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Flow Over A Sphere: Force Calculation: Velocity and Pressure Field Velocity and Pressure Field

The document discusses the velocity and pressure fields around a sphere moving through a fluid, providing equations to calculate the drag force on the sphere from both surface stresses and pressure differences. It also covers the concept of added mass force, where accelerating a body in a fluid requires accelerating some of the surrounding fluid as well, effectively increasing the inertia of the body. Diagrams and further derivations are provided to calculate values for drag force, added mass, and virtual density of the sphere-fluid system.

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Ron Riddle
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38 views

Flow Over A Sphere: Force Calculation: Velocity and Pressure Field Velocity and Pressure Field

The document discusses the velocity and pressure fields around a sphere moving through a fluid, providing equations to calculate the drag force on the sphere from both surface stresses and pressure differences. It also covers the concept of added mass force, where accelerating a body in a fluid requires accelerating some of the surrounding fluid as well, effectively increasing the inertia of the body. Diagrams and further derivations are provided to calculate values for drag force, added mass, and virtual density of the sphere-fluid system.

Uploaded by

Ron Riddle
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Flow over a sphere: force calculation

Velocity and pressure field

  3  R  1  R 3 
u r = U 1 −   +    cos θ
  2  r  2  r  

  3  R  1  R 3 
uθ = −U 1 −   −    senθ
  4  r  4  r  

 P − P = − 3 µ  U  R   cos θ
3

 0     
  2  R  r  

Fig.1: Reference frame


Flow over a sphere: force calculation

Helpful sketches (fig 2,3,4 above)

Expression of the force on the sphere surface


2π π
F= ∫ ∫ (− p cos θ − τ rθ senθ )R 2
senθ ⋅ dθdφ
φ =0 θ =0

Expression of surface stresses


 3 µUsenθ
τ
 rθ = − With some algebra….
 2 R
 3
3 U  R 
 p = P − ρgr (cos α ⋅ cos θ + senα ⋅ senθ ) − µ   cos θ
 0
2 Rr 
Flow over a sphere: force calculation
π
F = −2πP0 R 2
∫ senθ cosθdθ +
0
π
+ 2πρgR 3 cos α ∫ senθ cos 2 θdθ +
0
π
+ 2πρgR senα ∫ sen 2θ cos θdθ +
3

0
π
+ 3πµUR ∫ senθ cos 2 θdθ +
0 Calculating the value of the integrals we obtain:
π
+ 3πµUR ∫ sen3θ dθ 4
F = πρgR 3 cos α + 2πµUR + 4πµUR
0 3

buoyancy Form Skin


drag friction

Total drag force (no buoyancy): F = 6πµUR Stokes law


Is it the only thing?
Added Mass Force
A Body moving into a fliud produces motion of the surrounding the body

Accelerating a body requires the acceleration of a fraction of the fluid


around the body
Added Mass:
r r
mpa = F ⇒ (m p + ma )a = F
r r

F. Bessel, 1828 Harmonic motion


Odar e Hamilton, 1964 of a sphere

m m + ma
T ' = 2π , T ' ' = 2π
T T
k k
Added Mass force: derivation
Spherical body in motion with velocity U(t)
Potential Flow Theory (Incompressible, inviscid and irrotational flow)

r
∇ ⋅u = 0  UR 3

r  ⇒ ∇ 2
ϕ = 0 , ϕ = − 2 cosϑ
u = −∇ϕ  2r
2r
Kinetic Energy of the fluid

1 2  1 πρ F R 3U (2t )
T = ∫V  ρ F u dV = ρ F ∫V (∇ϕ ⋅ ∇ϕ )dV = ... =
2  2 3
dT 1  4πρ F R 3  dU 1 dU
UFadded mass = =  U = U mF
dt 2  3  dt 2 dt
Added Mass Force
Spherical particle
1 dU
Potential Flow
⇒ Fadded mass = mF
2 dt
dU
Fadded mass ≠ 0 ⇔ ≠0
dt
Virtual density (apparent density)

1
ρ virt = ρ p + ρF
2

The inertia of the particle increases

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