A Hand book of

Optional Mathematics
(Practice MaterialS)
Grade – X

 See Specification Grid-2076.

 Model question issued by CDC.
 With Definitions, formulae and key points.
 Different types of Questions.

By
Maha Prasad Amgain
 SEE Specification Grid 2076
Issued by CDC
S.N. Contents Topics K U A HA Total Total
Each of Each of Each of Each of Questions Marks
1 Mark 2 Marks 4 Marks 5 Marks
1. Algebra Relation and
function
Polynomials
Sequence and
Series 2 3 2 1 8 21
Linear
Programming
and Quadratic
Equation
Limit and 1 - 1 - 2 5
continuity
2. Matrix 1 2 1 - 4 9
3. Co-ordinate Angle between
Geometry two lines
Pair of straight 2 2 1 1 6 15
lines
Conic section
Circle
4. Trigonometry Multiple and
Sub-multiple
angles
Transformation
of Trigonometric 2 3 3 - 8 20
Identities
Conditional
Trigonometric
Height and
Distance
5. Vectors Scalar product 1 2 - 1 4 10
Vector Geometry
6. Transformation Combined
Transformation
Inversion
Transformation 1 - 1 1 3 10
and Inversion
Circle
Matrix
Transformation
7 Statistics Quartile
Deviation
Mean Deviation - 1 2 - 3 10
Standard
Deviation and
variation
Total 10 13 11 4 38 100
Index
K= Knowledge U= Understanding A= Application HA= Higher Ability
 SEE Model Question 2076
Issued by CDC
Answer all the questions.

Group ‘A’ (10×1=10)

1. a. Define trigonometric function.
b. What is the arithmetic mean between two numbers a and b?
2. a. Write a set of numbers which is continuous in the number line.
 p q
b. If matrix A =   , what is the value of A ?
 r s
3. a. If the slopes of two straight lines and m1 and m2 respectively and θ be the angle between
them, write the formula for tanθ.
b. Which geometric figure will be formed if a plane intersects a cone parallel to its base?
4. a. Express sin2A in terms of tanA.
b.Define angle of elevation.
5. a. What is the scalar product of two vectors a and b if the angle between them is θ?
b. In a inversion transformation if P’ is the image of P and r is the radius of inversion circle
with centre O, write the relation of OP, OP’ and r.

Group ‘B’ (13×2=26)

6. a. Find f-1(x) if f(x) = 4x +5.

b. If g(x) = 2x -1 and f(x) =4x, find the value of gof(x).
c. What will be the points of intersection of the curve f(x) = x2 -1 and f(x) =3?
 2  1
7. a. If A =   , find A and write A-1 is defined or not.
3 1 
b. According to Cramer’s rule, find the values of D1 and D2 for ax +by =c and px +qy =r.
8. a. Find the slopes of two straight lines 3x +4y +5 =0 and 6x +8y +7 =0and write the
relationship between them.
b. Find the single equation for the pair of lines represented by 3x +2y =0 and 2x -3y =0.
9. a. Convert sin6A.cos4A into sum or difference of sine and cosine.
sin A
b. Express in terms of sub-multiple angle of tangent.
1  cos A
c. If 2sin2θ = 3 , find the value of θ. (00 ⦤ θ ⦤ 1800)
10. a. Find the angle between two vectors a and b if a  2, b  12 and a . b =12.

b. From the given figure, find AP and

express p in terms of a and b . A

a P
p

b
O B
c. If the standard deviation of a set of data is 0.25, find the variance.
 Group ‘C’ (11×4=44)
11. Solve: x3 -3x2 -4x +12 =0.
12. Optimize P= 5x +4y under the given constraints: x -2y⦤ 1, x +y ⦤ 4, x ≥ 0, y ≥0.
13. For a real valued function f(x) =2x +3,
a. Find the values of f(2.95), f(2.99), f(3.01), f(3.05) and f(3).
b. Is this function continuous at x =3?
14. By using matrix method, solve the following system of equations : 3x +5y =11 and 2x -3y =1.
15. Find the single equation of pair of straight lines passing through the origin and perpendicular to
the lines represented by 2x2 -5xy +2y2 =0.
16. Find the value of: sin200.sin300.sin400.sin800.
17. If A +B +C =π , prove that: sin2A –sin2B +sin2C =2sinA.cosB.sinC.
c

