst the new-formations in the fifteenth century

there are some from native roots craftious, :

churlous, mighti-
ous, wond(e)rous, of which only the last-mentioned has
been commonly used. It should be observed that the words
in -er are the only ones of native origin that readily take

the ending -ous.

In the sixteenth century we find several formations
of this type: blusterous, loiterous, (= sluggish), blasterous
(= blasting), clusterous, glitterous, furtherous, slaughterous,
murderous. Most of these are rare, however, and have
been replaced by formations with other suffixes (e. g.
furthersome, glittery). All other formations from native
roots in the sixteenth century are obsolete: firous, filthous,

niggardous, sinewous; cf. hungriousness (154Q).

From the following centuries have noted I these
formations:
17th c. (cloudiously), heathenous, awous, mutterous,
timous (= timely; seasonable), thunderous, slumb(e)rous
18th c. crankous, uproarious
19th c. blendous, reefous, plunderous, toy ous (== trif-

ling); cf. whisperously.

This small number of formations from native roots
stands in no proportion to the extensive use of -ous in
derivatives from French and especially Latin bases. But
no doubt the very fact that after the fifteenth century this
suffix was employed to such a large extent to anglicize
Latin and Greek adjectives in -osus, -us, many of which
16 INTRODUCTION.

were entirely unknown to most English speakers, has con-

tributed to restrict its use to the Romanic stock of words.

All verbal suffixes adopted through French
the
occur almost exclusivelyin derivations from Romanic roots.

The exceptions consist for the most part in nonce-forma-

tions with or without humorous implication, as womanize,

nakedize, boatize; speechify, frenchify, truthify, drowsify.

From what has been said above we find that many

of the French suffixes have become living formatives in
English and are used without hesitation to form words
from native roots. I believe this is especially the case with
suffixes which serve to denote ideas for the expression of
which English had no productive endings of native origin,
while such suffixes as coincide with the native ones in
function are chiefly confined to form derivatives from Ro-
manic roots.
We have further seen that the use of th.ose native
suffixes which have come to play a part in English word-
formation upon the whole was fully developed in OE.:
on the other hand, that suffixes which have later on fallen,

wholly or partially, into disuse, were in most cases already

of littleimportance at the end of the OE. period.
There is no doubt that the Norman Conquest and
the fusion of Anglo-Saxon and French that resulted from
it exercised a decisive influence on English word-formation.
The language which emerged in the fourteenth century
bore quite a different stamp from OE. and required partly
new means of derivation. The OE. endings that were
well established in the old language were kept in use;
but such endings as were little used, or the forms of
which too much deviated from the character of the new
English, were discarded and replaced by French ones.
 INTRODUCTION. 17

This was a natural development, and I think there

is no reason to join EMERSON in complaining of the fact
that modern English, compared < with English in its oldest
form and other Teutonic dialects, no longer forms new

compounds as freely as of old or new words by the use

of native suffixes and prefixes. (Hist. Eng. Lang. p. 134,

140). Comparisons between English and other Germanic

languages in this respect are altogether unjustifiable.

I now proceed to deal with the suffixes -ery (-ry),

-age, and -merit. An investigation into the history of the

English suffixes has been much facilitated, not to say
rendered possible, by the publication of the great Oxford

Dictionary. This dictionary enables us not only to make

a very full collection of the formations with the suffixes
in question, but also to ascertain approximately the date
of their first appearance in English and their use during
different periods. have taken my material from the Oxford
I

Dictionary [NED.], so far as this has been available to me

(A Scouring); for the remaining letters have used the I

Century Dictionary [CD.]. Besides, have examined a great I

many English, and some Anglo-French, texts and voca-

bularies from the thirteenth century and onwards.
 I. The Suffix -ery (~ry).

A. The History of the Suffix.

NED. has the following account of the origin of the

suffix -ery: <vThe French -erie is of two distinct origins:

(a) representing a common Romanic -aria produced by

adding the suffix -ia (Fr. -ie) to substantives and adjectives
formed with the Latin suffix -ario- (Fr. -ier, -er) ex. cabal-

larius -- caballaria (chevalerie); (b) resulting

(Fr. chevalier)
from the addition of the suffix -ie to agent-nouns in OF.
-ere, -ear (mod. Fr. -eur): lat. -dtor, -atorem* ex. OF. leceor,
lecheor (Lat. lecator) - -
lecherie.

A great many formations having

arisen in this way,
-erie comes be regarded as an independeji^j>ufHx and
to

is used as such in new-formations.

French loan-words in -erie appear English so early
in

as the twelfth century, but^ only sparingly: it is not until

the following century that their number rises to any consider-
able amount. A great many of these formations are deri-
vatives with the suffix -y from personal nouns in -er; and
thus it comes about that the suffix -ery is associated with
the personal ending -er in English, as in French. This
circumstance has without doubt contributed to further the
use of -ery: it
may easily be understood that the word-
formation would profit by the fact that theoretically there
could be formed a substantive in -ery expressing concrete
 HISTORY OF THE SUFFIX. 19

or abstract notions from every personal noun in -er. New-

formations of this kind (i. e. from personal nouns) are

very numerous. They are in reality examples of derivatives

with the suffix -y, but from what has been said above
one understands that they cannot be distinguished from
other words in -ery: the latter suffix originates in the for-

mer, and it is the

ending -ery that determines the meaning
of the word, whether it ends in -er-y or -ery.
New-formations are hardly found before 1300. There
are some words, however, which seem to speak against
such a supposition.
In a text from 1275 we find gentlery 'gentlehood,
gentleship', which according to NED. is a formation of
native origin from the adjective gentle; and some other
words are found at the end of the century, husbandry,

dairy and reavery, which NED. gives as native formations.

The three last-mentioned ones are especially worthy of no-
tice, as being early instances of derivatives from native roots. 1

Thus according to NED. we seem to have new-formations

already in the thirteenth century. Several circumstances make

it doubtful, however, whether the words in question are
to be regarded as English formations.
The most striking thing about gentlery is that it is

a derivative from an adjective. On a much later formation

of this kind, justry (= justice, 1425) NED. has the remark
the formation from an adjective is unusual. This could
have been said more appropriately in the case of gentlery,
as this word is of considerably earlier date: in fact, it

would be the earliest new-formation with -ery, were we to

believe that it is of English origin.

amongst words of native origin

1
I follow SKKAT in including

(1)such Latin and Greek words as were already borrowed before the
Conquest; (2) words of Scandian origin; (3) the scanty remains of
Celtic^; also words borrowed from other Teutonic sources* (Prin-
ciples, II p. 1).
20 THE SUFFIX -ery (-ry).

Against such a view there can be said, first that for-

mations from adjectives are rare in English, and secondly
that there are no French loan-words of such a type found

at this time, on which it could have been formed. It is

worth mentioning that the text in which gentlery occurs

for the first time, Proverbs of Alfred, is very poor in words
of French origin. This poem has been preserved in two
versions, the one of which contains some hundred verses
more than the other. The number of loan-words in the

longer
- -
and younger - -
version is about twenty, and out
of these four, including gentlery, are heaped in the last two
lines jjuru wis lore and genteleri He amendif) huge com-
:

panie. These lines do not occur in the shorter version.

'

The longer version contained in the Trinity MS. is

considered to be the work of an Anglo-French scribe on

account of several orthographical and other peculiarities.
NED. ascribes the poem to 1275.- 1 think we are left the
choice of two suppositions: either the word is borrowed
from Anglo-French, or the lines quoted are a later addition.
For my part, have no doubt as to the Anglo-French
I

origin of the word: it occurs several times in P. Langtoft's

Chronicle :!
. It is true that this chronicle is not earlier than
the beginning of the fourteenth century, but I think the occur-
rence of the word in an Anglo-French text goes far to

prove its origin. On the other hand, there is nothing to

prevent the supposition that the two lines in question are

See SKEAT, The Proverbs of Alfred (1907). SKI: AT has the follow-
1

ing note on the last two lines: It is remarkable that these lines <

contain four French words; for they are very scarce throughout the
poem. Not only do we find genteleri in line 708, but the three con-
cluding words of the poem are all alike of French origin.
SKI: AT assigns the to the early part of the 13th but
'-'

poem c.,
the date given in NED. is adopted by E. BORC.STRO.M in his edition of
the Prov. of Alfred (Diss. Lund 1908).
3
Vol. I
pp. 1, 182, 380 (gentilrye 'gentility').
 HISTORY OF THE SUFFIX. 21

a later addition to they seem to be

the text '.
Indeed,
loosely connected with the foregoing both as regards tenor
and style; the last line looks like a set phrase; cf. the
following line from S. E. L. (p. 262,1.40): a-mendet worth
muche ore compaygnie: for swuch a creature. Perhaps they
have been subjoined by the above scribe as a suitable
conclusion to the poem.
The three other words, husbandry, dairy and reavery,
are formations from Germanic roots. The very fact itself
that these formations are found at a date when, as we
are led to assume, the coalescence of the French element

and the Saxon w.as not yet completed should make us

hesitate as to their English origin. It would not have been
surprising to meet with derivatives from French roots:
these would not have struck anybody as irregular, as they
would not have differed from the French loan-words them-
selves. Such formations, however, are not found at this
time: it is not until towards the middle of the fourteenth

century that we meet undoubted instances of new-

with,
formations. Thus the formations in question would be
rather isolated, if we were to regard them as native ones.
Now there are reasons which render it probable that these

words have been formed in Anglo-French at - -

least two
of them: husbandry and dairy.
Anglo-French was the source from which English
took most of its French loan-words during the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries and even later. Both husbandry and
dairy are found in Anglo-French texts from the end of
the thirteenth century; and this fact itself, apart from other
things, seems to point to their having arisen in that lan-
guage. This supposition is favoured by the meanings of
the words in Anglo-French, which seem to exclude the

possibility of their being borrowed from English.

1
Cf. BORGSTROM, Prov. of Alfred p. XVI.
22 THE SUFFIX -ery (-ry).

Husbandry is translated by 'mariage' in GODEFROY'S

presupposes a noun
This
1
French Dictionary .
meaning
husband in the sense of 'homme marie' which also occurs
in French. If we turn to English we find first that hus-

bandry does not occur in the sense of 'marriage', the usual

meaning of the word in early times being 'the administration

and management of a household'-; secondly, that husband
in the sense of 'married man' is not found before 1290,
-
in the same textwhere husbandry and dairy occur for
Perhaps this new meaning of husband
3
the first time .

may be due to Anglo-French influence (cf. dairy below). It

is not probable that husbandry was borrowed from

very
English and
used in an Anglo-French text in a different
sense from the English one. Under these circumstances
it is most natural to assume an Anglo-French origin for
the formation.

Dairy in the earliest examples in NED. is rendered

by room where the milk, cream, cheese etc. are kept,
and it is added, by way of explanation, room where the
function of the dey is performed (dey female servant).
The Anglo-French example of the word in GODEFROY'S
4
Dictionary has the sense of 'charge de garde', i. e. func-
tion of the dey. This meaning is not found in English,
but it is without doubt the original one. However, the
word occurred in Anglo-French in the other meaning as

1
The example is taken from GAUTIKU I>E BIBLESWORTH'S well-
known Traite or Doctrine: cum ilen court en age de husbonderie.
Husbandry occurs in Anglo-French in this sense too; see
NED., husbandry ex. 1332.
a
South English Legends (1290); these legends date from about
the same time as Ron. GL. and were written in the same part of
England. The vocabulary shows strong influence from French.
4
The word occurs in a Traite d'economie rurale dating from
the end of the thirteenth century.
 HISTORY OF THE SUFFIX. 23

well: cf. BOZON, p. 184: < -

puis lui mena en la deyerye> t
which is explained by laiterie
l
.

It is worthy of note that Anglo-French influence is

indisputable in the
dey. case of the word The English
dey originally denotes a female servant, but in the fifteenth

century the name is extended to menservants as well.

Already at the end of the thirteenth century the French

dale, dele had this meaning (cf. OODEFROY: un daie, homme

ou femme). NED. cites some Anglo-French examples of

dey in sense from the fourteenth century.

this

Finally a few words about reavery, which occurs

1

in the sense of 'robbery in ROB. GL. (12Q7). This word

stands on a different footing from the other two. It is

best explained as a formation on the analogy of robbery.

The synonymous verbs robben and reven are very common
in ME. and the agent-nouns robbere and revere often occur

grouped together. Then a noun revery could be easily

formed after the old loan-word robbery. Still it deserves
to be mentioned that reverie is found in Anglo-French.
GODEFROY gives the word, but he derives it from a noun
reve 'sorte d'impot'. His example is taken from P. L. (from
the beginning of the fourteenth century), and the text
According^ the two
2
has the reading roberie as well .

words must be synonymous, and reverie is of course a

derivative from the verb reven, to reave. The signification

of the word is remarkable, viz. M'objet derobe', i. e. that
which is stolen: this meaning is not exemplified in English,
which seems to point to an Anglo-French origin of the for-

mation in the present case at any rate (cf. robbery, 'plunder,

spoil' 1330-1535).
Thus if there is nothing in the case of reavery which

1
Cf. Dr CANOE, dayeria cella lactaria.
*
P. L. Vol. I
p. 420: et ke la reverye la sait restore that
the plunder be there restored.
24 THE SUFFIX -ery (~ry).

speaks against its being of native origin, yet one cannot

ascribe to this word any argumental force as to the use
of -erynew-formations on account of the special
in cir-

cumstances associated with its formation.

Husbandry and dairy, on the other hand, may be re-

garded with great probability as Anglo-French products: if

this be the case, they are by no means the only examples

of Anglo-French contributions to the derivatives from Ger-

manic roots.
There are some formations in -(e)ry the root-words
of which are adjectives expressing nationality: Englishry,
Danishry, Irishry, Welshry. The first of these, Eng-
lishry 'the population esp. in Ireland of English descent'
is said in NED.
an adaptation of Anglo-French to be
englecherie, found which
already in the thirteenth cen-
is

tury. The English word is not found before the fifteenth

century (1470). Of the following words Danishry 'people
of Danish birth in Britain', dates from the same time (1470),

but Irishry 'native Irish as opposed to English settlers in

Ireland', found already in the previous century (1375).

is

Both of them, according to NED., are of English origin.

Finally there is Welshry 'Welshmen', which I have found
in ROB. BR.
l
Formations of this kind, however, are not un-
common in the Anglo-French of the fourteenth century.
Besides englecherie have found danasserye'2
1
, walescerye*
4
and devenrye . The meaning of these differs in most
cases from that common in the English words. They gene-

rally occur in the sense of 'Danish land', 'Welshland' and

'Devonshire' respectively. The last word is also found in

1
Rob. Br. I, 1. 7032.
2
P. L. Vol. 1
p. 300 (Danascherie, Daneschery).
3
Ib. pp. 220, 288, 452 Vol. II 180, 284
( Walesserye, Walesche-
rye, Walecherie).
*
Ib. p. 356 (Devenrye; also Devenye).
 HISTORY OF THE SUFFIX. 25

the form Devony, which is probably the commoner form:

the suffix -y is very frequent names
in of countries, as in

Brittany, Germany, Saxony. The close alliance of the two

suffixes is shown by the a*bove formations: cf. also such

pairs as barony and baronry in the same meaning: domain

of a baron.
Without any fear of error, we can assume that the
English formations stand in some relation to the Anglo-
French ones. Even if we had to allow for difference of
meaning, this would not be a sufficient reason to prevent
us from connecting them with each other: the change of
meaning from 'place' into 'people' would easily be ac-
counted for, as the suffix -ery expresses collectivity as well
as 'place' (cf. baronry 'domain of a baron' and 'body of
barons'). However, we have stronger reasons for our sup-
position. The fact is that Englishry and Danishry occur
in the sense of 'English and Danish people' in Anglo-
French *, and this probably the case with Welshry too,
is

as it is found in English in this meaning as early as 1330

2
(Roe. BR. I) .

This being the case, we have to regard Irishry as an

analogical formation modelled on the above-mentioned ones,
-
as long as we do not know whether the word occurs in

Anglo-French. There is another circumstance which seems

to indicate that the formations in question are not of na-
tive origin. In ROB. BR. II a line containing the word Da-
nishry is rendered so as to make it
probable that the
writer did not understand the meaning of it. The line

runs: Dardan -
fu le fiz le rey Sadok de Danas-
1
GODEFROY has englescherie race anglaise; danescherye oc-
curs in P. L. (I p. 346) in the sense of 'Danish people'.
following line from P. L. it is doubtful whether we
-
In the
have to translate Welshry by 'Welshland' or 'Welsh people': del faus
sank estayt de la Walesserye he was of the false blood of the =
welshry; probably 'Welsh people' (Vol. I
p. 96).
26 THE SUFFIX -ery (-ry).

serye ,
which is translated quite meaninglessly: <;Sadok
sunne of Danmark kyng Danestry.
We have seen that this group of formations without

doubt originates from Anglo-French. There are other for-

mations from Germanic roots which may have been taken
over from the same source. Among these are utlagerie
'putting out of the protection of the law' and inlagerie 're-

versal of outlawry', which are both found in BRITTON. The

early English spellings of these words correspond directly
to French ones: outlagerie, outlarie etc.
BRITTON has also the formation sokemanerie 'the estate

of a sokeman'. All these occur also in med. Latin forms

(utlagaria, inlagaria, sokmanria); and it is doubtful whether
med. Lat. or Anglo-French be the original source Cf. the '.

formation aldermanry, which NED. compares to a med.

Lat. aldermaneria: have not found an Anglo-French form
\

of this word.
is harbergery (herbergery), the root-word
Lastly, there
of which not taken from English but from another Ger-
is

manic language. Still it is easily associated with herbergen

'to provide lodgings' and herberger 'one who provides lodg-
ings', both of which occur in Middle English.
I have mentioned these formations not because I be-
lieve that these particular words have been of
any import-
ance for English word-formation, but in order to illustrate
the reciprocal influence of Anglo-French and English. It

would be interesting to examine Anglo-French texts from

this point of view. This, however, cannot be done with-
out difficulty, as the texts in question are accessible only
to a small extent. an investigation would per-
Besides,
haps not be worth the trouble. Formations of this kind
may have existed without finding their way into the litera-

cf. below (p. 53) where the relation between the French
1
Latin,
and English forms of similar formations is discussed.
 HISTORY OF THE SUFFIX. 27

At any rate it seems quite natural, when

ture of the day.
one knows what the mixture of the two languages meant
for English, to assume that Anglo-French adopted words
from English *; if a few of these occur as root-words in
derivatives with some or other suffix, it is in fact not more
strange than the similar use of native suffixes in other

languages. Such formations, however, may have contributed

to some extent to further the use of French suffixes in

English.

Some words should be added about adoptions from

other sources than French. There can only be the question
of some Dutch loan-words: the contributions from other
languages are of no importance.
The borrowings from Dutch are rare and have not,
as a rule, lived long.
From the sixteenth century we have bouerie (Du. bou-
werij) 'boorishness' (1577), and sutlery (Du. soetelrij) 'occu-
pation of a sutler, a sutler's shop'; here can also be men-
tioned cramery, 'merchandise sold by a pedlar' (15 , 1555)
which in NED. is connected with MLG. kremerie. From
the following century there is rovery (f.
M. Du. roverie)

'piracy' (1600, -10) and bottomry (aft. Du. bodmerij) 1628

+, one of the commercial terms adopted from the Dutch.

In the nineteenth century we meet
again with bouerie (cf.
above) readopted into American English, this time in the
sense of 'a farm, plantation'.

The Suffix -ery (-ry) in the Fourteenth Century.

1 will now examine some derivatives from the four-

teenth century, esp. from the earlier part of it, which are

cf. SKEAT, Principles II, p. 33 23.

 28 THE SUFFIX -ery (-ry).

given as new-formations in NED. or elsewhere. By this

means it will be possible to form an opinion as to the

time when the suffix begins to be used in English word-
formation. Here follow the words in question, arranged
chronologically according to the date of the texts in which
they are first found.

Maumetry occurs in C. M. (1300) in two different

meanings, namely 'idolatry' and 'idols collectively' and in
HANDL. S. (1303) in the sense of 'an idol'. The fact that
the word shows not less than three different significations

at its first appearance in English hardly speaks for native

origin: besides, the spellings of it in early texts seem to
indicate that it was not familiar to the scribes, cf. ma-
mentre, maumentry (C. M.), maum-metries (PROSE Ps.). The
word occurs in the form mahumetterie in Anglo-French
(BozoN p. 116) but is not given in GODEFROY. Cf. mau-
merie (mahomerie) 'superstition rappellant celles des Maho-
metans; une idole'
(GODEFROY), frequently met which is

with in Anglo-French texts. The two formations are closely

allied with one another: they are derivatives from different

forms of the same word (maumet <c Mahomet and maum

<: Mahom). Common to both of them is the remarkable
sense of 'an idol'(maumetry = maumet!), which points quite
decidedly to French as the source of maumetry. shall I

have occasion to speak of this meaning below (cf. p. 41).

Harlotry is first found in a text from 1325 in the now

obsolete sense of 'profane speaking, jesting, obscene talk'.
The word is derived from harlot 'an itinerant jester, buffoon,
or juggler': the present meaning is not found before the
fifteenth century. The formation is not known in French:
it
may have been formed analogically on French loan-words
as ribaldry.

Buggery (1330). In my opinion there can be no doubt

about the French origin of this word. It is a derivative
 HISTORY OF THE SUFFIX. 2Q

from bugger, French bougre (Lat. bulgarus 'a name given

to a sect of heretics who came from Bulgaria'). Both bougre

and bougrie (bouguerie] are common in French in the same

-
meanings as the English words: 'heretic' 'heresy'. More-
over, the first English example of it is used to render
French bugerie (Roe. BR. II
p. 320).

Riotry occurs 1330 in Rob. Br. 1

(I. 2406). The ori-

ginal has not the same word. It is a derivative from the

verb riot or the agent-noun rioter. The French riote,

rioteur are common, also the formations riotement, rioteus

but a *rioterie is not given in GODEFROY.
Nouricery 'a nursery for children' (1330, 1440). is pro-
bably from an AF. *noricerie, although NED. derives it

from norice, norys 'a nurse'. In the case of nursery (1400

-f) NED. says <prob. ad. AF. *noricerie f. norice do . I

not see why the earlier word should be a native formation,

if the younger is not.

Japery 'jesting speech, ribaldry', according to NED. a

formation from the verb jape 'to jest' or japer 'jester'.
These words are evidently related to French japper 'ab-
boyer' and jappeur, which is also used in the figurative
sense of 'celuijappe; vantard, bravache'.
qui There is
a French japperie, but it is found rather late and only in
the sense of 'abboyement' (GODEFROY). The formation occurs
for the first time in C. M. (Trinity MS. 1340): as re-
-

gards the meaning it can be compared to harlotry, ribal-

dry, which are both found in earlier manuscripts of C.M.,
the latter standing instead of japery.

Tormentry 'torture'. I have found this word in the

poem called 'Eleven Pains of Hell' in a version from the

fourteenth century '. GODEFROY has tormenterie in the sense

In <'An Old English Miscellany^ E. E. T. S. 49.

30 THE SUFFIX -ery (-ry).

of 'fonction de bourreau'. Tormentry occurs in the poem

alternating with tormenting.
should be observed that formations with -ery and
It

-ing are often found side by side without any noticeable

difference of meaning: robbery robbing, janglery 'idle talk'
-
jangling. The ending -ing was used in former times in

cases where we now only find -ery, for instance, mumming

'a rude dramatic entertainment, a masking', as well as mum-
mery, outlawing and outlawry, witching 'sorcery, witchcraft'
(S. E. L. pp. 105, 180, 187), now witchery. On account of
such doublets formations with -ery might have arisen by
the side of already existing words in -ing.
In Allit. P. there is a word spelt tirauntire (II. 187),
which SKEAT explains as tirauntrie or tirauntise. In the
first case, it
might be an English formation; otherwise it
is a French loan-word: the meaning is the same in both

cases, namely 'tyranny'. However this may be, the for-

mation tyrantry is found several times in later texts from
this century (WYCLIF, TREVISA etc.).
Huckstery 'trade or business of a huckster' is a for-
mation from a Germanic stem (huckster = = Middle Du.
.hucker with the English suffix -ster). The word occurs in

P. PI. (1362): a later MS. has the variant huckery.

Ropery 'a place where ropes are made, a rope-walk'

1
(1363), seems to be a native formation . It occurs, however,
in med. Latin (cf. NED. ropery, ex. 1382).
1
In CD. thisexemplified by a quotation from
formation is

SKKAT'S Notes on P. PI. in such a way as to give the idea that the
word is found as early as about 1310. This is probably due to a mis-
understanding of a note of SKEAT'S. SKEAT only remarks that the
phrase 'corder or roper' occurs A. D. 1310 in Riley's Memorials, where
mention is also made of a roperie or rope-walk which by no means ,

implies that roperie occurs A. D. 1310; the mention of it is indeed

made much later. Moreover the texts in question are all of them
English translations of Latin and Anglo-French documents, and we are
not told of the words used in the original texts.
 HISTORY OF THE SUFFIX. 31

Provostry 'office and jurisdiction of a provost' (1374)

probably from AF. provosterie.
'
is Cf. Frere Angier (1212
-1214) provosterie, prevote (de la ville).

Devilry 'diabolical demon', probably

art; after AF.
deblerie. First found 1375 (cf. below, p. 42).
In Barb. Br. (1375) 1 have found two formations
from native roots:
yeomanry 'body of yeomen' (yemanry,
yhemanry, yhumanry etc.), and wardenry 'wardenship' (var-
danry, wardanry), and towards the end of the century there
are two more, viz. goldsmithry 'art and trade of a gold-
smith' (1386) and cookery
'art and practice of cooking' (1393).

Besides those mentioned, there are several undoubtful for-

mations from French roots during the latter part of the
fourteenth century, which it is no use to enter on here.
It
appears from what has been said above that the
suffix -ery (-ry) may have been used in new-formations before
1350: the examples are rare, however, and in some cases
it is doubtful whether a formation has arisen in French or
English. During the latter part of the century the number
of formations is increasing, and now we meet with the
first certain examples of English formations from native
roots. From the beginning of the fifteenth century the

suffix is a living formative in English, which is shown

by numerous derivatives from French and Native roots.

K. MILDRED POPK, Etude sur la langue de Frere Angier. 1904.

 B. The Use of the Suffix -ery (-ry).

(i) The Meanings of the Suffix.

The different significations of the French suffixes are,

on the whole, fully developed on the
appearance of first

the suffixes in English: they are borrowed from French

together with the words. It may not be out of place

therefore, briefly to give an account of the meanings of
the suffixes in French. It would, of course, have been
more interesting and more useful for our special purpose
to learn how matters stand in Anglo-French; but we must
do without that, as no attempts have been made as yet
to investigate Anglo-French word-formation.
the
The French suffix -erie has developed from the suffix

-ie (see above p. 18); and the intimate connection of the

two endings is clearly shown by their significations.
The suffix -ie was employed, to begin with, chiefly
to form abstract nouns from adjectives; afterwards, it was

extended to nouns and was used to express 'dignity,

office'; it had also collective sense. DIEZ (Frz. Or. II) has
the following remarks on the new-formations with -ie:
eDie Neubildungen sind denominativ, selten verbal, ihrem
Inhalte nach hauptsachlich abstract, haufig eine Wiirde
und das damit verbundene Gebiet oder Land bezeichnend;
auch collectiv, selten concret> (p. 303).
These meanings are also found in the formations
with -erie. Thus we have abstracts expressing 'quality',
 MEANINGS OF THE SUFFIX. 33

as bigoterie, poltronnerie, or, 'dignity, office, trade', as

chancellerie, maconnerie, charpenterie. The sense of collec-

tivity is common: gendarmerie, argenterie, bijouterie. The

suffix further denotes the place where something is kept

(made) or sold: canarderie, lingerie, fruiterie, and the pro-

duct of an action.
All these meanings are found in English. I shall first

deal with the formations with an abstract sense.

(a) Formations expressing- Quality, Behaviour

(cf. pp. 93-9Q).
A
very large group of abstracts in -ery (-ry) is made
up by formations in which the suffix denotes 'that which
is characteristic of, all that which is connected with'. The
formations belonging here express characteristic behaviour
in action, speech and manner: they have almost all of them

a depreciatory sense.
The earliest representatives of this category are French
loan-words of the thirteenth century: many of the early

borrowings in -ery belong here. The new-formations are

already pretty frequent in Middle English; and later on

they occur in great numbers, especially in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries. They are not so numerous in

the eighteenth century; but since that time they have again
been increasing. The focmations belonging here are derived
from personal nouns and verbs, rarely from nouns denoting
things and from adjectives. Derivatives from native roots
are found in all periods.

A great many formations disappear after a short exist-

ence; but we must not conclude from this that the deri-

vations with -ery (-ry) had no vitality. The vitality and

usefulness of proved by the ease with which
a suffix is

it can be turned to account when wanted. Thus the for-

mations often get the character of 'nonce-words'; and such
3
34 THE SUFFIX -ery (-ry).

words, as the name itself indicates, are not designed for a

long life. There is a large group of formations with -ery
(-ry) which come near pure nonce-words, the significations
of which are a medley of all bad qualities, as 'stupidity,

deception, villainy, unchastity' etc.; these meanings are

found repeatedly in ever new formations in the sixteenth

and seventeenth centuries, e. g. loonery, cullionry, lurdanry,

groutheadry, bitchery, queanry. In this manner there is
created a crowd of synonyms which displace each other,
which is one reason why so many new-formations dis-
appear very soon.
Other circumstances contribute to throw formations
into disuse. In some cases their place is taken by forma-
tions with other endings, cf. cowardry cowardice, idiotry
idiot cy.

Sometimes only the meaning is lost and the word is

kept in another sense: this is the case with the following

formations, which I have only given in the other and more

usual sense in the word-list: beggary 'action of begging'
1608-1764, brokery 'rascally dealing' 1597, 16; fairy
'enchantment, magic' 13001533, nabobery 'essential qua-
lities of a nabob' 1852, ropery 'knavery, trickery' (1536
1871), paynimry 'pagandom, heathenry' 1382, 1483, peasantry
'conduct, quality of a peasant' 15961824, yeomanry 'that
which befits a yeoman' (C. D.). .
As has been said above, most of the formations be-

longing here have a depreciatory sense. Now the question

is to what extent the contemptuous meaning is due to
the Generally one understands by a pejorative
suffix.

suffix such a one that gives a contemptuous implication

to the formations formed with it independently of the mean-

ing of the root-word. This is the case, for instance, with

the adjective suffix -ish: cf. the formations mannish manly,
womanish womanly, childish childlike. The same definition
 MEANINGS OF THE SUFFIX. 35

hardly applies to -ery (-ry), for in the formations with this

suffix the root-word has, as a rule, already a depreciatory

meaning before the suffix is added. Some examples will

show that the formations with -ery (-ry) can obtain or lose the

contemptuous implication independent of the suffix. Dun-

eery originally denotes 'practice, style of a Scotist' (1560
1687): the later sense of 'stupidity' is due to the altered
sense of dunce. In the same way chemistry at first

probably contemptuous* (NED.), in the sense of 'alchemy'

(1505 1788) has come to denote 'chemistry as an art'
(1645+) and 'chemistry as a science' (1788+). Bravery,
too, has lost its old depreciatory sense 'action of daring,
-- and developed the present meaning
braving, boasting',
of 'courage' through the influence of the adjective brave.
Still it must be admitted that the suffix -ery in this

use not readily added to other roots than such as have

is

a depreciatory sense; and of course it has not escaped

being tainted by the contemptuous meaning of the forma-
tions in question.

Many of the formations belonging to the group here

discussed are characteristic
exponents of the tone of an

age that did not hesitate to call a spade a spade. think I

of the formations from the sixteenth and seventeenth cen-

turies, some examples of which are given above.

Anyone
who is some specimen of the dramatic litera-
familiar with
ture of this time will no doubt recognize many of the
words given in my list. The influence of the French classi-
cism on the following century has no doubt
literature of the

contributed to discard the formations in question, inasmuch

as the authors became more particular in their choice of
words. We may perhaps to some extent ascribe the small
number of new-formations in the eighteenth century to the
fact thatthe suffix -ery (-ry) had something vulgar about
it and accordingly was offensive to taste of that time. It
36 THE SUFFIX -ery (-ry).

is not until its earlier associations with the lowest classes

of words had been forgotten that it was received into
favour again in the nineteenth century. The new-formations
of modern times are of a considerably softer tenor.

Related to the abstracts treated above are forma-

tions like Jewry 'Jewish religion' (1300-1552), Lottery, Lol-
lardry 'the tenets of the Lollards', Levelry 'principles of
the Levellers', casuistry 'science, art and reasoning of the
casuists', Jesuitry 'principles, doctrine of the Jesuits', druidry

'druidism, druidic practice' etc. In these formations the suffix

has a meaning that has developed from the above 'that
which is characteristic of, all that which is connected
with'. This meaning has in the former case led to the sense
of 'quality, behaviour characteristic of, and in the words
dealt with here to the restricted sense of 'system, doctrine,

principles characteristic of. Words like popery, monkery,

which are often used in a figurative sense, show that the
formations of the one and other kind are closely allied.

(b) Formations expressing Occupation, Rank, 1

Condition (cf. pp. 99-102).

In by far the greatest number of the remaining ab-

stracts in -ery (-ry) the suffixexpresses action in a more
or less marked way.The verbal derivatives falling under
this head are rare. Most of the formations of this group
are derived from personal nouns chiefly those designa-
ting a trade and the suffix denotes the 'trade, work, busi-
ness carried on', or the 'office (rank, dignity) held' by the per-
son in question. The sense of 'rank, dignity' does not imply
the idea of 'action'; but as it is very rare and occurs mostly
in combination with the sense of 'office', I have given it here.
 MEANINGS OF THE SUFFIX. 37

In former times the suffix -ery (-ry) was employed to

a considerable extent to express the above-mentioned no-
tions. At the present time the sense of 'office, position'
is rare; the sense of 'trade' is more frequent, but is not
often met with in new-formations.
As regards the formations denoting 'office, position',
their place is mostly taken by formations with other suf-

fixes, for instance, -ship, cf. custodery 'custodeship [-ianship]',

lieutenantry 'lieutenantship, lieutenancy', deaconry 'deacon-
ship', chaplainry 'chaplaincy'.

Many of the formations denoting 'office, trade, busi-

ness' have also the sense of 'place over which a person
presides, where a trade is carried on', or 'wares, things
sold or made by', e. g. bakery, fishery, joinery, millinery.
In some cases all these meanings are found in the same
formation, e. g. huckstery, hosiery, grocery. On the whole,
the modern usage seems to be in favour of the concrete

meanings in these kinds of formations.

There remains to be mentioned some abstract forma-

tions derived from personal nouns which express state,
condition. This use of -ery is rare in French: it is not
mentioned in the French grammars. But few loan-words
occur, as misery and reverie, the latter of which is very
seldom found in the fully anglicized form in -y. An-
other early formation with this meaning is outlawry,
which is an adaptation of an Anglo-French word (cf.

above, p. 26). have not found outlawry in the sense

I

of 'condition of an outlaw' in Anglo-French; but think I

it is probable that the word occurs there in this sense

also, as the earliest known example of it in English (1382)

has this meaning.
However this may be, the formations expressing 'state,
condition' have never become frequent in English. The
38 THE SUFFIX -ery (-ry).

new-formations are rare, and have - -

with few exceptions,
as beggary, slavery gone out of use. This is the case
with the following formations, which now only occur in
other meanings: tenantry 'condition of being a tenant', 16th
c. (cf. p. 109), cuckoldry 'cuckolddom' 1612, 1685 (cf. p. 95),

peasantry 'condition of being a peasant' 1762 (cf. p. 109).

Dupery 'condition of one who is duped' is exemplified by
NED. only by one example from 1759. The word is used
by Meredith in this sense in The Egoist (1879).

I now proceed to discuss the concrete formations. I

distinguish three classes among them, according as they

denote:

(1) the place of action or the place where something

is kept:
(2) the result, product of an action (things sold, made
by a person etc.);
(3) collectiveness.

(c) Formations expressing- the Place, Product of Action

etc. (cf. pp. 102-107.)

I have had occasion above (p. 37) to speak of some

formations from
personal nouns, in which the suffix de-
notes 'the place where a trade is carried on, over which a
person presides', e. g. butlery, canonry.
Before 1600, and even later, almost all formations
with the sense of place belong to this category: the earli-
est of them are French loan-words, and native formations

are formed on their analogy. After 1600 derivatives from

other parts of speech are more frequently met with. The
formations from verbs, as distillery, bindery, denote 'the
 MEANINGS OF THE SUFFIX. 39

place of action': they are not very numerous before the

nineteenth century, when there is an increase in their number.
The formations from nouns (except personal nouns)
are rare in earlier times but a certain class of these, viz.
derivations from names of plants (fruits etc.), and names of
animals, has in course of time developed into a strong and
important group. In these formations the suffix denotes
the place where the plant (animal) is found or kept. They
are found sparingly in the seventeenth and eighteenth cen-
turies, and become exceedingly common in the nineteenth

century. This is especially the case with the derivatives

from plant-names, as pinery, fernery. As regards the deri-
vatives from names of animals, it seems chiefly to be those
derived from names of wild birds, as heronry, finchery, that
have been commonly used.
Formations of this kind occur in French too, and

there is no doubt that the^English words are modelled on

French ones: it
probably due to
is a mere chance that the
borrowed formations occur rather late indeed later, it

seems, than the new-formations (with the single exception

of the rare vachery 'an enclosure for cows' P. P., which
cannot have been of great importance). However this may
be, the loan-words are comparatively rare, and the French
influence seems to have been limited to presenting some
patterns for imitation: the fact that these formations are so
extensively used seems to be due to specific English con-
ditions.
In some cases the formation expresses 'collectivity'
as well as 'place', as in shrubbery, rookery etc. The two
meanings are nearly related to one another in such forma-
tions:sometimes it is difficult indeed to decide which of
them is most prominent.
I shall here take occasion to mention some forma-
tions in which the suffix expresses the joint idea of 'place'
40 THE SUFFIX -ery (-ry).

and 'collectivity', viz. the following jocular nonce-words

given in NED.:
the Fisheries, colloquial name of the Fisheries Exhibi-
tion held at South Kensington 1883; the name has of course
arisen through ellipsis.

On the analogy of the Fisheries, the Health Exhibi-

tion, which was held in the following year at the same
place, was called the Healtheries. In the same way the
Colinderies was used as a name of the Colonial and In-

dian Exhibition (1886), and the Wheeleries to designate an

Exhibition of bicycles and tricycles.
To these I can add the formation Shepherd-Bush-
eries 'the Franco-British Exhibition at Shepherds Bush' (1908),
which I have seen in a comic paper.

I have mentioned above (p. 37), in dealing with the

formations from personal nouns expressing 'trade', or the

'place where a trade is carried on', that some of these

words also have the sense of wares, things (sold or made
by a person). The earliest examples of loan-words with this

meaning are mercery 'wares sold by mercers', and drapery

'cloth, textile fabrics'. The new-formations are not very fre-

quent: they are not limited to any special epoch and are
found in modern as well as in older times. The earliest
of them are goldsmithry and haberdashery. Most of them
belong to the same category as the examples mentioned.
Originally this meaning (like that of place) must have
been secondary in relation to the sense of 'action, busi-
ness'. In some cases, however, it happens that the con-
crete meaning is two (e. g. grocery, millin-
the earlier of the

ery, confectionery), or it is even found in formations that

have not the abstract sense (e. g. haberdashery, drysaltery}.

This, of course, is due to the fact that the meanings in
question were already developed at the first appearance of
 MEANINGS OF THE SUFFIX. 41

the suffix in English, and accordingly the formations of this

type may have either of the meanings independently of the

others.
In the same way we have to explain the use of house-

wifery, householdry cookery, kitchenry etc. in the senses

,

of 'household stuff, 'cooking apparatus' and 'kitchen uten-

sils' respectively. The same is the case with thievery
'that which is stolen'. Most of these words are more com-
monly employed as abstracts.
Two formations occur in a concrete sense only, viz.

convenery 'an assembly, congress' and the nonce-word car-

very 'meat to be carved; carved work'. Still there is noth-
ing in the derivation of these words to prevent us from
using them in an abstract sense.
Lastly, I shall give some formations illustrative of a

common change of abstracts to designate concrete notions.

In finery the abstract sense of 'fine appearance' has been

completely ousted by the concrete one: 'showy decoration,

dress'. In most other cases, however, it is only the ques-

tion of a nonce-use: beauetry 'dandyism; dandy outfit',

flippery 'flippancy; also, frippery', foppery 'foolishness; sth.

foolishly esteemed', knavery 'roguery; tricks of dress', mi-
micry 'action of mimicking'; also concr., puppetry 'affecta-

tion; finery as that of a doll', tomfoolery 'ridiculous beha-

viour; absurd ornament'. French analogies of this use are
found in formations as bravery 'splendour; fine clothes',

gallantry 'fine, gay appearance; pretty things'.

There are some abstract formations which have come

to designate personal nouns. I have already spoken of
one word that has been employed in this way, viz. mau-

metry in the sense of 'an idol' (1303; cf. above p. 28). At

first sight the suffix seems quite superfluous, and one is

inclined to ascribe the use of it to a misunderstanding.

There are, however, other examples of a similar use, which
42 THE SUFFIX -ery (-ry).

compel us to look for another explanation: dru(e)ry 'illicit

love' is found in the sense of 'beloved person'; deblerie
= demon (1325); devilry
= demon (1380, 1483); fairy =
fay (1393+).
All words are of Anglo-French origin, and no
these
doubt the use of them in a personal sense originates in
this language (cf. above p. 28). In my opinion this change
from abstract to concrete sense is analogical to the mod-
ern English use of love in the sense of 'beloved person';
cf. also gossip, royalty etc. This explanation might apply
to one formation of English origin, which is also found in
a personal sense, viz. gossipry 'a relative in general' 1887
(cf. p. 96).

Harlotry 'a harlot' (1584-1836), bravery 'a gallant, a

beau' (1609 1670), and frippery 'showily dressed person*
(1877) are probably examples of metaphorical use of the
words in the senses of 'filth, trash', 'fine clothes', 'finery
in dress' respectively. .

(d) Formations expressing- Colleetiveness

(cf. pp. 107-109).
There is not much to say about the formations ex-

pressing collectiveness. The French loan-words are not

very numerous. The new-formations are for a long time

comparatively few and have not, as a rule, become very old

in the language. The nineteenth century brings with it a
change: the number of new-formations grows very large, and
at present the suffix is extensively used in such formations.
The sense of collectivity is found in derivations from
personal nouns (rarely from those in -er): most of the early
formations are of this type. There are, moreover, a great
many derivatives from names of animals, plants, and things
in general with collective sense, e. g. tenantry, leafery,
garlandry.
 DERIVATION OF THE SUFFIX. 43

A special group is composed by elephantry, camelry

'troops mounted on elephants, camels' and chariotry
'soldiers who fought from a chariot'. These are formed
analogically after cavalry.

(ii) The Use of -ery (-ry) from the point of view of

Derivation.

The early formations in -ery in borrowed

English,
and native, are for the most part derived from nouns de-

signating persons. Among these the derivations from

personal nouns in -er form a
group of
own, as their

they, strictly speaking, are examples of derivatives with -y

(cf. above p. 1Q). Both kinds of derivatives are met with
during all periods of English: the former occur in all

the different meanings of -ery; the most important group

of the latter consists of those words the root-word of which
is a personal noun designating a trade.
The verb-derivatives may have been modelled on
French loan-words directly, or, which is as probable, they

originate in formations from agent-nouns: these last could

just as well be analyzed as derived from the verb as from
the agent-noun; cf. reavery. On the whole, the earlier for-
mations from verbs belong to this ambiguous class; and
it is often difficult to decide whether the root-word is a
verb or an agent-noun.
Formations from other nouns than those denoting
persons are very rare in Middle English down to the six-
teenth century, with the exception of some formations the
roots of which are names of animals, as foxery. However,
as the noun is used in a figurative sense in these words,
referring person, the formations in question do not
to a
differ from other derivatives from personal nouns.

In the sixteenth century we find some rare instances

of formations from nouns denoting things. These are

44 THE SUFFIX -ery (-ry).

partlyformed on the analogy of French loan-words; partly

they may be due to English formations like glovery 'the
place where gloves are made or sold', which might be re-
garded as a derivative from glove just as well as from glo-
ver. Such formations are not uncommon; cf. ropery, sadd-
lery, skinnery.
following century the first examples of forma-
In the

tions from names of animals occur in the sense of 'place

where the animal is kept or found': these grow exceed-
ingly common from the eighteenth century onward. The
same is the case with formations from plant-names.

I shall now briefly notice a few other things of

interest concerning the derivation. First, some words about

the difficulty in some cases of deciding to what part of
speech the root-word of a formation belongs.
Sometimes I have felt obliged to adopt a different
view from that held by NED. This is above all the case
with words of the type reavery, which may be derived
from a personal noun in -er or from the verb. As to the
formations like reavery, bribery, cheatery, it is not worth
while to try and find out which might be the base, whether
reaver or to reave etc. NED. gives the verb reave as
the base of reavery, but the agent-noun briber as the
base of bribery. It would be more consistent to decide

for one of them or to give both, as NED. does in the

case of cheatery: to cheat or cheater. This would perhaps
be the best thing to do, as both words may be regarded
as the base in the case of such formations.
There are some abstracts denoting 'action, occupa-
tion' given in NED. as derivatives from nouns of things,
which I am inclined to regard as formations from verbs or

personal nouns in -er. Thus I believe that jailery 'imprison-

ment', is derived from the verb jail rather than from

 DERIVATION OF THE SUFFIX. 45

the noun jail. The latter alternative, it is true, is not

excluded, which might be seen from the following forma-
tions from nouns in a similar sense: chariotry 'art of dri-

ving a chariot', pencilry 'pencilwork', schootery 'that which

is taught at school', etc. I
think, however, it is always pre-
ferable in such cases to explain a formation as a derivative
from a verb or personal noun, if it is possible.
Accordingly have a different opinion from that ex-
1

pressed in NED. as to the derivation of the following

words: dodgery 'employment of dodges' f.
dodge, vb.

(NED. dodge, vb. or sb.), farmery 'farming, husbandry' f.

farmer, frumpery 'abuse, mockery, sneer' f.

frump, vb. (NED.
frump, sb.), jailery, lampoonery 'practice of writing lam-
poons; lampooning quality or
lampooner (NED.
-spirit' f.

lampoon, sb.), magazinery 'profession of magazine-writer' f.

magaziner, rocketry 'noisy quarrelling' f. racket, vb. (NED.
racket, sb.), railery 'travelling by rail' f. rail, vb. (NED. rail,
sb.). Enginery constructing engines' and gunnery
'art of
'art of constructing guns' might perhaps be derived from en-

giner, engineer and gunner respectively. Further, I consider

cottagery 'a cottage holding or tenement' to be a deriva-
tivefrom cottager (cf. cottery); and think it probable that I

the verb dream is the root of dreamery 'place which

favours dreams' (as is the case with the nonce-word cough-

ery = a coughing place). Lastly, I do not think NED. is

right in deriving Levelry 'the principles of the Levellers'

=
from 'level, adj. or vb': it is undoubtedly from Leveller
one who would level all differences of position or rank

among men.
In some cases the root-word may belong to different

parts of speech according to the different meanings of the

formation: for instance, waggonry in the sense of 'waggons

collectively' is of course a derivative from the noun wag-

gon, but in the sense of 'conveyance by means of a waggon'

46 THE SUFFIX -ery (-ry).

I am inclined to see in it a formation from the verb

waggon.
The same is the case with several others, for instance,

rattery (f.
ratter or rat, vb.) = conduct of a ratter, apostacy,
and rattery (f .
rat]
= place where rats abound cuckoldry (f ;
.

cuckold, vb.) = the dishonouring of a husband, and cuckoldry

(f.cuckold, sb.) = a company of cuckolds; cf. also gunnery,

enginery, farmery, fishery etc.

sometimes happens that the derivation of a French
It

loan-word is different in English from what it is in French.

Flattery 'action or practice of flattering', for instance, corre-
sponds to flaterie, which in French originally was a deri-

vation from the agent-noun flateur (OF. flateor), or from

the verb /later: to the English speaker it cannot be
but a verb derivation. Pleasantry < Fr. plaisanterie f.

plaisanter, is in English a formation from the adjective

pleasant. Coquetry 'action, behaviour of a coquette' Fr. <
coquetterie f.
coquetter, may be regarded as a formation
from the personal noun coquette in English, but one might
also derive from the verb, as in French. Spicery 'spices
it

coll', is now connected with the noun spice; in ME.,

however, the root-word was spicer, which occurs, for in-
stance, in Allit. P. in the sense of 'spice-monger'.

Formations with -ery (-ry) from Adjectives.

I mentioned just now a derivation from an adjective,

pleasantry, and I have on a previous occasion (p. 1Q) spo-

ken of another formation of this kind, viz. gentlery, which
I had reason to believe to be of Anglo-French origin. Deriv-
atives from adjectives are not frequent in English either

among the borrowed or among the native formations

and not many have gained a footing in the language.
Of the new-formations but few are commonly used,
 DERIVATION OF THE SUFFIX. 47

as finery and greenery, of which the latter may be a deri-

vative from the noun green (cf. NED.). Besides these there
are some derivatives from adjectives expressing nationality,
as Frenchery 'French goods, fashions, characteristics', Greek-

ery 'practices of the Greeks'. It should be noticed that the

meaning of these differs from that found in some earlier

formations of similar type, as Danishry 'Danish people',

Irishry 'Irish people'; also, in later use 'Irish character or
nationality' (1834 1872). In all these formations, however,
the adjective can be taken as used substantively and is thus
equivalent to a personal noun.
The same is perhaps the case with ancientry, which
besides usual meaning of 'quality, state of being an-
its

has had the collective senses of 'ancients' (1548

cient' also

-1611) and 'ancient things' (1866); or this formation may

have been formed from the adj. ancient on the analogy of
Fr. auncienerie (BozoN, p. 147). Errantry is probably a
shortened form of knight-errantry.
As regards the significations of the adjective-deriva-

tions, it is easy to understand that most of them express

quality, state. Some formations have a concrete meaning, for
instance, |the above-mentioned finery (cf. p. 41) and greenery.
The signification of snuggery 'a snug place' originally a
nonce-formation, now in common use is quite exceptional.

Irregular Formations.

There are a great number of irregular formations with

-ery (-ry). From an English point of view, one might count
among the irregular formations all those French adoptions
in which the process of derivation is not transparent, owing

to the fact that the root English as a

does not occur in

separate word. These formations cannot have exerted any

great influence on English word-formation: most of them
48 THE SUFFIX -ery (-ry).

are of rare occurrence. I shall only include a few ex-

amples in the word-list, chiefly such as have been incor-

porated with the language, as chivalry, napery etc.

The irregular formations of English origin are of great-
er interest. There is, for instance, a group af words in which
the ending -ery (-ry) has had an inorganic / tacked on

(-tery, -try): deviltry, jollitry, gay try, dunstery ; jocantry and

beauetry show besides the t, other irregularities. In some of
the words the t is due to the influence from for-
above
mations where the / is organic, and afterwards it has been
introduced analogically into some new-formations. Thus

deviltry seems to be formed after harlotry, maumetry, ido-

latry; jollitry and gaytry are probably altered from jollity
and gaiety, perhaps after formations as gallantry, pleasantry,

Jocantry evidently modelled on the pattern of pleasantry

is

and beauetry is formed irregularly from beau after coquetry.

Another irregular formation is drunkery 'a place to
get drunk in', from the ppl. adj. drunk. Finally there is

duchery which NED. states to be app. f. duche, earlier

form of duchy -{--ery'. This is probably wrong. The word
occurs in Anglo-French (P. L. II, p. 86: jo tenk ma duche-
rye = I hold my duchy), whence it may have been bor-
rowed into English. As to the explanation, -ery seems to
have been substituted for the suffix -y (cf. above, p. 25).
In some cases the suffix seems to have been added

superfluously, as in treasonry 'treason' and errandry 'errand'.

In guildry 'the municipal corporation of the royal burghs
of Scotland', the occurrence of the suffix is perhaps due to
a wish to emphasize the idea of collectivity expressed by guild.

(Hi) The Form of the Suffix.

Before account of the suffix -ery (-ry)

finishing my
shall add some words about the form of the suffix. The
 FORM OF THE SUFFIX. 49

French form -erie often occurs in ME., and even later, not
only in French loan-words but in new-formations: it should
be observed that the sufffx is trisyllabic in AF. and ME.
Soon, however, we find modified forms of the suffix, which
are due to the
strong effect of the
-eri, English accent:
ery, where the e has been dropped: -rie, -rye, where
final

the unaccented middle e has been syncopated; and even

-ry, where both these changes have been carried out. Be-
sides these regular types of the suffix there are countless
varieties of different spellings, as -arie (-y), -orrie, -irry, -urye

etc., and even -re, -ere, (lechure, 14th c., devilere, 15th c.,

carpentre, 16th c.); but such forms are rarely met with after

the sixteenth century.

In course of time the use of -ery or -ry is regulated
in the following way: the longer form is added to mono-

syllables ending in consonants e. g. nunnery, girlery; the

shorter form is added to monosyllabic roots ending in vowels

and to dis- and tri-syllabic roots Jewry, dentistry, elephan-
try. Compound words the elements of which are felt as
l
distinct words are treated likesimple ones: housewifery.
Exceptions are found occasionally, in most cases in for-
mations from dis- and tri-syllabic words ending in conso-
nant groups which offer difficulties of pronunciation: ima-

gery. Formations from personal substantives in -er end

in -ery or -ry, according as the root-word is prominent in

the speakers mind or not.

This usage is not -settled by rules before the eighteenth

century. Before that time both forms are often found in

the same word.

1
When the word is pronounced housewi-fry, the compound
housewife is treated like a simple word: cf. midwi-fry.
 II. The Suffix -age.

A. The History of the Suffix.

The French -age answers to late L. -aticum,

1
which,
says NED., was a favourite termination of abstract sub-
stantives of appurtenance, and collectives; originally neuter
of adjectives in -aticus. Cf. cl. L. silvaticus 'of the wood'
(silva), It.
selvaggio, Fr. sauvage, Eng. savage with viaticus
'of or pertaining to a journey' (via), viaticum 'that which

pertains to a journey, provision for the way', later 'the

making of a journey', It.
viaggio, Fr. viage, voyage.*
According to MEYKR-LUBKE -aticum, -age occurs first in

the sense of 'due, rent' (

eineAbgabe; cf. Gram. 482
p. 552) in med. Lat., in French and in Spanish (rarely in

Italian): the suffix was not very common in the early sta-

ges of these languages. In course of time, however, it came

to be extensively used in French, and was introduced from
here into the sister-languages.
Lat. -aticum was remodelled into -agium after French

-age, as in homagium, cariagium after French hommage,

2
cariage: this form first occurs side by side with -aticum,

but becomes the only one used in med. Latin.

later

In English the suffix makes its first appearance in French

loan-words. The earliest of these date from the former half

See NYHIIP, Gram. Hist, de la Langue Franchise 400, Reni.

!
See DIE z, Gram. II. p. 310 note: Beispiel latinisirender Riick-
bildung..
 HISTORY OF THE SUFFIX. 51

of the thirteenth century; but it is not until the end of the

century that they occur in considerable numbers; in the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries they increase still further.
Several of these formations are also found in med. Latin
in forms in -aticum, or -agium.

Derivatives from Germanic Roots in OF. (AF.i and

Med. Latin.

Among the adoptions there are some derivatives from

Germanic roots, which deserve to be examined at some
length: bondage, burgage, cottage, harbergage, hidage, last-
age, lodemanage, socage, stallage, tollage.
In some at least of the formations mentioned (bon-
dage, lodemanage etc.) the root-word is taken over from

English; and in such cases the formations are quite ana-

logical to husbandry, dairy and others which have treated I

above (p. 22 ff.). These formations confirm the views I have

already expressed on the reciprocal influence between Eng-
lish and Anglo-French. The above-mentioned formations
are already found in English texts from the fourteenth cen-

tury. They can be divided into two groups according to

the meaning.
The one group comprises bondage, socage, burgage.
These are originally terms of feudal law the suffix denotes :

the services performed for the tenure of land, or the land

held in tenure.

Bondage, AF. bondage, Anglo-L. bondagium, origi-

nally meant 'the tenure of a bonde, the services ren-

dered by a bonde. The earliest English examples of the

formation (1330 etc.) have the sense 'position, condition

of a serf owing to the altered sense of bonde, which

through the effects of the Norman Conquest had become

equivalent to 'serf, slave.' Whether this sense too occurs in
52 THE SUFFIX -age.

Anglo-French I cannot say. Cf. Du CANOE, bondagium

'conditio ipsa servilis vel colonia'. As regards the sense-

change of bondage, cf. Fr. servage.

Socage, OF. socage, med. L. socagium, 'a tenure of
land in England by the performance of certain services'

(Engl. Gilds 138Q); soke the exercise of judicial power,

a franchise, land held
by socage (CD.)
Burgage, med. ad.
L. burgagium (OF. bourgage) f.

burg-us, 'a tenure whereby lands were held of the -

king or other lord for a certain yearly rent' (1502 etc.).

Burgage has also the sense 'a freehold property in a bor-

ough', which meaning is recorded earlier than the other
(P. PI. 1362). BRITTON has bourgage, bargage in the latter

sense. It seems to me
Anglo-French might just as
that
well be the source of the formation as med. Latin.
In connection with above formations might be
the
mentioned cottage, AF. cotage, Lat. cotagium, which occurs
in OF. <in the sense of base tenure (tenure routuriere,
GODEF.) and the rent paid for the tenement so held. (NED.)
This sense, however, is not found in English, where the word
means 'a dwelling-house of small (1386 etc.). Cf.
size'

Du CANOE, cota (2): cotagium = tenementum villanum (1236).

The other formations with the exception of herberg-

age and lodemanage might be grouped together: in all of

them the suffix denotes 'a tax, charge'.
Lastage, AF. lestage. med. L. lestagium, 'a toll payable
by traders attending fairs and markets' (1387 etc.)
Stallage, OF. estallage, med. L. stallagiutn, 'right of

erecting stalls at fairs; rent paid for a stall' (TREVISA

1387 etc.)

Hidage, med. Angl. Lat. hidagium; also in AF., cf.

Du CANOE, hida: Hidage vel taillage est tallagium

(Charta Henrici I),

'a tax payable to the royal exchequer'
(TREVISA 1387); hide, med. L. hyda = a measure of land.
 HISTORY OF THE SUFFIX. 53

Tollage, cf. OF. tolage (GODEFROY), med. L. tolagium,

tolldgium, 'toll, exaction or payment of toll' (CD.)

Gavelage is given in NED. as a native formation:

to me, however, seems not improbable that it is adopted
it

from French. OE. gafol 'tax' went out of use after the
13th century; gavelage is first recorded c. 1450; cf. OF. ga-
bellage, med. L. gablagium, 'rent or other periodical pay-

ment'.
There remain harbergage and lodemanage. The for-
mer occurs also in the form herbergage, cf. ONF. herber-

gage f.
herberge(r) 'lodging, entertainment' (13861502),
also 'place of lodging' (13. .
-1475); cf. Du CANOE: heber-

gagium, herbegagium, herbergagium etc.

Lodemanage, AF. lodmanage (also lamanage) f. OE.

[admann, 'pilotage' (1386 etc.) Only one of the examples
given in NED. has the sense of 'due, charge' (1531).
It is difficult to decide whether the above formations

have arisen in OF. (AF.) or in med. Latin. They are, of

course, formed on the analogy of the numerous French
formations with similar sense, as servage, villeinage; mu-
rage, pontage, cheminage etc. Such formations are very
common in med. L.; they express legal notions; and Latin,
as well as Anglo-French, was the language used by the
writers on law-subjects. One must imagine that such of
these authors as wrote in Latin,
-- who had Anglo-French
or English for their mother-tongue, or knew both langua-
ges,
- -
either latinized the Anglo-French formation, or, if
the formation did not occur in Anglo-French, created a
new expression by means
of an English root-word and
the suffix -agium. not impossible that some or other
It is

of the above formations have arisen in this way.

There are some other derivatives from Germanic roots
adopted into English in the fifteenth and following cen-
54 THE SUFFIX -age.

turies, which seem to have arisen in med. Latin, viz. dfeng-

age, faldage (foldage], foggage, keelage.

Drengage, med. L. drengagium, 'the tenure or service
of a dreng', is not recorded in English before 1607 (cf. NED.)

Faldage, law-Lat. faldagium, in the sixteenth century

anglicized as foldage, 'the privilege by which a lord of a manor

could set up folds in any fields within the manor, in which
the tenants were obliged to put their streep'; foldage 1533

-1628, faldage 1692.

Foggage, Sc. law-Lat. (14th c.) fogagium, (prob. f.

fog, sb. *= aftermath, rank grass), 'the pasturing of cattle

on 'fog'; the privilege of doing this.' 1500
Keelage, according to NED. f. keel, sb. -age; but
cf. med. L. killagium 'a toll or due payable by a ship on

entering or anchoring in a harbour' 1679 1825.

In some of the formations discussed in this section
the root-word is not adopted from English but from an-
other Germanic language; but as the corresponding words
occur in English (ME. stall, burgh, cot and cote) the for-
mations in question are easily associated with these. It is

not impossible that these adoptions have contributed to call

forth the many derivatives from native roots that are found

among the early new-formations in the fifteenth century

(cf. below, p. 56).