18. From a point at the ground level in front of a tower, the angle of elevations of the top and
bottom of the flagstaff 6m high situated at the top of a tower are observed 600 and 450
respectively. Find the height of the tower and the distance between the base of the tower and
the point of observation.
 0 3 4 1
19. Find the 2×2 matrix which transforms a unit square to a parallelogram   .
 0 0 1 1 
20. Find the mean deviation from mean and its coefficient from the given data.
Marks Obtained 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
No. of students 2 3 6 5 4
21. Find the standard deviation and coefficient of variation from the given data.
Age (in years) 0-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24
No. of students 7 7 10 15 7 6

Group ‘D’ (4×5=20)

22. A contractor on construction company job specifies a penalty for delay of completion beyond a
certain date as: Rs.200 for the first day, Rs. 250 for the second day, Rs. 300 for the third day
and so on. The penalty for each succeeding day being Rs.50 more than that of the preceding
day. How much money the contractor has to pay as penalty, if he has delayed the work for 30
days?
23. On a wheel, there are three points (5, 7), (-1, 7) and (5, -1) located such that the distance from a
fixed point to these points is always equal. Find the co-ordinate of the fixed point and derive
the equation representing the locus that contains all three points.
24. By using vector method, prove that the quadrilateral formed by joining the mid points of
adjacent sides of a quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
25. The co-ordinates of vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD are A(1, 1), B(2, 3), C(4, 2) and D(3, -2).
Rotate this quadrilateral about origin through 1800. Reflect this image of quadrilateral about y =
-x. Write the name of transformation which denotes the combined transformation of above two
transformations.
***
 Algebra
Relation and function
Let A and B are two non empty sets. Then the any sub-sets of Cartesian product A×B is called
relation from set A to set B where x ϵ A and y ϵ B.
Let A and B are two non empty sets. Then the relation from set A to set B is called function if
every element of set A is associated with the unique element of set B.

Constant Function
A function f : A  B is said to be constant function if every element of set A has the same
image in set B. A
B
f

1 2
3 4
4 6

Identity Function
A function f : A  A is said to be identity function if pre-image and image are same
i.e.y=f(x)=x. A
B
f

1 1
2 2
3 3

Trigonometric function
A function f : A  B is said to be trigonometric function if it is expressed in terms of
trigonometrical ratios. For examples: y=f(x)=tan2x.

Linear Function
A function f : A  B is said to be linear function if it can be expressed in the form of y= f(x) =
mx + c where m and c are constant.

Quadratic Function
A function f : A  B is said to be quadratic function if it is expressed in the form of y= f(x) =
2
ax +bx+c, where a, b and c are constant.

Inverse Function
Let f : A  B be a one to one onto function. Then the new function from set B to set A is
called inverse function if every element of set B is associated with the unique element of set A. It is
denoted by f-1.
Composite Function
Let f : A  B and g: B→C be two functions. Then the new function from set A to set C is
called composite function if every element of set A is associated with the unique element of set C. It is
denoted by gof of gf.
B C
A f(x) g(x)

x g(x) gf(x)

gof(x)

Transcendental Function.
A function from set A to set B is called transcendental function if it does not satisfy the
properties of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division like an algebraic function. For
1
examples: f ( x)  x , g(x) = sinx, h(x) = xx, etc.
x

One to one function.

A function from set A to set B is called one to one function if every element of the domain has
a unique/different image in co-domain.

f g
3 a
1 1
4 b
2 2
5 c
3

A B A B

Many to one function.