The Suffix in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.

The new-formations are rare to begin with. In NED.

only five are given from the fourteenth century, some of
which are more or less doubtful; they are barnage, pickage,

quarterage, dotage and poundage. To these I can add

thrallage.

Barnage 'childhood, infancy' occurs for the first time

in Allit. Poems (B. 517), which text was probably not written
 HISTORY OF THE SUFFIX. 55

before 1350. I am
pretty sure that NED. is wrong in treat-
ing damage as a derivation from barn with the suffix
-age:
it is without doubt a compound of barn and age sb. (cf.
below p. 63, footnote).

Pickage 'a toll' (1364) and quarterage 'a contribution,

tax' (1389) both have equivalents in French: AF. picage,
med. Anglo-L. picagiam, and OF. quarterage (GODEF.). It

is often extremely difficult to tell whether a formation is

of French or of English origin; however, when it is the

question of early formations, which also occur in French,
I think it is safest, as a rule, to regard them as loan-words.
Dotage 'the state of one who dotes'. NED. derives
the formation from the verb to dote, but at the same time
suggests Fr. radotage as the possible source
l
. The first
example of the English formation is from Allit. Poems
(B. 1425).
Thrallage seems to be of native origin: at any rate I

not been able to find it in AF. or med. Latin. Still there

are circumstances which point to foreign origin. First, the
word occurs as early as 1375 (Barb. Br. thrillage, thrillag)
in the sense of 'servitude, slavery', and the meaning of
'condition' is not found until the end of the sixteenth cen-

tury in other new-formations (cf. below, p. 63). Further,

there is a variant of this formation, thirlage, which is a
Scotch law-term meaning 'a species of servitude by which
the proprietors of land were bound to carry the grain to

1
Cf. NED. dote (< M. Du. doten) first found 1205. '. . . the
close parallelism of sense between Fr. radoter, radote and Engl.
dote, doted, and the presence of Eng. derivatives with Fr. suffixes, as

dotage, dotant, dotery =

Fr. radotage, radotant, radoterie, show an in-

timate connexion between the Fr. and Eng. words, as if the latter were
immediately from an AFr. doter for OF. redoter>. If the English do-
tage is an aphetic form of Fr. radotage, it may be compared to rum-
mage <. Fr. arrummage.
56 THE SUFFIX -age.

a particular mill to be ground' (CD.); this use of the suffix

-age is extraordinarily rare in native formations (cf. p. 64).

Poundage f. pound, sb.; hence med. (Anglo-) L. pon-

dagium, 'an impost, duty, or tax of so much per pound

sterling on merchandise (1309-1765),

It is not until the middle of the fifteenth century that the
new-formations get frequent. It is worth noting that a
considerable number of the early formations are derivatives
from Germanic roots. Out of about twenty new-forma-
tions from the fifteenth century more than half the number
are derived from native roots, as cartage, roamage 'roam-
l

ing' (1430; not in NED.) , borrowage, groundage, fraught-

age, herbryage, landage, cranage, lighterage, lovage- 'praise,
honour' 14891523 (NED. remarks perh. from love <
OE. lofian; perh. miswritten for louage == louange), leak-

age, wharfage. In the sixteenth century the number of

new-formations is increasing and after 1600 they are be-

coming very numerous.
From what has been said above, it follows that the
suffix -age can hardly be called a living formative in Eng-
lish before the fifteenth century. In this it seems to differ

from the suffix -ery (-ry). The earlier occurrence of -ery

(-ry) in native formations, however, is explained by the spe-
cial circumstances combined with the use of this suffix,
for instance, its association with personal substantives in

-er (cf. p. 18).

Further the derivation of the French loan-words in

-ery is wholly transparent, whereas this is not the case

with many early adoptions in -age (cf. below p. 66).

Hymn to the Virgin (E. E. T. S. 24) p. 93, 1. 60.

 MEANINGS OF THE SUFFIX. 57

B. The Use of the Suffix -age.

(i) The Meaning-s of the Suffix.

The suffix -age has been extensively used in French.

Formerly was employed in derivations from nouns and
it

verbs, but in mod. French it is only added to verb-stems.

From the original meaning of the suffix, 'that which
belongs to', the sense of 'tax, charge' developed: this mean-

ing is found very early (cf. above p. 50) and occurs in

numerous new-formations. Further, the suffix is freely

employed to form substantives of appurtenance, indicating

that which belongs to or is functionally related to: these

formations are concretes, as potage, corsage, and abstracts

as language, verbiage.

Many formations with -age have a collective mean-

ing, as cordage, plumage, vitrage. In several derivatives
from verbs the suffix expresses the result, product of ac-
tion, as plantage, heritage; sometimes it has an augmenta-
tive sense, as in marecage, personnage.
The abstracts in -age are derived from personal nouns
and from verbs. The derivationsfrom personal nouns
sometimes express state, rank or quality, as apprentissage,
esclavage, veuvage: more often they express action.
The verbal derivations have, for the most part, the
sense of action, as arrivage, accommodage, cabotage, labourage.
The English formations with -age are modelled on
the French loan-words, and their meanings correspond upon
the whole to those found in French.

(a) Formations expressing- Tax, Charg-e (cf. pp. 110112).

A very common use of -age is to denote a payment

in money or in kind; as has been said above (p. 50), this
58 THE SUFFIX -age.

use of -age is of very old date. The English formations

with this meaning are very numerous. The new-formations
are early: there are even two given in NED. from the
fourteenth century, pickage and quarterage, but, as has
viz.

been pointed out above (p. 55), there may be some doubt
as to their English origin.
In the century the new-formations are still
fifteenth

rare (e. g. groundage), but later, especially after 1600,

their number is increasing. They are chiefly deriva-
tions from nouns of things, as havenage, cranage, and
from verbs, as corkage, haulage. Besides there are some
formations derived from personal substantives: this seems
to English use of the suffix, as no similar French
be an
loan-words occur. The earliest formation of this type is
butlerage duty payable to the kings butler' (1491): from
'a

the nineteenth century there is only one formation of this

kind, husbandage (1809).

The formations with the sense of 'tax' etc. occur mostly
in legal use. It is a characteristic feature of the suffix

-age that it has been extensively used to form law-terms.

The formations here dealt with compose the largest and
most important group of such terms; but besides these
there are others which shall speak of below (p. 64). I

Another characteristic of the suffix is that it is very

readily added to commercial and nautical terms; and a
glance at the word-list shows thatamong the formations
denoting 'tax, charge' there are many that specially refer to
l
maritime matters .

1
As regards the use of -age to form legal and commercial
terms cf. B. FKIU:, Die Sprache des Handels in Altengland pp. 33-34
(Diss. St. Oallen. 1909).
 MEANINGS OF THE SUFFIX. 59

(b) Formations expressing Result of Action, Place,

Collectivity' etc. (cf. p. 112-116).

There are several derivations from names of things

and from verbs, in which the suffix expresses different
concrete notions. In most cases the meaning of -age in
these formations may be connected with the original sense
of the suffix: 'that which belongs to'.

The derivations from names of things with concrete

meanings are not numerous. The earliest of them are
found in the seventeenth century, as scaffoldage 'scaffold-
ing', scrippage 'that which is contained in a scrip' (on
the analogy of baggage: cf. Shak., As you like it, III. ii.
171).
The verb derivations belonging here may have been
formed after the French adoptions with similar sense,
amongst which there are some very commonly used words,
as passage, carriage, equipage, coinage. Thus luggage
(15Q6) may have arisen on the analogy of carriage, which
was formerly employed in the same sense, and mintage may

have been formed on the model of coinage. The earliest

native formations are from the sixteenth century (brewage,

luggage); from the following centuries there are not few

formations of this kind; and at the present time they are
of frequent occurrence.
In some cases the concrete meaning of these forma-
tions may be due to a sense-change from abstract to con-
crete: the fact is that many of the formations falling under

this head are used to express abstract notions as well, and

in such cases the concrete meaning may have developed
from an abstract one.

Some verb-derivatives express the idea of place, as

moorage, anchorage etc. These may have been formed on

60 THE SUFFIX -age.

the analogy of French loan-words, as arrivage, or, which

is quite as probable, as the adoptions with this meaning
are rare, --
may have developed from an
the sense of place
abstract sense. The sense-change of a noun of action to
express 'the place of action' is not uncommon.
Most of the formations in which -age denotes place
are derivatives from personal nouns, as vicarage 'house,
residence of a vicar', orphanage 'home for orphans', which
are formed on the model of French loan-words, as hermi-
tage, parsonage. The formations in question are not nu-
merous.
There are some formations expressing place in which
the suffixseems to have been added in order to empha-
size the idea of 'space', as garnerage 'garner, store-house',
lairage 'space where cattle may lie down and rest'. Oy-
sterage is the only derivation from a name of animal: in

this formation -age has taken the place of -ery (-ry).

In English, as in French, the suffix

-age is freely
employed to express collectivity. The formations with
a collective sense in English are derived from personal
nounS and from names of things. French loan-words of
both kinds are pretty common. As early as the fourteenth
century we find baronage 'body of barons' and cousinage
'kinsfolk collectively'. The formation of native origin
earliest

is peerage (1454). The new-formations are not very numer-

ous. Most of them are from the nineteenth century: some
are nonce-words, as flunkeyage, gazetteerage 'class of flun-

keys, gazetteer-writers' (Carlyle).

There are several formations from names of things
expressing collectiveness. They are not very frequent in

early Mod. E.: I have only noted a few examples from

the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as boughage, leaf-
 MEANINGS OF THE SUFFIX. 61

age, boatage. It is not until the nineteenth century that

they get pretty numerous (oarage, gunnage, bloomage).

shall here mention some formations which in some
I

uses may be regarded as pure collectives, e. g. wharfage,

quayage; drainage, pipage. Thus wharfage, quayage,
cellar-

rage may be rendered by 'wharves', 'quays', 'cellars' re-

spectively. Sometimes, however, these formations have an
abstract implication: wharfage = accommodation at wharves;
cellarage == cellar accommodation.
Very is im- often it

possible to make a distinction between the two meanings.

As regards the formations of the type drainage 'a sys-
tem of drains' there is the same difficulty of deciding
in which group they should be included. On the whole,
I think the abstract sense predominates in these forma-
tions; but some of them, as drainage, cesspoolage, kennel-

age etc. might also be considered as collectives.

(c) Formations expressing- Action (cf. pp. 116119).

The formations expressing action are very numerous.

They are derived from personal nouns, from names of

things, and from verbs.
The derivations from personal nouns are formed on
the analogy of French loan-words, as patronage, parentage,

arbitrage, and denote 'occupation, function'. The earliest

formations of native origin occur in the fifteenth century

(porterage, brokerage); and in the following centuries sev-

eral new ones are formed. In the nineteenth century for-
mations of this type are rare: one of the few examples is

clerkage (1883, 1885).

The verb-derivatives with this sense compose a large
group: more than a third part of the formations with -age
occur in this use. The adoptions from French are pretty
numerous, and native formations have arisen with great fre-
62 THE SUFFIX -age.

quency ever since the fifteenth century. On the whole, the

numerous new-formations do not live long: they occur
often only in two or three examples. This is due to the
fact that there are a great many other familiar endings for
the formation of nouns of action, and on account of the
keen competition it often happens, of course, that formations
with -age have to give place to other formations.
Thus, for instance, embarkage has been ousted by
embarkation, contrivage by contrivance; endowage, disburs-
age, derivage have not been able to gain a footing in Eng-
lish on account of the occurrence of earlier formations with
a similar sense, as endowment (1460 ), disbursement (15Q6 +)
and derivation (1530 ),
which were more commonly used.
Of course the suffix is also used alternating with -ing
(gardenage, dumpage, levelage etc.).
In many cases, however, there is a marked difference
between the formations with -age and those with other
abstract suffixes. We can often apply to the English suffix
-age what MEYER-LUBKE says of its use in French, that it
is especially added to those verbs sin deren Begriffe schon

die Betatigung mehrerer Personen oder eine komplicierte

!

Handlung liegt .
Among the verbs of the type here de-
scribed there are many nautical terms, as anchor, steer, stow

etc.; and this circumstance may partly explain the frequent

use of -age in formations expressing commercial and nau-
tical notions, which I have mentioned above (p. 58).
There are some few formations falling under this head
which may be explained as derivations from nouns just as
well as from verbs, e. dosage
g. medi-
'the administration of

cine in doses', cranage 'the use of a crane for hoisting

goods', cubage 'the determination of the cubic content'
(1840, 55); expressage 'the sending by express' (1864) is

a derivative from a noun (cf. below, pp. 65, 66).

1
Gram. II 482, p. 522.
 MEANINGS OF THE SUFFIX. 63

(d) Formations expressing State, System, Privilege etc.

(cf. pp. 120-121).

The formations with -age, expressing state, condition

are chiefly derived from personal nouns. The French loan-
words are not very numerous: the earliest of them are
from the fourteenth century, as servage, vassalage, bond-
age. With the exception of thrallage (cf. above p. 55)
the new-formations do not appear until the end of the
sixteenth century, e. g. orphanage, doltage, pupilage. Among
these formations might be counted some words with the
sense of 'rank, dignity', as baronetage, peerage.
Further the sense of 'condition, state' is sometimes
found in verb-derivatives. Only a few French borrowings
occur in this sense, as marriage, arrearage, espousage, equip-
age and dotage, if we may count this formation among
the adoptions. Of the native formations some exam-
ples may be mentioned: floodage 'flooded state', blockage
1

'blocked-up state', chokage 'choked-up state , achage (after

breakage; cf. NED.).

In several formations the sense of state occurs side
by side with the sense of action, e. g. housage 'state of

being housed', cleavage 'state of being cleft', graftage, stop-

page, stowage, tannage, tintage, waftage, wreckage '.

1
It should be observed that, in some cases, there has been a
confusion of formations with -age expressing 'state, condition' and com-
pounds with the noun age. I have already had occasion to speak of
such a word, which has probably been mistaken for a derivative with
the suffix -age, viz. barnage (cf. pp. 54, 55). Sometimes there is no risk
of making such a mistake, as in the case of nonage ( non -f- age,
sb.) 'minority',manage (man -f- oge, sb.) 'one's majority', oldage etc.
In other cases, however, it is often doubtful whether it is the question
of -age, suff. or age, sb. NED. gives some of these words as forma-
64 THE SUFFIX -age.

The suffix -age is employed to express other ab-

stract notions than those discussed above. shall here I

say a few words on the use of -age in formations like socage

'a tenure of land', and maritage 'right of exacting a fine for

marriage of the vassal'. As has been said above (p. 58). -age
was extensively used to form legal terms. The two formations
mentioned belong to this class of words; both represent
an old use of the suffix. The meanings in question are
found in French and med. L. formations (cf. above pp. 52, 54)
and have been introduced into English with the adoptions
from these languages.
The formations with the same sense as socage are
not many. Of the adoptions may be mentioned villeinage,
burgage, bordage. Farmage 'the system of farming taxes;
leasehold tenure' also belongs here. Few native formations
occur in a similar sense, viz. thirlage (cf. p. 55, 56), col-

laterage. However there are some other formations which

might be mentioned in this connection, viz. friarage 'the

system of the order of peonage 'the system

friars' (1555),
of having peons' (1850+), fosterage 'the custom of putting
the child under the care of a foster mother: in all of these
the use of the suffix is more or less related to the use of
it in socage, farmage.
The use of -age to denote 'right, privilege' has been
of more importance in English word-formation. This mean-
ing is first found in adopted formations, as maritage,

tions with the suffix -age, as boy age 'boyhood' (16221798), infant-
age 'infancy' (1836), at the same time suggesting the possibility of
confusion of -age, suff. and age, sb. These are analogical cases to
the above-mentioned barnage. We have further adultage (1670) on
which NED. remarks <-perh. two words, adult -j- age this is prob- :

ably the case. The same remark applies to the two formations minor-
age 'minority' (1888) and decrepitage 'decrepitude' (1670). Lastly,
there are coltagc 'colthood' (1720) and foalage 'foalhood' (1607, 1720),
both of which have probably been suggested by the sb. age.
 DERIVATION OF THE SUFFIX. 65

'right of exacting a fine for marriage of the vassal', fog-

gage, foldage (cf. above p. 54), stallage 'right of erecting

a stall'. The earliest new-formation with this sense is

poundage 'right of
pounding stray (1576). cattle' Some
examples from the following centuries may be given here:
browsage 'right of browsing cattle' 1611, groundage 'right
of occupying ground' 1721 (rare), dumpage 'the privilege of

dumping', package 'the privilege formerly held by the City

of London of packing cloth -', mastage 'the right of

feeding animals on mast' etc. (cf. the word-list, p. 121).

Finally, I shall mention some abstract formations in

which the suffix denotes a quality characteristic of the
root-word. Here belong formations like leverage 'the power
of a lever' (1830), pondage 'the capacity of a pond' (1885),
tankage 'the capacity of a tank'. These are rare and the same
is the case with formations as the following: falseage

'deceit, falsehood' (1400), brinage 'briny quality' (1610) and

clownage, where -age stands instead of -ery.

(ii) The Use of -age from the point of view

of Derivation.

The formations with -age are derivatives from per-

sonal nouns, from names of things, and from verbs. All these
kinds of formations are represented from the first appearance
of the suffix in English. The derivations from personal
nouns are less numerous than the others.
As has been said above (p. 62), it may sometimes be
doubtful whether a formation is derived from a noun or
from a verb. In other cases the root-word of a formation
may be explained as a verb or a substantive according to
the meaning of the formation in different uses. Boundage,
'the action of marking out the bounds', is derived from the
66 THE SUFFIX -age.

verb bound; in the sense of 'the bounds taken as a whole',

it is a derivation from bound, sb. Drainage 'the action,

work of draining' is a verb-derivative: in the sense of 'a

system of drains', it is derived from the noun. Other for-

mations belonging here are lairage, drayage, corkage, com-
monage etc.

Besides the types of formations mentioned, there are

some rare examples of derivations from adjectives, viz.

_greenage, fertilage, shortage, roughage. The two first-men-

tioned may be explained as derivations from a noun and
a verb respectively: greenage f.
green, sb. (cf. greenery,
p. 47) and fertilage f. fertile, vb. which occurs in the se-

venteenth century. Fertilage is exemplified from 1610, 1688.

It has been mentioned above (p.. 56) that among the

early French adoptions there are many formations in which

the process of derivation is not clear. Now it is, of course,

necessary that a foreign suffix must occur in numerous

loan-words, in which the root-word and the ending are

easy to distinguish, before can be adopted into another

it

language and used in the word-formation. This being the

case, W. FRANZ makes a very unfortunate choice of examples
when he says that von den zahlreichen aus dem Franzo-
sichen ubernommenen worter auf -age: advantage, courage,

damage, voyage hat das suffix ausdehnung auf worte germ,

1
herkunft gefunden.*
can scarcely believe that formations like those men-
I

tioned by FRANZ have had great influence in promoting the

use of -age in English. On the contrary, I should rather
think that the comparatively late occurrence of English new-

Lautgebung und Wortbildung

1
FRANZ, Ortographie, in Shake-
speare 100 (p. 88).
 DERIVATION OF THE SUFFIX. 67

formations with -age is due to the fact that a great many

of the early French loan-words belong to this category.
Still it would be wrong to pronounce these words destitute
of any influence: they have undoubtedly contributed through
their meanings to associate the suffix -age with certain
significations, e. g. that of 'tax, charge', and for this reason
I have thought fit to include some of them in the word-list.

NED. gives, as irregular formations of native origin,

some derivatives from Latin bases which one feels inclined, at

first sight, to regard as loan-words owing to their un-English

appearance, e. g. ambassage < med. L. ambass-are + -age).

However, there are several examples of such derivation, as

collaterage (<late L. collater-are -f -age), alterage (< L. altor

-\--age) 'fostering' 1612, reconciliage (<L. reconcili-are +

-age) 1626, mensurage (<L. mensur-a+-age) 'measurage'
(< L. lact-is, f. lac, + -age) 'milk produce' 1753,
1676, lactage
compendage (<L. compend-ere + -age) 'mass of things hang-
ing 1773, floriage (L. flor-is, f. flos,
together' age; after +
foliage) 'blossoms' 1782, 'leaves of flowers' 1880.
Other irregular formations are jettage (< jetty -{--age)
in which the y been dropped probably owing
of jetty has
to difficulty of pronunciation, and brockage 'damaged piece
n coining' (1879) which NED. hesitatingly derives from
the stem of brok-en. Average 'an equalised estimate' might
also be counted among the irregular formations. It was

formed, with -age, from Fr. avarie on the model of the

many other formations with -age in maritime use, and de-
noted formerly a tax; the form average is perhaps due to
another word, average (< OF. average) meaning some kind
l
of service due by tenants to the feudal superior.

FEHR, Die Sprache des Handels in Altengland, p. 24.

1
cf.
68 THE SUFFIX -age.

In some formations the suffix is superfluous, as in

advowsonage = advowson, in which case the addition of the
suffix is due to the occurrence of many formations with
the sense of 'right, privilege' (cf. above pp. 64, 65). Further,
the suffix is superfluous in formations like gavelage, fol-

iage, taxage, costage, surplusage, arrearage. Here it is

of course the frequent use of the suffix -age to denote

'tax, charge' which has caused it to be added.
In blindage and garnerage 'a garner' the
'a screen'
suffix probably due to a
is wish to emphasize the notions
contained in the simple words. Fordage, 'a ford' and
loppage Mop' may be regarded as derivatives from verbs,
meaning 'the place where one fords the river' and 'that

which is lopped' respectively.

I shall only add a few lines about some words which

are connected with -age inasmuch as their forms have been
influenced by the suffix. I am thinking of words which
in mod. English terminate in -age, which ending has been
substituted for an earlier termination.
We have an instance of this process in the formation
shewage 'a toll' (1474 was Invented by the
1800) which
lawyers in the 15th c. as an
explanatory synonym of
scawenge, the AF. rendering of OE. sceawung. English
scavage < AF. scavage has arisen in French it is a deriva- :

tion from the verb scauwen adopted from Flemish (NED.)

An analogical change of form is seen in ME. vindage,
vendage, mod. English vintage is due to association
with vintner -
cf. French vendenge. Perhaps the sub-
stitution of the suffix is of French origin; SKEAT gives a
Lat. form vendagia in his edition of P. PI.

Here can further be mentionedword the French a

form of which has been exchanged for an English one in
 FORM OF THE SUFFIX. 6Q

-age: bourage, app. an erron. form for Fr. bourg (NED).

Finally, there are some English words, the endings of
which have been remodelled on -age, viz. scrimmage,
which originates from scrimmish (var. of skirmish], rubbage,
obs. or dial, for rubbish (NED.) and Milage, var. of bilge,

which, according to NED., is due to the rarity of the

ending -Ige in English: this form (viz. -age) seems in later

times to be preferred where the word denotes a measure

from form-association with tonnage, stowage and other ab-
stracts in -age.

(iii) The Form of the Suffix.

There is not much to say about the form of the suf-

fix -age. From its first appearance in English the regular

form has been -age. The variants have not been many.
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries -
and even
-

in the eighteenth there occur the spellings -edge, -idge:

these are, of course, due to the altered pronunciation of the

suffix, which began to come into use at that time.

 III. The Suffix -ment.

A. The History of the Suffix.

The suffix -mentum was in Latin used all but ex-

clusively to form concretes expressing the instrument or

product of an action, as vestimentum, tabulamentum. It

very rarely served to form nouns of action. In French,

however, the use of this suffix to form nouns of action
became of great importance.
From French, i. e. Anglo-French, where the forma-
tions with -ment, according to NED., were still more fre-

quently employed than in continental OF., such forma-

tions were borrowed into English. The earliest
adoptions
occur in the thirteenth century
- -
with the exception of
sacrament, which is already found in the twelfth century:
their number increased towards the end of the century.
Besides adoptions from French there are two forma-
the
tions borrowed directly from Latin pulment and firmament. :

In the fourteenth century the number of loan-words grows

still larger. Among the early adoptions there are such as

judgement, amendment, advancement etc., i. e. formations by

the side of which occur the verbs from which they are

derived, and which accordingly may give rise to new-for-

mations.
I shall here, as above in the case of the other suf-
fixes, examine the new-formations in succession according
to the date of their earliest examples given in NED.
 HISTORY OF THE SUFFIX. 71

The new-formation with -ment, according to

earliest

NED., is chastisement, 1303. This formation is not easily

accounted for. The verb chastise, from which it seems to
be derived, is not recorded in English before 1325. The
explanation of this verb
is, moreover, beset with difficul-

ties. No verb *chastisser or *chastir is found in OF., and

it not probable that chastise
is is a derivation from the

adj. chaste with -ize (cf. NED.).

Perhaps the earlier formation chastiment may have been

formed into chastisement in AF. (or OF.) on the model of
the many formations ending in -isement. In that case chas-
tisement might be an AF. adoption; GODEFROY gives a late
example chastizement
of 'punition' (Stat. Henri V, an 1).
it:

It is true that the French formations in -isement generally

correspond to English formations in -ishment as punishment,

nourishment, ravishment etc.; but there are some exceptions,
amortizement, franc hisement, etc. in which
viz. advertisement,

the sound-change s>sh has not been carried through. If

chastisement has arisen in the above-mentioned way the
verb chastise could be explained as a back-formation and
its later appearance be accounted for. The occurrence of the

vbl. sb. chastising as early as 1303 (in the same text where
chastisement is found) does not speak absolutely against
such a theory: formations with -ment and -ing often occur
alternating with one another, (cf. below, p. 75) and the suf-
fix -ing may have been substituted for -ment.
Ditement 'a summons, indictment' is found 1308. NED.
gives it as a native formation, but compares it to OF. dite-

ment and adds perh. often aphetic for inditement 'indict-

ment'*. Indictment is adopted from Anglo-French and oc-

curs for the first time 1303 (in the form endytement}. It

seems to me most probable that the Eng. ditement is an

adoption from French, either as an equivalent to OF.

72 THE SUFFIX -ment.

ditement which, it is true, is not given by OODEFROY in this

sense, or as an aphetic form for enditement.

Finishment, 1340, may be of native derivation. Finis-

sement occurs, however, in GODEFROY in the same meanings

as the English formation: 'fin, mort'. The examples of
the first
meaning the latter sense is illus-
are pretty late:
trated by the same example as that given in NED. (le
finissement de Joseph the fynyshment of Joseph, MER-
LIN 1450).

From the same year (1340) the earliest formation from

a native stem is The examples given
recorded, viz. eggment.
in NED. are from C. M., CHAUCER and P.P. The
taken

early date of the formation and the fact that hardly any
new-formations are found so early as this time speak a-

gainst the supposition that eggment has arisen in English.

But as it is not known in French, we are bound to re-

gard it as a native formation. It is, however, not impos-

sible that the formation has first occurred in AF.; the verb
1
egge is found
language and considering what has
in that ;

been said above (pp. 27, 51), in dealing with -ery and -age,
about derivations from English roots in AF., it would not
be too bold to assume that eggment has arisen in that

language.
Pathment is another derivation from a native base;
but it cannot be regarded as a new-formation, strictly speak-
ing, as it is probably an alteration of pavement (pament,
payment] after path, due to similarity of sound and asso-
ciation ofmeaning* (NED.).
Anornment and enornment are derivations from differ-
ent forms of the same word. Anornment (1325) is said
in NED. to be a formation from anorn: this seems strange,
as the verb does not occur until 1380. The example in

1
The word is given in a 'List of
English words in AF. and Latin
texts' in Riley's Memorials of London and London life. London 1868-
 HISTORY OF THE SUFFIX. 73

question, however, is taken from Allit. P., which must be

assigned to the latter part of the century. In the same
texts occurs the vb. enurne (var. of anorn), which is also
found in Gaw. & Or. Knt.-(1340). The earliest example of
enornment is from 1382. Both formations are evidently
formed on the model of ornament: the meaning is the
same in all the three formations. Adornment < OF aourne- '.

ment, ado(u}rnement is not recorded in English before the

fifteenth century.

Prisonment, 1387, is given as a derivation from prison,

vb. NED. compares it with imprisonment and the obsolete

Fr. prisonnement (? 16th century in GODEFROY).

Onement, 1388, is an English formation derived from

the vterb one. It is used by WYCLIF to translate Lat. unio.

In a text of 1382 oonyng occurs instead of onement.

Increasement, 1389, f. increase.

Marrement, 1390, is according to NED. a formation

of native origin. The root-word is the verb mar, OE.

merran. OE. also had the verb mearrian, which is a for-
mation from the same Germanic root. The latter word
in its Germanic form was adopted in Romanic as OF.
marrir, from which is derived OF. marrement 'chagrin,
douleur' (GODEFROY). It is
just as probable that the Engl.
marrement is an adoption of the French formation.
Conspirement, 1393, f. conspire.
Cursement may be counted among the formations
from native bases. It is only illustrated by one example
from P.P1.C. (1393); cf. cursing, vbl. sb. with the same
sense.
Surement is used by CHAUCER in the sence of 'secur-

ity, suretyship' (CD.)

Anointment, 1398, f. anoint, after ointment.

Commendmenty 1400, conjectment, 1400, chastement,

1412, are new-formations.
74 THE SUFFIX -ment.

Groundment, ?a 1412, is a formation from a native

stem. Only one example is given in NED.: Yif of colre
he [fever] take his groundment. The use of the suffix in
this formation is very vague; the meaning is 'foundation,
origin', i. e. ground.
Murderment, 1425, is a formation from a native base.
The root-woRd, however, is by no means unknown to
French. GODEFROY has the following derivations from the
same root; mordreor, mordrer, mordreux, mordrie, mordri-
erement, mordriment, mordrir etc.
Retainment, 1432, is a new-formation, according to
NED. GODEFROY has retenement.
Remevement, 1437, f. remeve, var. of remove.
Ledgement 1435, y
a
string-course or horizontal suit
of mouldings, such as the base-mouldings etc. of a build-

ing*, is, according to NED., app. a derivation f.

ledge,
sb. In the 15th century the formation occurs in the
forms legement, ligement. If the etymology given in NED.
is correct, ledgement is the earliest new-formation with a
concrete sense. The derivations from nouns with -ment
are very scarce (cf. below, p. 85.)

Botment, 1440, 'amendment, remedy' is derived from

hot 'boot' sb. in NED. There seems to be no reason why
it should not be a derivation from the verb hot 'to boot'.

Botchment, 1440, 'an addition, a make-up' is a for-

mation from botch, vb. This word and the preceding are
both formations from native roots; and the same is the
case with

Hangment, 1440, on which NED. remarks perh.

judgement*; but it is difficult to understand
after why judge-
ment should have played the part of model hang- for
ment. None of the examples indicates any connection be-
tween the two formations. Cf. hanging, vbl. sb.
 HISTORY OF THE SUFFIX. 75

I have here given all the formations in use before

the middle of the fifteenth century that NED. designates
as native ones. I have
chosen to stop at the year 1450
because after this time the suffix -ment begins to occur in
an ever-increasing number of formations.
If we look at the list of formations given above, we
are struck by the frequent occurrence of derivatives from
native roots. I cannot but think that these formations give
evidence of the intimate fusion of the French and Native
element. Such a formation as onement, for instance, shows
that in the latter part of the fourteenth century the suffix
-ment was felt as an English suffix and as an equivalent
of -ing.
It should be observed that by the side of formations
with -ment there are often found vbl. sbs. in -ing with the
same sense. Indeed it will not be too bold to assume
that -ment has been substituted for -ing in such cases as
-- if this is not an AF. formation
egging, oning, hang- ,

ing etc. It has been pointed out above (p. 30), in deal-

ing with -ery (-ry), that this suffix alternates with -ing
in many formations. Such alternation is quite natural:

-ing had up to that time been the favourite means of form-

ing nouns of action. But now a great many French
suffixes are introduced, which in many cases encroach

upon the use of -ing. Especially in the period following

the Norman Conquest (the 14th and 15th centuries), be-
fore the use of the different suffixes has become settled,
we find -ing, -ment, -ery (-ry), and other endings alternat-

ing with each other in many formations. The same is

the case in the following centuries; but then it is chiefly

the abstract suffixes of French origin, which appear in

many formations which succeed and displace each other.

The early use of -ment in English offers parallels to
the use of the suffix -ery (-ry). Scarcely any new-forma-
76 THE SUFFIX -ment.

tions are found before 1350: the first certain examples of

native formations occur in the latter half of the century. They
are still few in the early part of the fifteenth century; but
after 1450 there is a great increase in their number. A great
many French formations with
-ment are adopted in the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: afterwards they get rare.

1 add a few words about the borrowings from

shall

other sources than French. These are chiefly Latin loan-

words. In the thirteenth century there aretwo forma-
tions adopted from Latin: pulment and firmament. Of the
numerous borrowings of the fourteenth century but few
are taken directly from Latin, as odorament, jument, impedi-

ment, pigment from class. Latin odoramentum etc. and

predicament from late Latin praedicamentum. From the fif-
teenth century there are several Latin borrowings, most of
which are adopted from class. Latin. The loan-words of
the following century are taken in pretty equal proportion
from class, and med. Latin. As regards the derivation of
these words, most of them, from an English point of view,
do not admit of being analyzed into root-word and suffix:
as to the meaning, these words, like most formations
with -ment originating in Latin, seldom express action, (cf.
below, p. 78).
The adoptions from other sources, as Italian and
Spanish, are rare and of no importance.
 B. The Use of the Suffix -me/it.

(i) The Meanings of the Suffix.

The suffix -mentum replaces in Latin the older -men:

it is very frequently employed, originally solely in con-
crete formations expressing the means, result (product) of
an action. In late Latin there are also some formations
with an abstract sense, as juramentum, cogitamentum, de-

clinamentum, observ amentum.

Kr. NYROP makes the following remarks on the use of
the suffix in French: Le suffixe -ement a de tout temps
ete tres productif; il est encore, dans la langue actuelle
d'une singuliere richesse. On trouve dans presque tous
les auteurs modernes des mots nouvaux en -ement expri-

mant, soit Faction verbale abstraite indiquee par le radical,

soit 1'etat, soit Pobjet qui resulte de cette action -

e. g. avancement, commencement, emportement, recueillement,

logement, etablissement.

(a) Formations expressing: Action, State, (cf. pp. 122 135).

By far the largest number of the French loan-words

with -ment in English express abstract ideas. Most of
them occur in the sense of action. The earliest loan-words
occur in thecentury; in the fifteenth and six-
thirteenth
teenth centuries the adoptions are very numerous; but after
1600 they become rare.

1
Gram. Hist. III. 211.
78 THE SUFFIX -ment.

The adoptions with an abstract meaning are, almost

without exception, of French origin: very rarely do we find
the sense of 'action' in the formations that have come
down from Latin. such words as experiment 'action of
In

trying anything' (1382 -f ), ornament 'action of adorning;

fact of being adorned' (15Q6-J-), ointment 'anointing' (1510,
20), armament 'process of equipping for war' etc. the sense
of action is due to a later development (cf. below, p. 80).
Nor is the abstract meaning of document 'teaching, instruc-
tion' (14501793) the original one, although it is earlier

recorded than the concrete meaning in English (cf. Lat.

documentum).
On the analogy of French loan-words new-formations
with a similar meaning arise in the fourteenth century (cf.
above, p. 71 ff.). As has been said above (p. 75) it is not
until the latter half of the fifteenth century that the new-
formations each of the two following
grow numerous. In

centuries they number more than a hundred. The number

of new-formations recorded from the eighteenth century is
not so large, -ment agrees with the suf-
in this respect

fixes -ery (-ry) and -age: the eighteenth century seems not

to have favoured new-formations to the same extent as the

sixteenth, seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. In the

nineteenth century the new-formations are again on the in-

crease.

Many of the new-formations have an ephemeral exist-

ence. This is the case with several formations from the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; especially derivatives
from verbs with the prefixes dis-, pre- and re- arise in
great numbers, many but disappear no less
of them
quickly. These formations, however, bear evidence of the
fact that the suffix -ment is in very frequent use to form

nouns of action.
One reason why many formations with -ment disap-
 MEANINGS OF THE SUFFIX. 79

pear very soon is, of course, that an equivalent formation

with another suffix already exists in the language or later
arises and replaces it. As has been mentioned above, (p. 75)
-ment, as a formative of nouns of action has for competi-
tors many French suffixes, e. g. -ance, -ation, -age, -ery

(-ry), the Latin -al and the native -ing. I here subjoin
some examples illustrative of the interchange of formations
with different suffixes.
Annoyment (1460), performent (15271641), oppress-
ment (1537, -92), guidement (1578, -92), inspirement (1610)
and adorement (1646) were equivalent to earlier formations
with -ance and -ation (annoyance 1386 -f performance 1494 -f , ,

oppression 1340 +
guidance 1538 + inspiration 1303
, , + ,

adoration 1543 +). Misusement (1561) was ousted by the

synonym ill-usage (1621+).
Several derivatives from native roots, as letment (1574)

grapplement (1590), dribblement (1599), idlement (1622,-31),

likement (1649), bedewment (1679) are synonomous with
verbal substantives in -ing: the same is the case with paint-
ment (1597) and jabberment (1644).
In other cases the formations with -ment are kept in

use by the side of other formations, e. g. disseverment (-ation),

remitment (-tance), betrayment (-al), betrothment (-al). Em-
barkment, depravement, explorement, exhalement occur be-
side the more common formations with -ation.

In devilment 'action befitting a devil or of a devilish

character' and harassment, compared with devilry, harassery,
we can observe the difference between the use of the suf-
fixes -ery (-ry) and -ment. The latter
expresses suffix

simply action without any subordinate sense and is conse-

quently equivalent to -ing. It has neither the iterative sense
of -ery (-ry) in formations like the above harassery, devilry,
which undoubtedly express the idea of the verb more in-

tensively than the corresponding formations with -ment;

80 THE SUFFIX -ment.

nor have the formations with -ment the complex meaning

found in many derivations with -age (cf. above, p. 62).

It should be observed that several formations that

originally denote the means, product of an action, also

later occur in the sense of action. This is due to the
fact that the suffix -ment is so frequently used to express
the idea of action that this developed ana-
meaning is

logically in formations that do not originally have it. Cf.

anointment anointing material', later 'the action of
'an

anointing', establishment 'something that is established',

later 'the action or means of establishing'. Encampment
is first recorded in the sense of place (15Q8 + ),
the ab-
stract meaning not being found before the end of the se-
venteenth century; acquirement occurs as early as 1630 in
the sense of 'that which is acquired, a personal attainment'
and is not used to denote action till the
beginning of the
eighteenth Excitement 'something that excites'
century.
1604+ (the only sense recognized by Johnson, NED.)
is not known in the sense of 'action of exciting, excited
state' before the nineteenth century.

The formations with the sense of state, condition

are few comparison with those expressing 'action'. The
in

French loan-words with this meaning are not very numer-

ous; very often the formations express both 'state' and
'action'. I here subjoin a list of some of the French
loan-words.
Encumbrement (1330+), martyrement (1340), agreement
'mutual conformity of things' (13Q8 imprisonment (1415 + ),

-1817), accomplishment (1460-1612), ravishment (1477 +),

 MEANINGS OF THE SUFFIX. 81

languishment (1541 + ), impoverishment (1560 + ), discourage-

ment (156 1+), (enfranchisement (1562+), predicament
(1586 + ), resentment (1595-1661), retirement (1603 + ),
concealment (1605+), assortment (161 1 + ), resentment 1619+),
confinement (1646+)-.
The earliest new-formation with this sense is famish-
ment 'state, condition, or process of being famished' (1470+ ;

now rare). In the sixteenth century some more new-for-

mations occur and later their number increases. The for-
mations of native origin expressing 'state, condition' are, as
a rule, derivatives from transitive verbs implying a mental

shock, amaze, affright, exhaust, embarras: more rarely

as

they are derived from intransitive verbs denoting 'a feeling,

state' as enjoy, languish.
The following examples of formations from the nine-
teenth century may illustrate the use and meaning of the
suffix: bewitchment, dazzlement, astoundment, bewilderment,
puzzlement, dazement, muddlement, huddlement, bedevilment,
besetment, dispiritment, flusterment, perturbment.

(b) Formations expressing the Means, Result (Product)

1

of an Action (cf. pp. 135-143).

The chief use of the suffix -mentum in Latin was to

form words expressing the means and the result (product)
of an action. The Latin formations in question are for the
most part concretes. Besides, there are some formations
like argumentum, experimentum, irritamentum, which might

be called quasi-concretes as the force of the suffix is the

same in these as in the concrete formations but, on the
other hand, they are not material nouns.
Formations like the last-mentioned are common in

French and many of them have been adopted into English,

as judgement 'the sentence of a court of justice', preach-
82 THE SUFFIX -ment.

ment 'a sermon', easement 'a means of giving ease or relief,

punishment 'that which is inflicted as a penalty', appoint-

ment 'an agreement or arrangement for a meeting', accom-
plishment 'a faculty, quality that completes or perfects a
person', achievement, amusement, compliment etc.
New-formations of this kind occur as early as the
fourteenth century, e. g. increasement 'that by which some-
thing is increased' (138Q). As in the loan-words, the
suffix -ment denotes the result or means of an action in

the English new-formations. Some instances may be men-

tioned to illustrate the use of the suffix in these forma-
tions: requirement, obligement, refinement, engagement, ac-
quirement. The formations allurement, enticement, ensnare-
ment in the sense of 'charms' may also be counted among
the quasi-concretes (cf. the loan-word enchantment).

The majority of the English formations with -ment

expressing concrete notions and, we may add, the most
frequently used ones are adoptions from French and Latin.

The loan-words occur abundantly up to the eighteenth

century, when there is a decrease in their number, and

later grow still rarer.
they
The new-formations with a concrete sense are scarcely
so numerous as the loan-words. This is partly due to
the fact that the use of -ment in French has been de-
cisive of the English use of the suffix; and as has been
said above (p. 77), most of the French adoptions in -ment
occur in an abstract sense. The late appearance and the
comparatively small number of the native formations with
a concrete sense may partly be explained by the fact that
the derivation of many concrete loan-words in -ment is
not clear: it is necessary in many cases to know Latin,
in order to get a clear notion of the derivation and
 MEANINGS OF THE SUFFIX. 83

meaning of a formation: cf. instrument, pavement, garment,

implement.
As was hinted just now, the new-formations are late.

From the fourteenth century there is the curious formation

ledgement (cf. p. 74.): anointment (p. 73.) and pathment (p. 72.)
are not, strictly speaking, new-formations. In the fifteenth

century there are but few formations of native origin with

a concrete sense (e. g. establishment); and it is not until
the following centuries that their number increases. Many
of them do not live long, as fosterment 'food, nourishment',
embowerment 'vaulting', dadment 'a garment, dress', embal-
ment 'a package', enwrapment, etc.
A pretty common, use of the concretes in -ment is to
denote something written, 'a document, a writ'. This mean-
ing occurs in several French loan-words and originates
in French, but it seems in most cases to have developed
in English: at any rate its first recorded appearance is often

somewhat late. As I have not always mentioned this sense

in the word-list, I here subjoin a list of some of the for-
mations in question:
Feoffment 'a deed of feoffment' 1377-1672, ad-
vertisement 1460 + , assignment 'a mandate grant-
ing a sum of money' 1460, indictment 'the legal
document containing the charge' 1506 4-, abridge-
ment 'a compendium of a larger work' 1523 f,
agreement 'a contract' 1536 + amendment 'a clause, ,

paragraph' 16Q6 +
ejectment 'a writ of ejectment'
,

16Q7 + document 1727

,
allotment 'an assigning + ,

document' 1772, bailment 'a record' 1826.

The following formations are of native origin:

enfeoffment 'the deed of feoffment' 1597, 1614 (cf.

feoffment), obligement 'a contract', freightment 'a

document' 1755, inducement 'an introduction to a
book' 1605, 17, engrossment 'a record' 1674, 1710
84 THE SUFFIX -ment.

enrolment 'the entry or official record' 17th c.,

enactment 'a statute' 1821, enlistment 'the docu-

ment by which a soldier is bound' (? U. S. only).

As the suffix -ment is used to express both action and

the means (result) of an action, it very often happens that
a formation occurs in both senses. Above (p. 80) some
examples have been given of the change of concretes (or
quasi-concretes) to denote action. It is of course more

common for a formation expressing action to develop the

sense of 'means (result) of an action'. Examples of this

process are found abundantly in the word-list. have, as I

a rule, given such formations in both meanings. In some

cases, however, when the latter sense is found in one

example only I have mentioned it
only among the abstracts.
Some instances of formations which are occasionally used
to denote the means (result) of an action may be given here:
cherishment 'nourishment' 1593, 168Q, divulgement (the di-
vulgements of the river), entrustment 'a position of trust
1

1637, 57, famishment 'a means of starving 1667, engraft-

ment shoot engrafted' 1774, devotement 'a votive offer-
'the

ing' 1799, attainment 'something obtained' 1829, bestrew-

ment 'something strewn over' 1833, interlardment 'some-
thing interlarded' 1852, festerment 'a rotting mass' 1884 (dial.)
NED. sometimes gives the sense of action in a for-
mation that is only recorded in a concrete (or quasi-con-
crete) sense e. g. entrapment 'the action of enwrapping;
wrappage, covering', emblazonment, embedment, enswathe-
ment etc. have in such cases placed the formation among
I

those expressing means (result) of action. Still I am aware

of the fact that this proceeding may often seem
illogical. I
have, for instance, been obliged to give formations like
mumblement 'something mumbled', dribblement 'a dribbling',
minglement 'a mixture' etc. as concretes (quasi-concretes)
 DERIVATION OF THE SUFFIX. 85

only, although such formations might, of course, be em-

ployed to express action as well: that is probably the
reason why NED. has given both meanings in some cases.

(ii) The Use of the Suffix -me/it from the point of

view of Derivation.

The formations with -ment are, almost without ex-

ception, derivatives from verbs.
The suffix is especially added to dis-syllabic verbs with

the stress upon the second syllable. Such verbs are, for

instance, those with the prefixes be-, dis-, en-, pre-, re-,

etc.: derivations from these verbs are exceedingly numer-

ous (cf. above p. 78).

Aphetic forms of derivatives with -ment from verbs

of this type are very common
former times, but are sel-
in

dom found after the eighteenth century, e. g. bashment (abash-

ment], mazement (amazement], merciament (amerciamenf), noy-
ment (annoymenf), nointment (anointment], siegement (besieg-
ment), minishment (diminishment],feeblishment (effeeblishment),
stablishment (establishment).
Other verbs that readily take -ment are those in -ish
(on the model of the French adoptions in -issement] and
those ending in a stop-consonant +a liquid, e. g. settle,

scribble, jabber, juggle, jumble, gabble, grapple, babble.

Derivatives from other roots than verbs are rare.

Here may be mentioned some derivations from substant-

ives, viz. ledgement (cf. p. 74), brushment 'cut brushwood'

15Q1, abodement 'abode, biding' 1592, 1616, (an irreg. for-
mation on abode, sb. perh. due to form-assoc. with abode-
ment 'a foreboding', NED.), remaindment 'remainder' 15Q6
(irreg. f. remainder], lustrement 'lustrous appearance' 1641

(rare), courtshipment 'courtship' 164Q (nonce-wd; the for-

86 THE SUFFIX -ment.

mation occurs in a rhyme), militaryment 'military experience

or ability' 1776.
Rabblement in the sense of 'a long string of words
without meaning' 1545, is derived from the verb rabble:
in its other meanings, however, it is a derivation from
rabble, sb.
Bossment 'the formation of a hump' 1541, cannot be
an aphetic form of embossment, as this is not recorded
before 1610: it seems to me most probable that it is a deri-
vation from the werb boss 'to swell out, project' 1400

1542, not from boss, sb. as it is derived in NED. Need-

ment is given in NED. as a derivative from need, sb., but
I think it is rather to be regarded as a verb-derivative.

Basement in the sense of 'the lowest storey of a

building' may be aphetic for surbasement; in the sense of

'the state of being based' it is probably aphetic for deba-
sement.
Here may also be mentioned ajutment 'a jutting out'
1833 (a purely imitating formation on jut, vb. after abut-
ment* NED.) and the curious formation embankment 'a

banking speculation, a bank account' 1813, 18-. The root-

word is the noun bank with the prefix em-, but a verb
embank does not exist in that sense.
The following two formations are derived from adjec-
tives: oddments 'odd articles' 1796+, and newfanglement
'novelty, a novel thing' 17Q8, 1895; the latter might be
derived from the verb new/angle 'to make newfangled'
1530-1861.

There are some formations with -ment which are

formed directly from Latin words, as accomplement (f. Lat.

accomple-re) 'anything that completes, perfects' 1587 1642,

dictament (an adoption of assumed L. *dictamentum f.

dictare) 'diction; a dictate' 1572 1652.

 FORM OF THE SUFFIX. 87

In some cases a formation has been refashioned after

Latin models, e. g. arbitrament (formerly arbitrement), amer-
ciament (f. amercement}-, cf. adornment (f. aornement), p. 73.

(iii) The Form of the Suffix.

In French the form of the suffix is -ement. This

form corresponds to Lat. -amentum. Cette terminaison

n'appartient primitivement qu'aux verbes en -are; mais

grace a la suprematie de cette conjugaison, -amentum, dont

on a considere la premiere voyelle comme appartenant au
suffixe, a ete applique a tous les verbes. (NYROP, Gram.
Hist. Ill
209).
English the ending -ement occurs in the adoptions
In

from French in the thirteenth and following centuries, but

rarely later than the sixteenth century. Sometimes this
form occurs in derivations of native origin,
g. eggement e.

1386, bocchement 1440, hangement 1449. Forms without

an e occur as early as the fourteenth century; the e is
first syncopated in formations of the same type as amend-
ment, commandment, advancement, commencement etc. (see
SKEAT, Principles II
45). Commandment is still found in

forms with -ement in 19th c. dialect-speech from Scot-

land (NED.)
As to the pronunciation of -ment as -mint in some
cases, cf. JESPERSEN, A Modern English Grammar I, 9. 52.
WORD-LISTS
 Word-Lists.

arranging the word-lists my chief aim has been to

In give a survey of the use of the suffixes in order to illus-

trate the account of them given above in the text. From

this point of view the formations ought to have been classi-

fied in several groups according to their meanings. This

arrangement, however, was not advisable for several reasons.
First, many formations occur in different meanings and a

repetition of all these under different headings would have

added unnecessarily to the length of the lists. Besides,
some meanings are quite unimportant and scantily repre-
sented.

Furthermore, the word-list should also, -

to some
extent at least,
-
serve for an index, and a splitting-up of
the formations into many small groups would render it

very difficult to find a word when wanted.

The best thing to do under the circumstances there-
fore, was to limit the number of groups as far as .that
could be done without injury to the above-mentioned pur-
pose of the word-list. As a rule, have tried to include I

such formations as represent a common use of the suffix

in question in a group of their own, while formations with
less characteristic meanings have been brought together.
As I have said above (p. 17), the formations are
collected from NED. and CD. Only rarely have I
given
formations from other sources. I have not even included
all the formations in question given in the dictionaries
Q2 WORD-LISTS.

mentioned. In the first place I have left out all such

adoptions from French as have retained their French pro-
nunciation and also some adoptions of the type discussed
on pp. 4748, 66, especially such as are of rare occurrence.
I have further omitted some formations of native origin,

chiefly some derivations with -ment of the type misim-

provement, recommencement, which may just as well be

regarded as formations with the prefixes mis-, re- and

improvement etc. as derivatives with -ment from misimprove
etc. In spite of these exclusions I
hope that the material

given will
prove sufficient to give a correct idea of the
use of the suffixes.
The meaning of the formations have been omitted in
two cases: first, when the word is found in WENSTROM

och LINDOREN, Engelsk-Svensk Ordbok or in an English

Dictionary of the same size; secondly, when the meaning
may be easily understood by the help of the heading of
the group.
The dates of the examples are in most cases taken
from NED. When a formation is taken from another dic-

tionary, this has been mentioned. If I have found an

earlier example of a formation than those recorded in NED.
I have mentioned the source.
The date of the first example has been put in at

every formation. If a formation occurs in more than two

examples, the dates of the first and last have been given,
if the word is not instanced later than the middle of the
nineteenth century: if the word is still in living use, I

have indicated this by putting a -4- after the date.

 I. The Suffix -ery (-ry) l
.

(a) Formations expressing Quality, Behaviour

(cf. pp. 33-36).

(1) Adopted Formations.

adultery = avoutry (P. PL, Wyclif coquinery 'knavery' 1430 (rare).

etc.), formed afresh on Lat. adul- drollery 1610 +.
terium in 14th c. drury, -ery 'love, illicit love' 1225

avauntry 'boastfulness' 13301449. 1460.

baboonery 'baboonish conduct' enchantery 'enchantment' 1297,

1383, 1848, 1857. 1591.

bachclry 'prowess' 1297, 1386. falsery 'deception, falsification'

barratry 1427 +. 15941670.

*baudery 'gayety' 1386. fashery 'annoyance, vexation' 1 553+.
bigotry 1674 +. flattery 1320 +.
bouerie (<: Du.) 'boorishness' 1577 forcenery 'madness' 1480, 84.
(rare); cf. p. 27. gallantry 1647 +; cf. p. 41.
braggery 'bragging' 15711830. *gentlery, cf. p. 19 ff.
*bravery 'boasting' 15481814, gentry 'rank by birth' etc. 1380
'courage' 1581 +. 1815.

broilery 'strife; disorder' 1521, 1528 gluttery 'gluttony' 13001470.

(rare). gluttonry 'gluttony' 1175.
buggery 'heresy; sodomy' 1330 grimacery 'grimacing' 1863 (rare).
1801; cf. pp. 28, 29. guilery 'deception, trickery' 1303
cajolery 1649 +. -1863.
charlatanry 1638 +. harlequinery 'harlequinade' 1741

chican(e)ry 1613 +. -94.

chivalry 1297 +. hazardry 'gambling' 12971590.
coquetry 1697 +. idolatry 1250 +.

1
The formations printed in italics are derived from personal
*
nouns from verbs (cf.
in -er or p. 43). The formations marked with
are derivations from adjectives.
94 WORD-LISTS.

janglery 'idle talk' 13741631. prudery 1709 -K

jonglery 'the performance of a j.' putery 'harlotry' 13801483.
1616, 1841. ragery 'raging' 13861422.
jugglery 1300 +. railery, obs. form of raillery.

lechery 1230 +. raillery 1653 +.

losengery 'flattery, deceit' 1303 rallery 'var. of raillery' 16511754.
1484. ravery 'raving' 1400 +.
mahometry 'mohammedanism' regratery 'the practice of regrating'
1481 +. 13621581 (rare).

maskery 'the wearing of masks, a revelry 1400 +.

masquerade 15481640. ribaldry 13 (Allit. P.), 1386 +.
mastery 1225 +. robbery 1200 +.
maumetry, cf. p. 28;
= mahome- rovery
1
(< M. Du.) 'piracy' 1600,
try 13861805. 10; cf. p. 27.

mentery 'lying' 1430, 1592. savagery 'savage conduct' 1595 +.

meselry 'leprosy' 13001623. sophistry (Ayenb. p. 65, Guy W.
mockery 1426 -K I. 89, P. PI., Cath. A.).
mummery 1387 + (Trevisa VIII 539, sorcery (Handl. S., Allit. P.).

540). surquidery 'arrogance' (Shoreham

musardry 'idle dreaming, sloth' p. 108 1. 282 Allit. P., Barb. Br.)
14001513. traitory 'treason' (Rob. Br. I 1. 9698,
mutinery 'mutiny' 1563 (rare), Barb. Br., Wyclif).
palliardry 'knavery' 1513, 70. treachery 'treason' (Havelok I. 443,
papelardry 'sycophancy' 1400. Guy W. 1. 11007 etc.).

pedantry 1581 +. trichery, obs. form of treachery

pillery 'the action of plundering' (SEL. p. 41, 1. 253, P. PL).
14491627. trumpery 'deceit' (CD.); cf. p. 106.

*pleasantry 1655 +. tormentry; cf. p. 29.

poltroonery 1590 +. tyrantry (Wyclif, Trevisa, Cath. A);

pompery 'pomp, splendour' 1400 cf. p. 30.

-1491 (rare).

(2) Native Formations.

apery 1616 +. bewitchery 'charm, fascination '1664

babblery 'idle chatter' 1532, 1593. 1868.
bangstry 'the action of a bangster' bibbery 'bibbing, drinking' 1653.
1594. bitchery 'lewdness' 15321704.
*basery 'base dealing' 1637. bodgery 'bungling' 1592.
bastardry (for bastardy?) 1483. bombastry 'bombastic composition'
baublery 'childish foolery' 1583. 1704 (rare).
1
bawdry 'the practice of a b.' 1374 botchery 'a botcher's work' 1608
1726 (arch.). -1880.
beggary 16081764; cf. p. 34. brabblery 'noisy quarreling' 1567.
 WORD-LISTS. 95

bracery 1540, 1886; cf. embracery. demonry 1851.

braggartry 'braggartism' 1598, 1877. devilry 1375 +.

"brazenry 'brazen assertion' 1868. deviltry = devilry 1825 +; cf. p. 48.

bribery 1386 +. dodgery 1670, 1865.

broguery 'the speaking of b.' 1837, doggery 'doglike behaviour' 1611;
39. 1844, 1886.
brothelry 'lewdness' 15461633. drabbery 'harlotry' 1570 (rare),
bunglery 'bungling' 1877. drudgery 1550 +.
carpetbaggery 1884 (U. S.). druidry 'druidism' 1868; cf. p. 36.
casuistry 1725 +; cf. p. 36. dudery 'the character or manners

chattery 'chatting' 1789, 1813. of a d.' 1889 (n.-w., U. S.).

cheatery 'the practice of cheating' 'dullery 'dullness' 1653, 1841 (n.-w.).

1532 + duncery 'the practice, style of a

chinchery 'miserliness, avarice' 1386 Scotisf 15601687; stupidity

1440 1615 +.
*
claptrappery 1820 dunghillry 'vile condition, practice'
cliquery 'cliquism' 1859 1581 (n.-w.).

clownery 'the behaviour of a coun- dunstery, var. of duncery 1616; cf.

try c.' 15891694; 'the perfor- p. 48.

mance of a comic c.' 1823, 65. d upery 'the practice of duping'
coggery 'trickery' 16021612. 17911830; cf. p. 38.

*comicry 'comic action, practice' dyvoury 'bankruptcy, beggary' 1597,

1850. 1661 (Sc.).
contrabandery 'smuggling' 1843 embracery 1450 +.
(nonce-wd.). espiery 'the action or habit of

coonery 'the practice of the Whig- espying' 1845.

coons' 1860 (U. S.). faggery 'the system of fagging' 1853.
cowardry 'cowardice' 1547, 91. faitery 'fraud, deception' 1377
coxcombry 1608 +. 1600.
cozenry 'cozenage' 1829. fakery 'the practice of faking-.->'

crankery 'the characteristics of a c.'

(nonce-wd.).
1884, 90. fantastry 'fantastic show; decep-
croakery 'croakings collectively' tiveness' 1656-1710.
1865, 67 (n.-w.). fawnery 'the bearings or tricks of
cuckoldry 'the dishonouring of a a f.' 1661.
husband' 15291825. fibbery 'the practice of fibbing'
cullionry 'the behaviour of a c.' 1857, 90.

1611, 48. fikery 'fidgetiness' 18231850 (Sc.).

cutthroat(e)ry 'the practice proper filchery 'the art and practice of

to a c.' 1606 (n. w.). a f.' 1607.
daubery 1546 +. filthery 'filthiness' 1656 (rare).

debauchery 1642 +. firkery 'trickery' 1611.

demagoguery 'demagogic practices' fisticuff ery fighting' 1823.

1866, 88 (U. S.). fleshpottery 'high living' 1876 (n.-w.).

96 WORD-LISTS.

flippery 'flippancy' 1819, 1863. Greek church 1680 (cf. p. 36.)

fobbery 'sth. of the nature of a (b) cheating 1823, 61.

pretence' 1688 (n.-w.). gropery 'the action of groping'

foltry 'folly' 1440. 1777 (n.-w.).
foolery^ 1579 +. *grotesquerie 'grotesque quality'
footpaddery 'the occupation of a f.' 1877 +.
1861 89 (n.-w.).
r groutheadry 'stupidity' 1600.
foppery 1546 +; cf. p. 41. growlery 'growling' 1830, 33.

forgery 1583 +. grudgery 'grudging' 1889.

foxery 'wiliness, cunning' 1400 +. guckry 'foolishness' 1596, 1603 (Sc.).

trickery' 1598
1

freebootery 1822, 51. gallery 'deception,

freemasonry 1802 +; cf. p. 36. -1821.
*Frenchery 'French characteristics' harassery 'a harassing action' 1834
1593, 1826. (n.-w.).
fribblery 'frivolity' 1889. harlotry 1325 +; cf. p. 28.

frothery 'mere froth, empty display' heathtfnry 1577 +.

hermitry the mode of
f

(n.-w.). life of a h.'

frumpery 'abuse, mockery' 1583, 1882.

1609; cf. p. 45. hoggery 'hoggishness' 1864 (rare).
fubbery 'cheating, deception' 1604 buggery 'the practice of hugging'
(rare). 18041854.
gabbery 'cheating' 16271721 humbuggery 'the practice of h ing'
(rare). 1831, 92.

gaggery 'the practice of gagging' *humdrummery 'a humdrum ac-

1819, 38. tion' 1831.

gamestry 'the practice of a g.' idiotry 'idiotcy' 15971868.