A function f : A  B is said to be many to one function if at least two elements of set A has
same image in set B.
f g
4 a
1 1
5 b
2
2
3 c
3

A B A B
Onto function.
A function from set A to set B is called onto function if range is equals to co-domain.

f g
4 a
1 1
5 b
2
2
3 c
3

A B A B
Into function.
A function from set A to set B is called into function if at least on element of set B has no pre-
image in set A i.e. range is not equal to co-domain.

f g
4 a
1 1
5 b
2
2 6 c
3

A B A B

 The value of the function y =f(x) = sinx ranges from -1 to 1.

 The value of the function y =f(x) = cosx ranges from -1 to 1.
 The value of the function y =f(x) = tanx ranges from -1 to 1.
 The y-intercept of function y = sinx is 0.
 The y-intercept of function y = cosx is 1.
 The y-intercept of function y = tanx is 0.

Remainder Theorem
If a polymonial f(x) of degree n is divided by (x-a), then the remainder is given by f(a) or R.
This is Remainder Theorem.
Proof:
Let p(x) be a polynomial divided by (x-a) and remainder is f(a) and Q(x) be the quotient.
We have,
f(x)=(x-a).Q(x)+R
This is true for all values of x.
So, when x=a,
f(a)= (a-a).Q(a)+R
or, 0.Q(a)+R
.: f(a)=R. which is the remainder theorem.
Factor Theorem
If the polynomial f(x) of degree n is divided by (x-a) and remainder, R=f(a)=0 then (x-a) is a
factor of f(x). This is Factor Theorem.
Proof:
Let f(x) be a polynomial which is divided by (x-a) and quotient is Q(x).
We have,
f(x)=(x-a).Q(x)+R
or, f(x)= (x-a).Q(x)+0
or, f(x)= (x-a).Q(x)
which show that (x-a) is a factor of f(x).
Synthetic Division Method.
It is the process which helps us to find the quotient and remainder when a polynomial f(x) is
divided by (x – a) where degree of f(x)> 1 and degree of (x –a ) is 1.
Sequence and series:
A set of numbers arranged in a definite order by a certain rule is called a sequence.
For examples: 2,4,8,16,……
2,3,5,8.
3,7,11,15,19,………… etc.
The sum of all the terms of the sequence is called a series.
For examples: 2+4+8+16+…….
2+3+5+8+……...
3+7+11+15+19+…… etc
Finite series
A series is said to be finite series if it has finite number of terms.
For examples: 2+4+8+10.
3+6+12+24. etc
Infinite series
A series is said to be infinite series if it has infinite number of terms.
For examples:2+4+6+8+10+……
2+4+8+16+32+64,………etc.
Arithmetic sequence
A sequence is said to be Arithmetic sequence if the difference between a term and its preceding
(previous) term is equal throughout the whole sequence.
For examples: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,……
1, 4, 7, 10, 13. etc.
Arithmetic Mean(AM)
The term or terms between first and last terms of arithmetic progression is called arithmetic
mean.
Let AM be the arithmetic mean between a and b.
Here,
a, AM and b are in A.P. So,
t2-t1=t3-t2
AM-a=b-AM
Or, 2AM=a+b
ab
:. AM= which is the arithmetic mean between two numbers.
2
In an Arithmetic Progression,
First term = a
Numbers of terms = n
Numbers of arithmetic means=n1
Last term=l/b
Common difference=d
nth term/last term (tn) = a+(n-1)d
n
Sum of first n terms(Sn) = [2a+(n-1)d]
2
n
= (a+l)
2
Common difference(d)=t2-t1=t3-t2=….. and so on.
And
In arithmetic means,
ba
Common difference(d)= , where n1 means numbers of means.
n1  1
1st mean(m1)= (t2)= a+d
2nd mean (m2) = (t3) = a+2d
3rd mean (m3) =(t4) =a+3d,….
and mth mean (mn)= a+nd.
Some extra formulae of arithmetic progression
n( n  1)
1. Sum of the first n natural numbers(sn) = .
2
2. Sum of the first n odd natural numbers(sn)=n2.
3. Sum of the first n even natural numbers(sn) = n(n+1).
n(n  1)(2n  1)
4. Sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers(sn)= .
6
 n(n  1) 
2

5. Sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers (sn)=  .

 2 
Note:
The easy method to denote the terms of AP.
No. of terms Terms Common difference
3 a –d, a, a +d d
4 a -3d, a –d, a + d, a +3d 2d
5 a – 2d, a –d, a, a +d, a +2d d
6 a – 5d, a -3d, a -d, a +d, a +3d, a +5d 2d
If the number of terms is odd, the common difference is ‘d’ and middle term is ‘a’ whereas if the
number of terms is even, common difference is ‘2d’ and middle term is ‘a’.

Geometric sequence
A sequence is said to be geometric sequence if the ratio between a term and its preceding
(previous) term is equal throughout the whole sequence.
For examples: 1, 3, 8, 27,……..
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64. etc.
Geometric Mean(GM)
The term or terms between a first term and last term of a geometric progression is called
geometric mean.
Let GM be the geometric mean between two numbers a and b.
Here, a, GM and b are in GP. So,
t 2 t3

t1 t 2
GM b
Or, 
a GM
 Or, (GM)2 =ab
:. GM= ab which is the geometric means between a and b.
In a Geometric Progression,
First term = a
Numbers of terms = n
Numbers of geometric means=n1
Last term=l/b
Common ratio =r
nth term/last term (tn) = a.rn-1
a ( r n  1) lr  a
Sum of first n terms(Sn) = =
r 1 r 1
t t
Common ratio(r)= 2  3 ….. and so on.
t1 t 2
And
In geometric means
1
 b  n1 1
Common ratio (r)=   where n1 means the numbers of means.
a
1st mean(m1)= (t2)= ar
2nd mean (m2) = (t3) = ar2
3rd mean (m3) =(t4) =ar3,….
and mth mean (mn)= arn.
Note:The easy method to denote the terms of AP.
No. of terms Terms Common ratio
3 a r
, a, ar
r
4 a a 3 r2
, , ar, ar .
r3 r
5 a a r
2
, , a, ar, ar2.
r r
6 a a a 3 5 r2
, , , ar, ar , ar .
r5 r3 r
If the number of terms is odd, the common ratio is ‘r’ and middle term is ‘a’ whereas if the number of
terms is even, common ratio is ‘r2’ and middle term is ‘a’.
Prove that AM is always greater than GM in between two positive integers.
Let ‘a’ and ‘b’ are two positive integers.
ab
We have, AM= and GM= ab
2
ab
Now, AM – GM = - ab
2
a  b  2 ab
=
2

=
 a 2
 2 a. b   b
2

2
 =
a b 2

 0.
2
Hence, the arithmetic mean is always greater the geometric mean in two positive integers.

Quadratic Equation:
The quadratic equation is ax2+bx+c=0
  b 4ac  b 2 
:. Vertex (turning point)=  , .
 2a 4a 
If y =ax2 +c, vertex = (0, c).
Parabola.
 The smooth curve obtained by the graph of a quadratic equation is called the parabola.
 In the equations y =2x2, and y =3x3, the equation y =2x2 has wider curve i.e. larger the value of
‘a’ makes narrower opening where as smaller value of ‘a’ makes wider opening.
b
 The equation of symmetry of parabola is x   . If y =ax2 +c, the equation of line of
2a
symmetry is x = 0 and so on.

Linear programming.
 It is the mathematical technique for finding the maximum or minimum value of a linear
function subject to the set of linear constraints is called linear programming.
 The linear function which is to be maximized or minimized with respect to given constraints is
called objective function.
 A closed plane region bounded by the intersection of the finite number of boundary lines is
called feasible region.