1599. idolry 'idolatry' 1535.
gaytry 'gaiety' 1655, 85; cf. p. 48. impost(e)ry 'imposture' 15851656.
geggery 'joking' 1826, 55. intriguery 'the practice of intrigu-
gentlemanry 'gentlemanhood' 1550. ing' 1815.
gewgawry 'vain show' 1882. intrusery 'intrusion' 1470.
gigletry 'lasciviousness' 1387, 1487. *Irishry 'Irish character or nationa-
glaikery 'foolish conduct' 1586> lity' 1834 +.
1816 (Sc.). jackanapery 'an action characteri-
glavery 'flattery' 1584 (rare), stic of a j.' (n.-w.).
goblinry 'the acts and practices of jackassery 'the character of a j.'

a g.' 1829. jadery 'the behaviour characteristic

goliardery 'the practices of a g.' of a j.'
1612.
1855. japanesquery 'Japanesque tone or
goodtemplary 1874, 97; cf. p. 36. spirit' 1895.
goosery 1642 +. japery 'trickery, ribaldry' 1340
gossipry 1818 +. 1553; cf. p. 29.
'Oreekery 'the practices of the Jesuitry 1832 +; cf. p. 36.
Greeks': (a) the customs of the jobbery 1837 +.
 WORD-LISTS. 97

jocantry 'mirth, merriment' 16, monkery 1536 +; cf. p. 36.

1664; cf. p. 48. moonery 'mooning' 1834.
*jocundry 'jocund behaviour' 1634 mosstroopery 'the practices of the
1670. m s' 1845.

jokery 'jesting' 1740. mountebankery 1618 +.

jollitry 'jollity' 16851736; cf. p. 48. mugwumpery 'the characteristics
joukery 'dodging, trickery' 1563, of a'm.' 1885 (U. S.).
1822 (Sc.). newsmongery 'newsmongering'
junglery 'a complication' 1864 1592.

(n.-w.). niggardry 'niggardliness' 1517

jumpery 'the practice of jumping' 1559.
1882. nigonry 'niggardliness' 1400, 1526.
kidnappery 'the practice of kidnap- nincompoopery 1900.

ping* 1890. ninnery 'the behaviour of a n.' 1600.

knavery 1528 +. oldmaidery 'the characteristics of
knighterrantry 1654 +. an o.' 1804, 21.

lampoonery 1745, 1889; cf. p. 45. oldwifery 'the characteristics of an

larcery 'larceny' 1500 1613. o.' 1827.

larcinry 'larceny' 1639, 56. oldwomanry 'the characteristics of

lemanry 'illicit love' 148318 . . . an o.' 1828, 92.

lepry 'leprosy' 14301660. owlery 'owlishness' 1831, 65.

Levelry 'the principles of the L s' paganry 'heathenry' 1583, 1866.

1661; pp. 36, 45.
cf. pageantry 'the display of tableaux'
limmery 'knavery' 1567. 16081714; 'mere acting or
loafery 'the practice of loafing' show' 1687 +.
1861 (n.-w.). pantaloonery 'the performance of
a p.' 1821 +.
Lollardry 'Lollardism' 1389 (Lolla-
dries, Engl. Gilds) +; cf. p. 36. papistry 15, 1549 +; cf. p. 36.
Lollery 'Lollardry' 1547, 1620. parrotry 1796, 1847.
1
loonery 'lechery, villany' 1508 patchery 'the action of patching'
1686. 1579 +.
2
loselry 'debauchery, rascality' 1480 patchery 'the conduct of a patch'
+ (arch.).
1553-1607.
lurdanry 'rascality' 1513. patroonry 'the system of patroons'
maggotry 'folly, absurdity' 1706, 1858; cf. p. 36.
31. pawkery 'trickery' 1820, 30.
1
mappery 'the making of maps' 1606, peachery 'the practice of
peaching'
1840. 1654.

meschantery 'a wicked deed' 1665. peacockry 'foppery' 1872 +.

michery 'pilfering, cheating' 1390 pecksniffry 'the conduct of a P.'
-1573. 1885.

mimicry 1709 +. pettifoggery 1653 +.

Mohammedry 'mohammedanism' philosophistry 'sophistry' 1880.
1613 (rare); cf. p. 36. 'petty theft' 1580 + (Sc. Law).

7
98 WORD-LISTS.

piggery 'piggishness' 1867, 85. reavery 'robbery' 12971490; cf.

pickpocketry 'pickpocketism' 1803. p. 23.

pirat(e)ry 'piracy' 1903. rebelry 'the behaviour of a r.' 1893

plottery 'plotting' 1823. (n.-w.).
poachery 'poaching' 1831 (n.-w.). redtapery 'redtapism' 1831, 84.

poetastery 'the work of a p.' 1833, renaldry 'guile, cunning' 1612 (rare).
94. rhymery 1837, 60.

popery 1534 +; cf. p. 36. riotry 1330+; cf. p. 29.

pothookery 'the making of pothooks rivalry 1598 +.

or scrawls' 1795 (n.-w.). i

roguery 1596 +.
*potvaliantry 'courage excited by rovery- 'roving' 1653 (rare).
drink' 1845. rufflery 'turbulence, violence' 1582.
pratery 'prating' 1533. sainterrantry 'the character, practice
preachery 'preaching' 1818 (n.-w.). of a s.' 16881826.

prelatry 'prelacy' 1641 + ; cf. p. 36. scaffery 'extortion' 15551651.

priggery 1823 +. scaldry 'abusive speech' 1502, 3.

prowlery 'prowling, pillage' 1782 +. schemery 'scheming practices' 1822,

puffery 1782 +. 28.

pulpitry,contempt, 'the teaching scoffery 'mockery' 1577-1836.

from the p.' 1606 +. *Scotchery 'Scotch characteristics'
puppetry 1528 +. 1740 (n.-w.).
1
quackery 1709 +. scotistry 1651 (rare); cf. p. 36.
quackery- 'the quacking of ducks' scullionry 'drudgery' 1589 (Florio).
1823, 31 (n.-w.). slovenry 'slovenliness' 1589 (Florio).
quacksalvery 'quackery' 1617. sluttery, 17th c. + (CD. Pepys
quakery 'quakerism' 1673, 88. Diary).
queanry 'harlotry' 1560. snobbery (CD.) +.
quidnuncery 'the love of news or snottery 'snottiness' c. 1600 (CD.).
'

gossip' 1804 (n.-w.). i

sodomitry 'sodomitic practice', 16th

quixotry, -ery 1718 +. c. (CD. Tyndale).
quizzery 'the practice of quizzing' j
sottery 'folly' (CD.).
18211841. |
stitchery (CD. Shak.) +.
rocketry 'systematic noise' 1884. swindlery 'swindling; roguery' (CD.
ragamuffinry 'the conduct of a r.' Carlyle).
1851. sycophantry 'sycophancy' (CD.).
railwifery 'abusive scolding' 1695 tattlery 'idle talk' (Webster 1847).
(n.-w.). thievery 1589 (Florio) +.
rakery 'rakish conduct' 1728 + (now tomfoolery (CD.) +.
rare), !

trickery; cf. treachery, trichery

ramistry 'Ramism' 1627, 1841; cf. (CD.) +.
p. 36. vagabondry, 16th c. (CD.) +.

rascalry 'rascality* 1832. vantery, vauntery 'act of v ing'

rascaldry 'rascality' 1470. (CD.).
rattery 1822, 32; cf. p. 46. waggery (CD.) +.
 WORD-LISTS. 99

warlockry 'condition or practice wiggery 'redtapism' (CD. Car-

of a w.' (CD.). lyle).

wastry 'wastefulness' (CD.). witchery (Milton: Comus) +.

whifflery 'the habits of a w.' (CD. wizardry 'the arts and practices of
Carlyle). a w.' (CD.).

whiggery 'Whiggism' (CD. Scott); zealotry 'the behaviour as a z.'

cf. p. 36. (CD. -Coleridge).

(b) Formations expressing Occupation, Rank,

Condition (cf. pp. 36-38).

(1) Adopted Formations.

ambassadry 'ambassadorship' 1386 cutlery 'the trade of a c.' 1449.
1538. dancery 'dancing' 1615 (rare).
ancestry 'the relation or condition drapery 'draper's trade; the sale of
of ancestors' 1330 +. cloth' 1488 +.

archery 1400 +. embroidery 1393 +.

armory 'the science of blazoning eunuchry 'the state of being a eu-
arms' 1489 +. nuch' 1864 (rare).

barbery 'the barber's craft' 1540 falconry 1575 +.

1867. finery"*, cf. refinery.

baronry 'the rank of a b.' 1600, 48. forestry 1839 +.

brewery 'the process of brewing' foundry 'the art of founding' 1601 +.
1796. frippery 'the trade with cast-off
broidery, cf. embroidery 1382 + clothes' 15991606.
(now poetic). harbergery 'lodging, entertainment'
butchery 'the trade of a b.' 1449 +. 13031387.
captainry 'captaincy' 1536 1796. husbandry; cf. p. 22.

carpentry 'the trade of a c.' 1377 -f. jewellery 'jeweller's work' 1828 +.
eatery, acatery 'the office of the
cf. laundry 'the process of washing'
achatour' 14551777. 15301626.
chancellery 'the office of the ch.' marchandry 'trade, traffic' 1303
13001886. 1599.

chantry 'singing or chanting' 1340; mesnagery 'management' 1652

'incantation' 1460. 1693.

chirurgery 'surgery' 1398 1815. messagery 'the office of a messen-

collectory 'the office of the c.' 1595 ger' 138118 . . .

1657. masonry 'the occupation of a m.'

commandery 'the position as c.' 14001748.
1611, 1800. ministry 'the action of ministring'
constablery 'the office of a c.' (Rob. 1382 +.
Br. 1 1.
4446) 14001540. misery 1374 +.
100 WORD-LISTS.

nursery 'fosterage, nursing' 1400 presbytery 'the office of a p.' 1604

1671; cf. p. 29. 1704; 'the Presbyterian system'
paintry 'the action of painting' 1511. 1590 +; cf. p. 36.

pastry 'the business of a pastry- provostry 'provostship', 1374 +;

cook' 17101752. cf. p. 31.

pledgery 'suretyship' 1706 (rare). !

reverie 1366 +; cf. p. 37.

plumbery 'plumber's work' 1464 +. i

savagery 'condition' 1825 +.

poetry 'the art, work of a p.' 1386 +. socmanry 'tenure bysocage';cf.p.26.
pottery 'potter's art' 1727 +. surgery 1327 (Bevis of Hamton).
poultry 'the office of a poulter' sutlery (<: Du.) 'sutlership'; cf. p. 27.
1450-1601. turnery 'turning'

(2) Native Formations.

alchemistry 'alchemy' 13931817. chapmanry 'the employment, dea-

aldermanry 'the dignity of an a.' ling of a c.' 14831790.
1502; cf. p. 26. chariotry 'the art of driving a c.'

arbalestry 'the art of shooting with 1686.

an arbalest' 1423, 1860. chemistry 1605 + ;
cf. p. 35.
archdeaconry 'the rank, office of chiefry, -ery 'the office of a c.' 1586
an a.'; cf. p. 104. + (Irish).

artistry the occupation as an a.' chieftainry 'chieftainship' 1773.

1873, 78. choristry 'a performance of cho-
bailiffry 'the office, jurisdiction of risters' 1851 (rare).
a b.' 1598, 1708. cloutery 'clouter's work' 1581 (rare).
balloon(e)ry 1859. cobblery 'cobbling' 1886.
bartery 'the traffic by exchange' commercery 'trading' 1604.
1570, 1662. companionry 'companionship' 1606
beadlery 'beadleship' 16281691. 1700.
beadsmanry 'position as b.' 1594. comradery 'comradeship' 1858 +.
bishopry 'episcopacy' 1665; cf.p. 36. confectionery 'the art of a c.' 1872.
boyery 'boyhood' 1580, 1656. controllery 'controllership' 1595,
bridalry 'brideship' 1742. 1639.
brokery 'the business of a b.' 1583 cookery 1393 +.
1641. copartnery 'copartnership' 1777
cambistry, mod. Diets, 1862.
canonry 'canonship'; cf. p. 104. cordwainery 'craft of the c.' 1831,
cautionry 'suretyship' 1636, 1754 84.
(Sc. Law.). corserie 'brokery' 1380, 15567.
chaffery 'traffic' 1596. cossery 'barter, bargaining' 1400.
chamberlainry 'chamberlainship' custodery 'the office of a c.' 1380.
1597 +.
deaconry 'deaconship' 14831824.
chaplainry 'chaplainship' 1560 deanery 'deanship' 14401848.
1807.
dempstery 'the office of a d.' 1551.
 WORD-LISTS. 101

dentistry 1838, 86. heraldry 1572 +.

deputery 'deputyship' 1584. higglery 'a higgler's business' 1769.
distillery 'distillation' 16771807. hosiery 'the trade of a h.' 1789.
doltry 'doltishness' 1581. householdry 'housekeeping' 1581
dukery 'dukeship'; cf. p. 104. 1865.
enginery 'art of constructing en- housewifery 1440 +.
gines' 16051672; cf. p. 45. huckery 'the business of a huck-

engravery 'art or work of an e.' ster' 1377.

15661682. huckstery 'the business of a h.'

*errantry 1654 +; cf. p. 47. 1362, 1611.

executry 'executorship' 1754, 1885. inlawry 'restitution to the domain
'
farmery 'farming' 1801; cf. p. 45. 1848.

farriery 1737 +. investry 'investiture' 1642 (rare).

fascinery 'description of hurdle- ironmongery 'the craft of an i.'

work' 1856. 1871.

fiddlery 'the art of a fiddler' 1588. jailery 'imprisonment' 1825 (nonce-

filacery 'the office of a f.' 1625. wd.); cf. pp. 44, 45.

financiery 'the occupation of a f.' joinery 'the art of a j.' 1678 +.

1881. jointstockery 'the dealing with joint-
fishery 1677 +. stocks' 1864.

fleshery 'the business of a butcher' kodakry 'the practice of photogra-

1483, 1541. phing with a k.' 1893.

foinery 'fencing' 1599. leechery 'leechcraft' 1892 (rare).

furriery 'the business of a f.' 1784 lieutenantry 'lieutenancy' 1604
(rare). 1676.

gardenery 'the office of a garde- limnery 'the work of a limner' 1831.

7
ner 1892 (rare). linguistry 'the study of languages'
gaugery 'the action or process of 1794, 1853.
gauging' 1608. j
losery 'losing' 1400.
glassery 'glazier's work' 1663, 67. I
macery 'the function of a macer'
glaziery 'glazier's work' 1841 +. 1545.

goldsmithry 'the trade of a g.' 1386. magazinery 'the profession of a

graziery 'the business of the gra- magazine-writer 1833 (n.-w.); cf.

zier' 17601843. p. 45.

grocery 'the trade of a g.' 1689, mammery 'mammering' 1578 (rare).

1885. managery 1633 +.
gunnery 1605 +; cf. p. 45. merchantry 'the business of a m.'
harbingery 'the function of a h.' 17891864.
1887 (nonce- wd.). messengery 'the office of a m.-at-

harvestry 'the act or work of har- arms' 1587, 1753 (Sc.).

vesting'. midwifery 1483 +.

helotry 'slavery' 1873, -82. millinery 'the trade of a m.' 1838.
henpeckery 'the condition of being *moistry 'moisture' (CD.).
henpecked' 1838. officialry 'an official post' 1716.
102 WORD-LISTS.

outlawry 1382 +; cf. pp. 26, 37. scavengery 'streetcleaning' 1656

pagery 'the office of a p.' 1586 1851.
1641. sextonry 'sextonship' 1523 (Lord
partisanry 'partisanship' 1889. Berner's Froissart).

pastry 'the art of a pastry-cook' sheriffry 'sheriffship' (CD.).

1710-1752. slavery 1589 + (Florio).
pedagoguery 'the occupation of p.' smithery 'the practice of mechani-
1883. cal work', 18th c. (CD.).

pedlary 'the business of a p.' 1604 soldiery 'soldiership', 16th c. (CD.).

-1833. spinstry 'the occupation of spin-
pencilry 'pencil-work' 1620. ning' (CD. Milton).
perfumery 'a perfumer's business' stagery 'the exhibition on the stage'
1800. (CD. Milton).
pilotry 'pilotage' 1744, 1842 (rare). stereotypery 'the art of making
platery 'the work of a plater' 1664. stereotype plates' (CD.).
plumagery 'the art of feathermaking' stewardry 'stewardship' (CD.).
1879. surgeonry 'practice of a surgeon'

psalmistry 'the office of a psalmist' (CD.).

15351650. surroundry 'an encompassing' c.

railery 'the travelling by rail' 1852 1650 (CD.).

(nonce-wd.). tollery 'the taking of toll' (CD.
regentry 'regency' 1558, 79 (Sc.). Wyclif).
registry 'registration' 1589 -f. vintnery 'the occupation of a vint-
saddlery 'the occupation of a sadd- ner' (CD.-Carlyle).
ler' 1449, 1872. wardenry 'wardenship'; cf. p. 31.

samplery 'the making of samplers' whalery 'whale-fishery' (CD.)

1613, 1840. wrightry 'the business of a wright',
scavagery 'scavengery' 1851 (rare). 15th c. (CD.).

(c) Formations expressing the Place, Produc

of an Action etc. (cf. pp. 3842).

(1) Adopted Formations.

achatry, acatery 'the room of the armory 'armorial bearings' 1500 -f-

achatour* 13771751. (arch.^.

allottery 'that which is allotted' armoury 1538 +.
1600. 1386 +.
artillery
almonry 1480 +. bailiery,-ary 'the jurisdiction of a
arbory 'the place where trees are bailie' 14251754.
cultivated' 1792. barbery 'barber's shop' 1440.
archery 'an archer's weapons' 1440 baronry 'the domain of a b.' 1449
1882. 1736.
 WORD-LISTS. 103

boilery 'the place where boiling is harbergery 'place of lodging' 1300

carried on' 16281838. 1440.

bowery (<rDu.) 'a farm, plantation'; hostelry 1386 +.

cf. p. 27. hostry 'hostelry' 13771790.
brewery 1658 +. jewellery 13 K
broidery 'embroidery' 1382 + (now Jewry 1225 +.
poetic). lardry 'larder' 15381661.
butchery 1340 +. laundry 1577 +.
butlery 'a butler's room or pantry' lavendry 'laundry' 1377, 93.
12Q7 1868. marchandry 'mercantile commodi-
captainry 'a district under a cap- ties' 13301439.
tain' 15361796. masonry 'stonework' 1366 +.
carpentry 'timberwork constructed mercery 'wares sold by a m.' 1290
by a c.' 15551865. + ; 'shop' 1879.
chancellery, 'chancery' 1803 +. napery 1380 +; also 'place' 1819.
chancery 1377 +. negery(<:Du.) 'a negro village' 1814.
chandlery 'shop' 16011875; 'cand- *novelry 'novelty' 13031491.
les' 1601 +. nunnery 1275 +.
chantry 1386 +. nursery 1499 +; cf. p. 29.

chapelry 1591 +. orangery 16641861.

commandery 'a landed estate' etc. pantry 1300 +.
1534 +. pelfry 'things pilfered 14801565.
cramery 'merchandise' 15, 1535; peltry 'undressed skins' 1436 +;
cf. p. 27. 'place' 1483.
curriery 'place'. plumbery 'shop' 14 .. -f; 'works in

cutlery 'the articles made by a c'. lead' 1464 +.

1624-1846. poetry 1586 +.
dairy 1290 +; cf. pp. 22, 23. potagery 'vegetables; a kitchen

decanery 'deanery' 1538, 1647. garden' 1693-1826.

drapery 'place' 14831610; 'cloth' pottery 'shop factory' 1483 +;
13001841. 'earthenware' 1785 +.

druggery 'place' 1865. poultry 'domestic fowls coll.'

embroidery 15701836. 1836 +; 'place' 14291570.

fairy 'land or home of the fays' presbytery 'a presbyter's house'
13201610. 1825 +.
"finery
1
'showy decoration, dress' provostry 'benefice of a p., reve-
1680 +. nue of benefice' 1450 +.

finery* 'a hearth' 16071864. quaintry 'finery' 1483.

forestry 'woody country' 1823 saucery 'a place for sauces' 1440
1879. 1780.

foundry 1643 +. scullery 'place' 1440 + (cf. saucery,

frippery 'old clothes' etc. 1568 +; NED.).
'place' 15981830. spicery 'repository for
'
1413 +
fruitery 'place' 16091816. (The Babee's Book, p. 156).
104 WORD- LISTS.

surgery 'place' (CD). turnery 'articles made on the tur-

suttery (< Du.) 'shop'; cf p. 37. (CD.),
.
ning lathe; the place where ar-
apestry (Florio). ticles are turned' (CD.)
trumpery 'worthless finery', 17th c. vintry 'a storehouse for wine'

(CD.). (CD.).

(2) Native Formations.

abthainry 'an abbacy' 1872. j
coalery 'place' 16581849.
aldermanry 'a district' 1608, 98. cocoonery 'place' 1868, -85 (U. S.).
archdeaconry 'a district, residence' colliery 1635 +.
1555 +. communistry 'a communist habi-
ashery 'place' 1859. tation' 1843, 80.

bakery 'place' 1857, 72. confectionery 'sweetmeats' 1545

bartery 'wares for barter' 1638. 1791; 'shop' (mod. Dcts.).
basketry 'basket work' 1851, 83. convenery 'assembly' 1831, 90.

*bawdry 'finery' 1529, 1623. cookery 'kitchen' 15981837; cf

beavery 'place' 1877, 82. p. 41.

bibbery bibbing house 1831
'a (rare). cottagery 'a cottage holding' 1697
bindery 'place' 1828 +. (rare).
bishop ry 'bishopric' 1535. cottery 'a cottar's holding' 1792,
bleachery 'place' 1714, 1816. 1808 (Sc., rare).
1
bloomery 'first forge in an iron- coughery 'a coughing place' 1693
work' 1584 +. (n.-w.).
2
bloomery 'place full of blooms' crabbery 'place'- 1845.
1832 (n.-w); cf. p. 107. creamery 'place' 1879 -K
bookery 'library' 1812, 70. deanery 'a group of parishes' 1440 +.
bordelry 'a border 1440 (rare), distillery 'place' 17591833.
briary (-ery)'place' 1552, 85. dreamery 'a place which favours
brokery'a broker's wares' 1597, 1634. dreams' 1826; 'dream-work' 1838,
brothelry 'a place for prostitutes' 75.

1593, 1616. drinkery 'place' 1884, 89.

calendry 'place' 1878. dryery 'place' 1886.

canonry 'the benefice of a c.' (Tre- drysaltery 'the articles dealt in by
visa) 1482 +. a d.' 1848 +.
cannery 'a factory' 1879, 80. duckery 'place' 1745, 91.
car-very 'meat to be carved' 1839; duddery 'place' 15521806.
'carved work' 1845 (n.-w). dukery 'a dukedom' 1565-1855;
cattery 'place' 1701 1843. 'the residence of a d.' (cf the
chatelainry 'district' 1864. Dukeries) 1837 +.
cheesery 'factory' 1883. dyery 'place' 1762, 1884.
chieftainry 'territory' 17471833. engravery 'the productions of an
chummery 'the quarters occupied e-s art' 15661682.
by chums' 1877. ewery 'an apartment for ewers'
tindery 'place' 1863 (n.-w.). 1460-1723.
 WORD-LISTS. 105

executry 'the movable estate of a glittery 'a place for gutting fish'
defunct' 1655, 1843. 1842.

farmery 'the buildings belonging haberdashery 'goods and wares'

to a farm' 1656.
1

1419 +; 'shop' 1813.

fernery 'place' 1840, 63. hatchery 'place' 1880 +.
finchery 'place' 1887. hattery 'wares' 1823'; 'manufactory'
fishery 'place' 16991823. 1871.

fleshhewery 'slaughter house' 1483. hawkery 'place' 1832 (n.-w.).

fletchery 'wares made (sold) by a heathery 'the place in which heaths
f.' 1594. are grown' 1850; cf. p. 108.

floristry 'garden flowers' 1822. hennery 'place' 1859 +.

forgery 'something forged' 1574 +. heraldry 'a heraldic emblazonment'
fowlery 'place' 1845. 1593 +.
friary 'a convent' 1538 +. heronry, hernery 'place' 1603 +.
froggery 'place' 1763 -f. hoggery 'place' 1819.
fullery 'place' 1730, 55. hosiery 'wares' 1790 +; 'factory',
garnishry 'garnishment' 1835, 68 householdry 'household stuff 1573;
(n.-w.). cf. p. 41.
gemmery 'a jewel house' 1656, housewifery 1552-1822; cf.ip. 41.
1721. huckstery 'goods' 1833.
j

1
ginnery 'a place for ginning cot- husbandry 'household goods, agri-
ton' 1896. cultural produce' etc. 13861697.
2
ginnery 'gin-palace' 1859 (n.-w.). |
infernalry 'a haunt of infernals'
gipsyry 'a gipsy encampment' 1871 (Carlyle).
1874, 82. ironmongery 'goods' 1711 +; 'shop'
glassery 'a glazier's materials' 1841, 96.

1663, 67. joinery 'the things made by a j.'

glovery 'place' 1483; cf. p. 44. 1678 +.

goldsmithry 'the articles made by knackery 'a knacker's yard' 1869,
g.' 1386, 1883. 88.

goosery 'place' 1828, 31; cf. 108. lacery 'lace-like work' 1893.
grapery 'place' 1812 +. leggery 'a storehouse of legs' 1830.
graziery 'a grazing ground' 1731 loomery 'place' 1859, 82
(rare). melonry 'place' 1727, 1824.
grindery 'the materials, tools for millinery 'articles made (sold) by
grinding' 1805 +; 'place' 1884, a m.' 1679 +.
-96. minchery 'a place of the nuns'
grocery 'the goods sold by a g.' 1661 +.
1436 +; 'place' 1828 +. minkery 'place' 1877 (U. S.).
groggery 'a grog shop' 1855 +. monkery 'a monastery' 1542 +.
growlery 'a place to 'growl in' monkeyrey 'place' 1826 (rare),
1852 + (hum.). mousery 'place' (C. D.).
grubbery 'place' 1791 +. moorery 'the quarter, district occu-
gullery 'place 1833 +. pied by Moors' 1808.
106 WORD-LISTS.

nabobery 'a place frequented by registry 'a place where registers

nabobs' 1834. are kept' 1603 +.

nailery 'place' 1798 +. ret ery 'place' 1853 +.

neatery 'place' 1647. rookery 'place' 1838 +.

*nicery 'a nicety' 1626, 40. ropery 'place' 1363 +; cf. p. 30.

nopalry, -ery 'place' 17831866. rosery 'place' 1864 +.

oilery 'the establishment, stock of sacristanry 'sacristy' 1483.
an oil-man' 1864, 86 saddlery 'the articles made by a s'.

orphanry 'an orphanage' 1882 1796 +; 'place' 1841 +.

rare). saltery 'a salt-works' 1899.
osiery 'place' 1837, 68 schoolery 'that which is taught
owlery 'place' 18171866. in a s.' 1591 + (rare),

packery 'a packing establishment' sealery 'place' (CD.).

1880. serpentry 'place'; cf. p. 109 (CD.),
palmery 'place' (recent Diets.); cf. I
shrubbery 'place', 18th c. +; cf.

p. 108. p. 109 (CD.).

pastry 'tarts, pies etc.' 1539 + ; |

skinnery 'skins coll.' (The Babee's
'place' 15701883. Book, Cath. A.); 'place' 1483 (cf.
peachery 'place' 1811, 44; cf. peltry', NED.),
p. 109. skunkery 'place' (CD.).
peatery 'place' 1810 +. smeltery 'place' (CD.).
r
pedagognery 'a pedagogic estab- j
smithery 'the workshop of a s .

lishment' 1820. (CD.).

pedlary 'the goods sold by a pedlar'
'

snailery 'place' (CD.),

1593. "snuggery 'a snug and warm place'
pelicanry 'place' 1864. (Dickens, Pickwick).
perfumery 'perfumes' 1844, 65; j
spinnery 'place' (CD.).
'place' 1860 +. stemmery 'a factory where tobacco

pewtery 'an apartment where p. is is stripped from the stem' (CD.).

kept' 1645, 1864; cf. p. 109. stereotypery 'place' (CD.),
pheasantry 'place' 1725, 1826. stewardry 'the jurisdiction of a s'.

pigeonry 'place' 1840, 94. 1754 (cf. constablery, NED.),

1
piggery 'a place where pigs are studdery 'place', 16th c. (CD.).

kept' 1804 +. sugary 'the establishment where

piggery- 'a pottery' 1825 (Sc.). sugar is made' (CD.),

pinery 'place' 17581858. sultanry 'the dominion of a s',

pissery 'place' 1693 (rare), 16th c. + (CD. Bacon).

quailery 'place' 1894. swannery 'place' (CD.),
rabbitry 'place' 1838 +. swinery 'place' (CD.).
rattery 'place' 1880; cf. p. 46. tannery 'place' 1736 +.
ravenry 'place' 1888. tawery 'place' 1830, 85 (rare),
reclusery 'a residence for recluses' ternery 'place' (CD.),
1881. vinery 'a vineyard'; cf. p. 109 (CD.),
refinery 'place' 1727 +. wardenry 'district' (CD.).
 WORD-LISTS. 107

weedery 'place' (CD.), winery 'establishment for making

whalery 'place' (CD). wine' (CD.).

(d) Formations expressing Collectivity

(cf. pp. 42-43).

(1) Adopted Formations.

ailantery 'a grove of Ailanto-trees' imagery 1325 +.
1867. infantry 1579 +; 'infants coll.'

ancestry 13301825. 1613 + (now jocul.).

archery 'a company of archers' jewellery 'jewels coll.' 13, 1470 +.
1465, 1814. Jewry 'Jews coll.' 1330 +.
armoury 'armours coll.' 13301802 mercery; the Mercery 'the Mercer's
(arch). Company 13861662.
baronry 'a body of barons' 1653. messagery 'a body of messengers'
butchery 'butchers coll.' 1475, 1525. 1500 (rare).
cavalry 1591 +. ministry, coll. 1566 +.
cousinry 'kinsfolk' 1845, 75. nunnery 'a company of nuns' 1651,
*Danishry 1470, 1857; cf. pp. 24,25. 1715.

druggery 'drugs coll.' 1535 +. peltry 'undressed skins' 1436 +.

*Englishry 1470 +; cf. pp. 24, 25. presbytery 'a body of presbyters'

fairy 'fays coll.' 13201603. 1661 +.

fruitery 16 ,
1612 + (now rare), spicery 'spices coll.' (C. M., Rob.
gallantry 'gallants coll.' 16061688. Br., P. PL, etc.).

gendarmery 'a body of soldiers' squiry 'squires coll.' (Rob. Br. I.,

1551 +. Barb. Br.).

gentry, coll. 1585 +. *Welshry 1330; cf. pp. 24, 25.
herbery 'herbage' 1400.

(2) Native Formations.

*ancientry 'ancients coll.' 1548 boughery 'a structure of boughs'

1611; cf. p. 47. 1855 (n.-w.).

angelry 'a body of angels' 1805. branchery, coll. 18301855.
antlery 'antlers coll.' 1879 (rare), buckery 'bucks or swells coll.' 1804
apery, coll. 1862 (rare), (n.-w.).

baboonery, coll. 1613. chiefry body of chiefs' 1610.

'a

baggagery 'worthless rabble' 1589. chieftainry 'a body of chieftains'

balladry 'ballad poetry' 1598 1807, 36.

1849. citizenry 'the citizens in the mass'

blackguardry 'the community of 18191862.

b s' 1853 (rare).
'a body
clerkery of clerks' 1885.

cloudery, coll. 1865 (n.-w.).

2 104.
bloomery ,
coll. 1832; cf. p.
108 WORD-LISTS.

clubbery 'clubs and club affairs gladiatry 'gladiators coll.' 1658

1

coll. 1835. (rare).

cogwheelery 'cogwheelgearing' gobblery 'turkey cocks coll.' 1798.

1864. goddery 'an assemblage of gods'
copartnery 'a company of c s' 1819 (n.-w.).
1733 -K goosery, coll. 1828, 31 ;
cf. p. 105.

costumery 'costumes in the mass' gossipry 'a body of gossips' 1853,

1838, 76. 88.

coxcombry, coll. 1818, 23. gunnery, coll. 1797, 1881.

crackery 'crackers coll.' 1824 (n.-w). harnessry, coll. 1824.
crockery 'crocks coll., earthenware' hattery, coll. 1823.
1755 +. heathenry 'heathen people' 1890.
cuckoldry 'a company of cuckolds' heathery, coll. 1804, 49; cf. p. 105.
1538. hedgery, coll. 1880.

deaconry 'a body of deacons' helotry 'class of helots' 1829, 55.

1697. highlandry 'Highlanders coll.' 1771.

doggery 'a company of dogs' (fig. hoggery, coll. 1856 (fig.).

= canaille) 18431869 (U. S., islandry body of islanders' 1875.
'a

vulg.). kitchenry 'a body of servants em-

enginery 'engines coll., machinery' ployed in a k.' 1609, 58.

17421862. knick-knackery, coll. 1812 -f.

felonry 'a body of felons' 1837 knight-errantry 'a body of k s'

1858. 1860, -72 (rare).

festoonery, coll. 1836 -K landlordry 'landlords as a class'

fetishry, coll. 1855. 1597, 98.

fishery 'those engaged in fishing' lawyery 'lawyers as a class' 1716.

1710 +. leafery 'leafage' 1834, 83.

fishery 'fishes coll.' 1828 (nonce legendry, coll. 1849 +.

use), legionry, coll. 1827.
foolery 'fools as a class' 1843 mamelukery 'a body of m s' 1824
(nonce use), (g.).
footmanry, coll. 1822. merchantry 'a body of merchants'

fossilry, coll. 1755. 1862.

fratry 'a brotherhood' 15321882 monkery, coll. 1552 +.
(Obs. exc. Hist.), nabobry 'the class of nabobs' 1777.
freakery, coll. 1876. outlawry, coll. 1557, 1894.
frillery, coll. 1887, 89. packery 'a collection of packs'
froggery, coll. 1785, 1842. 1891.
furzery, coll. 1866. palmery 'a collection of palm-
garlandry, coll. 1853, 89 (rare), trees'; cf. p. 106.
gemmery, coll. 1840 (rare), pannery, coll. 1889 (nonce-use).
giantry, coll. 1611, 1816. parsonry, coll. 1876.
gimcrackery, coll. 1779 +. patientry 'the body of patients'
girlery, coll. 1805, 26. 1631 (rare).
 WORD-LISTS. 109

paynimry, coll. 1835, 86. servantry, coll. (CD.).

2
peachery 'a collection of growing shopkeepery, coll. 1828 (cf. farmer-
peach-trees' 1811, 44; cf. p. 106. age, NED.).
peasantry, coll. 1553 +. shrubbery, coll. (CD, 18th c.); cf.

pensionery 'a body of pensioners' p. 106.

1641 (rare). skinnery, coll. (The Babee's Book,
pewtery 'pewter utensils coll.' 1645, p. 64, Cath. A.).
1864; cf. p. 106. soldiery, coll. (CD. Milton etc.).

phantomry, coll. 1835. studentry, coll. (CD; rare).

plumery, coll. 18051829 (rare), tenantry, coll. (CD. Thackeray).
priestery, coll. 1649 (n.-w.). trinketry, coll. (CD. Irving).
ragamuffinry,-ery, coll. 1831. trumpetry, coll. (CD. Thackeray;
raggery 'ragged people' 1843; 'rags rare).
coll.' 1854 (rare), varletry 'the rabble' (CD. Shak.).
rapscallionry 'rascals coll.' 1858. vassalry, coll. (CD.).
rascalry 'the class of rascals' 1832. villagery 'a group of villages' (CD.
-
rookery 'a colony of rooks' 1725 -f. Shak.).
sashery, coll. 1864. vinery 'vines coll.' (CD.); cf. p. 106.

Scotry 'Scots coll.' 1470 (rare), wafery 'wafers coll.' (CD Udall).
scoundrelry, coll. 1859. waggonry, coll. (CD.).
serpentry, coll. (CD; rare); cf. p. yeomanry 'the body of yeomen';
106. cf. p. 31.
 II. The Suffix -age. x

(a) Formations expressing Tax, Charge, (cf. pp. 57 58).

(1) Adopted Formations.

alnage 'the fee paid for measure- feuage 'chimney money' 1618, 1706.
ment' 1622, 89. forestage 'duty paid by the foresters'
altarage (Wyclif) +. (see Du Cange).
arrearage 1315 +. fossage 'a
charge' 1721, 92.

avenage 15941742. fowage (var. of feuage) 1523 1834.

average
1
14891835 cf. p. 67. fullage 'the money paid for the
average
2
1491 +; cf. p. 67. 16111755.
fulling of cloth'
barbicanage 'the tribute paid for the granage 'a 15821820.
duty'
construction of a b.' 1691, 1749. guidage 14401800.
beverage 'drink money' 1721 1808. guyage = guidage 1425.

brassage 'a
mint-charge' 1806, 84. hallage 'the fee paid for goods
brennage 'a payment in, or instead sold in a hall' 16071720.
of, bran' 1753. hidage 1387 (Trevisa) -f cf. p. 52. ;

carcelage 'prison fees' 16781755. jailage 'the jailer's fee' 1853 (rare),
carucage 'a tax levied on each keelage 1679-1825; cf. p. 54.
plough' 1577 +. keyage 1440 1778; quayage, cf.

chevage 'poll-money' 1461, 83. labourage 'the payment for labour'

chiminage 1594 -f. 1826, 90.

cellarage 1611 +. lastage 1387 -f ;

cf. p. 52.
cornage 'a form of rent' 1579 +. lowage 'a charge on shipping' 1531.
costage 13271670. measurage 'a duty payable on the
demurrage 1641 +. cargo of a ship' 1460 1741.
escuage 'a money payment' 1577 moneyage 'the payment by the mo-
1738. neyers' 1747, 62.

farmage the cost of cultivation' murage 1423 +.

1650. pannage 'a payment' 1467 +.

The formations printed in italics are derivations from per-

onal nouns.
 WORD-LISTS. Ill

pavage 1500 + portage 'the cost of carriage' 1472 +.

peage 'a toll paid for passing rivage 'a toll' 1598.
through a place' 14561848. salvage 'an allowance' 1645 +.
pedage =
peage 13821843. scavage 14741800; cf. p. 68.

peisage, pesage 'a duty paid for scutage 'land tax', 14th c. (CD.),
the weighing of goods' 1455 senage 'a tax paid to the bishop'
1894. (Wyclif).
pillage 'some kind of tax' 1513. stallage 1387 (Trevisa)+; cf. p. 52.

pilotage 'pilotage dues' 1622 +. surplusage, cf. p. 68.

plankage 'payment for the use of tallage (talliage) 'tribute, tax'

planks' 1483, 1592. 1290 +.

podage =
pedage 1425. tollage, cf. p. 53 (CD.),
poisage 'the expense of weighing' tonnage (CD.),
1611. trewage 'tribute, toll' (R. Br. I, 1.

pontage 1450 +. 3062, Rom. of Partenay, a 1500).

(2) Native Formations.

amobrage 'the payment to the Amo- corkage 1838 +.

ber' 1750. cranage 1887.
anchorage 'the charge for ancho- crimpage 'a payment made t. a c.'

ring' 15161755. 17541815.

bailage 17531809. dockage 1708, 88.

ballastage 1691, 1759. drayage 1860.

bankage 'a landing duty' (?) 1577. dumpage 1864.

beaconage 1607, 1755. expressage 1883, 88.

boatage 'a charge' 1611, 1810. factorage 1613 +.

boomage 'a duty' 1862. fittage 'the commission allowed a
boothage 'dues paid for leave to fitter'.

erect a b.' 1695. freightage 1694.

brokerage 1622. galeage 'a royalty' 1881, 90.

bushelage 1818. gavelage; cf. p. 53.

butlerage 14911768. groundage 1440 +.
canage the amount of cain paid' gunnage 'the money distributed to
1597 (Sc.). the captors of a ship' 1703, 05.

careenage 1794. harbourage 1570 +.

cellarage 1512 +. haulage 1864, 69.

chainage 'the fee due for using havenage 1864.

mooring-chains' 1691. homage 'cornage, horngeld' 1611.
chummage 'the fee demanded for housage 1617.
a new chum' 1777, 1837. husbandage 1809.
consulage 15991808. jettage the dues levied on vessels
cooperage 1755, 1809. for the use of a j.' 1833 +; cf. p. 67.
 112 WORD-LISTS.

leakage 1591 +. schoolage 'fee paid for tuition' 1511

leavelookerage 'a sum payable to 1662.
5
the I. 1778. shorage 'a duty paid for goods

lightage 'light-due' 1606, 1789. brought on shore' 1611 (cf. boat-

linage 'payment according to the age, NED.).
number of lines' 1888, 98. shroffage 'the expenses of expert
loadage 'a toll or due for loading' examination' (CD.).
1661. stackage 'a tax on things stacked.'
lockage 1771 +. 1577 (cf. bankage, NED.).
metage 1527 +. storage 'a charge' (CD.).
meterage 'metage' 1885. stowage 'a charge' 1531 (cf. lowage,
mileage 1754 +. NED.).
mintage 1645 +. tankage 'a price charged for sto-
nailage 'a charge' 1766. rage in a t.' (CD.).
percentage 1786 -f. towage 'a toll' 1755 + (cf. beacon-
pewage 'the rent paid for a pew' age, NED.).
1866. truckage 'the money paid for con-

pickage 1364 +; cf. p. 55. veyance in a t.'

porterage 1671 +. tnnnage 'a tax of so much per tun'
postage 1654 +. (CD.).
1
poundage 1399 +; cf. p. 56. wardage 'ward-penny' (CD.).
2
poundage 'a charge' 1554, 1845. warpage (CD.).
prisage 1505 +. wharfage 1641 +(cf. cranage, NED.).
provostape 'some impost duty' 1766. wheelage 'a toll paid for carts'
quarterage 1389 +; cf. p. 55. (CD.).
quayage 1756 -K yardage 'a charge for the use of
regardage 'an allowance' 1684. ay.' (CD.).

(b) Formations expressing the Result of an Action,

Place, Collectivity etc. (cf. pp. 5Q 61).

(1) Adopted Formations.

adjustage 'adjutage' 1725. bondage, 'people in captivity' (Tre-
2
anchorage the cell of an anchoret' visa III 95).
1593 +. bordage the plankings of a ship's
arrivage landing-place' 1450, 1542.
'a side' (Mod. Diets.).

assemblage 1704 +. brigandage, coll. 1875.

baggage 1430 +. burgage 'a freehold property' 1367+;
bailliage the jurisdiction or district cf. p. 52.
of a b.' 1513 +. carriage 'luggage' 1375 -f ; 'a means
bandage 1599 +. of c.' 1450 +.
baronage 'place' 1475, 80; coll. coinage, coll. 1467 -f ;
that which
1300 -. is coined' 1602.
 WORD-LISTS. 113

confinage 'neighbourage' 1610. parquetage 'flooring' 1845, 47.

cordage 1490 +. parsonage 'place' 14721806.

cottage 1386 +; cf. p. 52. passage 1290 +.
courage 1300 +. pelage 'skins coll.' 1828 +.
cousinage, coll. 13401577. pennage 'plumage' 16011857
damage 1300 +. (rare).
dowage 'dower, dowry' 1538, 1608. personage 1461 +.
equipage 1579 +. pilgrimage 1250 +; 'a place to
farmage 'the profit made of a farm' which a p. is made' 1517 +.
1611. pillage 'goods forcibly taken' 1400
forage 'fodder' 1315 +. -1750.
fruitage 'decorative arrangement plantage, coll. 1606, 1825.
of f.' 1600 +; coll. 1610 -. plumage, coll. 1481 +.
garbage 'offal, refuse' 1430 +. portage 'that which is carried' 1454
grillage 1776 +. 1667.

harbergage 'a place of lodging' ramage 'the branches of a tree'

13.. -1475; cf. p. 53. 1656, 1855.
herbage 1390 +. rummage 'rubbish' 1599 +.

hermitage 'place' 1290 + (cf. ere- salvage 1755 +.

mitage 1400). stramage 'scattered straw' 1440 (PP.).
homage, coll. 1300 +. tattooage 'a design made by tattoo-

hostage 1275 +. ing' 1846 (n.-w.).

labourage 'cultivated land' 1502. tonnage (CD.).
language 1290 -f-. vassalage, coll. (Shak.); 'a territory'

lastage 'the ballast of a ship' 1440 (CD.).

-1736. vicinage, 17th c. (CD.),
lineage, coll. 1303 +. village, 16th c. (CD.).
parentage 'relations coll.' 1413 vintage, 16th c. (CD.); cf. p. 68.

1768. visage (C. M., P. PL, Barb. Br.).

(2) Native Formations.

acreage 1859 +. beaconage 'a system of beacons'

ambassage 'a message' 1548 +; 'a 1862; cf. p. 61.

body of men' 16051612. beguinage, 'an establishment for

anchorage 'place' 1706 +. b s' 1815 +.
anecdotage, coll. 'anecdotic lite- blindage 'a screen or other struc-
rature' 1823 +. ture' 1812, 82; cf. p. 68.

appendage 1649 +. bloomage, coll. 1872.

arborage 'a structure in boughs' boatage, coll. 1662.

1697. boughage, coll. 1594.

baronetage, coll. 1876, 82; 'a list boundage 'the bounds taken as a
of the b s' 1720, 1815. whole' 1598.
8
114 WORD-LISTS.

branchage, coll. 1868, 73. eatage 'grass for grazing' 1641 -i

breakage 'the results of breaking' environage 'surroundings' 1836,

1848, -49. -38.
brewage 'a concocted beverage' factorage, coll. 1849.
1542. farmerage, coll. 1828 (nonce-use),
brockage; cf. p. 67. floatage 1672 +.
browsage 'that on which cattle floorage, coll. 1734.
browse' 1610, 88. floriage, cf. p. 67.
burgherage, coll. 1858. flowerage, coll. 1831 +.

canalage 'the construction of ca- flunkey age, coll. 1848;

2
nals' 1854 (rare), foldage (Her.) 1688/1703.
careenage 'place' 1829, 41. fordage "'a fording place' 1728: cf.

cartage, coll. 1878. p. 68.

caulkage 'the material for caulking' freightage that with which a vessel
1745. is freighted' 1803 -.

cellarage, coll. 1602 -f; cf. p. 61. frondage, coll. 1842 +.

cesspoolage 'a system of cesspools' frontage 1861 +.
1851 (rare); cf. p. 61. fustage 'the vats, tubs etc. used in
chapellage 'a chapelstead' 1802. making wine' 1868.

clearage 'a clearing' 1827. garblage 'the refuse that has to be

clerkage, coll. 1829 (nonce-use). garbled' 1829.
clientage, coll. 1633 +. gardenage 'the produce of a gar-
clientelage 'clientage' 1879, 88. den' 1733, 1816.
cloudage, coll. 1818. garnerage 'a garner' 1880; cf. p. 68.
companionage 'the body of Knight's garlandage 'display of garlands'

companions' 1883, 4. 1885.

commonage 'place' 1771 ;
'the com- gazetteerage, coll. 1865.

monalty' 1649, 1848. grainage 'crop of grain' 1610.

consulage 'a consulate' 1672. greenage 'an assemblage of green
cooperage 'the place of business hues' 1874.
of a c.' 1714 +. gummage 'production of gum' 1610.
crannage, coll. 1890. gunnage, coll. 1855.
cribbage 'a game at cards' 1630 +. haulage 'a traction-way',
curatage, 'a curate's house' 1879, horsage, coll. 1586.
93. hulkage, coll. 1869.
distillage 'the product of distilling' inheritage 'that which is inherited'
1877. 1557 +.
1

dockage ,
coll. 1893; cf. p. 61. kennelage 'a system of kennels,
dotage 'an object doted upon' 1662 gutters coll.' 1612, 1803; cf. p. 61.
-1845. knightage, coll. 1858.
drainage 'that which is drained of lackage 'deficiency of coins below
1834 +; 'a system of drains' 1878; standard weight' 1840.
cf. p. 61. lactage, cf. p. 67.
driftage 'drifted material' 1768, 1835. lairage 1883 +; cf. p. 60.
 WORD-LISTS. 115

leafage, coll. 1599 +. rakeage 'that which is raked toge-

leakage 1661 +. ther' 1851.

linage 'a quantity of printed mat- rectorage, 'benefice held by a r.' 1 556.
ter' 1884. reinage, coll. 1863.
litterage 'dross' 1726. rentage 'that which is held for rent'
lockage 1677 +. 1892.

loppage 'the loppings from trees' riggage 'rigging' 1627.

1683; cf. p. 68. roofage 'roofing' 1865 --.

luggage 1596 +. roomage 'space, capacity' 1843, 65.

mastage 'the fruit of forest-trees roughage 'coarse material' 1883,

coll.' 16101794. 90.

matronage, coll. 1771 +. ruffianage, coll. 1852.

mileage, coll. 1861 -K scaffoldage 'scaffolding' 1606, 1881.
mintage 'the product of a mint' scourage'- 'material for scouring'
1638 +; 'the stamp or impression' 1603.
1634 +. scrapeage 'that which is scraped
moorage 'place' 1648 +. together' 1851 (cf. rakeage, NED.)
neighbourage 'neighbourhood' 1610, scrippage; cf. p. 59.
88. seepage 'an oozing fluid or mois-
nestage 'nesting, nests' 1865. ture' (CD.).
oarage 'apparatus or fittings of the sewage (CD.).
nature of oars' 1828 +. sewerage 'a system of sewers'; cf.

orphanage 'a home for orphans' p. 61 (CD.).

1865, 67. shrinkage 'the amount of diminu-

oysterage 'an oyster-bed' 1866. tion' (CD.).

package 1722 -f. soakage 'that which soaks' (CD.)

pastorage 'a pastor's house' 1883, squarsonage 'the residence of a s.'
97. (CD.).
peckage 'food, victuals' 1610 squattage 'land leased from the
1700. government' (CD.).
peerage, coll. 1454 +. squireage, coll. (CD.).
peltage, coll. 1698. stackage 'grain etc. put up in stacks'
pewage, coll. 1684 -f. (CD.).
pilferage 'stolen goods' 1626. standage 'a stall' (CD.).
pipage 'a system of pipes' 1897; steerage 'a rudder' etc. 1589 +; (CD.).
cf. p. 61. stowage 'a room for stowing' (CD.
plunderage 'the spoil obtained by -Shak.) +.
p.' 1861. tannage 'bark etc. used in tanning;
portage 'the provision of ports or the produce of t ing' 1778 +.
port-holes' 1599. vaultage 'vaulted work' (CD.-
princeage, coll. 1883 (rare), Shak.) -r.

quarterage 'quarters, place of abode' vicarage 'the residence of a. v.' (CD.).

1577 +. wantage 'that which is wanted'
quayage, coll. 1756 -f; cf. p. 61. (CD.).
116 WORD-LISTS.

wastage 'loss by use, waste' (CD.), wheelage 'wheels, wheelwork'

weftage 'texture, style etc. of the (CD.)
web', 17th. c. (CD.), wrappage (CD.),
wharfage, coll. (CD.); cf. p. 61. wreckage (CD.).

(c) Formations expressing Action (cf. pp. 61, 62).

(1) Adopted Formations.

abordage 'an attack upon a ship labourage 'ploughing' 14751660.
by boarding it' 1550. lodemanage 'pilotage'; cf. p. 53.

adjustage 'adjustment' 1598 (rare), marriage 'the entrance into wed-

affinage 'the refining of metals' 1656. lock' 1300 -.

alliage 'alliance' 1656. parentage 'the exercise of the func-

alloyage 'the art and process of tion of 1489 +.

alloying metals' 1790. partage 'action of dividing' 1456 +.
alnage 1668, 1736. passage 1290 +.
arbitrage 'the exercise of the func- pasturage 1579 .

tion of an arbiter' 1480 +. patronage 'the office or action of

arrivage 'the act of coming ashore' a p.' 1412 -j-.

1389-1627. pavage 'action of p ing' 1553 -f.

assemblage 1730 +. pillage 1390 +.

barrage 'action of b -ing' 1859 +. pilotage 1618 -f.

brigandage 'the practice of a b.' i

plantage 'the cultivation of plants'

1600 +. 1632, -88.
brokage 'jobbing' 13771755. portage 'the action of carrying*
carriage 1388 +. 1440 +.
coinage 1380-1648. prisage 'valuation' 1611.
customage 'the levying or payment rummage 1526, "1688.
of customs' 1632. sackage 'plundering' 1625.
dotage 'the action of doting' 1440 salvage 1713 +.
1814; cf. p. 55. tapinage 'the act of lurking about'
ensilage 'the process of preserving 13. .-1656.

green fodder in a silo' 1881 +. usage (Allit. P., Barb. Br.)

equipage 'the action of equipping' verbiage 'wordiness' (CD.)
15981684. vintage 'the gathering of grapes',
espousage 'espousal' 1599. 17th c. (CD.); cf. p. 68.
guidage 'guidance' 1805 (rare), voyage (S.E.L., R. Br., etc.)
harbergage (her) 'lodging' 1386
-1502; cf. p. 53.

(2) Native Formations.

abthanage 'the jurisdiction of an abusage 'abuse, mockery' 1548
a.' 1872. 1649.
 WORD-LISTS. 117

agistage' the action of agisting' 1691, contrivage 'contrivance' 1610

1751. cooperage 'the business, trade of

anibassage 'the dispatch of am- j

a c.' 1740 +.
bassadors' 1569-1640; cf. p. 67. copeage 'the action of coping' 1654.
anchorage 1611 +. corkage 1838; cf. p. 66.
answerage 'the action of answering' cozenage 'the practice of cozening'
1642. 1583 +.
authorage 'authorship' 1652. j
cribbage 'the action of cribbage'
boatmanage 'the occupation of a 1830, 52.
b.' 1720. j cubage 1840, 55; cf. p. 62.
boonage 'boonwork' 1610. \
curatage 'the office of a curator'
'

borrowage 'suretyship' 1440; 'act 1759.

of borrowing' 1577. deckage 'adornment' 1642.
boundage 1610; cf. p. 65. decipherage 'decipherment' 1851
brakeage 'the action of a brake' j (n.-w.)
1864, 69. delvage 'the digging, ploughing'
breakage 'the action of breaking' etc. 1610, 88.

1871, 88. derivage 'derivation' 1610 (rare),

brewage 'the process of brewing' j
dikage 'the work of diking' 1634,
1776 +. 52.

bribage 'bribery' 1587. disbursage 'disbursement' 1721.

brokerage 1466 +. distillage 'the process (or product)
browsage 'the browsing of cattle' of distilling' 1877.
1
1610; cf. p. 65. dockage 'the berthing of vessels

careenage 'the careening of a ship' in docks' 1864.

2
1794. dockage 'deduction'
cartage 'the process of conveying doomage 'the action of dooming >'
|

by cart' 1428, 1755. 1792, 1828 (U. S.).

chainage 'a fastening with a c.' 1611. dosage 1876, 81; cf. p. 62.
chaperonage 'the practice of cha- draggage 'the action of dragging'
'

peroning' 1857 +. 1611.

charterage 'the practice of charte- \

dragoonage 'the action of dragoo-
ring' 1806. ning' 1894.
ciceronage 'the function of a cice- \
drainage 'the action of draining'
ron' 1884. 1652 +.
clearage 'the action of clearing'
'

drayage 'the conveyance by a dray'

1818 +. 1791.

cleavage 'the action of cleaving' j driftage 'the process or operation

1817 +. of drifting' 1862 +s

clerkage 'a clerk's work' 1883, 85. drownage 'drowning' 1850, 51.

cloakage 'the act of covering with dumpage 'the work of dumping'

a c.' 1846. 1864.

clownage 'the function of a comic embarkage 'embarkation* 1577.

clown' 1586. endowage 'endowment' 1530.
118 WORD-LISTS.

envassalage 'the action of reducing ;

housage 'the action of h ing' 1803.
to vassalage' 1656. hucksterage 'huckstering' 1641.
exploitage 'exploitation' 1884. imposturage 'the action of an im-
expressage 1864; cf. p. 62. postor' 1654, 56.

factorage 'the action of a f.' 1670 +. impoundage 'the act of i

ing' 161 1 .

fallage 'the action, process of cut- lairage 1881; cf. p. 66.

ting down' 1882. landage 'the action of landing'

fellage 'the action process of fel- 1470, 85.

ling' 1839. latronagc 'robbery' 1619.

fertilage 1610; cf. p. 66. leakage 'the action of 1
ing' 1490- .

floatage 'the action or state of i

lettage 'the action or process of

floating 1626, 1868. letting' 1530 (rare).

floutage 'the practice of flouting' levelage 'levelling' 1882.

1599. litterage 'the process of 1 ing' 1601.
flowage 'the act of flowing; the state manurage 'the cultivation of land'
of being flooded' 1846, 84. 1586, 1796.
forceage 'compulsion' 1470. marinage 'seamanship' 1511.
foulage 'defilement' 1603. matronage 'guardianship of a m.'
5
fraughtage 'the process of lading ;
1771 ~.
1683. message 'action of saying mass'(?)

freightage 'the freighting or hiring 1440.

of a vessel' 1755; 'the transport metage 'the action of measuring'
of goods' 1886. 15-, 1576 +.
frequentage 'the practice of fre- meterage 'metage' 1882.
quenting' 1814. mintage 'the action or process of
garblage 'the duty or province of coining' 1570 -f.

a garbler' 1727. mockage 'mockery' 14701677.

gardenage practice of culti-
'the moorage 'the action of mooring'
vating a 1601,
g.' 93. 1648 -.
graftage 'the action of g ing' 1895. oarage 'the action of the oars, row-
groundage 'the running aground' ing' 1762 +.
1477. officerage 'the action of an o.'

groupage 'the arrangement in 1841 (n.-w.).

groups' 1850 -. package 'the packing of goods'
guardage 'guardianship' 1604, 21. 1611 +.
guardianage 'guardianship' 1600, panderage 'the practice of
pander-
01. ing' 1612, 75 (n.-w.).
gullage 'deception' 1605, 11. pastorage 'the function of a p. 1662.'
haulage 'the action, process of pawnage 'the action or object of
hauling' 1826, 57. pawning' 1624, 1858 (rare).
heirage 'inheritance' 1478. peggage 'the fastening with pegs'
helmage 'guidance' 1864 (rare). 1611 (rare).
herbryage 'entertainment, lodging' pilferage 'the action or practice of
1470. pilfering' 1811.
 WORD-LISTS. 119

pluckage 'the action, process of shroffage 'the examination of

plucking' 1835 (n.-w.). coins' (CD.).

plunderage 'the action of plunder- slippage 'the act of slipping or

ing' 1796 -f, the amount of slip' (CD.).
pollage 'the exaction of bribes' soakage 'the act of s ing' (CD)..
1536 +. steerage 'the act, practice of stee-
pondage 'the ponding of water' ring' 1589 (Florio).
1877. !

sternage 'steerage, direction' (CD.),

porterage* the action or work of i

stirrage 'the act of s ing, agitation'.

a p.' 1437 +. stoppage 'the act of s ing or state
porterage- 'the occupation of a of being s -ed' (CD.).
doorkeeper' 1763. storage 'the act of s ing' (CD.).
1
postage 'the carriage of letters' stowage 'the act of s ing or state
etc. 1590 +. of being s ed' (CD.).

postage'-' 'the mooring of ships to tamponage 'the act of t

ing' (CD.).
posts' 1868 (rare). tankage process of stow-
'the act,

proctorage the 'management by a ing (oil etc.) in a tank' (CD.).

proctor, agent' 1641. tannage 'the act of t ing' 1662 +.
pumpage 'the work done at pump- taxage 'taxation' 1483.
ping' 1881, 93. tillage 'the operation, practice of
punnage 'punning' 1849 (n. -w.). tilling land', 16th. c.
(CD.)
rentage 'renting' 1633, 1888. tintage 'the colouring of anything'
reportage 'report, repute' 1612; (CD.).
'gossip' 1881, 92. tollage 'the exaction of toll' (CD.).
rewiewage 'the work of reviewing' towage 'the act of t ing' (CD ).
1807 (rare). transportage 'transportation' (CD.).
roamage 1430; cf. p. 56. truckage 'the conveyance by trucks'
rootage 'the act of rooting out' (CD.).
1587; 'the act of striking root' tubage 'the process of lining a
1874 +. heavy gun' (CD.).
saltage 'the process of salting' tutelage 'guardianship' (CD.).
(Florio). tutorage 'the occupation of a t.'

scavenage 'the action of scaveng- (CD.).

ing' 1878, 85. vicarage 'the office, function of a
'the act of scouting' 1470
1

scourage v.', 17th. c. (CD.).

-1579. waftage 'the act of w ing, or state
scribblage 'scribbling' (CD.). of being w ed' (CD.).

seasonage 'seasoning' (CD.). waiterage 'the attendance by a w.'

shippage 'freightage' (CD.). (CD. -Carlyle).
warpage 'the act of w
1
shrinkage 'the contraction of ma- ing (CD.).
terial' (CD.). wrappage 'the act of w ing' (CD.).
120 WORD-LISTS.

(d) Formations expressing State, System,

Privilege etc. (cf. pp. 63-65).

(1) Adopted Formations.

affuage 'right of cutting fuelwood' lineage 'lineal descent' 1330 .