Limit and Continuity

Continuity means continuous. If the graph of a function has no breakage at any point on the
curve, then the function is continuous. If the graph of a function is breakage at a point on the curve, the
function is discontinuous at the particular point.
The discontinuous function jump, gap, hole, break or cusp in a point.
Examples of continuity: growth of plant, water flow, bus movement, number line of real number.
 The set of natural numbers in number line is discontinuous.
 The set of whole numbers in number line is discontinuous.
 The set of integers in number line is discontinuous.
 The number line of real numbers shows the continuity of graph because there are many real
numbers between any two real numbers.
Open interval:-An interval not containing both the end points a and b is known as open interval. It is
denoted by (a, b).
Closed interval:-An interval containing both the end points a and b is known as closed interval. It is
denoted by [a, b].
Left open interval:-An interval not containing the end points a but containing the end point b is
known as left open interval. It is denoted by (a, b].
Right open interval:-An interval containing the end points a but not containing the end point b is
known as right open interval. It is denoted by [a, b).
Limit.
Limit of a function is a fundamental concept in calculus and analysis concerning the behavior
of that function near a particular input.
Left hand limit:- When x approaches to a point from the left side of ‘a’, the function f(x) tends
lim
to the definite number line. This is left hand limit. It is denoted by f ( x) .
x  a
Right hand limit:- When x approaches to ‘a’ from a point ‘a’ from the right side of a, the
function f(x) tends to the definite number line. This is right hand limit. It is denoted by
lim
f ( x) .
x  a
A function f(x) is continuous at x = a, if
 f(x) exists /finite.
lim
 Left hand limit = Right hand limit { f ( x) exists}.
xa
lim
 f ( x) = f(a).
xa
i.e. if value of function and limit value of the function at a point ‘a’ are equal, then the function is
continuous at ‘a’.
 Matrices
A set of numbers arranged in a rectangular form in rows and columns and enclosed by square
bracket is called matrix. The matrix is represented by capital letters and the elements are denoted by
small letters.
On what condition the two matrices can be multiplied?
It is possible to multiply two matrices if the numbers of columns of 1st matrix is equal to the
number of rows of 2nd matrix.
Am×n Bn×p

AB is possible

Order of AB
m×p

Transpose of a matrix
A matrix obtained by interchanging the elements of rows and columns of a given matrix is
T
 2 3  2 3
called transpose of a matrix. Let A =   then the transpose of matrix A=AT=   =
 1 0  1 0
 2  1
  .
3 0 
Determinant of a matrix:
a b 
Let A=   be a square matrix of order 2×2, then the determinant of matrix A is given by,
c d 
a b
Determinant A= A = = ad-bc.
c d
A square matrix with determinant zero is called singular matrix.
A square matrix with its determinant is not equal to zero is called non-singular matrix.
Determinant is possible only in square matrix.
Addition and subtraction of two matrices are possible if they have same orders.

Inverse Matrix
If A be a non-singular square matrix then there exists another matrix B such that AB =BA=I,
where I is an identity matrix of same order then matrix B is called inverse of A which is denoted A-1.
a b  a b
Let A=   and Determinant A= A = = ad-bc.
c d  c d
adjoint ofA 1  d  b
:.Inverse of A=A-1= =  .
A ad  bc   c a 

 Inverse of a square matrix is possible if it is a non-singular matrix.

 Simultaneous equations can be solved by matrix method or Cramer’s rule.
Adjoint of a matrix.
A matrix obtained by interchanging the elements of leading diagonal and the sign of remaining
elements of 2×2 matrix is known as adjoint of a matrix.
 a b   d  b
Let A    , then adjoint of matrix A    .
c d   c a 
 Associative property of matrix multiplication, (AB)C = A(BC).
 Distributive property of matrix multiplication, (A + B)C = AC + BC.
Cramer’s Rule:
Let two simultaneous equations with two variables are
a1x + b1y = c1.
And, a2x +b2y = c2.
a1 b1 c1 b1 a1 c1
Now, D  , Dx  and D y  .
a 2 b2 c2 b2 a2 c2
Dx Dy
By, Cramer’s Rule, x and y .
D D