1753, 1847. libertinage 'the condition or prac-

alienage 1809, -63. tice of a 1.' 1611 +.

apprenticeage 'apprenticeship' 1592 maritage 'right of exacting a fine'

-1678. 1563 -.

arrearage 1330 +. marriage 1297 -r.

baronage 'the dignity, rank of b.' pannage 'right of pasturing swine'

42. 1880
1614,
bondage 1330 +; cf. pp.51, 52. parage 1300 -f.

of
burgage 'a tenure' 1502 -; cf. p. 52. pasturage 'right pasture' 1693,
1872.
concubinage 1388 +.
'a state of virginity' 1658.
cousinage 'condition of being cou- pucelage
sins' 13751579. recolage 'wanton or riotous con-

demurrage 1641 4-. duct' 13001375.

dotage; cf. p. 55. servage 'slavery' (S.E.L., C.M., R.
drengage 1607 ^; cf. p. 54. Br., Wyclif.)
espousage 'the condition of being spousage 'wedlock' (C. M., R. Br.,

espoused' 1549. Trevisa).

faldage (foldage); cf. p. 54. so cage; cf. p. 52.

farmage 'the system of farming stallage 'right of erecting a stall'

taxes' etc. 1528; 'leasehold ten- (CD.).
ure' 1530. trewage 'homage' (C. M., Guy W.,
foggage; cf. p. 54. Merlin),
hermitage 'condition of a h.' 1582 vassalage 'duty of vassal, valour'
(rare); cf. eremitage 1582, 1619. (R. Br.II, B. Br.).
homage 1290 .

(2) Native Formations.

achage 'an
aching state' (suggested chokage 'a choked-up state' 1889.

by breakage) 1878. cleavage 'the state of being cleft'

adultage; cf. p. 64, foot-note. clientage 'the relation of a c. to
baronetage 'the rank of a b.' 1760, his patron' 1861, 64.
1818. clientelage 'clientage' 1832.
blockage 'a blocked-up state' 1874, clownage 'the action, behaviour of
83. a rustic' 1633, 37.

bottomage 'bottomry' 1678. coltage ;

cf. p. 64, foot-note,
boyage cf. p. 64, foot-note,
; commonage 'the practice of c ing;
brinage 'briny quality' 1610 (rare). right of common' 1610 +.
butlerage 'the office or dignity of companionage 'companionship'
a b.' 1615, 1736. 1883 (rare).
 WORD-LISTS. 121

contrabandage 'the system of con- meadowage 'a freedom to put cattle

traband traffic' 1885 (n.-w.). into a m.' 1611.

cranage 'the use of a crane' 1481 +. 1

minorage; cf. p. 64, foot-note.

cuckoldage 'the position of a c.' i

motherage 1591.
1676 (n.-w.) orphanage 'the state of being an
decrepitage; cf. p. 64, foot-note. o.' 1579 +.
dissenterage 'the condition or rank |
pauperage 'pauperdom' 1847.
of Dissenters' 1866. !
peerage 'the rank, dignity of a p.'

doltage 'the condition of a d.' 1671 +.

1593. peonage 'the system of having
I

dotardage 'the state of being a d.' peons' 1850 +; cf. p. 64.

1859 (n.-w.). pondage 'the capacity of a p. for

dronage 'the condition of a d.' holding water' 1885.

2
1846, 75. poundage 'the action, right of
envassallage 'the state of being re- p ing stray cattle' 1660.
duced to vassalage' 1646. pupilage 'the state of being a p.'

escheatage 'the right of succeeding 1590 +.

to an e.' 1611 +. recruitage 'the state of being a r.'

falseage 'falsehood, deceit' 1400. 1890.

floodage 'a flooded state, inunda- refinage 'the right of refining (met-
tion' 1864, 70. al)' 1842.

foalage; cf. p. 64, foot-note. ruffianage 'the state of being a r.'

fosterage 1614 +; cf. p. 64; 'con- 1874.

dition of being f ed' 1867. 72. sailage 'the speed of a ship under
friarage 1755; cf. p. 64. sail' 1632.

griffinage 'the state of being a g.' serfage 'serfdom' (CD.),

1829 +. serviceage 'a state of servitude',
havage 'lineage, parentage' 1846 +. 17th c. (CD.),
helotage 'helotism' 1831. sewerage 'the process or system of
infantage; cf. p. 64, foot-note. collecting refuse',
intercommonage 'the practice of sunnage 'sunning, sunniness' (CD.).
sharing with others' 1628 +. tankage 'the capacity of a tank'
leverage 'a system of levers' 1839 +; (CD.).
'the power of a 1.' 1830- thirlage; cf. pp. 55, 56 (CD.),
lightage 'the provision of artificial thrivage 'the state of thriving'

light' 1862. 1610 + (cf. fruitage, NED.).

linkage 'the condition or manner vagabondage 'the state of a v.' (CD.),
of being linked' 1874 +. wreckage 'the state of being
mastage 'the right of feeding ani- wrecked' (CD.),
mals on mast' 1881. yardage 'the use or conveniences
matronage 'the state of being a of a y.' (CD.).
m.' 1870. 84.
 111. The Suffix -ment 1
.

(a) Formations expressing Action, State

(cf. pp. 77-81.)

(1) Adopted Formations.

abandonment 'action' 1611 -f; 'con- acquitment 'acquittal' 16431810.
dition' 1839. addressment 15251646.
abasement 'action' 1561 ; 'con- adjournment 'act' 1641 ; 'state'

dition' 1611 +. 1670 +:

abashment 'confusion' 14101837. adjurement (< Lat.) 'adjuration'
abatement^ 'act (state)' 1517 +; cf. p. 1382.
135. adjustment 'action' 1644 ;
'state'

abatement'- 'action of abating in a 1689 +.

heritage' 1330 -. admeasurement 'the apportionment
abetment 1380 -f. of just shares' 15981768; 'pro-
aborsement 'action of aborting' cess' 16261842.
1540, 1650. admonishment 1300 .

abridgement 'act' 1494 +; 'condi- adornment 1480 cf. p. 135.

;

tion' 1797, 1876; cf. p. 135. advancement 'action' 1297 ~; 'con-

abasement 'an abusing' 1819. diton' 1723, 1868.
abushment 'ambushment' 1380 advertisement 14751827; cf. p. 135.
1592. advisement 'observation; considera-
accomplishment 1460 + cf. p. 135. ; tion' 13301794.
accordment 'agreement' 1330 afaitement 'training' 1300.
1480. aggrandizement 1656 +.
accouplement 14831594. agistment 1611 1813; cf. p. 135.
accoutrement 1598, 1850; cf. p. 135. agreement 1398 -; cf. p. 135.
accusement 'accusation' 1374 alinement 1790 -; cf. p. 135.
1715. allegement "alleviation' 14001485.
achievement 1475 +; cf. p. 135. allevement 'alleviation' 1599.
acoupement 'accusation' 1300, 30. allotment 1574 - cf. p. 135.
;

1
The formations printed in italics can denote both 'action' and
'state'; when they only have the latter sense, this has been noted.
 WORD-LISTS. 123

alternament 'alternation' 1413. avauntment 'boasting' 1303.

amassment 1665 +. avayment 'instruction' 1315, 1425.
ambushment 1330 +; cf. p. 135. averment 1429 +; cf. p. 136.
amendment 1297-1839; cf. p. 135. avowment 'avowal' 1581, 1685.
amercement 'the infliction of a bailment 1554 +; cf. p. 83.
penalty' 15131849; cf. p. 135. bashment= abashment 13251610.
amerciament 'the infliction of a batement =
abatement 1677. 1

penalty' 1543 -f ;
cf. p. 135. cantonment 'the cantoning of troops'
amusement 'state (action)' 1611 +; 1757; cf. p. 136.
cf. p. 135. chantment = enchantment 1297
anguishment 'state' 1592, 1655. 1803.
anientissement 'annihilation' 1485, chastiment 'chastisement' 1227--
-95. 1500.
announcement 1798 +. commandment 1250 +; cf. p. 136.
annoyment 'action' 1460; 'state' commencement 1250 +.
1883. commitment 1611 +; cf. p. 136.
appairment == impairment 1388 compassment 'compassing' 1300
1450. 1593.

apparelment 1670; cf. p. 135. complement 'completion' 1419

appeasement 'action' 1430 +; 'state' 1721; 'completeness' 1643 77;
15861836. cf. p. 136.

appointment 1425 +; cf. p. 135 concealment 1330 +; cf. p. 136.

apprizement 'appraisement' 1605. condescendment 'agreement' 1693.
approachment 1544 +. confinement 'state (action)' 1646 +.
approvement 1615 +.
1
confirmment 'confirmation' 1297
2
approvement 'the action of making 1315.
one's profits of 1475 + (Law), conjurement 'conjuration' 1315
arbitrament; cf. p. 87. 1645.
argument 1374 +; cf. p. 135. consentment 13401660.
arraignment 1548 +. contentment 1474 +; cf. p. 136.

arrangement 1727 -f; cf. p. 135. controllment 1494 +.

arrestment 1474 +. conversement 'business, occupation'
arrousement 'sprinkling, watering' 1455, 1599.
1483. couplement = acouplement 1548
aspirement 'breathing' 1393; 'aspi- 1670; cf. p. 136.

ring' 1607, -79. crownment 'coronation' 1227

assailment 1592 +. 1592.
assentment 'agreement' 14901818. damagement 1603, 1885.
assignment 1393 +; cf. p. 135. debatement 1596 +.
assortment 1611 +; cf. p. 136. debouchment 16061685.
assuagement 1561 +. debordment 16031659.
attachment 1447 +; cf. p. 136. debouchment 1827, 71; cf. p.
atterminement 'the adjournment of 136.
the payment' 1543. decampment 17061809.
124 WORD-LISTS.

decorement 'decoration' 1587 1720. emplacement 1869; cf. p. 136.

decrement (<: Lat.) 'the process of emportment 'a fit of passion' 1734.
decreasing' 16211840; cf. p. 136. enchantmentl 2971841; cf. p. 136.
definement 'definition' 1602 +. encumberment 1330 +: cf. p. 136.
deforcement 1609 +. enforcement 1475 +; cf. p. 136.
defrayment 1547 +. enlevement 1769 +.
degradement 'degradation' 1641, ensignment 13981502; cf. p. 136.
-48, enticement 1303 +; cf. p. 126.
delirament (< Lat.) 'state' 1440- esbatement 'amusement' 1475 1531.
1856. esclarishment 'explanation' 1549.
delirement 'state' 16131633. estrepement 'the wasting of lands'
denouncement 'denunciation' 1864, 1503 1847.
89. excommengement 'excommunica-
denudement 'denudation' 1831. tion 1495-1641.
denumberment 'enumeration' 1455 excommunement 'excommunica-
1657. tion'.

department 'departure' 14501677; excusement 'excuse' 1393.

cf. p. 136. experiment 'the action of trying
deployment 1796, 1868 (Milit). anything' 1382; cf. p. 78.
deportment 1601 -f. expirement 'expiration' 1526.
1
deraignment 1706, 1815. feoffment 'the action of investing
2
deraignment 'the discharge from with a fief 1330 +; cf. p. 137.
a religious order' 15871668. foment (< Lat.) 'fomentation' 1 540 +;
derailment 'the fact of leaving the cf. p. 137.
rails' 1850 +.
foolhardiment 'foolhardiness' 1375
derangement 1737 +. 1533.
despisement 1603. foragement 1596.
detachment 'action (condition)' 1669 forcement 'strengthening' 1382;
+; cf. p. 136. 'compulsion' 1524 1634.
devisement 'description etc.' (Allit. franchisement =
enfranchisement
P.). 1562-1809.
discouragement 1561 +; cf. p. 136. furniment 1596; cf. p. 137.
disembarkment 'disembarkation' government 'ruling' 1566 -!-; cf. p.
1598, 1659. 137.
disparagement 1486 +. greement -= agreement 14001813.
divertisement 1651 +; cf. p. 136. hardiment 'hardihood' 13741813;
document 'teaching' 14501793; cf. p. 137.
cf. p. 78. honourment 'adornment' 1440
easement 1386 +; cf. p. 136. 1521.
ejectment 'ejection' 1567 +. impairment 1340 +.
elopement 1641 +. impalement 'a torturing by impa-
embrasement 'a burning' 1483. ling' 1630 1813.
emperiment 'the action of getting
impeachment 1387 +.
worse' 1674. impoverishment 1560 +.
 WORD-LISTS. 125

appairment 1330 -K
1

impressment (-- Fr. empressement). pairment

2
imprisonment 13 138Q ->-. , pairment 'coupling' 1330, 1400.
improvement 1453 4-; cf. p. 137. parliament 'the action of speaking'
incitament( cLat.) 'incitement' 1579. 12971542; cf. p. 138.
increment 'the action of increasing' payment 13 -(Allit. P.) +; cf. p. 138.
1425 -; cf. p. 137. pensement 'anxious thought, care'
indictment 1303 +; cf. p. 83. 1508.
indument 'action of investing' 1527 perjurement 'perjury' 1430, 90.
1659; cf. p. 137. pointment = appointment, 1400 ;

infantment 'childbearing' 1 566, -97; cf. p. 138.

cf. p. 137. preachment 1330 +; cf. p. 138.
intendment 'the faculty or action predicament 'state' 1568 +;cf. p. 138.
of understanding' 1374-1601 ; prejudgement 1605 +.
cf. p. 137. presentment 1303 -f.
interpretament ( <: Lat.) 'interpreta- procurement 1303 -f.
tion' 1645. punishment; cf. p. 138.
invitement 'invitation' 15991639; purgement 'purgation' 1483.
'allurement' 16271822. ralliment 'rallying' 1655, 77.
1

judgement 1297-1672; cf. p. 137. ravagement 'ravage' 1723, 76.

lapidement 'lapidation' 1483. ravishment 'extasy' 1477 +; 'action'

lavement, 'action of washing' 1650, 1529 +.

1891; cf. p. 137. reboisement 'reafforestation' 1882,
lodgement 'action' 1702-s cf. p. 137. -93.
malcontentment 'condition' 1587- rebutment 'rebuttal' 1593 -.
1650. recitement 'recital' 16461766.
maltreatment 1721 -K recompensement 'recompense' 1494.
manyment 'management' 1567, redoublement 1611 +.
1600. refreshment 13878 +; cf. p. 138.
mantiniment (<: Span.) 'mainte- regiment (<: Lat.) 'rule or govern-
nance' 1588. ment' 1390-1832; cf. p. 138.
martyrment 'intense suffering' 1340. relievement 14431631.
mendment amendment 1300 rembursement 'reimbursement'
1612; cf. p. 138. 1586.
movement 1374 +; cf. p. 138. renouncement 1494 +.
naulizament (<: Lat.) 'the freighting renovelment 1477.
of a vessel' 1533. renversement 'the act of reversing'
nourishment 'action' 1485 -; cf. p. 1610-1763.
138. repairment 'a renewal' 1400.
ointment 'anointing' 1510, 20; !

repariment 'repairment' 1584.

cf. p. 78. repartment 'distribution' 1574.
ordainment 'appointment' 13 , repayment 1467 +.
1645 +; cf. p. 138. reproachment 1585.
ornament 'the action of adorning' resentment 1619 +.
1596 -f; cf. p. 78. resentiment 'resentm en t' 1 595 - - 1
66 1 .
126 WORD-LISTS.

resetment 'the act of unlawful re- retrenchment 1600 -; cf. p. 138.

ceiving' 1449, 50. reversement 'reversal' 1575 1818.

respirement 'recovery' 1477. signalment (CD.),

restablishment 1413, 1655. sojournment; cf. p. 138. (CD.).
restorement 'restoration' 13 ,
1440 surbasement 'condition' (CD.)
- 1675. sustainment (CD. Merlin etc.).
retardment 'retardation' 1646 +. temperament (CD.),
retirement 'state' 1603 +; 'act' 1596 transportment (CD. Fletcher etc.).
-; cf. p. 138. treatment (CD. Addison etc.).

(2) Native Formations.

abasement 'action' 1561 -f ;

'condi- affrightment 'state' 16041834; 'ac-
tion' 1611 +. tion' 16191721.
abhorment 15761651. agastment 'affrightment' 1594.
abjurement 'abjuration' 1646. aggroupment 'the arrangement in a
abolishment 'abolition' 1542 +.
group' 1862 +.
abortment 160752. ailment 'the fact of ailing' 1706
abscondment 'state of concealment' 1834.
1658. 11.
allayment 'mitigation' 1606,
absentment 'a withdrawal' 160077.
allegement 'allegation' 15161831.
2

abutment 1870; cf. p. 139. allowment 1579.

accostment 1652. allurement 1561 cf. 139.
:
p.
accountment 'the work of account- amazement 'state' 1595 +.
ing' 1857. amovement 'removal' 1613.
accruement 'the action of falling annulment 1491 -f.
to any one' 161172; cf. p. 139. anointment 14941813; cf. p. 139.
acknowledgement 1594 +; cf. p. 139.
apeacement (var. of appeasement)
acquirement 1712 +; cf. p. 139. 'propitiation' 1581.
addlement 'the process of addling'
appeachment 'the action or instru-
1859. ment of accusation' 14501644;
adjudgement 'adjudication' 1699 cf. p. 139.
1820.
appetizement 'hunger' 1826.
adorement 'adoration' 1646. 1648
applotment 'apportionment'
adventurement 'the running of risk' 1822.
1599.
applyment 'appliance' 16041633.
af famishment 'starvation' 1590
apportionment 'action' 1628 +;
1855. 'state' 1681, 1858.
affeerment 'assessment' 16411768. appraisement 'valuation' 1642 +;
affixment 1674. cf. p. 139.
affordment 'granting, bestowal' ascertainment 1657 -K
1633. assessment 'valuation' 1540 1842;
affranchisement 'the act of making cf. p. 139.
free' 1818. assiegement 'a besieging' 1587, 1539.
 WORD-LISTS. 127

assizenient 1864. bcsetment 'condition' 1853 + ;

cf. p.

assoilment 1611 +. 139.

assythment 'compensation' 1535 besiegement 1564 1679.

1832. besoothment 'the fact of soothing;
astonishment 'state' 1576 -K its means or result',

astoundment 'state' 1810, 23. bespatterment 1870.

attainment 'encroachment' 1384; bestowment 'bestowal' 1754, 1871;
'action' 1549 +; cf. p. 139. cf. p. 139.
attestment 'attestation' 1850. bestrewment 'a strewing about'
atonement 1513 +. 1833, 45; cf. p. 84.
attunement 'an attuning' 1866. betanglement 'condition' 1881.
authorizament 'authorization' 1594. betrayment 'betrayal' 1548, 1863.
availment 'the fact of being bene- betrothment 'betrothal' 1585 +.
ficially effective' 1699, 1865. betrustment 'an entrusting',
avauntment 'boasting' 1303. betterment 1598 +.
avoidment 'avoidance' 1822. bevelment 'the process of bevel-
avouchment 'assurance, assertion' ling 1804, 70.
1574 +. bewailment 'a bewailing' 1607,
avowment 'avowal' 15811685. 1828.
awakenment 'an awakening' 1842 +. |
bewilderment 'condition' 1820,
babblement 'idle talk'; cf. p. 139. 61; cf. p. 139.
bafflement 'action, condition' 1841, bewitchment 'action' 1607 +; 'state'
74. 1810.
balancement 'action, condition' i
bewrayment 1864.
1862. bickerment 'bickering' 1586 +.
bamboozlement 'trickery, decep- !
blazonment 1876, 83.
tion' 1855, 65. blemishment 'impairment' 1596 -f.

banishment 'state, action' 1507 +. bodiment = embodiment 1873.

basement 1836; cf. p. 86. \
bombardment 17021813.
bedazzlement 'action, state' 1806, brandishment 16401655.
1

-77. brevement 'the action of entering

bedevilment 'state' 18431861. into books' 1475.
bedewment 'bedewing' 1679. cajolement 18161852.
beguilement 'action, condition' cashierment 1656, 1865.
1805 +. catchment 'catching' 1847 +.
beleaguerment 1826, 70. chastement 'chastisement' 1425,
benightment 'state' 1651, 1850. 82; cf. p. 73.
benumbment, 'action, condition' chastenment 'chastening' 1882.
1816, 51. chastisement 'chastening'; cf. p. 71.
- chatterment 'chattering',
bepuzzlement 'perplexity' 1806,
85. cherishment 1561 1823; cf. p. 139.
bereavement 'state' 1731 . coercement 1586.
beseechment 'beseeching' 1679, combinement 'combination' 1606
1880. 1825.
128 WORD-LISTS.

comfortment 'comforting' 1556. courtshipment 'courtship': cf. pp.

commandment 'commendation' 85, 86.

1400, 1599; cf. p. 73. creasement == increasement 1592.

commencement 'dealings, inter- crumblcment 1868.
5
course' 15371651. cursement 'cursing ;
cf. p. 73.
commodement = accomodement fc curtailment 1794 .

1654, 57. danglement 'dangling' 1834-49 ;

companionment 'accompaniment' cf. p. 140.

1881. dayment 'arbitration' 15191580.
compilement 'compilation' 1639 dazement 'state' 1855, 73.

1676; cf. p. 139. dazzlement 'action' 1633 -; 'con-

completement 'completion' 1653 dition' 1840.
1802. debarment 1655 -~.
complotment 'a plotting together' debasement 1602 .

1594-1700. decernment 1586, 1689.

comprisement 'comprehension' decidement 'decision 1625.
1640. decipherment 1846 4-.
conceivement 'conception' 1611 declarement 'declaration' 1633 -
1829. . 1679.
concernment, a 1650 +; cf. p. 139. declinement 1680.
!

condiddlement 'pilfering' 1857. deducement 'deduction' 1605 1820.

condolement 'bewailing' 1602 -K defacement 1561 -H
conducement 1552, 1650; cf. p. 139. deferment 'postponement' 1612 _
conferment 1877, 85; cf. p. 139. defilement 1634 -K
confrontment 1604 +. dehortment 'dehortation' 1656.
congealment 'action, state' 1400 delayment 1393, 1483.
1814; cf. p. 139. deliverment 'deliverance' 1893.
1
conjectment 'plotting 1400; cf. p. 73. demolishment 1602 -.
consignment 1563 cf. p. 139. ; denotement 1622 -.
consolement 'consolation' 1797. denudement 'denudation' 1831.
consortment 'association as con- depicturement 1886.
sorts' 15241654. deployment 1593, 1623.
conspirement 1393; cf. p. 73. depravement 'depravation' 1645
constrainment 'constraint' 1593. 1839.
containment 'deportment' 1655; deprivement 'deprivation' 1630
'restraint' 1879. 1703.
contrivement 'contrivance' 1599 derivement 1593, 1654.
1681. desightment 'disfiguremenf 1864
conventment 'agreement' 1547. designment 'designation' 1582
convergement 1839, 41. 1732; cf. p. 140.
convincement 'action' 16121689; despoilment 1822 -h
'conviction' 1633 ~. detainment 'detention' 1586 -.
couragement = encouragement dethronement 1707 .

1603. development 1756 ~; cf. p. 140.

 WORD-LISTS. 129

devilment 1771 +; cf. p. 140. disimprovement 16491873.

devolvement 'devolution' 1847, 92. disinterment 1790 +; cf. p. 140.
denotement 'devotion' 1621 +. dislevelment 1883.
devourment 1828 +. dislodgement 1728 +.
dilatement 'dilation' 1593. dismantlement 1870, 76.
dilutement 'dilution' 1802. dismastment 1828.
diminishment 1546 +. dismatchment 1847.
disablement 1485 +. dismayment 'dismay' 16001642.
disagreement 1495 +. dismemberment 1658 + cf. p. 140.;

disallowment 1884. dismissment 1591, 1650.

disappointment 'action' 1614 +; disobligement 'disobligation' 1635
'state' 1756 +; cf. p. 140. 1677.
disapprovement 1648. disownment 1806 +.
disavowment 1637. dispartment 1671, 1861.
disbandment 1720 +. |
dispatchment 15291570.
disbarment 1862, 74. dispiritment 'state' 1827 +.
disbenchment 1874. displacement 1611 +.
disburdenment 1818, 59. displayment 1801.
disbursement 1596 1849; cf. p. 140. displeasurement 'state' 1882.
discardment 1844. disportment 1660, 1894.
discernment 1586 +. disposement 'disposal' 1583, 1679.
discolourment 1810, 59. disprovement 1662, 1886.
disconcertment 1866, 90. disquietment 1606, 89.
discussment 'discussion' 1559, 1651. disrobement 1747, 1836.
diseasement 1617 1668. disruptment 'disruption' 1834.
disembowelment 1875. dissentment 1690, 1893.
disenchantment 1620 +. dissettlement 1654, 68; 1880.
disencouragement 1598 1715. disseverment 'disseverance' 1603 +.
disentanglement 17511856. distemperment 'distempered condi-
disenthralment 1825, 70. tion' 1582, 1661.

disengagement 1650 +. disthronement 'dethronement' 1883.

disestablishment 1806, 87. distinguishment 1586 + (now rare);
disfigurement 1634 +; cf. p. 140. cf. p. 140.
disfranchisement 1623 +. distorquement 'writhing' 1627, 47.
disfurnishment 16031820. distrainment 1756 +.
disgorgement 14771837. divergement 17061835.
disgradement 1538. divertment 'diversion' 1613, 35.

disgreement 15611647. divestment 1756 +.

disgruntlement 1889. divinement 'divination' 1579.
disguisement 1583 +; cf. p. 140. divorcement 1526 +.
disheartenment 'discouragement' divulgement 1817 +; cf. p. 84.
1830 +. dowment = endowment 1552
dishevelment 1837, 80. 1628.
disillusionment 1856, 91. dwindlement 'dwindling 7
1863.
9
130 WORD-LISTS.

educement 'the action of drawing endorsement 1633 -f ;

cf. p. 140.
ouf 1868. endowment 1460 +; cf. p. 141.

effacement 1797 +. endurement 'state' 1716; cf p. 141. .

effeeblishment 'weakening' 1540. enfamishment 1611.

eggment 'incitement' 13401440; enfeeblement 1667 +.
cf. p. 72.
enfeoffment 1769, 1839; cf. p. 141.
ekement 'enlargement' 1603. enfoldment 1593; cf. p. 141.

elatement 'elation' 17461799. enfranchisement 1595 +.

eloinment 16781847; cf. p. 140. engagement 1627 +; cf. p. 141.
embalmment 1661 + cf. p. 140.
; engenderment 1835, 36.

enlargement 'a placing under em- engorgement 'action' 1611, 1881;

bargo' 15911607. 'state' 1866 +.
embarkment 'embarkation' 1596 +. engraftment 16471837; cf. p. 84.
embarment 16061623. engrossment 'action, state' 1526 '+;

embarrassment 1676 +; cf. p. 140. cf. p. 83.

embasement 'abasement' 1575 engulrment 1822 +.

1692; 'debasement' 16771709. enhancement 1577 +.
embellishment 1623 +; cf. p. 140. enjoinment 1646 +.
embezzlement 1548 +. enjoyment 1553 +; cf. p. 141.
embitterment 1645 +. enlacement 1830, 88.
embodiment 1858. enlargement 1540 +; cf p. 141.
emboldishment 'emboldening' 1512. enlightenment 1669 +.
embowerment 1848. enlinkment 'a linking on' 1881.
embracement 1485 +; cf. p. 140. enlistment 1765 -f; cf. p. 84.
embreathment 'inspiration' 1854. enlodgement 1884.
embroilment 1609 +; cf. p. 140. enmeshment. 'entanglement' 1885.
empanelment 1883, 87. ennoblement 1622 -f cf. p. 141. ;

emperishment 'impairment' 1545. ennoblishment 1591, 1610.

employment 1598 +; cf. p. 140. enouncement 1836, 56.

empoisonment 1569 +. enragement 1596 -}-.

empowerment 1849, 82. enravishment 'state' 1656, 65.
enablement 14951703. enrichment 1626 +; cf. p. 141.
enactment 1817 +; cf, p. 140. enrolment 1535 +; cf. p. 84.
enaniourment 'state' 1711, 1886. ensealment 1581.
encagement 'state' 1620. enshrinement 1872; cf. p. 141.
encampment 16861836; cf. p. 140. enslavement 16921849.
enchainment 1750 +. ensnarement; cf. p. 141.
encoffinment 1882. entailment 1641 +.
encompassment 'action' 1602; 'state' entanglement 1687 +; cf. p. 141.
1882. entertainment 1531 + ; cf. p. 141.
endamagement 1593 1836. enthralment 1611 +.
endangerment 1645 +. enthronement 1685 +.
endearment 1612 +; cf. p. 140. entombment 1666 +.
endeavourment 1523, 91. entonement 184953.
 WORD-LISTS. 131

enhancement 16521637. fleshment 'the excitement resulting

entrapment 1597. +. from a first success' 1605.
entreatment 1557+ (Obs.exc. arch.). flourishment 'condition' 1724, 1883.
entrustment 1643 +; cf. p. 84. flusterment 'state' 1895.
environment 1603; cf. p. 141. forejudgement 1548 +.
envisagement 1877. forestallment 1611 +.
erasement 17211837. frayment 'disturbance' 1549.
escapement 1824, 64 (rare); cf. freightment 1559, 1622.
p. 141. frightment 'state' 1647; cf. p. 141.
eschewment 1869. fulfilment 1775 +.
escortment 1775. furbishment 1850.
espousement 1897. furnishment 1563 +; cf..p. 141.
establishment 1561 + ;
cf. p. 141. gabblement 'gabbling' 183337.
estallment 'the establishing of the gazement 'observation' 1596, 1829.
times of payment' 15771738. gigglement 1820, 47
estrangement 1660 +. groundment; cf. p. 74.
eternizement 'state' 1595. grudgement 'envy' 1845.
ettlement 'intention' 1787, 1825. guidement 'guidance' 1578, 92.
evanlshment 1797 +. hangment 'hanging' 1 440 +; cf. p. 74.
evincement 1655, 86. harassment 1753 +.
evolvement 1845 +; cf. p. 141. huddlement 'huddled condition'
exactment 1808. 1859, 98.
exaltment 1660, '77. humblement 'humiliation' 1839.
excitement 'condition' 1788 +; 'ac- hurlement 'rush, violence' 1585
tion' 1830, 40; cf. p. 141. 1618.
exertment 'exertion' 1696, 1860. idlement 'idling' 1622, 31.
exhalement 'exhalation' 16461839. imbrutement 'brutalization' 1837,
exhaustment 1621, 48. . '. . 69.

exilement 15481803. imbuement 1693, 1864.

explorement 'exploration' 1646 imbursement 'payment' 1665, 1762.
1839. immersement 'a plunging' 1827.
expressment 1494. immurement 17361835.
expungement 1891. impartment 'communication'
extendment 1612. 1602 +.
extinguishment 1503 +. impingement 1671 +.
extolment 16021813. implacement 1804, 89.

famishment 'condition' 1470 +. implorement 1611.

feeblishment 'enfeeblement' 1548. iniportunement 1635.
festerment 1833, 45; cf. p. 84. imposement 1664, 1896.
fiddlement 1859. impoundment 1664, 65.
1

figurement 'the presentation of impressment 'the exertion of pres-

figures to the mind' 1850.. sure' 1865.

2
finishment 13401648; cf. p. 72. impressment 'the act of forcibly
fleechment 'cajolery' 1886. taking 1796 +.
132 WORD-LISTS.

mpugnment 1840, 62. marrement 1390; cf. p. 73.

incendment 1647. maturement 1883.
incitement 'action (condition)' mazement =
amazement 1580 +.
15Q4 +; cf. p. 141. measurement 1751 +; cf. p. 142.
incurment 1647. meddlement 'meddling' 1842, 43.
indebtment 'indebtedness' 1650 +. menacement 'menacing' 1613
indentment 'indentation' 1671, 1713; 1812.
cf. p. 142. merriment 1588 +; cf. p. 142.
inditement 'composition' 1567 minishment 'diminution' 1533
1806. 1664.
inducement 1601, 48; cf. p. 142. misadjustment, misadvisement, mis-
infeftment 'enfeoffment' 1451 +. contentment etc. (cf. p. 92).

infringement 1593 -K misshapement 1653.

inspirement 'inspiration', misusement 'ill-usage' 1561.
instalment 1589 +. muddlement 'muddle, confusion'
instilment 1773 +. 1857.
insultment 1611. murderment 14251600; cf. p. 74.
interlacement 1603; cf. p. 142. obligement 'obligation' 1584 +.
interlardment 1748; cf. p. 84. obtainment 1571 +; cf. p. 84.
internment 1870, 71. onement 'the fact of being made
interweavement 'interweaving' 1843. into one' 13881598; cf. p. 73.
intonement 'intonation' 1849 +. oppressment 'oppression' 1537,
introducement 1536 +. 92.
inurement 1586 +. paintmeut 'painting' 1597, 1622.
inveiglement 'enticement' 1653 +. partitionment 1864 +; cf. p. 142.
investment 1597; cf. p. 142. perfectionment 'perfecting' 1827 -I-.
involvement 1706 +; cf. p. 142. performent 'performance' 1527
irreconcilement 'condition' 1737, 1641.
1887. perishment 'destruction' 1548, 49.

knowledgement 'acknowledgement' perplexment 'state' 1826.

16251641. perturbment 'perturbation' 1901.
lancement 'the action of cutting' pesterment 15931828.
1658. placement 1844 +.
languishment 'state' 1541 +. pleasurement 'indulgence in p.'
languorment 'state' 1593. 1843.
lavishment 16301839. pointment = appointment 1400 +.
letment 'letting (to hire)' 1574. polishment 15941694.
likement 'liking' 1649. ponderment 'pondering' 1763, 1898.
lustrement; cf. p. 85. portrayment 'portrayal' 1802, 91.
maintainment 'maintenance' 1485, posement 'condition' 1850.
1583. postponement 1818 +.
malignment 'state' 1885. praisement 'valuation' 14971656.
management 1598 +; cf. p. 142. pratement 'prating' 1657, 1831.
manurement 'cultivation' 1639, 1707. prattlement 'idle talk' 1579 +.
 WORD-LISTS. 133

preferment 1451 +; cf. p. 142. reconcilement 1549 +.

prefigurement 1843 +. recountment 1600.
premonishment 'premonition' 1550 recoupment 1869 +.
1788. recoverment 'recovery' 1591.
premovement 1867. recruitment 1843 +; cf. p. 142.
preparement 1627. redressment 1643 +.
presagement 'action' 1595 1640; reducement 'reduction' 1592 1750.

'presentiment' 1637, 46. refashionment 1830 +; cf. p. 142.

prescribement 1563. referment 'a reference' 15581655.
pretendment 1640, 57. refinement 1611 +; cf. p. 142.

prevailment 'the action of influ- refitment 1748, 1832; cf. p. 142.

encing' 15901633. reflourishment 1611.
prisonment 1387 +; cf. p. 73. refoundiment 'reparation' 1555.
prizement 'appraisement' 1566 refrainment 1711, 1884.
1700. refundment 1826, 96.

producement 'production' 1617 refurbishment 1885.

1645. refurnishment 1880.
profanement 'profanation' 1815. regalement 1708 +; cf. p. 142.

prolongment 'prolongation' 1593+. regainment 1642 +.

promotement 'promotion' 1670. reguerdonment 1599.
pronouncement 1593 +; cf. p. 142. reimbursement 'repayment' 1611 +.
proponement 1553. reinforcement 1617; cf. p. 142.

proportionment 16971842. reinstatement 1797 +.

propoundment 1846. reinterment 1815, 78.

proroguement 'prorogation' 1660. rejectment 'rejection' 1677, 90;

provokement 'provocation' 1553; cf. p. 142.
cf. p. 142. rejoicement 'rejoicing' 1561 +.
publishment 'publication' 1494 + rejournment 'adjournment' 1579
(now rare). 80.

pursuement 'pursuit' 1615. rekindlement 1883.

puzzlement 'perplexity' 1922 +; reknowledgement 'acknowledge-
cf. p. 142. ment* 1598.
raignment =: arraignment 1570. releasement 1548 +.
rangement =
arrangement 1674, relentment 16281825.
1740. relinquishment 1594 +.
ratemeut 'rating' 1613, 14. remandment 1847.
ravelment 'entanglement' 1733 +. remevement 'removal' 1437, 39.

readjustment, readvancement, re- remitment 'remission' 16111670;

appointment, rearrangement etc. 'remittance' 1678 +.

(cf. p. 92.) remoflelment 1847, 69.

recallment 16501845. removement 'action' 1630; 'remo-

rechafement 1609. val' 1845 +.

reclaimment 'reclamation' 1861. renewment 'renewal' 15711812.
recoilment 16081766. repayment 1467 +.
134 WORD-LISTS.

repealment 'recall from banishment' securement 'protection', 17th c. ;

1605, -27. 'action',

repinement 'repining' 1743, 1818. seducement 'seduction' c. 1600 +;

replacement 1790 +. cf. p. 143.
1

replenishment 'state' 1526; 'action' settlement ,

17th c. +; cf. p. 143.

1802, 62; cf. p. 142. settlement 2 'the process of deter-

replotment 'the act of plotting out mining' (CD. Scott),
again' 1701. shipment 'the act of despatching';
representment 1594 +; cf. p. 142. cf. p. 143 (CD.).
reprievement 1633, 47. solacement (CD. Carlyle).
republishment 1854. stablishment = establishment (CD.
requirement 'a requisition, request' Spenser),
1530; cf. p. 142. statement 'the act of stating'; cf.

requitement 'requital' 1548, 1893. p. 143.

rescindment 1846. subduement 'subdual' (CD.
resettlement 1639. Shak.).
reshipment 1796. suggestment 'suggestion' (Imp.
resignment 'resignation' 1370 +. Diet.).
resilement 1884. sunderment 'the state of being
resistment 'resistance' 1605. parted' (CD.).
restraintment 1579, 1688. surement 'surety, security for pay-
retailment 1843, 89. ment'; cf. p. 73.
retainment 'retention' 14321842. surprisement 'surprisal' c. 1600
retortment 'retortion' 1649. (CD.).
retouchment 'retouching' 1882. tossment (CD.),
retreatment 'retirement' 1721. traducement 'defamation' (CD. -
retrievement 'retrieval' 16771883. Shak.).
returnment 'return' 1606. transfigurement 'a transfiguration'
revealment 'revelation' 1584 +. (CD.).
revelment 'revelry' 1822, 77. understatement (CD.),
revengement 1474 + (now rare). unravelment (CD.),
revictualment 1870. unrollment (CD.).
revilement 1590 +; cf. p. 143. unsettlement 'state', 17th c.; 'action'
revivement 'revival' 16111843; cf. (CD.).
p. 143. vanishment 'a vanishing' (CD.).
revokement 'revocation' 1613, 51. vanquishment, after 1600 (CD.),
revoltment 'revolt' 1572. vengement = avengement (CD.
rolment == enrolment 14741678. Spenser),
rufflement 'the act of ruffling' 1850. vouchment 'a declaration', 17th c.

sanctionment 1862 1818. (CD.),

scribblement (Imp. Diet). vouchsafement, 17th c.; cf. p. 113.
secernment 'the process of sepa- (CD.).
rating' (C. D.).
 WORD-LISTS. 135

wailment 'lamentation', 17th c. wonderment 'astonishment', 16th

CD.), c. +; cf. p. 143 (CD.).
withholdment (Imp. Diet).

(a) Formations expressing the Means, Result

(Product) of an Action (cf. pp. p. 8185).

(1) Adopted Formations.

abatement 'something which light- alinement 'something arranged in
ens toil' 1513; 'result' 1624 +; a line'; cf. p. 122.
cf. p. 122. allotment 1629 +.
abataylment 'battlement' 1325. ambushment 'the troops concealed'
abridgement 'a compendium' etc. 13931655.

1523 +. amendment 1696 +; cf. p. 123.

accompaniment 1731 +. amercement 'the fine inflicted'
accomplement (cf. p. 86) 1599 + 1386 +; cf. p. 123.

accomplishment; cf. p. 122. amerciament 'the fine inflicted'

accoutrement 1549 +. 15251800; cf. p. 123.

achievement 'an escutcheon' 1548 +; amountment 'amount, sum total'

'anything achieved' 1593 -K 1330.

additament (<Lat.) 'anything added' amusement 'anything which amu-
14601823. ses' 1673 +; cf. p. 123.

adjectament (<:med. Lat.) 'anything apartment 1641 +.

added' 1630. apparament (< Lat.) 'array' 1470.
adjument (<Lat.) 'a help'; also 'a apparement 'outfit' 1340 (Allit. P.).
helper' 16071663. apparelment 'outfit' (Allit. P.) +.
adjustment 'means' 1736 +; cf. appeasement 'means' 1561, 1678;
p. 122. 'result' 1586 +.
admeasurement 'absolute dimen- appointment 'an arrangement for
sions' etc. 1790 +. a meeting' 1530 +; 'equipment,
adornment 'ornament' 1489 +; cf. outfit' 1575 +.

p. 122. argument 1386 +.

adubment 'adornment' (Allit. P.). armament (<c Lat. 1699 +); cf. p. 78.
advenement 'an event' 1490. arnement 'ink' 13001586.
advertisement 1460 +. arrangement 'a structure of things
advisement 'advise' 1440 1850 arranged; affair, concern' 1800 +;

(now arch.). cf. p. 123.

afforcement 'a fortress' 1753. arrayment 'outfit' 14001708.
afforciament 'a fortress' 1705. assemblement 'an assembly' 1470
agistment 1527 +. 1645.

agreement 1400 +; cf. p. 122. assignment 'paper currency' 1622,

aliment 'food' 1477 +. 1708; cf. p. 83.
136 WORD-LISTS.

assortment 'a group of things' etc. contentment 'a source of satis-

1759 +. faction' 1579-1692; cf. p. 123.

assuagement 'an assuaging medi- couplement 'a couple' 15881816;

cine' 1599 +. 'a coupling' 1622; cf p. 123.
atouchment 'touch' 1483. debouchment 'the mouth of a river'
atourment 'attire' 1481. 1859.
attachment 'a tie' 1801 +; 'an ad- decorament(< Lat.) 'ornament' 1727
junct' 1779, 1876. 1826.
amendment 'sense' 1430; pi. 'sur- decrement (< Lat.) 'the amount lost'

roundings' 1646. 1666 +.

attirement 'outfit, dress' 1566 +. department 1735 +.
attroopment 'troop, crowd' 1795, detachment 'a portion of an army'
1822. 1679 +.
averment 'a positive statement' detriment 1440 +.
16291834; cf. p. 123. discouragement 'that which dis-
bastiment (< Span.) 'military supp- courages' 1612 +; cf. p. 124.
lies' 1598, 1622. divertisement 'an entertainment'
bastiment (<: French) 'a building' 1642 +.
1679; 'a ship' 1740. document 1727 + cf. p. 78. ;

battlement (Allit. P.) +. easement 'the means of giving

bushment =
ambushment 1375 +. ease' 1386 + ;
cf. p. 124.
butment (cf. abutment) 'a piece of ejectment pi. 'things cast up, out'
ground' 1677, 1751. 1658; cf. also p. 83.
cantonment 'place of lodgings' eliquament (<: Lat.) 'a fat juice'
1756 +. 16231800.
casement 1430 +. emblement 'the profits of sown
cerement 1606 +. land' 1495 +.
colament (< Lat.) 'the product of emplacement 'the site of a build-
filtration' 1646. ing' etc. 1802 +.
colliquament (< Lat.) 'something emolument (< Lat.) 1480 +.
melted' 16561828. enchantment 'alluring charm' 1678
commandment 1250 +; cf. p. 123. + ; cf. p. 124.
commitment 'a warrant' 1755 encumberment 'something that en-
1836; cf. p. 123. cumbers' 16001664.
compartment 1564 +. enfantement 'offspring' 1483.
comportment 'personal bearing' enforcement 'reinforcement'; cf. p.
15991756. 124.

complement 1586 +; cf. p. 123. ensignment 'a lesson' 1575, 1600;

compliment 1654 +. 'ensign' 1567, 1611.

concealment 'surroundings that entablement 1664 +.
conceal' 1728 +; cf. p. 123. enticement 'means of alluring'
condiment 1420 +. 1549 +; cf. p. 124.
contenement 'a holding, freehold' epaulement 1687 +.
15021818. escarpement 1802 +
 WORD-LISTS. 137

evenenient 'an occurrence' 1660, improvement 'a piece of land im-

77. proved' 16401817; cf. p. 125.
excrement 1
'refuse' etc. 1533 +. increment (< Lat.) 1420 +; cf. p. 125.
excrement 2 'an outgrowth' 1549 incrustament (<: Ital.) 'incrustation'
1705. 1538.
expediment 'an expedient' 1547 indictment 'a legal document'; cf.

1677; 'baggage' 1848. p. 83.

experiment 1362 +; cf. p. 124. indument 1484 +.
farrement 'iron fittings' 1440, indigitament (< Lat.) 'an appella-
58. tion or title' 1658, 75.
feoffment 'the fief conferred' 1440; infantment 'offspring' 1483; cf.

cf. also p. 83. p. 125.

ferrament 'articles of iron' 1440 inheritament 'inheritable property'
1660. 14631491.
ferment 1420 +. instrument 1290 +.
figment (< Lat.) 1432 +. integument (< Lat.) 1611 +.
filament (< Lat.) 1594 +. intendment 'meaning, signification'
firmament (< Lat.) 1250 -f. 1390 +; cf. p. 125.
foment (< Lat.) 'stimulus' 1604 irritament 'something that excites'
1704; cf. p. 124. 16341844.
fragment 1531 +. judgement 'a sentence' 1290 +;
frument (< Lat.) 'corn' 14401601 ;
cf. p. 125.
'frumenty' 1494, 1677. jument (< Lat.) 'a beast of burden'
iundament 1297 +. 13821820.
furniment, pi. 'accoutrements' 1553, jurament (< Lat.) 'an oath' 1575 +.
61; cf. p. 124. juvament (< Lat.) 'help, aid' 1400.
garment 1340 +. lavament (< Lat.) 'a washing' 1597
gisement 'cattle' 16951848. 1823.

gistment =
agistment 15111695. j
lavement 'an injection' 1794 +.
government 1483 +; cf. p. 124. leniment (<: Lat.) 'a lenitive medi-
habiliment 'outfit' 1470 +; pi. 'im- cine' 1623.

plements, fittings, vestments' libament (< Lat.) 'a libation' 1582 +.

1422 +. ligament (< Lat.) 1400 +.
hardiment 'a bold exploit' 1375 linament (<: Lat.) 'lint rolled into
1611; cf. p. 124. a tent' 1623, 1711.
hatchment 1548 +. lineament 'a portion of the body'
hereditament 1475 +. 14321760; 'a feature' 1513 +.
hustlement 'household furniture' liniment (< Lat.) 1420 +.
1374 +. lodgement 1598 +.
impalement 'that which impales' machinament 'a contrivance' 1413
1598 +. 1727.

impediment (< Lat.) 'something mandment 'a commandment' 1297

that impedes' 1398. 1567.

implement (<r Lat.) 1454 +. medicament 1541 +.

138 WORD-LISTS.

mendment (= amendment) 'ma- predicament 'that which is predi-

nure' 1798, 1872. cated' 1380 +; 'a category' 1548
mercement (= amercement) 'ad- 1845; cf. p. 125.

judged punishment' 1303 1598. pulment (< Lat.) 'pottage' 1250

merciament (= amerciament) 'a 1517.
mulct' 14321521. pulpament (<: Lat.) 'a pulpy prepa-
mortisement 'an investment in ration' 1599.
mortmain' 1465. punishment 'that which is inflicted
movement 1374 -f; cf. p. 125. as a penalty' 1413 +.
muniment 'a document' 1433 +; purgament 'excrement' 1597 1676.
'a means of defense' 1547 +. raiment 1440 +.
nocument (<r Lat.) 'harm, damage' recrement 'refuse, dross' 1599 +.
15501657. refreshment 'something that re-
nourishment 1413 +. freshes' 1387 +; cf. p. 125.
nucament (< Lat.) 'an amentum' regiment 'a body of troops' 1579 +;
16331819. cf. p. 125.
nutriment (< Lat.) 'nourishment' repriment 'reprimand' 1652.
1541 +. retirement 'a retreat' 1652 1846:
odorament (<Lat.) 'a perfume' 1382 cf. p. 126.
1657. retrenchment 1589 +; cf. p. 126.
ointment 1290 +. retriment (<: Lat.) 'dross, refuse'
ordainment 'an ordinance of fate' 1614, 56.
etc.1605 +; cf. p. 125. revetment 1779 +.
ornament 1225 +. rogament (< Lat.) 'a postulate'.
ossement (< Lat.) pi. 'the bones of rudiment 1548 +.
the dead' 1686. sacrament 1175 +.
palliament (< Lat.) 'a robe' 1588, sediment, 17th s. (CD.).
93. segment (< Lat.) (CD.).
palliment 'the oarage of a galley' sentiment (Chaucer etc.).
1585. sojournment 'a temporary resi-

paludament(<:Lat.)'a cloak' 1614+. dence', 18th c. (CD.).

parchment 1300 +. !

supplement (Wyclif etc.).

parliament 1290 +. j
tablement 'a foundation, base-
partiment (<: Lat.) 'a part or divi- ment' 1300 +.
sion' 1513, 1641. ;
tegument, 15th c. (CD.)

pavement 1290 +. tenement (Engl. Gilds etc.).

payment 1449 +; cf. p. 125. testament (P. PL, Barb. Br. etc.).

pediment ('irreg. ad. L. pedamen- torment tempest' (Rob. Br.); 'an

'a

tum') 'a stake or prop for vines' instrument of torture' (Ayenb. etc.)
1727. tournament (Ayenb., Merlin etc.).
pigment (<: Lat.) 1398 +. tremblement 'a trill; a tremor'
piment 'a drink' 1225 +. (CD.).
preachment 'a sermon' 1400 +; vesselment (Allit. P. etc.).
cf. p. 125. vestment (S. E. L., Ayenb. etc.).
 WORD-LISTS. 139

(2) Native Formations.

abutment 1644 +. bewilderment 'a medley' 1844,

accomplement; cf. p. 86. 84; cf. p. 127.
accruement 'that which accrues' bickerment 'a skirmish' 1586; cf.

16071678; cf. p. 126. p. 127.

acknowledgement 'the sensible sign blandishment 'flattering speech or
whereby anything received is action' 1591 +.

acknowledged' 1739 +. blastment 'blasting' 16021817.

acquirement 'a personal attainment' bodement 'an omen' 1605, 13;
1630 +. 'aprophecy' 1826, 33.
a utment; cf. p. 86. botchment, botment; cf. p. 74.
allurement 'the means of alluring' brushment; cf. p. 85.
15481825; cf. p. 126. burnishment 'metallic polish' 1862.
annexment 'that which is annexed' butment (= abutment) 1604 +.
1602, 1824. chasment 'chasm' 1654.
anointment 'ointment' 1393 1626; cherishment 'nourishment' 1593,
cf. p. 73. 1689.
anornment 'ornamentation' 1350 cladment 'a garment' 1647.
1611; pp. 72, 73.
cf. clutterment 'that which crowds a
appeachment 'the action or instru- place' 1630, 93.
ment of accusation' 1450 1644; coldment 'an operation of cold'
cf. p. 126. 1578.
appertainment 'appurtenance' 1606. comminglement 'a mixture' 1833,
appraisement 'estimated value' 83.
1703 +; cf. p. 126. compendiment 'a compendium'
assessment 'the scheme of taxation' 1605.
1700, 1865; 'an amount' 1611 +; compilement 'a compilation' 1665
cf. p. 126. 1841; cf. p. 128.
attainment 'a personal acquirement' complotment 'secret design, plan'

16801824; cf. p. 127. 1660; cf. p. 128.

awardment 'award' 1561 1693. concernment 'an affair, business'
babblement 'idle talk' 16441860; 1621 +.
cf. p. 127. conditement 'condiment' 1670.
basement 1730 +; cf. p. 86. conducement 'a thing conducive'
bedizenment 'vulgar or gawdy at- 16321636; cf. p. 128.
tire' 1837, 59. conferment 'something conferred'
beakment 'a measure' 1673, 1658; cf. p. 128.
1863. congealment 'anything congealed'
bequeathment 'a bequest' 1607 +. 1606, 91; cf. p. 128.
besetment 'that by which one is consignment 'a writing' 1755; 'a

beset' 1830 +; cf. p. 127. quantity of goods' 1722, 1877;

bestowment 'a gift' 1837, 56; cf. p. 128.
cf. p. 127. cornicement 'a structure' 1637, 55.
140 WORD-LISTS.

dabblement 'dabbling' 1866. embayment 'a portion of water or

danglement, pi. 'dangling appen- coast forming a bay' 1815 +.

dages' 1855; cf. p. 128. embedment 'something which em-
decreement 156387, 1600. beds' 1828, 40.

demolishment, pi. 'ruins', 17th. c. embellishment 'an ornament' 1632

depictment 'a painting' 1816. 1830; cf. p. 130.

designment 'a sketch' 1570-1703; emblazonment 1799 +.

cf. p. 128. embodiment 'that in which some-
development 'the developed result' thing is embodied' 1850, 62;
1845 +; cf. p. 128. cf. p. 130.
devilment 'a devilled dish' 1775; embossment 'a figure carved'
'a devilish device' 1871 ;
cf. p. 129. 1620 +.
disappointment 'a cause of d.' 1765, embowelment 'the inward parts'
1843; cf. p. 129. 1823.
disbursement 'expenditure' 1607 embowment 'vaulting' 1626.
1847; cf. p. 129. embracement 'an undertaking*
disemboguement place of di- 'the 1630+; cf. p. 130.
semboguing' 1828 +. embranchment 'a branch' 1830 -K
disfigurement 'a deformity' 1641 +; embranglement 'entanglemenf
cf. p. 129. 1806 +.
disguisement 1580 +. embreastment 'a swelling of the
disinterment 'the product of disin- ground' 1799.
terring' 1825, 41; cf. p. 129. embroilment 'an uproar, tumult'
dismemberment 'a detached part' 16091819.
1830, 73; cf. p. 129. embrownment 'brown colouring'
distilment 'a distilled liquor' 1602 +. 183948.
distinguishment 'something serving embuement 'a tincture' 1693.
to distinguish' 16111709; cf. emergement 'a juncture that turns
p. 129. up' 1734.
1
ditement ; cf. pp. 71, 72. employment 'business' 1597 1837;
ditement 2 'raiment' 1603. cf. p. 130.
doment 'a performance' 1828 +. enactment 'that which is enacted'
dribblement 'a dribbling' 1599. 1821 +; cf. p. 84.
eloinment 'the distance between encampment 'place' 1598 -f; cf.

one object and another' 1670 p. 130.

1720; cf. p. 130. encasement 'covering' 1741 +.
erribalment 'a package' 1697. encashment 'the amount of cash
embalmment 'a preparation' 1620 receipt' 1861, 82.

1832; cf. p. 130. enchasement 'a setting, frame' 1651

embankment 1786 +. 1
1772.
embankment 2 cf. p. 86. ; enclosement 'enclosure' 1580, 1694.
embarrassment 'something which endearment 'something that en-
embarrasses' 1729 +; cf. p. 130. dears' 1663 +; cf. p. 130.
embattlement 'battlement' 1538 +. endorsement; cf. p. 130.
 WORD-LISTS. 141

endowment 'the property endowed' envelopment 'a covering' 1763 +.

1597 + cf. p. 83.
: environment 'that which environs'
enduement 'a qualification' 1609 1830; cf. p. 131.
1674. enwrapment'a covering' 1753, 98.
endurement 'that which is endured' enweavement (in-) 1842.
1608; cf. p. 130. equipment 1717 +.
enfacement 'what is written upon escapement 1826 +.
the face of a bill' 1861. establishment 1481 +; cf. p. 80.
enfeoffment 'the fief or estate' evolvement 'the displayed folds (of
1460; cf. p. 83. a banner)' 1844: cf. p. 131.
enfoldment 'that which enfolds' excitement 'something that excites'
1624, 1825; cf. p. 130. 1604 +; cf. p. 131.
engagement 'that which engages' fakement 'a contrivance' 1812 +
1642 +; cf. p. 130. (si.),

engrailment 1856 (Her). fanglement 'a contrivance' 1670

engravement 'that which is en- 1888.

graved' 16041727. fasten nient 'a fastening' 1877, 79.

enjoyment 'something which gives forebodement 'a foreboding' 1755,

pleasure' 1665, 1842. 1860.

enlargement 'something added' forfeitment 'a penalty' 15978.

1691; cf. p. 130. festerment 'food' 1593, 1623.
enlivenment 'something that en- frightment 'something that causes
livens' 1883. fright' 16071831; cf. p. 131.
ennoblement 'something that en- furnishment, pi. 'supplies in general'
nobles' 1665; cf. p. 130. 1558 +.
enornment 13821483; cf. p. 73. garrisonment 'garrison' 1593.
enrichment 'a means of e-ing' 1649; gasement (var. of casement f. gaze)
cf. p. 130. 'decoration' 1664 +. 1628.
enrockment 1846, 64. gesturement 'a gesture' 15978. .

enshrinement 'that which enshrines' gisement (var. of gistment) 1695

1849; cf. p. 130. 1848.
ensnarement 'an allurement* 1617 grapplement 'a close grasp' 1590.
1678. grievement 'a hurt, injury' 1708.
enswathement 'that in which any- harnessment 'harness' 1610.
thing enswathed' 1877 +.
is hatchment 2 'the hatching' 1616,
entanglement 'an embarrassment' 49.
1637 +; cf. p. 130. hutment 'hutted encampment'
entertainment 'pay, wages' etc. 1535 1889 +.
1849. imbruement 'tincture' 1864, 90.

entechement 'a lesson' 1513. importment 'signification, meaning'

entiltment 'an awning' 1599. 1624.
entrenchment 'a line of trenches' incitement 'that which incites'

1590 +. 1600 +; cf. p. 132.

entwinement 1670, 1834. increasement; cf. p. 73.
142 WORDrLISTS.

indenlment 'an indenture, a coven- plashment 'plashing' 1876.

ant'; cf. p. 132. pleament 'an action of law' 1480.
inducement 'that which induces' plenishment'plenishing, outfit' 1823,

1594 + ;
cf. p. 83. 79.

insertme.it 'that which is inserted' poisonment 'poison' 1470.

16711814. pointment =
appointment 1400+;
instalment 'each of several parts cf. p. 132.
in wjnich a sum is divided' 1776 +; portendment 'presage, omen' 1626,
cf. p. 132. 34.
interlacement 'intricate interming- practicement 'a deed or practice'
ling' 1872, 91; cf. p. 132. 1581.

intertanglement 'something inter- preferment 1451 +; cf. p. 133.

tangled' 1817 +. projectment 'a scheme, plan' 1639
investment 'clothing, covering' etc. 1675.
1597 + cf. p. 132.
; pronouncement 'a formal statement'
involvement 'a wrapping' 1630; . 1533 +; cf. p. 133.
'a necessary consequence' 1879, propelment 'the propelling mecha-
.81. nism' 1890.
jabberment 'jabber' 1644. provokement 'a provocation' 1581,
jugglement 'a juggler's trick' 1708. 1644; cf. p. 135.

jumblement 'confused mixture' 1706 puzzlement 'a puzzle'; cf. p. 133.

1843. rabblement 1545 +: cf. p. 86.
ledgement; cf. p. 74. recruitment 'a reinforcement' 1824,
lotment 'an allotment of land'. 64; cf. p. 133.

management 'a governing body' refashionment 'something refash-

1739 +; cf. p. 132. .ioned' 1830 +; cf. p. 133.
measurement 'a dimension ascer- refitment'a refit' 1 706, 99; cf. p. 133.
tained' 1756 -f; cf. p. 132. refinement 1617 +; cf. p. 13J.
merriment 'a jest' etc. 1590, 92; regalement 'a dainty' 1818; cf.p.133.
cf. p. 132. regorgement 'what has been regor-
minglement 'a mixture' 1674 +. ged' 1641.
monishment 'a reminder' 1483 -f. reimbushment 'place' 1611.
mumblement 'something mumbled' reinforcemeut 1646 +; cf. p. 133.
1595 +. rejectment 'excrement' 1828, 29;
needment(s); cf. p. 86. cf. p. 133.
newfanglement; cf. p. 86. remaindment 'a remainder' 1596;
nointment 'ointment' 1485. cf. p. 85.
oddment(s) cf. p. 86.
; replenishment 'a fresh supply'
paltrement 'rubbish' 1641, 43. 16921837; cf. p. 134.
partitionment 'a partition' 1851; representment 1594 +; cf. p. 134.
cf. p. 132. reprovement 'reproof 1675.
patchment 'patchwork' 1603. requirement 'thing required' 1662+;
pertainment 'an appurtenance' 1897. cf. p. 134.

pilement 'a piled heap' 1597 8. resultment 'result' 1683.

 WORD-LISTS. 143

revestment 1684, 1745. statement 'that which is stated'

revilement 'a revilingspeech'1637+; (CD.).
cf. p. 134. surbasement 'surbase' (CD.) ;
cf . p.

revivement 'a reviving influence' 134.

15981708; cf. p. 134. trickment 'decoration', 1 7th. c. (CD.),
rousenient 'an arousing discourse', vouchment'a solemn assertion', 17th
seducement 'the means of seducing', c. (CD.); cf. p. 134.
17th. c. (CD.), vouchsafement 'a gift, grant', 17th.

settlement, 18th. c. (CD.), c. (CD.) ;

cf. p. 1J4.

shipment 'a quantity of goods' wonderment 'something wonderful',

(CD.); cf. p. 134. 16th c. (CD.).
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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

Gadde, Fredrik
On the history and us
the suffixes